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L THUYT MCH
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2006
L THUYT MCH
Bin son :
LI GII THIU
L thuyt mch l mt trong s cc mn c s ca k thut in t, vin thng, t ng
ho, nhm cung cp cho sinh vin kh nng nghin cu cc mch tng t, ng thi n l
c s l thuyt phn tch cc mch s. Vi ngha l mt mn hc nghin cu cc h
thng to v bin i tn hiu, ni dung c s l thuyt mch (basic circuits theory) ch yu
i su vo cc phng php biu din, phn tch, tnh ton v tng hp cc h thng in to
v bin i tn hiu da trn m hnh cc cc thng s & cc phn t hp thnh in hnh.
Tp bi ging ny ch yu cp ti l thuyt cc phng php biu din v phn tch
mch kinh in, da trn cc loi phn t mch tng t, tuyn tnh c thng s tp trung, c
th l:
- Cc phn t & mng hai cc: Hai cc th ng, c hoc khng c qun tnh nh phn
t thun tr, thun dung, thun cm v cc mch cng hng; hai cc tch cc nh cc ngun
in p & ngun dng in l tng.
-Cc phn t & mng bn cc: Bn cc tng h th ng cha RLC hoc bin p l
tng; bn cc tch cc nh cc ngun ph thuc (ngun c iu khin), transistor, mch
khuch i thut ton...
Cng c nghin cu l thuyt mch l nhng cng c ton hc nh phng trnh vi
phn, phng trnh ma trn, php bin i Laplace, bin i Fourier... Cc cng c, khi
nim & nh lut vt l.
Mi chng ca tp bi ging ny gm bn phn: Phn gii thiu nu cc vn ch
yu ca chng, phn ni dung cp mt cch chi tit cc vn cng vi cc th d
minh ha, phn tng hp ni dung h thng ha nhng im ch yu, v phn cui cng a
ra cc cu hi v bi tp rn luyn k nng. Chng I cp n cc khi nim, cc thng s
c bn ca l thuyt mch, ng thi gip sinh vin c mt cch nhn tng quan nhng vn
m mn hc ny quan tm. Chng II nghin cu mi quan h gia cc thng s trng
thi ca mch in, cc nh lut v cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in. Chng
III i su vo nghin cu phng php phn tch cc qu trnh qu trong mch. Chng
IV trnh by cc cch biu din hm mch v phng php v c tuyn tn s ca hm
mch. Chng V cp ti l thuyt mng bn cc v ng dng trong nghin cu mt s h
thng. Cui cng l mt s ph lc, cc thut ng vit tt v ti liu tham kho cho cng vic
bin son.
Mc d c rt nhiu c gng nhng cng khng th trnh khi nhng sai st. Xin chn
thnh cm n cc kin ng gp ca bn c v ng nghip.
Ngi bin son
THUT NG VIT TT
AC
ADC
DC
FT
M4C
Mng bn cc.
NIC
CHNG 1
Cch chuyn m hnh mch in t min thi gian sang min tn s v ngc li.
ng dng min tn s trong phn tch mch, so snh vi vic phn tch mch trong min
thi gian.
NI DUNG
1.1 KHI NIM TN HIU V MCH IN
Tn hiu
Tn hiu l dng biu hin vt l ca thng tin. Th d, mt trong nhng biu hin vt l ca
cc tn hiu ting ni (speech), m nhc (music), hoc hnh nh (image) c th l in p v dng
in trong cc mch in. V mt ton hc, tn hiu c biu din chnh xc hoc gn ng bi
hm ca cc bin c lp.
Xt di gc thi gian, mc d trong cc ti liu l khng ging nhau, nhng trong ti
liu ny chng ta s thng nht v mt nh ngha cho mt s loi tn hiu ch yu lin quan n
hai khi nim lin tc v ri rc.
Tn hiu lin tc
Khi nim tn hiu lin tc l cch gi thng thng ca loi tn hiu lin tc v mt thi
gian. N cn c gi l tn hiu tng t. Mt tn hiu x(t) c gi l lin tc v mt thi gian
khi min xc nh ca bin thi gian t l lin tc.
Hnh 1.1 m t mt s dng tn hiu lin tc v mt thi gian, trong : Hnh 1.1a m t
mt tn hiu bt k; tn hiu ting ni l mt th d in hnh v dng tn hiu ny. Hnh 1.1b m
t dng tn hiu iu ha. Hnh 1.1c m t mt dy xung ch nht tun hon. Hnh 1.1d m t tn
hiu dng hm bc nhy n v, k hiu l u(t) hoc 1(t):
1,
u (t ) =
0,
t0
t<0
(1.1)
(t ) = 0,
t0
(t)dt = 1
(1.2)
t
(b)
(a)
1
t
(c)
(t)
u(t)
(e)
(d)
Hnh 1.1
Mt s dng tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian
Tn hiu ri rc
V mt ton hc, tn hiu ri rc l mt hm trong bin thi gian ch nhn cc gi tr ri
rc. Thng thng, loi tn hiu ri rc n gin nht ch c nh ngha cc gi tr ti cc im
thi gian ri rc t =n.Ts, trong n nguyn; do trong cc ti liu, tn hiu ri rc x(nTs) thng
c k hiu l x(n). Hnh 1.2a m t dng mt tn hiu ri rc v mt thi gian.
-1
-1
Hnh 1.2b
Minh ha tn hiu s nh phn
Hnh 1.2a
Minh ha tn hiu ri rc
Tn hiu s
S ly mu
Ly mu l thut ng ch qu trnh ri rc ha tn hiu lin tc. Ni cch khc, y l qu
trnh chuyn i tn hiu lin tc s(t) thnh tn hiu ri rc s(n) tng ng. Ta gi s(n) l phin
bn c mu ha t tn hiu gc s(t).
Nu s(n) quan h vi tn hiu gc s(t) theo biu thc:
s (n) = s (t ) t = nT
t
Tn hiu gc s(t)
Phin bn c mu ha s(n)
Ts
Hnh 1.3
M hnh ha qu trnh ly mu
Chuyn i AD/DA
Chuyn i AD l qu trnh s ha tn hiu lin tc. Ni cch khc, y l qu trnh chuyn
i tn hiu lin tc s(t) thnh tn hiu s tng ng. Thng thng, trong cc h thng in t,
qu trnh ny bao gm ba cng on: Trc tin l cng on ri rc ha tn hiu v mt thi
gian. K tip l cng on lm trn cc gi tr ly mu thnh cc gi tr mi thuc mt tp hu
hn; cng on ny cn gi l cng on lng t ha. Cui cng, ty thuc vo h thng s
c s dng m cc gi tr c lng t ha s c m ha tng thch vi thit b x l
v mi trng truyn dn.
Ngc li qu trnh chuyn i AD l qu trnh chuyn i DA. y l qu trnh phc hi
tn hiu lin tc s(t) t tn hiu s tng ng.
X l tn hiu
X l tn hiu l mt khi nim rng ch cc qu trnh bin i, phn tch, tng hp tn
hiu nhm a ra cc thng tin phc v cho cc mc ch khc nhau. Cc h thng khuch i v
Mch in
+E
Uv
Ura
+
-E
Hnh 1.4
Trn quan im h thng, mch in l m
Mch tch phn
hnh ton hc chnh xc hoc gn ng ca mt h
thng in, nhm thc hin mt ton t no ln
cc tc ng u vo, nhm to ra cc p ng mong mun u ra. M hnh thng c
c trng bi mt h phng trnh m t mi quan h gia cc tn hiu xut hin bn trong h
thng. Trong min thi gian, cc h thng mch lin tc c c trng bi mt h phng trnh
vi tch phn, cn cc h thng mch ri rc c c trng bi mt h phng trnh sai phn.
thc hin ton t tch phn, trong mi quan h vo/ra tha mn ng thc: u ra = k u v dt .
Hnh 1.5 l mt trong nhng m hnh tng ng ca bin p thng. Trong m hnh
tng ng ca phn t ny c s c mt ca cc thng
M
s in tr R, in cm L v h cm M. Nhng thng s
R1
R2
*
*
c trng cho nhng tnh cht vt l khc nhau cng
tn ti trn phn t ny v s pht huy tc dng ca chng
U2
U1
L1
L2
ph thuc vo cc iu kin lm vic khc nhau.
Cn phn bit s khc nhau ca hai khi nim phn
Hnh 1.5
t v thng s. Phn t (trong ti liu ny) l m hnh vt
Mt m hnh tng
l ca cc vt liu linh kin c th nh dy dn, t in,
ng ca bin p
cun dy, bin p, diode, transistor... Thng s l i
thng
lng vt l c trng cho tnh cht ca phn t. Mt phn
t c th c nhiu thng s. V mt in, v mch tng ng ca cc phn t c ngha l biu
din cc tnh cht v in ca phn t thng qua cc thng s e, i, r, C, L, M, Z, Y ... ni vi
nhau theo mt cch no . Cui cng biu din cch u ni tip nhiu thng s ngi ta v
cc k hiu ca chng u n ni vi u kia to thnh mt chui lin tip, cn trong cch u ni
song song th cc cp u tng ng c ni vi nhau. Trong s mch in cc on lin nt
ni cc k hiu thng s c trng cho cc dy ni c tnh cht dn in l tng.
Tn hiu lin tc
xa(t)
xa(t)
Mch tng t
tn hiu ri rc
Mch ly
mu
Mch ri rc
ADC
Mch s
Mch khi
phc
DAC
tn hiu s
Hnh 1.6
Cc h thng mch in x l tn hiu lin tc
Ghi ch: ADC - Analog to Digital Converter: mch chuyn i tng t - s. DAC - Digital
to Analog Converter: mch chuyn i s - tng t.
Cc bi ton mch
R2
R1
K
e(t)
R3
Hnh 1.7
Mch in c kha ng ngt
Phn t
u(t)
WT =
p ( t ) dt .
Hnh 1.8
t1
u(t)
Hnh 1.9
K hiu in tr
u(t) = r.i(t)
hay
1
i( t ) = u(t ) = g. u(t )
r
(1.3)
1
gi l in dn, c th nguyn
r
1/, n v l Simen(S).
V mt thi gian, dng in v in p trn phn t thun tr l trng pha nn nng lng nhn
c trn phn t thun tr l lun lun dng, r c trng cho s tiu tn nng lng di dng
nhit.
b. Cc thng s qun tnh:
Cc thng s qun tnh trong mch gm c in dung, in
cm v h cm.
11
i(t)
u(t)
Hnh 1.10
K hiu in dung
i (t ) = C
hay
u (t ) =
du( t )
dt
(1.4)
1
q (t )
i (t )dt =
C
C
(1.5)
WE = p( t )dt = C.
du
1
. u( t ).dt = Cu 2
dt
2
(1.6)
Xt v mt nng lng, thng s C c trng cho s tch lu nng lng in trng, thng s
ny khng gy t bin in p trn phn t v thuc loi thng s qun tnh . Xt v mt thi
gian in p trn phn t thun dung chm pha so vi dng
L
i(t)
in l /2.
- Thng s in cm (L):
u(t)
di( t )
dt
(1.7)
1
u(t ) dt
L
(1.8)
u( t ) = L
hay
i (t ) =
Hnh 1.11
K hiu in cm
WH = L
di
1
i( t )dt = Li 2
dt
2
(1.9)
Xt v mt nng lng, thng s L c trng cho s tch lu nng lng t trng, thng s ny
khng gy t bin dng in trn phn t v thuc loi
i1
i2
M
thng s qun tnh. Xt v mt thi gian, in p trn
phn t thun cm nhanh pha so vi dng in l /2.
u1
-Thng s h cm (M):
u2
L1
L2
12
Hnh 1.12
Hai cun dy c ghp h cm
21
di
1
dt
=M
(1.10)
Ngc li, dng in i2 chy trong phn t in cm th hai s gy ra trn phn t th nht mt
in p h cm l:
di
2
dt
u =M
12
(1.11)
di
di
2
u =L 1 M
1
1 dt
dt
(1.12)
di1
di
+ L2 2
dt
dt
(1.13)
u2 = M
Thng s in tr
Thng s in dung
r = rk
L = Lk
1
1
=
C
k Ck
1
1
=
r
k rk
1
1
=
L
k Lk
C = Ck
song song
Thng s in cm
k
1.2.2
Cc thng s tc ng cu mch in
13
Ri
eng
Ri
Ri
eng
Rt
Eng
Hnh 1.13
Ngun p c lp
Hnh 1.14
Ngun p ni vi ti
Uab =
E ng
Ri + Rt
Rt
(1.14)
Ngun dng c lp: k hiu ngun dng c lp c hai kiu nh hnh 1.15.
Iab
a
Ing
Ri
Ing
Ri
Ing
14
Hnh 1.15
Ngun dng c lp
Rt
Ri
b
Hnh 1.16
I ab =
I ng
Ri + Rt
Ri
(1.15)
I2
b. Ngun ph thuc
Ngun ph thuc cn c gi l ngun c iu
khin v n c phn thnh cc loi sau:
U1
R1
U2
Eng
Ngun A-A
Hnh 1.17
Eng =kU1
(1.16)
( k l h s t l )
R2
I1
R1
I2
U2
Eng
Ngun A-D
Hnh 1.18
Eng =rI1
(1.17)
( r l h s t l )
Trong trng hp l tng th R1=0, R2=0, khi
U1 =0 v U2 =Eng = rI1.
I1
U1
I2
R1
Ing
15
Ngun D-A
Hnh 1.19
R2
U2
(1.18)
( g l h s t l )
Trong trng hp l tng th R1=, R2= v khi
I1=0, I2 =Ing = gU1.
I1
U1
I2
R1
R2
Ing
U2
Ngun D-D
Hnh 1.20
Ing =I1
(1.19)
( l h s t l )
Trong trng hp l tng th R1=0, R2= v khi U1 =0, I2 =Ing =I1.
