Non-Flow Thermodynamic Processes

Constant Pressure
pv(0 ) = c

Constant Temperature
pv(1) = c

Adiabatic Process
Ploytropic Process

Constant Volune

pv(n ) = c

pv( ) = c

pv(k ) = c

CONSTANT VOLUME NON_FLOW PROCESS

Q = E + W
W = pdV = 0
Q = m (u 2 u 1 ) = m c v (T2 T1 )
Q
= u 2 u 1 = c v dT
m
du = c v dT
q=

kJ, BTU

kJ/kg, BTU/lb

CONSTANT PRESSURE NON-FLOW PROCESS

Q = E + W

W = p dV = m p dv = m p (v2 v1 ) kJ, ft lbf

W
= (p2 v2 p1v1 ) = R (T2 T1 ) kJ/kg,ft lbf /lbm
m
Q = m (u2 u1 ) + m (p2 v2 p1v1 )
w=

q = (u 2 + p2 v2 ) (u1 + p1v1 )
q = h 2 h1 = cpdT
dh = cpdT

Constant Temperature Non-Flow Process

pv(1) = constant
p 2 v1
=
p1 v 2
Q = E + W First Law, Non - Flow Closed System
E = 0
V2
v2
Q = pdV
Q = m RT ln = m RT ln
V1
v1
pV = mRT Ideal Gas Law
v2
p1
mRT
Q = m RT ln = m RT ln
p=
v1
p2

V
v2
m RT
q = p1v1ln
dV
Q=
V
v1
Q = m RT lnV
p2 v2 v2
q=
ln
q = RT ln V
J
v1

What is the heat flow when 3 lb of nitrogen undergoes a

constant temperature process at 300 F from an initial volume of 40 ft3
to a final volume of 22.5 ft3?
Q = E + W
E = 0
Q=W
v
V
q = R T ln 2 = R T ln 2
v1
V1
22.5
q = 55.17 760 ln

40
q = 24,115.ft lbf/lbm

2
p

T=const

24,115 ft lbf/lbm 3 lbm

778ft lb/BTU
Q = 93.29 BTU
Also :

Q=

1
22.5ft3

40 ft3

V, ft3

p
q = R T ln 1
p2

POLYTROPIC PROCESS

pvn = constant
p1v1n = p 2 v n2
n

p 2 v1
=
p1 v 2
substitute from pv = RT
T2 v1
=
T1 v 2

n 1

p2
=
p1

n 1
n

c v n +1
W = m pdv = m c v dv =
1 n
m(p2 v 2 p1v1 ) m R (T2 T1 )
W=
=
1 n
1 n
Q = E + W
n

q = u + w

R (T2 T1 )
q = c v (T2 T1 ) +
1 n
kn
q = cv
(T2 T1 )
1 n
n 1

n
k n p 2
q = cv
T1 1
1 n p1

n 1

k n v1
q = cv
T1 1
1 n v 2

ADIABATIC PROCESS, Q=0

Q = E + W First Law, Non - Flow Closed System
q = u + w
0 = c v dT + pdv
pv
T=
Ideal Gas Law
R
1
dT = (vdv + pdp)
R
cv
cv
0 = pdv + vdv + pdv
R
R
c
dv c dp
0 = v + 1 + v
R v R p

1
+ 1ln v +

ln p = Constant
k 1
k 1
pvk = constant

ADIABATIC PROCESS
k
Q=0, pv = constant
pv k = constant
p2 v 2k = p1v1k
k

p2 v1
=
p1 v 2
substitutefrom pv = RT
T2 v1
=
T1 v 2

k 1

p2
=
p1

k 1
k

Q = E + W = 0
q = u + w
w = u = c v dT = c v (T2 T1 )
1
p2 v2 p2 v2
(p2 v2 p1v1 )
w = cv

=
R
R
k
1

R = cp cv
k 1

p2 k
w = c v T1 T1

p1

k 1

p
cR
w = v T1 2 1
cp cv

p1

k 1

p2 k
1
R T1 1
w=
k 1

p1

v k 1
1
w=
R T1 1 1

v2
k 1

p1v1k = p 2 v k2
p2 v2
=
p1 v1

.5 lbm of air present in a gasoline engine cylinder,which

has a compression ratio of 10 (V1 /V2 = 10),

is compressedadiabatically from 70O F and 14.7psia.

p 2 = p1 (10)

1.4

What work is required? What is the final temperature

p 2 = 14.7psia 25.11

and pressure?

p 2 = 369.3psia
T2 p 2
=
T1 p1

k 1
k

Also by formula :
1.41
1.4

T2 = (70 + 460)(25.11)
T2 = 1331O R
Q = E + W
Q=0
W = E

W = m c v (T2 T1 )

W = .5 .17(1331 530)
W = 68.09 BTU

v k 1
1
W = m
R T1 1 1
v2

k 1

1
1.41
W = .5
53.35 530 (10) 1
1.4 1
W = 53,437ftlbf

W=

53,437ftlb
= 68.8 BTU
ftlb
778
BTU

NON-FLOW EQUATIONS FOR AN IDEAL GAS

Process
n exponent in

pv = const.
n

p, v, T
Property
Relationships

q, heat
energy/mass

w, work
w=

pdv

Constant
Pressure

n=0

Constant
Volume

n=

Constant Temperature

n=n

n =1

T2 v2
=
T1 v1

T2 p2
=
T1 p1

p1v1 = p2 v2

c p (T2 T1 )

cv (T2 T1 )

v
p1v1 ln 2
v1

p1 (v2 v2 )

Polytropic Process **

p1v1n = p2 v2n

T2 v2
=
T1 v1

p
= 2
p1

n 1
n

k n
cp
(T2 T )
1

p
= R1T1 ln 1
p2

v
p1v1 ln 2
v1

n 1

= R1T1 ln p1
p

p2v2 p1v1 R(T2 T1 )

=
1 n
1 n

energy/mass

Specific Heat

c p , cv

c p = R + cv
cp =

Rk
k 1

cv = c p R
cv =

R
k 1

* * for n = k =

cp
cv

, the process is adiabatic