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Performing Pushover Analysis in Etabs PDF
Performing Pushover Analysis in Etabs PDF
About ETABS
ETABS is a software for linear and nonlinear , static and dynamic analysis and
design of buildings in 3D. It can create computer model of a building in the
same fashion as a real building.
Building Structure
Floor Diaphragm
Frame and Shear Walls
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(c) 3D Plate-Frame
(d) 3D Frame
(e) 2D Frame
Various Ways
to Model
a Real Structure
Fig. 1 Various
Ways
to Model
a Real Struture
PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC DESIGN
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WARNING:
Computers assist the structural designer in the creative
phase of the design process, but it is the designer who
rearranges system components so as to optimize both cost
and behavior. Therefore any structural software is not a
substitute for informed human judgment and should only
be used by competent designer with the training and
experience necessary to evaluate and verify any
information generated by the software tools like ETABS.
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6.0m
Slabs: 135mm
6.0m
PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC DESIGN
5.0m
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6.0m
3.75m
6 @ 3.0m
6.0m
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Level 1
(Moderate Earthquake)
Level 2
(Major Earthquake)
Level 3
(Severe Earthquake)
Performance Level
No Damage
Repairable Damage
No Collapse
Column Deformation
(FEMA 273 p. 6-20)
Beam Deformation
(FEMA 273 p. 6-19)
Elastic
Elastic
0.005
0.010
0.020
Note: Drift index is the ratio of the horizontal roof displacement to the height of the building relative to the ground.
PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC DESIGN
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The second set of design parameter is the Design Earthquake Levels (see next slide), that
relates the seismic load design levels stated in the Table 1 of Design Criteria to the effective
peak ground motion based on the seismic zones. The values of this seismic zone factor related
to the seismic zones from the UBC 1997 can be considered to represent the effective peak
ground acceleration (associated with an earthquake that has a 10% probability of being
exceeded in 50 years) expressed as a function of the acceleration due to gravity. In the
absence of site specific study, the following effective peak ground acceleration (PGA) can be
used, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Effective PGA
Seismic Risk
Seismic Damage
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
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Probability of
Occurrence in
50 years
Return Period
(Year)
Corresponding
Effective PGA
(g)
Occasional
50%
72
0.12
Rare
10%
475
0.25
Very Rare
2%
2475
0.50
Levels of
Earthquake Loads
by their Intensities
Level 3: MMI IX
Severity level
The level 1 earthquake is similar in magnitude to the Code level elastic design in a moderate
earthquake, which is the serviceability state event (Immediate Occupancy). The level 2
earthquake correspond to the Code ultimate state level in a major earthquake (Life Safety).
The level 3 earthquake correspond to the Code inelastic state level in a severe earthquake
(Collapse Prevention).
The approximate empirical correlations between Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) and the
PGA is shown on next slide.
PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC DESIGN
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Approximate Empirical Correlations Between the MMI Intensities and the PGA
One often asks: Can my building withstand a magnitude 7.2 earthquake? But,
the M7.2 earthquake causes different shaking intensities at different locations,
and the damage induced in buildings at these locations is different. Thus,
indeed it is particular levels of intensity of shaking that buildings and
structures are designed to resist, and not so much the magnitude. The peak
ground acceleration (PGA), i.e., maximum acceleration experienced by the
ground during shaking, is one way the engineers and scientists quantify the
severity of the ground shaking (seismic intensity).
PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC DESIGN
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motion
Note:Ground
response within
acceleration controlled
range of the spectrum
Ca and Cv are the earthquake near-source effect that defines ground motion
response within the acceleration and velocity-controlled ranges of the
design response spectrum.
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Partitions = 1 kPa
Floor LL = 2.4 kPa
Make sure that you read through the sections of the FEMA-273
Guidelines and Commentary or its updated version FEMA 356 before
you attempt to apply the NSP. The procedures discussed here automate
the process but you still need a thorough knowledge of the method to
ensure valid results. Finally, it is emphasized that the ETABS
documentation for the pushover is not intended to, and does not,
document the pushover analysis method, but rather is intended to
document the pushover analysis capabilities of ETABS.
PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC DESIGN
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Modeling Phase
ETABS Screen Shots
The following ETABS screen shots outlines the basic flow from creating a
structural model to analysis and design, and to viewing the results of
nonlinear static pushover analysis.
1. Create an elastic building model just like you would for any other
analysis.
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5.
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A weakness in the current code is the lack of definition of the principal horizontal directions for a general three
dimensional structure. If each engineer is allowed to select an arbitrary reference system, the dynamic base shear
will not be unique and each reference system could result in a different design. One solution to this problem that
will result in a unique design base shear is to use the direction of the base shear associated with the fundamental
mode of vibration 1 and 2 (by performing modal analysis in SAP2000) as the definition of the major principal
direction for the structure. The minor principal direction will be, by definition, 90 degrees from the major axis.
This approach has some rational basis because it is valid for regular structures. Therefore, this definition of the
principal directions will be used for the method of analysis presented in this presentation..
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1.
2.
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10. Run analysis and compare response spectrum RSP base shear with EQX
and EQY base shear.
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If a normalized or acceleration spectra was used to calculate the spectral results, the spectral
results must be scaled to match the site specific spectra and structure specific criteria.
2.
The UBC sets minimum values for the design base shear.
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Analysis Phase
The task in the analysis phase can be divided into Structural Analysis tasks, Behavior
Assessment tasks, and Demand-Capacity tasks. The Structural Analysis tasks are for
running structural analyses and design/check the structure. The Behavior Assessment tasks
allow you to examine and check the behavior of the analysis model. The Demand-Capacity
tasks allow you to calculate performance point, and hence make decisions about the
performance of the structure.
