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6 Heat Transfer Modeling PDF
6 Heat Transfer Modeling PDF
Outline
Energy Equation
Natural Convection
Radiation Models
Reporting - Export
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( E )
+ V ( E + p ) = k eff T h j J j + eff V
t
j
Conduction
Species
Diffusion
+ Sh
Viscous
Dissipation
p V2
E = h +
2
Pressure work and kinetic energy are always accounted for with compressible flows
or when using the density-based solvers. For the pressure-based solver, they are
omitted and can be added through the text command:
Define/models/energy?
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z
z
U e2
Br =
k T
2006 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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h j J j
j
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( E )
+ V ( E + p ) = keff T h j J j + eff V
t
j
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+ Sh
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Energy equation:
( h )
+ V h = (k T ) + S h
t
( )
h = c p dT
Tref
Anisotropic conductivity in
solids (pressure-based solver
only)
(kij T )
2006 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Mixed
z
7-8
Grid
Velocity vectors
Temperature contours
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Air Outlet
Top wall
(externally cooled)
h = 1.5 W/m2K
T = 298 K
Air inlet
V = 0.5 m/s
T = 298 K
Electronic Chip
(one half is modeled)
k = 1.0 W/mK
Q = 2 Watts
Circuit board (externally cooled)
k = 0.1 W/mK
h = 1.5 W/m2K
T = 298 K
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Board
(solid zone)
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Convection boundary
1.5 W/m2 K
298 K free stream temp
Convection Boundary
1.5 W/m2 K
298 K free stream temp.
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Front View
Board
(solid zone)
Flow
direction
Convection boundary
1.5 W/m2 K
298 K free stream temp
Convection Boundary
1.5 W/m2 K
298 K free stream temp.
Top View
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Meshed wall
z
z
z
Thin wall
z
Fluid zone
Wall zone
(with shadow)
Solid zone
Wall thermal resistance directly accounted
for in the Energy equation; Throughthickness temperature distribution is
calculated.
Bidirectional heat conduction is
calculated.
Fluid zone
Wall zone
(no shadow)
Static temperature
(cell value)
Thin wall
(no mesh)
Wall temperature
(outer surface)
Thermal boundary
condition on wall
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Wall temperature
(inner surface)
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
Static temperature
(cell value)
Wall Temperature
(inner surface)
Virtual
conduction cells
2006 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
7-18
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Boussinesq model assumes the fluid density is uniform except for the body
force term in the momentum equation along the direction of gravity, we have:
( 0 ) g = 0 (T T 0 ) g
z
Valid when density variations are small (i.e., small variations in T).
For unsteady solver, Boussinesq model or ideal gas law can be used.
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Operating Conditions
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Radiation
4
4
Radiation effects should be accounted for when Qrad = (Tmax Tmin ) is of equal or
greater magnitude than that of convective and conductive heat transfer rates.
To account for radiation, radiative intensity transport equations (RTEs) are solved.
z
Local absorption by fluid and at boundaries couples these RTEs with the energy equation.
Local absorption
Out-scattering (scattering away from the direction)
Local emission
In-scattering (scattering into the direction)
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T
+ (a + s ) I ( r , s ) = a n 2
+ s I ( r , s ) ( s s ) d
xi
4 0
Advantages:
z
Scattering
Emission
Absorption
Limitations:
z
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Advantages:
z
z
z
dI
a T 4
+aI =
ds
Limitations:
z
z
z
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P-1 Model
Limitations:
z
z
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The S2S radiation model can be used for modeling radiation in situations
where there is no participating media.
z
z
z
For example, spacecraft heat rejection system, solar collector systems, radiative
space heaters, and automotive underhood cooling.
S2S is a view-factor based model.
Non-participating media is assumed.
Limitations:
z
z
z
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Specifications
z
z
z
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z
z
z
z
Define
Models
Radiation
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T_w
T_c
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HTC
Wall-function-based HTC
heff =
C P C1 4 k P1 2
T*
Available only when the flow is turbulent and Energy equation is enabled
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Summary
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Appendix
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In the Thin Wall approach, the wall thickness is not explicitly meshed.
Model thin layer of material between two zones
Thermal resistance x/k is artificially applied by the solver.
Boundary conditions specified on the outside surface.
Interior wall
(user-specified
thickness)
Exterior wall
(user-specified
thickness)
Outer surface
(calculated)
q1 or T1
Inner surface
(thermal boundary
condition specified
here)
Fluid or
solid cells
q2 or T2
Fluid or
solid cells
k1
k2
Fluid or
solid cells
Export ANSYS
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Export ANSYS
The file written is an ANSYS results file with a .rfl extension. To read this file
into ANSYS, use the following procedure:
1. In ANSYS, go to General Postproc Data and File Options and read the .rfl file
generated from FLUENT.
2. Go to Results Summary and click on the first line in the upcoming panel. You will see
some information listed in the ANSYS_56_OUTPUT window displaying geomtery
informatiom.
3. In the small ANSYS Input window, enter the following commands in order:
SET,FIRST
/PREP7
ET,1,142
The last command corresponds to FLOTRAN 3D element. If your case is 2D, then
this should be replaced by ET,1,141.
4. In the ANSYS MULTIPHYSICS UTITLITY menu, select Plot and then Nodes or
Elements, including the nodal solution under Results in the drop-down list.
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Export ABAQUS
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NASTRAN/PATRAN:
The best approach.
For ABAQUS,
NASTRAN, and
PATRAN, select the
Loads to be written
(Force, Temperature,
and/or Heat Flux) to
analyze the structural
stresses (fluid pressure
or thermal) in an FEA
program.
Loads are written only
on boundary walls when
the entire domain is
exported (i.e., if you
select no Surfaces).
Format
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Supported
Version
Abaqus
6.3
ANSYS
10
ASCII
n/
CGNS
NASTRAN
2001
PATRAN
2001
TECPLOT