I2
N I1
Zra
P
A
Zvao
Ura
(b)
(a)
Hnh 1.21
K hiu v m hnh tng ng ca KTT
-Trong thc t thng quy cc phn t tch cc v cc loi ngun c iu khin. Th d, phn t
khuch i thut ton, k hiu v m hnh tng ng ca n c m t thnh ngun p c
iu khin bng p nh hnh 1.21, trong A l h s khuch i vng h ca phn t ny. Cn
vi transistor, min tn hiu nh v tn s thp, ngi ta hay dng s tng ng vt l
nh hnh 1.22. Trong s ny c ngun dng ph thuc IE . Cc in tr trn s l cc in
tr vi phn ca cc thnh phn dng xoay chiu c bin nh m bo on lm vic tuyn
tnh, v c xc nh bi h c tuyn vo/ ra ca transistor.
IE
C
I1=IE
E
U1
I2=-IC
rE
16
rC
C
U2
rB
B
Xm
Hnh 1.23
(1.20)
G
G
X = X m . exp( jt + 0 ) = X m . exp( jt )
(1.21)
G
X m = X m . exp( j 0 )
(1.22)
G
Th d, mt ngun sc in ng iu ho c biu din phc E =Emexp[j(t + u)], th biu thc
thi gian ca n s l:
G
e(t) =Emsin(t + u) Im[ E ]
G
hoc
e(t) =Emcos(t + u) Re[ E ]
Vic phn tch ngun tc ng thnh cc thnh phn iu ho v biu din chng di dng phc
lm cho s tnh ton cc thng s trong mch in tr nn thun li da trn cc php ton v s
phc. c bit khi cc ngun tc ng l iu ha c cng tn s, th thnh phn exp(jt) tr nn
17
1.3.2 Tr khng v dn np
By gi hy ni n nh lut m tng qut vit di dng phc:
G
G
U = Z. I
G 1 G
G
I = U = Y .U
Z
hay
(1.23)
(1.24)
(1.25)
(1.26)
G
U U m exp[ j( t + u )]
=
Z= G =
I
I exp[ j( t + )]
m
i
G
I exp[j( t + )]
I
i
=
Y= G = m
U
exp[j(
t
U
m
u )]
m exp[ j( )]
u
i
I
m
(1.27)
Im
(1.28)
Um
exp[j( u )]
i
Z = R 2 + X2 =
v:
m ;
I
m
I
Y = G 2 + B2 = m ;
U
m
= arg Z = arctg
Z
X
=
i
u
R
Y = arg Y = arctg
B
= u = Z
i
G
(1.29)
(1.30)
G
G
G
U = Z . I = r. I
r
r
vy
Zr =r
v Yr =1/r
(1.31)
18
G
G
1 G
1
1
1 G
U = Idt = I exp[j(t + )]dt =
I exp[j(t + )] =
I=Z I
C
C
C
C m
jC m
jC
vy
1
Z =
= j X
C
c jC
(1.32)
YC = jC =jBC
(1.33)
XC =
trong
1
;
C
BC = C
(1.34)
G
d I exp[ j(t + )]
G
G
G
di
m
U =L
=L
= jLI exp[ j(t + )] = jLI = Z I
m
L
L
dt
dt
ZL = jL = jXL
vy
Y =
L
trong
1
j L
(1.35)
=jB
B =
XL =L ;
(1.36)
1
L
(1.37)
Z1
Zn
Z2
Hnh 1.24
U ab = I.Z ab = I Z k
k
vy
Zab = Zk
(1.38)
Y1
Y2
I ab = U.Yab = U k Yk = U Yk
k
vy
Yab = Yk
Yn
Hnh 1.25
(1.39)
Cch mc
Tr khng
19
Dn np
Z td = Z k
1
1
=
Ytd
k Yk
1
1
=
Z td
k Zk
Ytd = Yk
song song
+ Cy: l phn mch bao gm mt s nhnh i qua ton b cc nt, nhng khng to thnh vng
kn. Xt mt cy c th, nhnh thuc cy ang xt gi l nhnh cy v nhnh khng thuc cy gi
l nhnh b cy.
+ Vng: bao gm cc nhnh v cc nt to thnh mt vng khp kn. Vng c bn (ng vi mt
cy) l vng ch cha mt nhnh b cy. Nu mch in c s nhnh Nnh, s nt Nn, ng vi mt
cy c s nhnh b cy l Nb v s vng c bn l Nv th ta c:
Nb = NV = Nnh - Nn + 1
V3
Z6
Z2
Z4
O
V1
Z6
C
Z5
Z3
Z1
(1.40)
Z2
O
V4
V2
Hnh 1.26
C
Z5
Z3
Z1
20
Z4
V NHN QU CA
i[mA]
(a)
(b)
U
= R (vi R l mt hng s)
I
R=f(U,I)
hay
q
= C (vi C l mt hng s)
U
hay C=f(U,I)
= L. I
hay
= L (vi L l mt hng s)
I
21
= f ( I)
hay L=f(U,I)
Tnh bt bin
Mt mch c gi l bt bin nu cc thng s ca mch khng ph thuc thi gian, khi mt
trong cc thng s ca n chu nh hng ca thi gian th mch l mch khng bt bin
(mch thng s). Vi mch bt bin, gi thit mch khng c nng lng ban u, nu y(t) l p
ng ca mch tng ng vi tc ng x(t), th y(t-t1) s l p ng ca mch tng ng vi tc
ng x(t-t1).
Tnh nhn qu
Mch in (vi gi thit khng c nng lng ban u) c gi l c tnh nhn qu nu p ng
ra ca mch khng th c trc khi c tc ng u vo.
Cng cn phi nhc rng tnh cht tuyn tnh v bt bin ca mch in ch ng trong iu kin
lm vic nht nh, khi iu kin lm vic b thay i th cc tnh cht c th khng cn ng
na. Vic phn chia tnh tuyn tnh /khng tuyn tnh v bt bin /khng bt bin ch mang tnh
cht tng i.
22
(1.41)
i(t)
on
mch
u(t)
u(t) =Umcos(t + u)
i(t) =Imcos(t + i)
-cng sut tc thi trn on mch ti thi im t l:
Hnh 1.28
p (t ) = u ( t ).i ( t )
(1.42)
WT =
p ( t ) dt
t1
1
T
t2
p (t ) dt
t1
1
U m I m . cos( u i ) = UI . cos
2
(1.43)
nn P lun
th. Trong mch th ng, s lch pha ca p v dng lun nm trong gii hn
2
lun dng. Thc cht P chnh l tng cng sut trn cc thnh phn in tr ca on mch. n
v cng sut tc dng tnh bng W.
-Cng sut phn khng trn on mch ny c tnh theo cng thc:
Qr =
1
U m I m . sin( u i ) = UI . sin
2
(1.44)
Trong mch th ng, cng sut phn khng c th c gi tr dng hoc m. Nu mch c tnh
cm khng, tc in p nhanh pha hn so vi dng in, th q s c gi tr dng. Nu mch c
tnh dung khng, tc in p chm pha hn so vi dng in, th Qr s c gi tr m.Thc cht Qr
chnh l cng sut lun chuyn t ngun ti tch ly trong cc thnh phn in khng ca mch v
sau li c phng tr v ngun m khng b tiu tn. N c gi tr bng hiu i s gia cng
sut trn cc thnh phn in cm v cng sut trn cc thnh phn in dung. Khi Qr bng
23
P 2 + Q r2 =
1
U m I m = UI
2
(1.45)
n v cng sut ton phn tnh bng VA. Cng sut ton phn mang tnh cht hnh thc v cng
sut trong mch khi cc i lng dng v p c o ring r m khng ch ti s lch pha
gia chng. Tng qut cng sut trong mch cn c biu din di dng phc:
G
(1.46)
S = P + jQ r
-H s cng sut l t s gia P v S:
P
= cos
S
(1.47)
V mt l thuyt, mc d Qr khng phi l cng sut tiu tn, nhng trong thc t dng in lun
chuyn nng lng gia cc thnh phn in khng v ngun li gy ra s tiu hao cng sut
ngun do ni tr trn cc ng dy di ti in. V vy trong k thut in, nng cao hiu sut
truyn ti in nng (gim dng in trn ng dy) ngi ta thng phi s dng bin php c
bit nng cao h s cng sut.
(1.48)
E2
4 R ng
(1.49)
24
R ch = ch . L ch
R ch = . C
ch
ch
(1.50)
ch
200
350
0,4F
4mH
100
Hnh 1.29
R
100
= ch =
= 25 Krad / s
L ch 410
. 3
C ch =
16mH
0,8F
2
3,5
1
1
=
= 0.4 F
ch . R ch 2510
. 3 .100
4
2
1
T h n v chun va tnh c, ta c
Hnh 1.30
th biu din gi tr cc phn t ca
mch in theo cc gi tr c chun ho, tc l theo cc gi tr tng i nh hnh 1.30. R
rng vic tnh ton trn cc gi tr tng i c n gin i kh nhiu.
a = 10.log
hoc
a=
P1
,
P0
P
1
.ln 1 ,
P0
2
dB
(1.51)
Np
(1.52)
a = 20.log
hoc
a = ln
U1
,
U0
U1
,
U0
Np
25
dB
(1.53)
(1.54)
hay
1dB=0,115Np
(1.55)
-i vi t s ca tn s:
= log 2
hoc
= lg
[oct]
(1.56)
[D]
0
(1.57)
hay
1D=3,33oct
(1.58)
CC TH D MINH HA
Th d 1.1: Tnh in cm tng ng ca ca hai phn t in
cm L1 v L2 trong hai trng hp mc ni tip v mc song song
(gi s gia chng c h cm M).
M
L2
L1
Gii:
Hnh 1.31
di
di
di
di
M
; v u = L
M
Ta c: u = L
1
1 dt
2
2 dt
dt
dt
Mt khc: u = u1 + u 2 = ( L1 + L 2 2 M )
Vy
di
di
= L td
dt
dt
Ltd = L1 + L 2 2 M
(1.59)
L1
G G G
I = I1 + I2
G
G
G
G
K
U = Z1 . I1 ZM I2 = ZM I1 + Z2 I2
M
L2
Hnh 1.32
Ltd =
(1.60)
Z td
j
(1.61)
trong : Z1=jL1, Z2=jL2 l tr khng ca hai phn t trong cch biu din phc. ZM=jM l
tr khng h cm gia hai phn t. Ztd =jLt l tr khng tng ng ca hai phn t.
26
Zab = ZR + ZL + ZC = R + jX L jX C
XL
XC
thay s ta c:
hnh 1.33
Z1
U1m
Gii:
Z3
Hnh 1.34
a.Ta c: Z td = Z 1 +
Z1
Z2Z3
= 33j
Z2 + Z3
G
G
0
U 1m
I 1m =
= 3.e j15
Z td
G
G
0
I 1m
I 2m =
Z 3 = 2.e j15
Z2 + Z3
G
G
0
I 1m
I 3m =
Z 2 = 1.e j15
Z2 + Z3
Z5
Z3
Z2
Z4
Hnh 1.35
-Vy: u1 (t ) = 9 2 sin(t 30 o )
i1(t) =3sin(t + 15o)
27
r =2
r =5
Z345 = Z3 + Z45 = (5 + j)
26
Z2 Z345
=
= 2.6
Z2 + Z345 10
Z2345 =
XL=1
XL=5
r =2.4
20
Z4 Z5
=
=5
Z45 =
4
Z4 + Z5
XL=4
XC=1
Im =
=
= exp[ j (t )]
4
Z V 5(1 + j )
r =2
XC=4
Hnh 1.36
u(t ) = 5 2 .cost
Y1
i ( t ) = cos(t )
4
Y1=5 + 5j
Y4= 0.5 + 4j
Y2=4 + 5j
Y5= 0.5 - 3j
Y4
Y2
Y5
Y3
Hnh 1.37
Y3=1 - j
a. V s tng ng chi tit theo cc tham s g, BL, BC
B
b. Cho dng in iu ha chy qua mch c gi tr hiu dng l 5A, hy vit biu thc thi gian
ca in p t trn hai u mch in.
Gii:
a. S tng ng chi tit ca mch theo cc tham s g, BL, BC c dng nh hnh 1.38, (n v
l Siemen).
Y345 =
Y3 . Y45
=1
Y3 + Y45
g=1
g=5
b. Ta c: Y45 = Y4 + Y5 = 1 + j
BL=1
BC=5
BC=5
Y2345 = Y2 + Y345 = 5 + 5 j
g=0.5
g=4
BC=4
Hnh 1.38
Y .Y
YV = 1 2345 = 2.5 + 2.5j
Y1 + Y2345
G
G
Im
5 2
Um =
=
= 2 exp[ j (t )]
4
YV 2.5(1 + j )
28
BL=3
g=0.5
i ( t ) = 5 2 cost
u ( t ) = 2 cos(t
)
4
U
Z = G = R + j ( X L X C ) = R + jX
I
X L = L nm na dng ca trc o;
Hnh 1.39
1
nm na m ca trc o.
XC =
C
= arg[ Z ] = arctg
Z = R2 + (X L X C )2 = R2 + X 2 ;
X
R
Mi tng quan ca cc thnh phn tr khng ca mch c biu din trn mt phng phc nh
hnh 1.40a. Cn hnh 1.40b m t c tnh cc thnh phn in khng ca mch theo tn s. Khi
tn s nh hn f0, XC ln hn XL, khi X c gi tr m, mch c tnh in dung, in p chm
pha hn so vi dng in. Khi tn s ln hn f0, XC nh hn XL, khi X c gi tr dng, mch
c tnh in cm, in p nhanh pha hn so vi dng in.
XL
XL
Z
X=XL-XC
XC
f0
XC
(a)
(b)
Hnh 1.40
1
2 LC
I0 =
29
U
R
0,7 I 0
f1 f0 f2
BW
B
Hnh 1.41
BW = f 2 f1 =
f0
Q
(1.62)
Q=
1 L
.
R C
(1.63)
G
G
U r = U (in p trn R bng in p tc ng c v bin v pha).
G
G
U c = jQU in p trn C chm pha /2 so vi U.
G
G
U L = jQU
I
1 1
Y = G = = + j ( BC BL ) = G + jB
U Z R
1
BC = C =
nm na dng ca trc o;
XC
I
U
1
1
=
BL =
nm na m ca trc o.