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1. Run and review the results of the basic linear and dynamic analysis to
verify the behavior of the building prior to running pushover analysis.
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4. Assign the reinforcement overrides for beams which are specified areas
of longitudinal steel that occurs at the top and bottom of the left and right
ends of the beam.
Note:
Refer to the ETABS User Manual how these overrides are used by ETABS.
PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC DESIGN
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Note:
Refer to the ETABS User Manual how these overrides are used by ETABS.
PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC DESIGN
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Note:
RC structures can be modeled for Nonlinear Response Analysis by:
Microscopic
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Increasing level of
Phenomenological
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Phenomenological
Lumped Nonlinearity
Inelastic Hinges
Distributed Nonlinearity
KINEMATICORIGIN-ORIENTED
PEAK-ORIENTEDCLOUGH DEGRADING TRILINEAR
TAKEDA
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Microscopic
Fiber Models
Fiber Section
Concrete Cell
Steel Cell
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Phenomenological
Microscopic
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Increasing level of
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Pushover analysis will continue until any of the following three conditions is satisfied:
a)
Cumulative base shear is less than or equal to the base shear defined by the user.
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Click
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Click
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Click
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Demand-Capacity Tasks
Push 2 (Load Pattern Acceleration X-direction)
1. Display the pushover curve to view the building responses according to the
performance point or to adjust the intensity of ground shaking and the
damping ratio to determine the appropriate levels of ground motion and
performance objectives for the building in order to meet the owners
expectation.
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2. Adjust the intensity of ground shaking and the damping ratio to determine the
appropriate levels of ground motion and performance objectives for the
building in order to meet the owners expectation.
The pushover curve when
Ca = 0.4 and Cv = 0.9
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Notes:
When the capacity spectrum option is chosen, the pushover curve is displayed in
ADRS(Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectrum) format. Refer to ATC-40 for a
discussion of this format which is essentially a plot of spectral acceleration versus spectral
displacement. In ETABS, the force-displacement pushover curve is converted to the ADRS
format by converting the resultant base shear to a spectral acceleration , Sa, and the control
displacement in the control direction to a spectral displacement, Sd, generally based on
equations 8-1 thru 8-4 in ATC-40.
The single demand spectrum (variable damping) curve is constructed by doing the following
for each point on the ADRS pushover curve:
Draw a radial line through the point on the ADRS pushover curve. This is a line of constant
period.
Calculate the damping associated with the point on the curve based on the area under the
curve up to that point.
Construct the demand spectrum, plotting it for the same damping level as associated with the
point on the pushover curve.
PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC DESIGN
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The intersection point of the radial line and the associated demand spectrum represents a
point on the Single Demand Spectrum (Variable Damping) curve.
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Essentially
New
Building
Average Existing
Building
Poor Existing
Building
Short
Type A
Type B
Type C
Long
Type B
Type C
Type C
Shaking
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Ca = 0.40 Cv = 0.90
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Damping is a measure of the dissipation of energy in the structure. It represent the frictional
characteristics and energy losses of the structure. Typically, a reinforced concrete building
will have 1 to 2% damping prior to an earthquake. As cracking and structural and
nonstructural damage develop during earthquake, this increase to about 5%.
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Evaluation of Performance
Push2 (Load Pattern Acceleration X-Dir)
Displacement Response
Looking at the Pushover curve, the inelastic roof displacement of 0.190 meter at the
performance point generated by the severe earthquake with seismic design level
coefficient Ca = 0.4 and Cv = 0.672 represents the reliable displacement capacity of a
building.
Looking at deflected shape of Life Safety limit state the highest inelastic roof
displacement is 0.270 meter as it is about to reach its ductile limit state (Collapse
Prevention), where significant strength loss begins.
When Cv = 0.9 in the Pushover curve, the performance point changed to an inelastic
roof displacement of 0.251 meter, which represents the highest reliable roof
displacement capacity of a building as it reaches its limit of structural stability when the
specified ground motion is exceeded.
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Design Implication
Life Safety Objective The highest earthquake design level performance inelastic
building drift is 0.190 meter giving a drift ratio of /H = 0.190/21.75 = 0.009 and this is
less than idealized inelastic drift index of 0.01.
Collapse Prevention Objective The highest inelastic performance building drift when
the earthquake design level is exceeded is 0.262 meter giving a drift ratio of /H =
0.251/21.75 = 0.012 and this is less than idealized inelastic drift index of 0.02.
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Capacity Pushover deformed shape shows that life safety is reached in step 7 and
collapsed in the second story beams in step 8.
Ductility - In the Pushover curve the severe event of earthquake design level
performance base shear is 4633 kN and the severe event of earthquake design level
inelastic roof displacement is 0.190 meter, while the Code design elastic base shear is
1467 kN and the Code design elastic roof displacement is 0.059 meter.
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Conclusion
There is a possibility that the beams in the second story will be damaged in step 8 to an
earthquake intensity with earthquake near source effect Ca = 0.4 and Cv = 0.672, that
defines the ground motion response within the acceleration and velocity controlled
ranges of the design response spectrum.
Since the computed drift ratio (/H) = 0.012) when the specified earthquake magnitude
is exceeded is less than idealized inelastic drift index of 0.02 and the inelastic response
of the building in the earthquake design level shows life safety capacity, the design of
the building is within Life Safety and Collapse Prevention performance objectives.
The roof displacement corresponding to the severe event of earthquake design level is
0.190/0.059 = 3.22 times the roof displacement at Code elastic design level.
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Conclusion (Continued)
The overall result of the pushover analysis in X-direction indicated that the capacity and
ductility of the seven story RC building is adequate to sustain the severe earthquake
excitation, and some members of the moment resisting frame remain elastic and thus
maintain the stability of the building structure.
Analysis results for other load pattern will be demonstrated by running ETABS
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