L X L
1
=
Z
1
+ ( BC B L ) 2 = G 2 + B 2 ;
2
R
Hnh 1.42
= arg[Y ] = arctg
B
G
Mi tng quan ca cc thnh phn dn np ca mch c biu din trn mt phng phc nh
hnh 1.43a.
BC
BC
Y
30
B=BC-BL
B
f1 f0
BW
, BL cn bng
2 LC
Hnh 1.44
vi BC, thnh phn in np B ca
mch b trit tiu, tr khng ca mch
l ln nht v thun tr, in p trn mch t cc i v ng pha vi dng in. Khi tn s lch
khi gi tr cng hng, phn in np B ca mch s tng, tc l tr khng ca mch gim, ngha
l in p trn mch s gim. Hnh 1.44 m t tnh chn lc tn s ca mch (vi ngun tc ng
l ngun dng l tng).
- Di thng ca mch:
BW = f 2 f1 =
f0
Q
(1.64)
Q = R.
C
L
(1.65)
G
G
I R = I (dng in trn R bng dng tc ng c v bin v pha).
G
G
I L = jQI dng trn L chm pha /2 so vi I.
G
G
I C = jQI
dng trn C nhanh pha /2 so vi I.
31
in tr thuc loi thng s th ng khng qun tnh, c trng cho s tiu tn nng lng,
trn dng in v in p ng pha.
in dung thuc loi thng s qun tnh, c trng cho s phng v np nng lng in
trng. Trong ch AC, trn in dung dng in nhanh pha hn 900 so vi in p.
in cm cng thuc loi thng s qun tnh, c trng cho s phng v np nng lng t
trng. Trong ch AC, trn in cm dng in chm pha 900 so vi in p.
Ngun in ch pht thuc loi phn t tch cc, nhng bn thn n cng c tn hao c
trng bi ni tr ca ngun.
Khi phn tch mch, thng trin khai ngun thnh s tng ng ngun p hoc ngun
dng. Khi Rng rt nh hn so vi Rti th s la chn ngun p l thch hp nht, ngc li th
la chn ngun dng li c ngha thc tin hn.
S phc ha cc dao ng iu ha c bn cht khai trin tn hiu thnh chui Fourier hoc
tch phn Fourier. N cho php chuyn mch in v tn hiu t min thi gian sang min tn
s.
Mch in truyn thng trong min thi gian c trng bi mt h phng trnh vi phn, cn
trong min tn s c trng bi mt h phng trnh i s.
Vic phn tch ngun tc ng thnh cc thnh phn iu ho v biu din chng di dng
phc lm cho s tnh ton cc thng s trong mch in tr nn thun li da trn cc php
ton v s phc, c bit l khi cc ngun tc ng l iu ha c cng tn s.
T min thi gian, bng cch phc ha mch in, bn c th chuyn mch in sang min
tn s tnh ton p ng ca mch theo cc php tnh i s n gin, sau , nu cn thit,
bn c th chuyn i ngc kt qu v min thi gian.
Cng sut tc dng P ca mch chnh l cng sut ta nhit trn cc thnh phn in tr ca
mch.
Cng sut phn khng ca mch khng phi c trng cho s tiu tn nng lng, n c
trng cho s chuyn ha nng lng gia cc thnh phn in khng ca mch v ngun.
32
Ti tn s cng hng, mch cng hng LC ni tip cho tr khng b nht v thun tr,
ng thi lm cho in p trn cc thnh phn in khng gp Q ln in p li vo nhng
ngc pha nhau.
Ti tn s cng hng, mch cng hng LC song song cho tr khng ln nht v thun tr,
ng thi lm cho dng in trn cc thnh phn in khng gp Q ln dng in li vo
nhng ngc pha nhau.
CU HI V BI TP CHNG I
1.1 M hnh ton hc ca mch in trong min thi gian c th c trng bi:
a. bin i Fourier.
b. s phc ha dng v p trong mch in.
c. s thay th cc thng s th ng ca mch bng cc i lng phc.
d. s thay th h phng trnh vi phn bng mt h phng trnh i s.
1.3 Tr khng ca phn t thun dung l :
a) ZC = jC
b) Z C =
1
= jX C
jC
c) ZC = jC
a) Z L =
1
j L
b) Z L =
j
L
c) Z L = j L = jX L
a) YC = j
1
= jBC
C
b) YC = jC = jBC
c) YC =
1
= jBC
jC
a) YL = j
1
1
1
= jBL ; c) YL = j L = jBL ; d) YL =
= jBL
= jBL ; b) YL =
j L
j L
L
a. Z=1-j5
R=1
XL=5
33
Hnh 1.45
XC=10
a. Y=5+j5 (S)
5S
b. Y=5+j15 (S)
5S
c. Y=5-j15 (S)
d. Y=5-j5 (S)
10 S
Hnh 1.46
XC=2
R=2
XL=2
XL=2
XC=2
a)
a)
c)
b)
Hnh 1.47
R=3
XC=2
R=3
XL=2
XL=3
XC=2
a)
a)
c)
b)
Hnh 1.48
G=2 S
BL=5 S
BC=5 S
a)
BC=2 S
BL=5 S
c)
b)
Hnh 1.49
G=3 S
BL=5 S
BC=5 S
a)
34
b)
BC=3 S
BL=5 S
B
c)
1.13 Xt mt ngun c Tr khng Zng=Rng+jXng. iu kin phi hp cng sut tc dng trn ti
t cc i l:
a. Tng R.
b. Gim R.
c. Gim XL.
1.17 Tr khng ca mch RLC song song ti tn s cng hng l
a. 4 nt, 5 nhnh
b. 4 nt, 7 nhnh
c. 3 nt, 7 nhnh
e1
L
-
e2
R3
-
d. 3 nt, 5 nhnh
35
R2
Hnh 1.51
Z1=1-j
t ca mch.
Z2=2-2j
Hnh 1.52
Y3
Z1
U1m
Y2
Hnh 1.53
Z1
U1m
Hnh 1.54
Z3
Y1
Um
Y2
36
Hnh 1.55
Z3
CHNG II
Tho lun cc phng php phn tch mch kinh in, bao gm phng php dng in
nhnh, phng php dng in vng, phng php in p nt. C s ca cc phng php
phn tch mch l cc nh lut Kirchhoff.
NI DUNG
2.1 C S CA CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH MCH
Bao trm ln hu ht cc hin tng c bn trong mch in l cc nh lut Kirchhoff, cc nh
lut ny lin quan ti dng in ti cc nt v st p trong cc vng kn.
a i
k k
=0
(2-1)
trong :
A . I nh = 0
(2-2)
37
b u
k
=0
(2-3)
trong :
Khi phn tch mch in, vic p dng nh lut II c thun tin, nu trong mch cha
ngun dng th cn phi chuyn n v dng ngun p. Ta c th chn cc vng c bn hoc khng
c bn vi chiu vng kn tu . Nhng mc d c th vit nh lut II cho nhiu vng th cng
nn ch rng khng phi tt c cc phng trnh u c lp vi nhau. Chng ta cng c th
chng minh c t nh lut kirchhoff 2 ch c th vit c (Nnh - Nn + 1) phng trnh c lp
(tng ng vi s nhnh b cy, hay s vng c bn tng ng vi mi cy c la chn). Nh
vy nh lut Kirchhof 2 c th m t di dng ma trn:
B. U nh = 0
(2-4)
Z6
Z2
A
Z1
Nt A:
i1
Nt B:
+i2
-i2
+i6
+i3
Nt C:
Nt O
+i4
-i4
-i1
-i3
-i6
=0
-i5
=0
i1
1
0
0
0 1 i2
1
0 1 1
1
0
0
.i3 = 0
Vit di dng ma trn:
0
0
0 1 1 1 i4
1 0 1 0 1 0 i5
i
6
38
Z3
=0
=0
+i5
Z4
Hnh 2.1a
C
Z5
V I:
-u1
VII:
VIII:
+u2
+u3
-u3
=0
+u4
-u1
+u5
+u5
=0
+u6
Z6
=0
IV
Z2
Z4
u1
u
1 1 1 0 0 0 2
0 0 1 1 1 0.u 3 = 0
u 4
1 0 0 0 1 1
u 5
u
6
Z1
II
Z3
Z5
III
O
Hnh 2.1b
Z4
Z2
Z6
Nn=5, Nnh=8
nh vy tng ng s c 8 bin s (l 8
dng in chy trong 8 nhnh tng ng).
gii bi ton ny, c mt s phng
php c bn sau y:
Z7
Z5
Z1
Z3
E1
E7
E5
Hnh 2.2a
E8
Z8
Z2
Z4
C
Z5
Z1
E1
Z3
E5
O
Hnh 2.2b
39
Z6
D
Z7
E7
Z8
Z2
Z4
Z6
D
Z7
Z5
Z1
Z3
E1
E7
E5
O
V1
V2
V4
V3
Hnh 2.2c
Nt A: I1+I2+I8 =0
Nt B: I2-I3-I4 =0
Nt C: I4-I5-I6 =0
Nt D: I6-I7+I8 =0
+ (Nnh-Nn+1) phng trnh theo nh lut 2 (vit cho cc vng lp). C th nh sau:
p.trnh cho V1:
R1=5
E
10V
R2
10
O
Hnh 2.3a
R3=10
R1=5
E =10V
DC
V1
R3=10
A
R2
10
O
Hnh 2.3b
I1+I3=I2
R1I1+R2I2-E=0
40
V2
Z2
Z4
Z6
Z7
Z5
Z1
Z3
E1
E7
E5
O
IV1
IV2
IV4
IV3
41
Cc dng in vng ln cn
Tng cc tr
khng trong
vng ang
xt
V phi
E1 +E8 -E7
V phi l tng i s cc sc in ng c
trong vng ang xt, ly du dng khi
chiu dng ca ngun cng chiu vng
ang xt, ly du m khi chiu dng ca
ngun ngc chiu vng ang xt
T quy lut , ta vit c h phng trnh dng in vng cho mch nh sau
V1:
(Z1+Z2+Z3).Iv1 -Z3.Iv2
V2:
V3:
0.Iv1
V4:
Z1.Iv1
+0.Iv2
+0.Iv3
+Z1.Iv4
+ 0.Iv4
= E1
= -E5
I2=Iv1
I3=Iv1-Iv2
I4=Iv2
I5=Iv2+Iv3
I6=-Iv3
I7=Iv4-Iv3
I8=Iv4
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3
Z3
Z1
Z3
Z3 + Z4 + Z5
+ Z5
0
0
+ Z5
Z5 + Z6 + Z7
Z7
I v1 E1
I E
. v 2 = 5
I v 3 E 7 E5
Z7
Z 1 + Z 7 + Z 8 I v 4 E1 + E8 E 7
Z1
0
trong ta gi ma trn:
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3
Z3
[ZV ] =
Z1
Z3
Z3 + Z 4 + Z5
+ Z5
0
0
+ Z5
Z5 + Z6 + Z7
Z7
42
Z7
Z1 + Z 7 + Z 8
Z1
0
-R2IV1+(R2+R3) IV2=0
Thay s liu, ta c:
E =10V
DC
15 IV1-10IV2= 10
R2
10
V1
-10IV1+20 IV2=0
R3=10
V2
O
Hnh 2.5
Gii h ta c:
IV1=1A, IV2=0,5A.
Vy dng trong cc nhnh l:
I1= IV1=1A, I2=IV1- IV2=0,5A, I3=IV2=0,5A.
Cc kt qu ny hon ton trng vi kt qu trong cch gii bng phng php dng in nhnh.
Th d 2.3: Cho mch in hnh 2.6.
a. Vit h phng trnh dng in vng khi khng tnh n h cm gia cc cun cm.
b. Tnh dng in chy qua cc nhnh trong trng hp c tnh n ghp h cm, cho bit cc gi
tr: R1=1; R2=1; XL1=1; XL2=2; XM=1; E=1V.
Gii:
XL1
Iv1
R1
*
XL2
Iv2
R2
+(jXL2+R2)Iv2 = 0
Hnh 2.6
+(jXL2+R2)Iv2 = 0
trong thnh phn -jXMIv2 l in p h cm do dng in Iv2 chy trong XL2 gy ra trn XL1,
cn thnh phn -jXMIv1 l in p h cm do dng in Iv1 chy trong XL1 gy ra trn XL2.
Thay s ta c:
43
(2 + j)I v1 (1 + j)I v 2 = 1
(1 + j)I v1 + (1 + 2 j)I v 2 = 0
p dng quy tc Crame ta tnh c:
I v1 =
2 j
A
3
I v2 =
1 j
A
3
i X L1 = I v1 =
2 j
1 j
1
A ; i X L2 = I v 2 =
A ; i R 2 = I v1 I v 2 = A
3
3
3
+ ( jX c jX M ) I v 2 = E1
( R1 + jX L1 jX c ) I v1
XL1
XL2
E1
E
2
I v1 =
I v2
R1
j( X c X M )
R2 + j ( X L 2 X c )
R2
Xc
Ing2
E1
Z v
R1 + j ( X L1 X c ) E1
j( X X )
E 2
c
M
=
Z v
Hnh 2.7
XM
XL1
Iv1
R1
XL2
R2
Iv2
Xc
E1
E2
Th d 2.5: Tnh dng cc in nhnh ca mch in hnh 2.9 vi cc s liu ngun di dng
hiu dng phc:
E1=1V; E6=j V; Z1=1; Z2=-j; Z3=j; Z4=1;
Z5=j; Z6=1.
Gii: Ta s s dng phng php dng in vng
gii bi ton ny:
Z6
Iv3
A
Z4
E6
Z5
Z1
Iv1
Z2 Iv2
E1
D
Hnh 2.9
44
C
Z3
( Z1 + Z2 + Z4 ) I v1 Z2 I v 2 Z4 I v 3 = E1
Z2 I v1 + ( Z2 + Z3 + Z5 ) I v 2 Z5I v 3 = 0
Z I Z I + ( Z + Z + Z ) I = E
5 v2
4
5
6 v3
6
4 v1
( 2 j)I v1 + jI v 2 I v 3 = 1
Thay s: jI v1 + jI v 2 jI v 3 = 0
I jI + ( 2 + j) I = j
v2
v3
v1
Gii h phng trnh ny theo phng php nh thc:
2 j
Zv = j
j
j
1
j = 2 + 4j
j 2 + j
Tnh c:
Iv1 =
2 j
2 j
j j 2+ j
2+4 j
1 j 2 + j
1 j j 1 7 j
3 j
1+ 3 j
; Iv2 =
; I v3 =
=
=
10
2+ 4 j
5
2+4 j
10
Theo cc cng thc bin i vng ca mch in ta tnh c cc dng in hiu dng phc:
I 1 = I v1 =
3 j
1+ j
1+ 3 j
1+ 3 j
; I 2 = I v1 I v 2 =
; I 3 = I v2 =
; I 4 = I v 3 I v1 =
10
2
5
5
I 5 = I v3 I v 2 =
3 j
1 7 j
; I 6 = I v3 =
10
10
Y4
Y2
Y5
Y1
E1
Y6
Y3
E5
Y7
E7
Hnh 2.10a
Bc 2: thnh lp h phng trnh in p
nt cho mch. H phng trnh vit cho Nn-1 nt, tr nt gc. C s l nh lut Kirchhoff 1.
tm quy lut thnh lp, ta hy xut pht t phng trnh gc ca nt A:
I1 + I2 + I8 = 0
45
E8
Y8
U U D + E8
U A E1
U UB
I2 = A
I8 = A
1 / Y1
1 / Y2
1 / Y8
khi , phng trnh ca nt A c vit li
theo cc n s mi (l in p cc nt) nh
sau:
I1 =
Y2
Y4
Y6
Y5
Y1
Y3
E1
U A E1 U A U B U A U D + E8
+
+
=0
1 / Y1
1 / Y2
1 / Y8
Y5
O
Hnh 2.10b
I ng1 =
E1
= E1Y1 ,
Z1
I ng 8 =
E8
= E8Y8
Z8
Cc dn np chung gia
cc nt ln cn so vi nt
ang xt. Tt c u ly
du m.
Nt
ang
xt
A:
Tng cc dn
np ni vo nt
ang xt
Ing1-Ing8
= Ing1 - Ing8
46
D
Y7
E7
I1 =
U A E1
Z1
I3 =
UB
Z3
I5 =
U C E5
Z5
I7 =
U D E7
Z7
I2 =
U A U B
Z2
I4 =
U B UC
Z4
I6 =
UC U D
Z6
I8 =
U A U D + E8
Z8
Y1 + Y2 + Y8
Y
2
Y8
Y2
Y2 + Y3 + Y4
Y4
0
0
Y4
Y4 + Y5 + Y6
Y6
Y2
Y2 + Y3 + Y4
0
Y4
Y4
Y4 + Y5 + Y6
Y6
U A I ng1 I ng 8
U
0
0
. B =
Y6
UC
ng 5
Y6 + Y7 + Y8 U D I ng 7 + I ng 8
Y8
trong , ta gi ma trn:
Y1 + Y2 + Y8
Y
2
Y8
Y8
Y6
Y6 + Y7 + Y8
l ma trn dn np nt, n c c im l:
-Nm trn ng cho chnh l cc dn np nt.
-Hai bn ng cho l dn np chung i xng nhau qua ng cho chnh.
Th d 2.6: Tnh dng trong cc nhnh ca mch in hnh 2.11 bng phng php in p nt.
Gii: t tn cc nt mch l A,O. Chn nt O
lm gc. Mch ch c 1 phng trnh cho nt A:
1
1
1
E
+
+ ).U A =
R1 R2 R3
R1
R1=5
E
10V
R2
10
Thay s ta c:
1 1 1
10
( + + ).U A =
5 10 10
5
R3=10
O
Hnh 2.11
U A = 5V
I1 =
UA E
= 1A,
R1
I2 =
UA
= 0.5 A
R2
I3 =
UA
= 0.5 A
R3
47
R2
XL1
E2
XL2
R1
E1
Xc
O
Hnh 2.12
C
R3
Ing3
1
E
E
1
1
1
1
+
+
)U A
UB
UC = 1 + 2
(
jX L1
R2
R1 R 2
R 1 R 2 jX L1
1
1
1
1
1
UA + (
+
+
)U B
UC = 0
jX
jX
jX
jX
jX
L1
L1
L2
c
L2
1
E
1
1
1
1
UA
UB + (
+
+
)U C = I ng3 2
jX L2
jX L2 R 2 R 3
R2
R 2
Qua th d trn ta thy trong s mch vic biu din ngun dng rt thun tin p dng
phng php in p nt, do trc khi vit phng trnh bn c th chuyn i cc ngun p
v ngun dng.
Th d 2.8:
Cho mch in hnh 2.13. Hy tnh cc dng in chy qua R1 v XL bng phng php in p
nt.
R1
Gii:
Chn nt gc l O, khi h hai phng trnh
in p nt l:
A
E1
E1
1
1
1
1
( R + jX + jX )U A jX U B = R
1
1
c
L
L
1 U + ( 1 + 1 + 1 )U = E 2
A
B
R2
jX L
R2 R3 jX L
XL
B
R2
Xc
R3
E2
Hnh 2.13
E2
R2
1
jX L
1
1
1
+
+
R2 R3
jX L
1
1
1
+
+
R1 jX c
jX L
1
UA
jX L
1
jX L
UB =
1
1
1
+
+
R 2 R3
jX L
E1
1
1
1
+
+
R 1 jX c jX L
R1
E2
1
jX L
R2
1
1
1
+
+
R 1 jX c jX L
1
1
1
UA
+
+
jX L
R2 R3
1
jX L
1
jX L
I R1 =
U A E1
R1
I XL =
U A UB
jX L
Th d 2.9: Cho mch in iu ha hnh 2.14 vi cc s liu di dng phc: E1=1V; E6=jV;
Z1=1; Z2=-j; Z3=j; Z4=1; Z5=j; Z6=1. Tnh cc dng in nhnh bng phng php
in p nt.
Gii: Chn nt B lm gc, khi :
48
1
E
E
1
1
1
1
Uc UD = 1 6
+ ) UA
( +
Z6
Z1
Z1 Z6
Z1 Z4 Z6
1
E
1
1
1
1
+ ) Uc UD = 6
U A + ( +
Z3 Z5 Z6
Z3
Z6
Z6
1
E
1
1
1
1
+ ) UD = 1
U A U c + ( +
Z3
Z1 Z2 Z3
Z1
Z1
Z6
Z4
Uc =
UD =
-1
1 - 2j
j
-1
-1
-1
1 - 2j
j
-1- j
-1
j
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1 - 2j
-1
-1
-1
1 - 2j
1+ 3j
5
I4 =
UA
1+ 3j
=
5
Z4
-1
j
j
1
-1
j
=
1+ 3j
10
I5 =
Uc
3 j
=
10
Z5
-1- j
j
-1
3
-1
-1
1 - 2j
-1
1
-1
1 j
2
I2 =
UD 1+ j
=
Z2
2
j
1
V dng in nhnh s l:
1
U A U D + E1 3 j
=
=
o
10
Z1
10 18 5
2
U UD 1 + 3 j
i3 = c
=
=
o
5
Z3
10 71 55
i1 =
i6 =
Z5
Hnh 2.14
3UA Uc UD = 1 j
UA + (1 2 j) Uc + jUD = j
U + jU + U = 1
c
D
A
UA =
Z3
Thay s ta c:
1 j
j
1
E6
E1
1 7j
1
UA Uc + E 6
=
=
10
Z6
2
98o
49
D
Z2
-Chn 0 lm gc:
a. H phng trnh in p nt:
R1
-UA.Y3
L3
R3
+ UB(Y3+Y4) = -Ing4
B
R4
C2
E1
Ing4
I1=(UA-E1)/R1.
0
I2=UA/ZC2.
Hnh 2.15
I3=(UA UB)/(R3+ZL3).
B
I4=UB/R4.
B
Th d 2.11: Mch in nh hnh 2.16a, vi cc s liu: R1= R2=R3= 2; E1= 1,5V; E2 = 3V. Hy
tnh dng in trong cc nhnh bng phng php dng in vng v phng php in p nt?
Gii:
R2
R1
- IV2.R3
+ IV2(R2+R3)
E1
= E1.
E2
R3
= E2.
Hnh 2.16a
R2
R1
E1
IV1
R3
E2
IV2
Hnh 2.16b
UA(G1+G2+G3) = Ing1-Ing2
-Thay s tnh c:
R1
R2
UA = -0,5V.
-Vi chiu dng ca dng trong cc nhnh chn nh
hnh 2.16c, ta c:
E1
R3
0
I1= 1,0 A.
Hnh 2.16c
I2= 1,25 A.
I3= -0,25A.
50
E2
S tng ng
Thevenine
Zi=Ztd AB
A
E=Uhm AB
Phn mch c
cha ngun A
Z
B
A
Ing=Inm AB
Zi=Ztd AB
S tng ng
Norton
51
Ta thy y ch tnh dng chy qua mt nhnh, do n gin hy p dng phng php
ngun tng ng.
Z3 B
A
-Trc ht ct b Z , phn mch cn li chnh l
3
Z1
UhmAB = UA UB =
Z5
Z2
E1
Z4
E1
E5
Z2
Z4
Z1 + Z2
Z4 + Z5
Hnh 2.18b
ZtdAB
E5
ZZ
ZZ
= 1 2 + 4 5
Z1 + Z2 Z4 + Z5
Z3
Z1
Z5
Z2
Z4
I nm. AB =
U hmAB
Z tdAB
Hnh 2.18c
Z3
Inm AB Zt AB
S Thevenine
Z3
B
S Norton
Hnh 2.18d
I3 =
U hmAB
I nm. AB
=
Z tdAB
Z tdAB + Z 3 Z tdAB + Z 3
Th d 2.13: Cho mch in hnh 2.19a, vi cc s liu: R1=R2= 10; R3= R4 = 20; Ing1= 3A;
Eng4 = 30V. Hy tnh dng in iR2 bng nguyn l ngun tng ng.
Gii:
52
R4
R2
Ing1
R3
R1
Hnh 2.19a
Eng4
UAhm=30V.
UBhm=15V.
R4
Ing1
Eng4
R3
R1
Hnh 2.19b
IAB ng.m
B
R4
Ing1
R4
Eng4
R3
R1
Ing1
R3
R1
Hnh 2.19c
Hnh 2.19d
R4
R2
Ing1
Eng4
R3
R1
Ri=20
A
Eng =15V
R2=10
Ri =20
Ing=3/4A
R2 =10
Hnh 2.19e
R1
Iv
X1
E1
R0
X0
Iv =
E1 E 2
R1 + R2 + j ( X 1 + X 2 2 X M )
X2
R2
Hnh 2.20
53
XM
E2
I1
*
XM
R1
X1
X2
I2
R2
I
-By gi ta phi tnh ZtAB. Sau khi ngn mch hai
*
ngun s, nhn t cp im AB c hai nhnh mch
A
U
nh hnh 2.21a. Do c tnh n ghp h cm nn ta
khng th tnh ZtAB theo quan nim hai nhnh mch
Hnh 2.21a
ghp song song vi nhau m phi p dng phng php dng in vng, t:
Z1 = R 1 + jX1
Z 2 = R 2 + jX 2
Z = jX
M
M
I1
ZtdAB
G
U
= G
I
Z1
Z2
I2
Hnh 2.21b
Z tdAB
*
ZM
Z 1 Z 2 Z M2
=
Z 1 + Z 2 2Z M
I0
Ri=Zt AB
R0
U hmAB
I0 =
Z tdAB + R0 jX 0
E=Uhm AB
X0
Hnh 2.21c
A
Z1
Gii:
-H mch ti Z5, ta xc nh c sc in ng ca
ngun tng ng l in p UAB h mch:
Z1
Z4
Etd = E
Z1 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 4
hay
Z2
Z5
Z4
Z3
B
E
Z2
Z3
Etd = E
Z1 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 4
Hnh 2.22
Z td =
ZZ
Z1Z 2
+ 3 4
Z1 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 4
54
Z3
Z1
Z5
Z2
E1
Z4
E5
Hnh 2.23a
- tnh dng I3E1 trc ht ta ngn mch ngun E5, khi mch tr thnh nh hnh 2.23b:
Z4 Z5
;
Z4 + Z5
Z45 =
Z2345
Z345 = Z3 + Z45
Z2 Z345
=
; Ztd1 = Z1 + Z2345
Z2 + Z345
v nh vy: I 3 E1 =
Z3
Z1
Z5
Z2
E1
E1
Z2
(t A sang B)
Z td 1 Z 2 + Z 345
Z4
Hnh 2.23b
- tnh dng I3E5 ta phi loi b ngun E1, khi mch tr thnh nh hnh 2.23c. Vi cch tnh
tng t ta s tnh c:
Z12 =
Z1Z2
;
Z1 + Z2
Z1234 =
Z3
Z1
Z5
Z2
Z4 Z123
; Zt5 = Z5 + Z1234
Z4 + Z123
Z4
Hnh 2.23c
55
E5
v ta c: I 3 E 5 =
E5
Z4
(t B sang A).
Z td 5 Z 4 + Z 123
R1
I 3 = I 3 E1 I 3 E 5
R3
R4
R2
Eng1
Ing4
Hnh 2.24a
A
R2
R3
R1
B
R4
R3
R2
Hnh 2.24b
B
R4
Ing4
Hnh 2.24c
gim s phng trnh ca mch, c th s dng cc phng php khc bng cch a vo
cc n s trung gian:
56
Phng php bin i tng ng mch in (nh phng php ngun tng ng) c th
chuyn mch in c cu trc phc tp v dng cu trc c bn. Phng php ny khng
thch hp trong mt s trng hp ghp h cm.
Vi mch tuyn tnh chu cc tc ng phc tp, th vic vn dng nguyn l xp chng cng
l mt phng php lm n gin ha qu trnh phn tch v tnh ton mch. Khi nim tuyn
tnh l mang tnh tng i.
CU HI V BI TP CHNG II
2.1 Trong mt mch vng khp kn, tng i s cc st p trn cc nhnh:
a. khng th xc nh c
b. bng khng
c. c th xc nh c bng cch p dng nh lut Kirchhoff v in p.
d. khng phi cc phng n trn
2.3 Nu tnh ton ca bn cho thy tng i s cc st p trong mt mch vng l khc khng th:
a. kt qu ca bn l ng
b. mch vng c cha ngun
c. mch vng khng cha ngun
d. tnh ton ca bn cha ng
2.4 C s chnh ca phng php dng in vng da vo :
a. nh lut Ohm
b. nh lut Kirchhoff v dng in
c. nh lut Kirchhoff v in p
d. nh l Thevenine- Norton
2.5 Nu khi gii mch in thu c dng trong mt nhnh mch c gi tr m th:
57
a. nh l Thevenine- Norton
b. Nguyn l xp chng
c. nh lut Kirchhoff v dng in
d. nh lut Kirchhoff v in p
2.9 Trong mch hnh 2.25, p dng nh lut Kirchhoff v in p, xc nh in p ri trn R2.
a. 50 Vdc
b. 25 Vdc
c. 15 Vdc
d. 10 Vdc
Hnh 2.25
1
1
1
E
+
+ ).U A =
R1 R2 R3
R1
a.
b.
(R1+R2) I1-R2I2= E
b. -R2I1+(R2+R3) I2=0
R3
A
R2
I1
I2
O
Hnh 2.26
d. IR2 = I1+I2
58
2.11 Cho mch in hnh 2.27, chn chiu dng in trong cc vng nh hnh v. Hy vit cc
biu thc dng in vng cho mch.
R1
R2
E1
IV2
R3
IV1
E2
Hnh 2.27
b. Da vo cu a, hy vit cng thc tnh dng trong cc nhnh theo cc dng in vng.
R1
E1
L1
L2
IV1
R1
R2
IV2
E2
E1
R2
R3
IV1
Hnh 2.28
IV2
E2
Hnh 2.29
2.13 Cho mch in hnh 2.29, chn chiu dng in trong cc vng nh hnh v. R1=R2=R3=2;
E1=10 V; E2=4 V. Hy xc nh dng in trn cc nhnh theo phng php dng in vng ?
2.14 Cho mch in hnh 2.30, chn chiu dng in trong cc vng nh hnh v. Hy vit cc
biu thc dng in vng theo phng php dng in vng ?
XM
*
XL1
R1
XL2
XC
IV1
E1
R2
+
IIV2
E2
Hnh 2.30
2.15 Cho mch in v chiu dng in trong cc vng nh hnh 2.31. Hy vit cc phng trnh
vng theo phng php dng in vng ?
E1
L2
L1
R1
IV1
59
Hnh 2.31
R2
IV2
E2
R2
R1
E1= 3V.
E2
R3
E2 = 6V.
Hy tnh dng in trong cc nhnh bng phng php Hnh 2.32
in p nt.
2.17 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.33. Chn nt O l nt gc, hy vit cc phng trnh nt theo
phng php in p nt ?
R1
XC
E1
R2
XL
R3
E2
Hnh 2.33
2.18 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.34. Chn nt O lm nt gc. Hy vit cc phng trnh nt cho
mch theo phng php in p nt.
A
Ing1
R2
L2
R1
R4
Eng4
C3
Hnh 2.34
+
10V
R2
2020
R3
60
20
20
Ti
R1
R3
A
+
10V
Ti
R2
10V
+
B
Hnh 2.36
2.21 Cho mch in hnh 2.37. Hy tnh dng in IR4 theo phng php ngun tng ng vi
cc s liu Ing= 4A; Eng =6V; R1=R2=R3=R4=R5=R6=2.
R3
R1
R2
Eng
R5
R6
R4
Ing
Hnh 2.37
2.22 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.38. Tnh tr khng tng ng Rt ca mch Thevenine.
R ti
Hnh 2.38
61
R1=R2= 5.
R3= R4 = 10.
Ing1= 6A.
R4
R2
Ing1
R3
R1
Eng4 = 15V.
Hy tnh dng in iR2
bng nguyn l xp
chng.
Hnh 2.39
62
Eng4
CHNG III
Nhc li c bn v bin i Laplace ca cc tn hiu lin tc, c bit nhn mnh phng
php bin i Laplace ngc.
Rn luyn k nng phn tch cc qu trnh qu ca mch bng phng php ton t da
trn cp bin i Laplace.
NI DUNG
3.1 BIN I LAPLACE
Nh chng ta bit, vic phn tch mch in trong min thi gian gy nn nhng kh khn
v tnh ton cho cc phng trnh vi phn v tch phn. Nh c cch biu din trong min tn s
m xut pht ca n l cp bin i Fourier, ta thay th c cc php ly tch phn v vi phn
bng cc php ton i s:
d
dt j
dt 1
j
Nh vy thc cht y l ngi ta thc hin ton t ha mch in bng bin i Fourier.
Trong mc ny chng ta s xt phng php ton t ha mch in mt cch tng qut hn, thng
qua bin i Laplace. Cc ni dung di y s c cp mt cch ngn gn.
LT [ f (t )] = F ( p) =
f (t ). exp( pt ).dt
(3.1)
62
Hnh 3.1:
Mt phng phc
F ( p) =
f (t ). exp( pt ).dt
(3.2)
F ( ) = F ( p ) p = j
(3.3)
LT [a.x1 (t ) + bx2 (t )] = aX 1 ( p ) + bX 2 ( p )
(3.4)
LT [ x(t a ).u (t a )] = e ap . X ( p )
(3.5)
ch rng khng c kt qu cho trng hp dch tri trong min thi gian
+Thay i thang t l trong min thi gian: Nu LT[x(t)]=X(p) th vi s thc dng a, ta c:
1
p
LT [ x(at )] = . X ( )
a
a
(3.6)
LT [e at .x(t )] = X ( p + a)
(3.7)
j
LT [ x(t ). sin t ] = [ X ( p + j ) X ( p j )]
2
(3.8)
1
LT [ x(t ). cos t ] = [ X ( p + j ) + X ( p j )]
2
(3.9)
63
d
x(t )] = p. X ( p) x(0)
dt
(3.10)
d2
x(t )] = p 2 . X ( p) p.x(0 ) x ' (0 )
2
dt
(3.11)
LT [
LT [
LT [ x(t )dt ] =
0
1
. X ( p)
p
(3.12)
+Gi tr u: Nu LT[x(t)]=X(p) th ta c:
x(0 + ) = lim[ p. X ( p )]
(3.13)
(3.14)
(3.15)
p 0
nh F(p)
1.
a
p
2.
tn.u(t)
n!
p n +1
3.
(t)
4.
(cos0t).u(t)
p
p + 02
2
5.
0
p + 02
(sin0t).u(t)
6.
7.
exp(-at).u(t)
1
p+a
1
vi n=1,2,3...
( p + a) n
t n 1
exp( at ) .u(t)
(n 1)!
8.
exp(-at).cost.u(t)
p+a
( p + a) 2 + 2
9.
exp(-at).sint.u(t)
( p + a) 2 + 2
64
f (t ) = LT 1 [ F ( p )] =
1
F ( p ). exp( pt )dp
2j c j
(3.16)
trong c l mt s thc bt k sao cho tch phn trn theo ng p=c+j (t c-j n c+j)
nm trong vng hi t. Vic tnh trc tip f(t) theo cng thc tch phn LT-1 thng rt kh khn,
v vy phn sau ta s ch tp trung nghin cu mt gii php i s thay th cho vic tnh tch
phn, l phng php Heaviside. Phng php ny p dng cho trng hp F(p) c dng phn
thc hu t. Trc ht ta cn bt u t mt s khi nim lin quan.
3.1.4.2 Dng phn thc ca nh F(p)
Mt lp nhiu trng hp cc bin i Laplace ca tn hiu s cho nh F(p) l mt phn thc hu
t v thng c a v dng chun tc:
m
b + b p + ... + b m p m
F ( p) = 0 1
=
a0 + a1 p + ... + a n p n
b p
r =0
n
q =0
H1 ( p )
H 2 ( p)
(3.17)
65
-1
1
LT
exp( pk t )
p pk
f (t ) = Ak .e pk t
(3.18)
k =1
Ak = Lim p pk [ F ( p ).( p pk )] =
H 1 ( pk )
H 2' ( pk )
(3.19)
F ( p ).( p p k ) =
An
A1
( p p k ) + ... + Ak + ... +
( p pk )
p p1
p pn
Ak = lim p pk
H 1 ( p)
( p p k )]
H 2 ( p)
0
, p dng quy tc lpital ta c:
0
[ H 1 ( p ).( p p k )]'
H 1' ( p)( p p k ) + H 1 ( p)
H (p )
] = 1' k
= lim p pk [
'
'
H 2 ( p)
H 2 ( p)
H 2 ( pk )
3p + 6
p + 4 p2 + 3p
3
3p + 6
3p + 6
H ( p)
= 1
=
2
p + 4 p + 3 p p( p + 1)( p + 3) H 2 ( p )
3
F ( p) =
A
A1
A
+ 2 + 3
p p +1 p + 3
A1 = Lim[ F ( p).( p p1 )] =
p p1
A2 = Lim[ F ( p).( p p2 )] =
p p2
A3 = Lim[ F ( p).( p p3 )] =
p p3
3p + 6
( p + 1)( p + 3)
3p + 6
p ( p + 3)
3p + 6
p ( p + 1)
=2
p =0
3
2
1
2
p = 1
p = 3
66
3
1
f (t ) = 2 e t e 3t , t 0
2
2
Vy ta c:
U ( p) =
p2 +1
p (2 p + 4)(3 p + 9)(4 p + 16)
p2 +1
H ( p)
p2 +1
24
U ( p) =
=
= 1
2.3.4. p.( p + 2)( p + 3)( p + 4) p( p + 2)( p + 3)( p + 4) H 2 ( p )
Nghim ca H2(p) l cc nghim n nm bn tri mt phng phc: p1=0, p2=-2, p3=-3, p4=-4.
T cng thc Heaviside cho trng hp nghim n ta c:
u (t ) =
Thay s ta c: u (t ) =
1
5
5
17 4t
e 2 t + e 3t
e ,
576 96
36
192
t0
(3.20)
Ak
Ak*
+
p pk p pk*
Do , ta c:
*
Ak = Lim[ F ( p ).( p p k )] =
p pk
H1 ( pk )
H 2' ( p k )
(3.22)
H 1 ( pk )
Ak = '
H 2 ( pk )
H1 ( pk )
(3.23)
p
p +4
2
H ( p)
p
= 1
p + 4 H 2 ( p)
2
67
(3.21)
pk = 2 j
*
pk = 2 j
k = 0
k = 2
1
Ak =
2
arg{Ak } = 0
p
1
Ak = lim [ F ( p ).( p pk )] = k = .e j0
p pk
2 pk 2
Vy
1
u (t ) = 2 Ak e k t cos( k t + arg Ak ) = 2 e 0t cos(2t + 0) = cos 2t
2
F ( p) =
Vit li ta c:
F ( p) =
Al0
( p pl ) r
Al1
( p p l ) r 1
+ ... +
Alr 1
( p pl )
r 1
Ali
i =0
( p p l ) r i
(3.24)
f (t ) = Ali .
i =0
t r i 1
e pl t
(r i 1)!
(3.25)
Al1 = lim p pl
Al2 =
d
[ F ( p).( p pl ) r ]
dp
1
d2
lim p pl
[ F ( p).( p pl ) r ]
2
dp 2
Tng qut ho ta c:
1
di
Ali = lim p pl
[ F ( p).( p p l ) r ]
i
i!
dp
(3.26)
2
p2
U ( p) =
Al0
( p pl ) 2
Al1
( p pl )
68
u (t ) = Al0
trong
Al0 =
t p1t
t0
e + Al1 e p1t
1!
0!
1
d0 2
lim p p1 0 [ 2 p 2 ] = 2
0!
dp p
d
1
[2] = 0
Al1 = lim p p1
dp
1!
Vy
Gii: F ( p ) =
p2 2 p +1
( p 2 + 2 p + 2)( p + 1)
H ( p)
p2 2 p +1
p2 2 p +1
= 1
=
2
( p + 2 p + 2)( p + 1) ( p + 1 j )( p + 1 + j )( p + 1) H 2 ( p )
Ak
Ak*
A3
+
+
F ( p) =
*
p pk p pk p p3
Vy ta c:
5 j (1800 + arctg 3 )
3
Ak = Lim [ F ( p).( p + 1 j )] = + 2 j = .e
p 1+ j
2
2
A3 = Lim[ F ( p ).( p + 1)] = 4
p 1
4
)] + 4.e t ,
3
p +1
( p + 2)( p 2 + 9)
Gii: t hm mch: I ( p ) =
H ( p)
p +1
= 1
2
( p + 2)( p + 9) H 2 ( p )
Nghim ca H2(p)=(p+2)(p2+9) l:
Vy
i (t ) =
p1 = 2
= 0
p 2 = 3 j = 3
H 1 ( p1 ) p1t
H (p )
e + 2 1' 2 e t cos(t + )
'
H 2 ( p1 )
H 2 ( p2 )
69
t0
H 1 ( p1 )
p +1
1
= 21
= = 0,08
'
13
H 2 ( p1 ) p1 + 9
H1 ( p2 )
p2 + 1
1 1 + 3j
= .
= 2
'
H 2 ( p 2 ) ( p 2 + 9) + 2 p 2 ( p 2 + 2) 2 - 9 + 6j
H1 ( p2 )
1 1 + 3j
1
1
34,2
= .
=
0,15
9 2 + 33 2 =
1170 =
'
2
9
+
6j
234
234
234
H
p
(
)
2
2
H 1 ( p2 )
1 1 + 3j
33
arctg
=
=
arg
arg
.
(
) = arctg 3,37
'
2
9
+
6j
9
H
p
(
)
2
2
Thay s:
10 9
Th d 3.7: Tnh f(t) nu bit nh ca n: F ( p ) = 2
p p + 10 4
A
A
A3
10 9
Gii: F ( p ) = 2
= l20 + l1 +
4
p
p p + 10
p
p + 10 4
Trong :
A3 = Lim 4[ F ( p ).( p + 10 4 )] = 10
p 10
Al0 =
1
d0
lim p 0 0 [ F ( p ). p 2 ] = 10 5
0!
dp
Al1 =
1
d
lim p 0
[ F ( p ). p 2 ] = 10
1!
dp
4
f (t ) = 10 5 t 10(1 e 10 t )
Vy:
I(p ) =
p
(p + 1)(p + 3) 2
Gii: t hm mch:
I(p ) =
H (p )
p
= 1
2
H 2 (p)
(p + 1)(p + 3)
H2(p) c nghim n p1=-1 v nghim bi p2=-3 (bi r=2). Vy theo tnh cht xp chng ta c:
i (t ) =
H 1 ( p 1 ) p 1t
t
1
e + A l 0 e p 2 t + A l1 e p 2 t
'
1!
0!
H 2 (p 1 )
trong :
1
3
d0
p
p
A l 0 = lim p3 0 [
=
]=
0!
dp p + 1 p + 1 p3 2
70
A l1 =
Vy:
1
1
d
p
p + 1 p
lim p3
[
] = lim p3 [
]=
2
1!
4
dp p + 1
(p + 1)
i (t ) =
1 t 3 3t 1 3t
e + t. e + e
4
2
4
=Re[p]
(3.27)
p 0
Th d, nh xt trong mc trc:
F ( p) =
A
A
A
3p + 6
= 1+ 2 + 3
p ( p + 1)( p + 3)
p p +1 p + 3
F(p) c mt im cc nm ti gc (p1=0), cc im cc cn li nm trn na mt phng tri (p2=1, p3=-3), do tn ti gii hn f(t) khi t. Gii hn chnh bng:
A1 = Lim[ F ( p ).( p p1 )] =
p p1
3p + 6
( p + 1)( p + 3)
=2
p =0
3
1
f (t ) = 2 e t e 3t , t 0
2
2
u (t ) = R.i (t )
U(p) = R.I ( p)
71
u(t)
I(p)
ZR =R
U(p)
Vy m hnh ca in tr trong min thi gian v min p c dng nh hnh 3.3. Tr khng v dn
np ca in tr trong min p c dng:
Z R ( p ) = R,
YR ( p ) =
1
R
(3.28)
- i vi phn t thun cm: Phng trnh v m hnh phn t in cm trong min thi gian v
min p c dng nh hnh 3.4. Trong i(0) l dng in ti thi im ban u v gi l iu kin
u, cn thnh phn L.i(0) ng vai tr l mt ngun s c sinh ra do iu kin u ca phn
t thun cm, ngc chiu U(p).
u( t ) = L
i(t)
di
dt
ZL=p.L
I(p)
L.i(0)
Z L ( p ) = pL,
YL ( p ) =
1
pL
(3.29)
- i vi phn t thun dung: Phng trnh v m hnh phn t in dung trong min thi gian
v min p c dng nh hnh 3.5. Trong uc(0) l in p ti thi im ban u v gi l iu
u ( 0)
kin u, cn thnh phn c
ng vai tr l mt ngun s c sinh ra do iu kin u ca
p
phn t thun dung, cng chiu U(p) .
t
u (t ) =
1
i (t )dt + u c (0)
C 0
i(t)
U ( p) = Z c .I ( p) +
u c ( 0)
p
C
I(p)
Zc =
72
u c (0)
p
1
p. C
Z C ( p) =
1
,
pC
YC ( p) = pC
(3.30)
ZR = R
1
Zc =
jC
Z = jL
L
ZM = jM
ZR = R
1
Zc =
pC
Z = pL
L
ZM = pM
= j
p
i(t)
e(t)=1(t).Eo.sint
Hnh 3.6
-Ly bin i Laplace h phng trnh c trng ca mch trong min thi gian, ch ti trng
thi ban u trong cc phn t qun tnh th ng.
- Chuyn m hnh cc thng s ca mch sang min p.
Th d 3.9: Xt mch in hnh 3.6. Phng trnh c trng ca mch trong min thi gian khi
xt ti iu kin u iL(0) v uC(0) c vit di dng:
t
e(t ) = u R (t ) + u L (t ) + uC (t ) = R.i (t ) + L.
di (t ) 1
+ i (t ).dt + uc (0)
dt
C0
ZL= pL
ZR= R
u (0)
1
.I ( p) + c
pC
p
L.iL(0)
ZC=1/pC
E ( p) = E0
u c (0)
p
p +2
2
Hnh 3.7
73
Sau khi thc hin Laplace ha cc thng s dng in v in p trong mch, m hnh mch in
trong min p c dng nh hnh 3.7.
74
c- S dng php bin i Laplace gii cc bi ton qu : Vic s dng php bin i
Laplace gii cc bi ton qu l mt gii php hu hiu v n cho php bin h phng trnh
vi tch phn thnh h phng trnh i s. Cc bc c bn gii mch in qu bao gm:
b1: Xc nh iu kin u ca bi ton ( chnh l xc nh gc thi gian, cng vi cc gi tr ban
u ca cc phn t qun tnh). Cng cn ch rng, vi phng php ton t, gi tr ban u ca
cc phn t qun tnh trong tt c cc dng cc bi ton qu u c quy v ti ln cn bn
tri thi im khng uc(0-) v iL(0-).
b2: Chuyn m hnh mch in sang min p (tc l Laplace ha mch in).
b3: S dng cc phng php phn tch mch bit tm nh F(p) ca p ng.
b4: Bin i Laplace ngc tm hm gc f(t) ca p ng trong min thi gian.
f ( t ) = f ( ) + A . e
vi
(3.31)
A = f (0) f ( )
c = rtd .C ;
L =
L
rtd
(3.32)
i(0)
e(t)
Th d 3.10:
Hnh 3.8a
L=0,15H
75
I(p)
L
E(p)
Li(0)
Hnh 3.8b
300
+ 0,15.1,5
E ( p ) + Li (0)
p
2.10 3 + 1,5 p H 1 ( p )
I ( p) =
=
=
=
R + pL
150 + 0,15 p
H 2 ( p)
p( p + 10 3 )
H2(p) c hai nghim n l
p1=0
i (t ) =
Vy
p2=-103
H 1 ( p 1 ) p 1t H 1 ( p 2 ) p 2 t
e + '
e
H '2 (p 1 )
H 2 (p 2 )
3
2.10 3 0t 0,510
. 3 103 t
i (t ) =
e +
e
= 2 0,5e 10 t
3
3
10
10
Thay s
Kim tra li kt qu tnh trn bng cng thc (3.31) ta thy kt qu hon ton trng nhau, trong
:
i(t)
i(o)=1,5A
e(t ) 300
i()=
=
= 2A
R
150
L 0,15
=
= 10 3
L=
rtd 150
2
1,5
t
T
giai on
qu d
giai on
xc lp
Hnh 3.9
R2=20
C=50F
e(t)=300V
A
C
e(t)
R2
Hnh 3.10a
Xc nh iu kin u ca bi ton:
uA(0)=uc(0)=300V
ng kho K, khi m hnh mch trong min p nh
300
hnh 3.10b cng vi ngun E ( p ) =
s c thm
p
thnh phn
u c (0)
.
p
R1
A
1/pC
E ( p)
76
u c ( 0)
p
Hnh 3.10b
R2
U A (p )[
1
1
E (p ) u c (0)
+ pC +
]=
+
pC
R1
R2
R1
p
thay s:
300
+ 300.50.10 6
30p
2.10 5 + 310
. 2 p H 1 (p)
U A (p ) =
=
=
1
1
H 2 (p)
10 4
6
+ 50.10 p +
p(p +
)
30
20
6
H2(p) c hai nghim n
p2=
p1=0
10 4
6
4
10
H (p )
H (p )
u A (t ) = '1 1 e p1t + '1 2 e p 2 t = 120 + 180. e 6
H 2 (p 1 )
H 2 (p 2 )
Vy
u A (t ) = u A ( ) + [u A (0) u A ( )]e
t
c
uc(t)
300
trong :
20
u A ( ) = u c ( ) = u R 2 = 300. = 120V
50
R1R 2
4
c = C. rtd = C. R + R = 6.10
1
2
120
0
T
giai on
qu
giai on
xc lp
Hnh 3.11
RR
rtd = R1 // R2 = 1 2
R1 + R2
e(t)
Th d 3.12:
C1
C2
C1=1F
C2=3F
e(t)=1V
E(p)
HnhA3.12a
C1
1/p
B
77
Hnh 3.12b
C2
B
i R (t ) = 0,75.e 0.25t
v
. = 1V
q (0 ) = C1 . u A (0 ) = 11
trong
C . u (0 )
u A (0+ ) = 1 A = 0,25V
C1 + C2
e(t)[Vol]
R1
e(t)
20
R2
uC(t)
1000 1100
100
t(s)
Hnh 3.13
Gii:
a. Trong khong 0 t < x
-Ngun tc ng:
( x = 100s ) :
e(t)=2.105t.
2.105
, mch c dng nh hnh 3.14a:
p2
R1
1
1
2.10 5
( +
+ Cp )U c ( p) = 2
R1 R2
p R1
E(p)
1/pC
R2
Bin i dn n:
Hnh 3.14a
78
uC(p)
10 9
10 5 10
10
=
+
2
4
2
p p + 10 4
p ( p + 10 ) p
U C ( p) =
U c (t ) = 10 5 t 10(1 e 10 t )
-Ti tx=100s:
U c (t x ) =
10
= U 0 3,7V .
e
-Ngun tc ng:
1
1
+
+ Cp )U c ( p ) = U 0 C
R1 R2
R1
Bin i dn n:
U C ( p) =
U0
p + 10 4
U c (t ) = U 0 .e 10
1/pC
R2
U0/p
Hnh 3.14b
( t t x )
-Ti t=T=1000s:
U c (T ) = U 0 .e 9 =
10
0.
e10
Nhn xt: kt thc mt chu k mch tr v trng thi ban u. Chu k sau p ng ca mch li
lp li ging chu k trc.
L
C
e(t)
79
Hnh 3.15
p 2C
1
E ( p)
p
.
= 2
=
1
1
r
Z ( p) p + 02
)
r + pL +
LC ( p 2 + 02 )( p 2 + p +
pC
L
LC
I ( p) =
p2
H (p)
L
I(p ) = 2
= 1
2
2
2
(p + 0 )(p + 2p + ch ) H 2 (p )
1
ch =
LC
= r
2L
Trong :
(3.33)
<< ch
(3.34)
p 1, 2 = j 0
2
2
p 3, 4 = j ch
Nu t
2
r = ch
2
(3.35)
p 1, 2 = j 0
p 3 , 4 = j r
Theo cng thc Heaviside ta c:
i (t ) = 2
trong
H 1 ( p 1 ) 1t
H (p )
. e .cos( 1 t + 1 ) + 2 '1 3 . e 3t . cos( 3 t + 3 )
'
H 2 (p 1 )
H 2 (p 3 )
1 = 0
1 = 0
3 =
3 = r
i (t ) =
.[cos( 0 t arctg
) e t .cos( r t arctg
)]
2 L +
1
(1)
(2)
80
(3.36)
= 0 ch
(3.37)
itd (t ) = I m .e t . cos( r t + )
itd(t)
(3.38)
I m =
2
2 L + 2
vi
= arctg
Im
Im.e-t
t
Tr =
I m . e t = 0,1I m
2
r
t = ln 0,1
Hnh 3.16
t =
ln 0,1
2L
L
= 2 ,3
= 4 ,6
r
r
(3.39)
+ Lng gim logarit (): c trng cho tc suy gim ca dng in qu , o bng ln ca t
s bin hai chu k k tip nhau:
= ln
e t 1
e
( t 1 + Tr )
= Tr = 2
(3.40)
1
r2
2
LC 4L
81
rth = 2
L
C
(3.41)
Nh vy nu tn hao trong mch cng t th bin v thi gian ca dao ng t do s tng ln.
b. Dng in cng bc
i cb (t ) =
1
2 L 2 + 2
.cos( 0 t arctg
) = I m .cos( 0 t )
I m =
2
2 L + 2
vi
= arctg
(3.42)
Im
1/r
Hnh 3.17a
I mch =
1
1
=
2 L r
(3.43)
nh vy mch tn hao cng t (r cng nh) th bin cng hng cng ln.
S ph thuc ca Im vo dn n tnh chn lc tn s ca mch: tn s no cng gn ch th
cho i qua mch, tn s cng xa ch th s b chn li. nh gi chn lc tn s ca mch,
ngi ta dng khi nim di thng: gi s cc tn hiu c cng bin tc ng, tn s no sinh ra
dng in c bin :
Im
1
Im
2 ch
(3.44)
1
2 L 2 + 2d
hay
1
2 + 2d
d = =
1 1
2 2 L
=
1
Im
I m ch =
2 2
r
2L
1
r
0,7 I m ch
-d
Vy di thng:
Hnh 3.17b
r
2 d =
L
(3.45)
82
p = r o
= 0
(3.46)
Khi lch cng hng bng 0, th dng in tng hp khng cn bin thin na. Ngha l ti
cng hng khng xy ra phch (p=0).
Kt lun:
- Trong trng hp lch cng hng: bin dng in tng hp giai on qu s dao ng
theo p trong khong thi gian t. Tn s dng in tng hp c xc nh bi gc (c th tnh
theo phng php vect da vo hai tn s thnh phn):
( t ) = thqd .t
(3.47)
Ta c th biu din th thi gian ca dng in trong trng hp lch cng hng nh hnh
3.19:
- Trong trng hp cng hng ( =0), tc l o = ch r : khi biu thc (3.36) c th
vit li:
83
i th (t ) =
1
1 e t
.cos o t .(1 e t ) =
.cos o t = I mth .cos o t
2 L
2L
(3.48)
ith(t)
Tp =
1
2L + 2
2
t
t
thqd
thxl = o
Giai on qu
Giai on xc lp
Hnh 3.19
ith(t)
1
r
th=o
t
t
Giai on qu
Hnh 3.20
Ch :
i (t ) =
E 0 t
.e . sin r t
r L
84
E0
0
t1
T+t1
Hnh 3.21
-Trong khong t1-T: gc thi gian dch n t1, ngun tc ng e(t)=0 tc u vo b ngn mch,
uc(0) v iL(0) chnh l cc gi tr tnh c trong giai on trc ti thi im t1.
-Xt tng t cho cc khong k tip. Cn lu rng, nu kt thc mt chu k m mch tr v
trng thi ban u th chu k sau c p ng lp li nh chu k trc .
3. Mch dao ng n song song l mch i ngu ca mch dao ng n ni tip, do ta c
th p dng tnh cht i ngu suy ra kt qu ca mch dao ng n song song t mch dao
ng n ni tip hoc ngc li. L thuyt i ngu c th tm thy trong phn ph lc.
Vic gii bi ton qu c th bt u bng h phng trnh vi phn m t trng thi mch
in trong min thi gian v vic gii n thng l gp kh khn. gii d dng, ngi ta
thng dng phng php ton t, tc l bin i h phng trnh vi phn thnh h phng
trnh i s. Mt trong nhng cng c thng dng trong phng php ton t l bin i
Laplace mt pha. V mt ton hc, bin i Laplace tng qut hn bin i Fourier, v vy
thch hp gii cc lp mch qu .
85
CU HI V BI TP CHNG III
3.1. Khi mi im cc ca hm mch F(p) nm bn na tri mt phng phc (khng bao hm trc
o), p ng f(t) s:
a. hi t v 0 khi t.
b. hi t khi t.
c. khng hi t khi t.
d. tin n v hn khi t.
3.2. Khi mi im cc ca hm mch F(p) nm bn na tri mt phng phc, cng lm nm trn
trc o, p ng f(t) s:
a. hi t v 0 khi t.
b. hi t khi t.
c. khng hi t khi t.
d. khng tin n v hn khi t.
3.3. Khi tn ti im cc ca hm mch F(p) nm bn na phi mt phng phc, p ng f(t) s:
a. hi t v 0 khi t.
b. hi t khi t.
c. khng hi t khi t.
d. tin n v hn khi t.
3.4. Lut ng ngt ca cc phn t qun tnh c pht biu :
a. Trong cun dy khng c t bin in p, trong t in khng c t bin dng in, k c ti
thi im ng ngt mch.
b. Trong cun dy khng c t bin dng in, trong t in khng c t bin in p, k c ti
thi im ng ngt mch.
c. Trong cun dy, t in khng c t bin in p, k c ti thi im ng ngt mch.
d. C ba pht biu trn u khng ng
3.5. Xc nh hm gc UC(t) nu bit nh ca n l U C ( p ) =
p
p(2 p + 6)
a. U C (t ) =
1 1 3t
e
6 2
b. U C (t ) =
1 1 3t
+ e
6 2
c. U C (t ) =
1 1 3t
+ e
6 4
d. U C (t ) =
1 1 3t
e
6 4
3.6. Dng cng thc bin i Heaviside hoc bng gc- nh, hy xc nh hm gc iL(t) nu bit
p
nh ca n l iL ( p ) =
( p + 2)( p + 3) 2
86
b. iL (t ) = 2e 2t + 3te 3t + 2e 3t
c. iL (t ) = 2e 2t + 3e 3t + 2e 3t
d. iL (t ) = 2e 2t 3te 3t 2e 3t
R1
R2
e(t)
e(t)=100V (DC).
Ti t=0 ngt kho K, hy xc nh uC(t) ?
Hnh 3.22
R1
R2=20
K
R2
C=50F
e1(t)
e1(t)=60V (DC)
e2(t)=10V (DC)
e2(t)
Hnh 3.23
R1
R2
e(t)
e(t)=100V (DC).
Ti t=0 ng kho K, hy xc nh uC(t) ?
Hnh 3.24
R1
R2=20
R2
C=50F
e1(t)
e2(t)
e1(t)=6V (DC)
e2(t)=1V (DC)
Hnh 3.25
R1
R1=5
R3
R2=R3=10
e(t)
C=0,1F
87
Hnh 3.26
R2
R1
R1=5
R2
R2=R3=10
e(t)
L=1,5mH
R3
e(t)=10V (DC).
Ti t=0 ngt kho K, hy xc nh iL(t) ?
Hnh 3.27
R1
R1=5
R2
R2=R3=10
e(t)
L=2mH
R3
e(t)=10V (DC).
Ti t=0 ngt kho K, hy xc nh iL(t) ?
Hnh 3.28
R1
R1= R2=R3=10
R2
R3
L= 2 mH
e1(t)
e2(t)
R1
R1=5
R2
R2=10
e1(t)
L=1 mH
e2(t)
Hnh 3.30
R2
R1
R1= R2=R3=10
C=2F
88
e(t)
K
R3
B
i(t)
u(t)
Hnh 3.32
e(t)
uC(t)
s(t)[Vol]
10
-2
-1.2
0.8
t(ms)
2.8
Hnh 3.33b
Ing(t)
10 3 cos10 6 t ,
0 t 2 (ms)
s (t ) =
2 (ms) < t 6 (ms)
0,
uC(t)
Hnh 3.34a
s(t)[mA]
1
-4
-2
t(ms)
-1
Hnh 3.34b
89
ch = (10 6 + 10 3 )[rad / s ]
Cc s liu khc khng thay i. Hy xt UC(t) trong trng hp ny.
90
CHNG IV
HM TRUYN T V P NG TN S CA MCH
GII THIU
Cc phng php phn tch v tng hp h thng c mt tm quan trng c bit trong k thut
in t. Ni dung c cp trong chng ny bao gm:
Phng php phn tch mch trn quan im h thng qua vic xc nh p ng tn s ca
mch.
NI DUNG
4.1 HM TRUYN T CA H THNG
4.1.1 Biu din h thng lin tc, tuyn tnh, bt bin v nhn qu
Xt h thng lin tc, tuyn tnh, bt bin v nhn qu (bc hu hn n) trong min thi gian nh
hnh v:
H thng
LT.TT.BB.NQ
Tc ng x(t)
p ng y(t)
Hnh 4.1
d n y (t ) n 1 d i y (t ) m d i x(t )
+ ai
= bi
dt n
dt i
dt i
i =0
i =0
(4.1)
H ( p) =
Ch rng:
Y ( p)
X ( p)
H ( p) = Y ( p) X ( p ) =1
(4.2)
(4.3)
H ( p) =
b0 + b1 p + ... + b m -1 p m -1 + b m p m H 1 ( p)
=
H 2 ( p)
a0 + a1 p + ... + a n-1 p n-1 + p n
90
(4.4)
im cc ca h thng l cc im pk m ti H2(pk)=0.
H ( p) = bm
( p p )
i
i =1
n
( p p
(4.5)
k =1
Nu cc nghim khc khng, dng tch cn c biu din theo mt cch khc:
m
H ( p) = k 0
(1 p )
i =1
n
(4.6)
p
(1 )
pk
k =1
=Re[p]
4.2 P NG TN S CA H THNG
4.2.1 Khi nim
Khi Fourier ha h thng (cng cc phng trnh tng ng) sang min tn s ta c khi nim p
ng tn s ca h thng:
91
Y ( j )
= H ( j ) .e j arg H ( j )
X ( j )
(4.7)
H ( j ) = H ( p ) p = j
(4.8)
dy (t )
1
1
+
y (t ) = x(t )
dt
CR
C
-Hm truyn t tng ng vi cc h
s ca phng trnh l:
H ( p) =
x(t) =i(t)
y(t)=u(t)
Hnh 4.3
1/ C
U ( p)
=
1
I ( p)
p+
CR
H ( j ) = H ( p ) p = j =
1/ C
=
1
+ j
CR
1/ C
1
+2
2
C R
2
argH(j)
/H(j)/
0
.e jarctgRC
-/2
Hnh 4.4
92
H ( j ) =
U R ( j )
, v: arg H ( j ) = U R I
I ( j )
U ( p ) = H ( p). X ( p ) =
1/ C
. 2 0 2
1 p + 0
p+
CR
u (t ) =
C ( 02 +
1
R C2
2
1
RC
0 cos 0 t +
e
sin 0 t
0
RC
4.3 TH BODE
Trong th d trc, ta ngu nhin cp ti phng php v nh tnh c tuyn tn s ca h
thng mt cch trc tip theo p ng tn s H ( j ) . Trong mc ny, chng ta s ni n
phng php v nh tnh c tuyn tn s ca mch trn c s cc im cc v im khng ca
H(p) theo phng php v th Bode.
4.3.1 Nguyn tc th Bode
Nguyn tc th Bode l v p ng tn s (bin & pha) ca mch bng cch tng hp trc
tip cc c tuyn tn s thnh phn ng vi cc im cc v im khng ca H(p), c th nh
sau:
-c tuyn bin :
hoc
a ( ) = ln F( j ) Np
(4.9)
a ( ) = 20. lg F( j ) dB
(4.10)
(4.11)
-c tuyn pha:
93
[D]
0
(4.12)
(4.13)
= log 2
hoc n v octave:
[oct]
b(), rad
[D]
[D]
c tuyn pha
c tuyn bin
Hnh 4.5
H ( p ) = bm
( p p )
i
i =1
n
( p p
hay
H(p) = k 0
k =1
(1 p )
i =1
n
p
(1 )
pk
k =1
Tng qut:
H ( p) = K
H i ( p)
i =1
n
(4.14)
H k ( p)
k =1
H ( j ) = K
H i ( j )
i =1
n
(4.15)
H k ( j )
k =1
-Vy p ng pha s l:
m
i =1
k =1
(4.16)
-Cn p ng bin s l:
a( ) dB = 20 log H ( j ) = K
dB
+ H i ( j )
i =1
94
dB
H k ( j ) dB
k =1
(4.17)
-2
-1
0,01
rad/s
0.1
rad/s
1
rad/s
10
rad/s
100
rad/s
[D]
Vy trc Decade gip cho vic biu din cc vng tn s d dng hn d n bin thin trong mt
khong rt rng. ng thi cho php cc ng phi tuyn trn trc (dng a ( ) dB = A. lg
)
0
ca hm truyn t: H ( p) = K
H i ( p)
i =1
n
, y cn c mt s ch quan trng:
H k ( p)
k =1
1
, th Bode (bin v pha) ca hai thnh phn ny
H j ( p)
hon ton i xng nhau qua trc Decade. V vy chng ta ch cn xt dng th Bode ca cc
thnh phn c bn ng vi im khng, t suy ra dng th ca cc thnh phn ng vi im
cc theo nguyn tc ly i xng. Cng cn phi nhc li rng cc im cc khng nm bn na
phi ca mt phng phc.
a()[dB]
b()[rad]
20.lg[K]
K<0
K>0
[D]
Hnh 4.6
95
[D]
dB
0
b( ) = arg K =
khi K > 0
khi K < 0
H i ( p) = p
suy ra:
Hi(j)=j
Im
+ Xt c tuyn bin :
=Re
Hnh 4.7
b( ) = arg( j ) =
[rad ]
2
a()[dB]
b()[rad]
20dB/D
/2
20
0
[D]
[D]
Hnh 4.8
H i ( p) = 1 +
=Re
-h
h
Hnh 4.9
+ Xt c tuyn bin :
96
= 10. lg[1 + ( ) 2 ]
h
h
a ( ) = 3dB
20 lg
[dB]
a()[dB]
khi = h
khi > 10 h
20dB/D
20
3
[D]
a() c th c xp x l mt ng gy
10-1h
h 101h
khc ti tn s gy h trn trc D, dc
Hnh 4.10
bng 20dB/D nh hnh 4.10. ng chnh xc
ca a() s l mt ng cong tim cn vi ng gy khc ni trn v i qua gi tr 3dB ti
im h.
+ By gi ta xt sang c tuyn pha:
b( ) = arg(1 +
) = arctg
h
h
b( ) =
4
b()[rad]
/2
/4
10-1h
khi = h
101h
[D]
Hnh 4.11
khi > 10 h
H i ( p) = 1
=Re
Hnh 4.12
vi h l mt hng s dng.
b()[rad]
a()[dB]
20dB/D
10-1h
20
-/4
3
10-1h
101h
[D]
-/2
Hnh 4.13
97
101h
[D]
c dng
H i ( p) = (1
Im
Hay: H i ( p ) = 1 + 2
i
p
=Re
-i
p
p
)(1
)=
j i
i .e
i .e j i
= 1 - 2cos i
Hnh 4.14
p2
i2
p2
i2
+ c tuyn bin :
2
2 2
a ( ) = 20.lg 1 + j2
+ 2 = 10.lg[(1 2 ) + 4 2 ( ) 2 ]
i i
i
i
a( ) = 10 lg 4 2
40 lg
[dB]
a()[dB]
40
=1
-1
-6
40dB/D
10 i
=0,5
10 i
=0,25
Hnh 4.15
98
[D]
i
b( ) = arctg
2
1 2
i
2
b()[rad]
1 < 2
/2
b( ) =
2
khi = i
10-1i
khi > 10 i
[D]
101i
Hnh 4.16
Nu im khng l cp nghim phc lin hp nm trn na phi mt phng phc (nh hnh
v 4.17):
Im
H k ( p) = 1 2
p2
i
-i
2
i
a()[dB]
40dB/D
=Re
Hnh 4.17
b()[rad]
40
-6
10-1i
101i
10-1i
[D]
101i
[D]
-/2
-
=-0,25
Hnh 4.18
Im
ji
-ji
Hnh 4.19
99
p
j i
)(1 +
p
j i
) = 1+
p2
i2
+ c tuyn bin :
a()[dB]
2
a ( ) = 20. lg 1 2
i
[dB ]
40dB/D
40
10-1i
101i
[D]
a( ) =
40 lg
i
-Ti = 2 i
Hnh 4.20
khi = i
khi > 10 i
b()[rad]
a( ) = 0
10-1i
b( ) = arg[1
2
]
i2
101i
[D]
Hnh 4.21
[rad]
0
b( ) =
khi < i
khi > i
H ( p) = K
H i ( p)
i =1
n
H k ( p)
k =1
100
H ( p) =
U ( p)
1/ C
=
1
I ( p)
p+
CR
C
100F
i(t)
u(t)
R
10
Hnh 4.22
H ( p ) = R.
1+
p
1 / RC
b1()[rad]
a1()[dB]
20.lgR
20
[D]
[D]
Hnh 4.23
H 2 ( p) = 1 +
, trong h =
1
= 10 3
RC
a2()[dB]
0
b2()[rad]
[D]
[D]
-/4
-20
-/2
-20dB/D
Hnh 4.24
-Xp chng hai th thnh phn ln nhau v thc hin cng th (bt u t tri qua phi,
ch cc v tr gy khc), th tng hp c dng nh hnh 4.25.
101
(1)
2
[D]
3 4
(1)
[D]
-/4
-20
-20dB/D
(2)
-/2
(2)
Hnh 4.25
R2
1 + R2 pC
U
R2
K ( p) = 2 =
=
R2
U1
R1 + R2 + pR1 R2 C
R1 +
1 + R2 pC
R2
R1 + R 2
1
=
=k
R1R 2
p
1+
C. p
1+
h
R1 + R 2
R1
U1
R2
Hnh 4.26
102
U2
R2
10
=
= 0,2
R 1 + R 2 40 + 10
R1 + R2
(40 + 10).10 3
=
= 1250rad .s 1
9
6
R1 R2 C 40.10.10 .100.10
h =
b,rad
a,dB
1
[D]
-10
[D]
-/4
(1)
-/2
(2)
-20dB/D
Hnh 4.27
Th d 4.4: Hy xc nh th Bode ca hm truyn t in p ca mch in hnh 4.28 trong
cc trng khc nhau ca L (L=1H; L=4mH; L=0,4H).
Gii:
Hm truyn t in p ca mch:
RLp
U
R + Lp
LC. p 2
K(p ) = 2 =
=
L
RLp
1
U1
1 + p + LC. p 2
+
R
pC R + Lp
C=0,1F
U1
R
1k
a. Trng hp L=1H:
Khi mu s c dng:
Hnh 4.28
-3
-7
H2(p)=1+10 .p+10 .p
1
LC
1
1.0,1.10 6
K ( p) =
p2
p2
02
02
p
p
(1 )(1 )
p1
p2
=
(1 +
p
p
)(1 +
)
p1
p2
103
p2
.
20
U2
p. p
K ( p ) = 10 7
(1 +
p
p
)(1 +
)
1120
8900
K 1 ( p ) = 10 7
K 2 ( p) = K 3 ( p) = p
p
1120
p
K 5 ( p) = 1 +
8900
K 4 ( p) = 1 +
a,dB
b,rad
(1)+(2)+(3)
40dB/D
(1)+(2)+(3)
/2
3
[D]
-10
1
-/4
(1)
(4)
[D]
4
(5)
-/2
(4)
-20dB/D
(5)
-20dB/D
Hnh 4.29
Nh vy vng tn thp, in p ra b suy gim nhiu, ng thi nhanh pha hn so vi in p
vo. Khi tn s tng th suy gim tin gn n khng v dch pha cng tin dn n khng.
Mch ng vai tr l b lc thng cao (HPF).
b. Trng hp L=4mH:
0 =
1
LC
1
3
410
.
.0,110
.
= 0,2510
. 10 = 510
. 4
Mu s c dng:
H2(p)=1+4.10-6.p+4.10-10.p2
(1)
p2 = -0,5.104 - j0,5.105
Vy ta s a v dng:
104
p
p2
+ 2
i i
(2)
= 0,1;
p2
20
K( p) =
p
p2
1 + 2
+
i 2i
pp
p
K ( p ) = 4.10 10
hay
1 + 2
p2
i2
K 1 ( p ) = 4.10 10
K 2 ( p) = K 3 ( p) = p
K 4 ( p ) = 1 + 2
p2
i2
a,dB
b,rad
(1)+(2)+(3)
40dB/D
(1)+(2)+(3)
/2
4
[D]
-10
[D]
(1)
-/2
(4)
-40dB/D
(4)
-
Hnh 4.30
Nh vy ti ln cn tn s i = 5.104 , trong mch xy ra hin tng c bit, l in p ra c
bin ln hn in p vo . iu ngha l c s khuch i in p (cng hng in p) ti
1
vng tn s ln cn =
, l mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca cc mch th
LC
ng bc hai RLC. Lc ny mch vn ng vai tr l b lc thng cao, nhng c tuyn tn s
ca n xut hin vng bu vng ln.
c. Trng hp L=0,4H:
0 =
1
LC
1
0,4.0,110
.
= 0,2510
. 8 = 510
. 3
105
p2
20
Vy K(p) c th vit li: K( p) =
p 2
(1 +
)
p1
th Bode ca hm mch gm c bn th thnh phn nh hnh 4.31.
b,rad
a,dB
(1)+(2)
40dB/D
(1)+(2)
/2
3
[D]
[D]
-10
-/2
(3)+(4)
-40dB/D
(3)+(4)
Hnh 4.31
Qua th d trn ta thy rng, khi c tam thc bc hai xut hin trong hm mch th trc ht ta a
v dng: 1 + b.p + a.p2 v sau tm nghim ca a thc ny. C th xy ra ba trng hp:
-a thc c hai nghim n (p1 v p2): khi vit li a thc di dng:
1 + b. p + a. p 2 (1
p
p
)(1 )
p1
p2
1 + b. p + a. p 2 (1
p
p
p
)(1 ) = (1 ) 2
p1
p2
p1
v th Bode s c hai th thnh phn trng nhau, hay ni cch khc tng ng mt th
c dc gp i.
-a thc c hai nghim phc lin hip: khi cn phi vit li a thc di dng:
1 + b.p + a.p2
1 + 2
p2
i2
106
Hm truyn t ca mch tng t-tuyn tnh-bt bin v nhn qu c nh ngha trc tip
t t s gia p ng v tc ng trong min p. Hm truyn t hon ton c trng v thay
th cho mch in v mt ton hc trong cc bi ton phn tch v tng hp mch. N cung
cp mt cch nhn ton din mch in trn quan im l thuyt h thng.
CU HI V BI TP CHNG IV
4.1 Xt cc im cc ca hm truyn t H(p) ca mch. Mch in ch thc s n nh khi v ch
khi:
a. mi im cc nm bn na tri mt phng phc ( bao hm c trc o).
b. mi im cc nm bn na tri mt phng phc (khng bao hm trc o).
c. tn ti im cc nm bn na phi mt phng phc.
d. mi im cc l nghim n nm bn na tri mt phng phc
4.2 Xc nh tnh n nh ca h thng c trng bi hm truyn t sau y:
H ( p) =
(1 +
p
p
)(1 +
)
1120
8900
H ( p) =
(1 +
p
p
)(1 )
11
90
H ( p) =
k
p.(1 +
p
)
11
H ( p) =
k
p 2 .(1 +
p
)
11
107
b() rad
b() rad
/2
[D]
[D]
a)
[D]
c)
b)
Hnh 4.32
a()[dB]
b()[rad]
[D]
[D]
[D]
-/4
-20
-20dB/D
-/2
Hnh 4.33
a()
b()
20
0
-20
3 4
[D]
0
-/4
-20dB/D
-/2
Hnh 4.34
108
b,rad
a,dB
/2
[D]
3
-40
[D]
3
-/2
-40dB/D
Hnh 4.35
R1
U1
R2
U2
Hnh 4.36
R
4.13 V thi Bode ca hm truyn t in p
v nhn xt v tnh cht ca mch in hnh 4.37.
U1
U2
Hnh 4.37
R
U1
L
Hnh 4.38
109
U2
CHNG V
MNG BN CC V NG DNG
GII THIU
Mng bn cc, cn gi l mng hai ca l mt h thng mch c bn u ra tng ng vi hai
ca ( thng thng c phi ghp vi ngun tn hiu v ti ) din t nh hnh 5.1, trong :
U1, I1: in p v dng in ti ca 1
U2, I2: in p v dng in ti ca 2
I1
U1
I2
M4C
U2
Tho lun cc tham s c bn ca bn cc tuyn tnh, bt bin, khng cha ngun c lp,
tng h v khng tng h.
S phi ghp gia cc khi chc nng trong h thng mng bn cc.
Thng s tng ng
U 1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2
U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
U 1 = a 11 U 2 + a 12 I 2
I 1 = a 21 U 2 + a 22 I 2
Truyn t aij
110
U 1 = h 11 I 1 + h 12 U 2
I 2 = h 21 I 1 + h 22 U 2
Hn hp hij
I 1 = y 11 U 1 + y 12 U 2
I 2 = y 21 U 1 + y 22 U 2
I 1 = g11 U 1 + g12 I 2
U 2 = g 21 U 1 + g 22 I 2
Hn hp ngc gij
U 2 = b 11 U 1 + b 12 I 1
I 2 = b 21 U 1 + b 22 I 1
I1
U1
U = Z. I
2
2
z 11
Z=
z 21
trong
z 12
z 22
(5-1)
U 1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2
U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
(5-2)
z 11 =
z 22 =
z 12 =
z 21 =
U1
I1
(5-3)
(5-4)
(5-5)
(5-6)
I2 = 0
U2
I2
I1 = 0
U1
I2
I1 = 0
U2
I1
I2 = 0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
z12 = z21
(5-7)
111
I1
U1
Y
=
I
U
2
2
y 11
Y=
y 21
trong
y 12
y 22
(5-8)
I 1 = y 11 U 1 + y 12 U 2
I 2 = y 21 U 1 + y 22 U 2
(5-9)
y 11 =
y 22 =
y 12 =
y 21 =
I1
U1
I2
U2
(5-10)
(5-11)
(5-12)
(5-13)
U2 = 0
U1 = 0
I1
U2
U1 = 0
I2
U1
U2 = 0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
y12 = y21
(5-14)
U1
U 2
I = A I
1
2
a 11
A=
a 21
trong
a 12
a 22
(5-15)
( ma trn truyn t)
U 1 = a 11 U 2 + a 12 I 2
I 1 = a 21 U 2 + a 22 I 2
(5-16)
a 11 =
U1
U2
a 22 =
I2 =0
I1
I2
a 12 =
U2 = 0
112
U1
I2
a 21 =
U2 = 0
I1
U2
(5-17)
I2 =0
(5-18)
U 2
U1
I = B I
2
1
b 11
B=
b 21
trong
b 12
b 22
(5-19)
U 2 = b 11 U 1 + b 12 I 1
I 2 = b 21 U 1 + b 22 I 1
(5-20)
b 11 =
U2
U1
I2
I1
b 22 =
I1 = 0
b 12 =
U1 = 0
U2
I1
b 21 =
U1 = 0
I2
U1
(5-21)
I1 = 0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
b= -1
(5-22)
U1
I1
I = HU
2
2
h 11
H=
h 21
trong
h 12
h 22
(5-23)
( ma trn hn hp)
U 1 = h 11 I 1 + h 12 U 2
I 2 = h 21 I 1 + h 22 U 2
(5-24)
h 11 =
U1
I1
h 22 =
U2 = 0
I2
U2
h 12 =
I1 = 0
U1
U2
h 21 =
I1 = 0
I2
I1
(5-25)
U2 = 0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
h12 = - h21
(5-26)
113
I1
U 1
U = G I
2
2
g11
G=
g 21
trong
g12
g 22
(5-27)
( ma trn hn hp ngc)
I 1 = g11 U 1 + g12 I 2
U 2 = g 21 U 1 + g 22 I 2
(5-28)
g11 =
I1
U1
g 22 =
I2 =0
U2
I2
g12 =
U1 = 0
I1
I2
g 21 =
U1 = 0
U2
U1
(5-29)
I2 =0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
g12 = - g21
(5-30)
U 1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2
U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
z11
z12
z21
z22
Hn hp
ngc
I 1 = g11 U 1 + g12 I 2
U 2 = g 21 U 1 + g 22 I 2
g11
-g12
g21
g22
Truyn t
ngc
U 2 = b 11 U 1 + b 12 I 1
I 2 = b 21 U 1 + b 22 I 1
b21
-b22
b11
-b12
Truyn t
U 1 = a 11 U 2 + a 12 I 2
I 1 = a 21 U 2 + a 22 I 2
a21
a11
-a
-a22
-a12
Hn hp
U 1 = h 11 I 1 + h 12 U 2
I 2 = h 21 I 1 + h 22 U 2
h22
h12
-h21
h11
Dn np
ngn mch
I 1 = y 11 U 1 + y 12 U 2
I 2 = y 21 U 1 + y 22 U 2
y22
-y12
-y21
y11
114
h 11 =
z
;
z 22
h 12 =
z 12
;
z 22
h 21 =
z 21
;
z 22
h 22 =
1
;
z 22
h =
z 11
z 22
z 12 = z 21
g 21 = g 12
a = 1
h 12 = h 21
y 12 = y 21
(5-31)
b = -1
- S chun hnh T:
K hiu cc tr khng ca bn cc hnh T l Z1,
Z2, Z3 (hnh 5.2):
By gi ta tnh cc thng s zij ca bn cc tng
h theo cc tr khng trn. Theo nh ngha ta
c:
z 11 =
z 22 =
z 12 =
U1
I1
U2
I2
U1
I2
= Z1 + Z 3
U1
Z3
U2
Hnh 5.2
(5-32)
I2 = 0
= Z2 + Z3
(5-33)
= Z3
(5-34)
I1 = 0
I1 = 0
115
z 21 =
U2
I1
= z 12 = Z 3
(5-35)
I2 = 0
Z2=z22-z12
Z3=z12=z21
(5-36)
I1
U1
Mng bn cc
tng h
Z1 =Z11-Z12
I2
Z2=Z22-Z12
I1
U1
U2
c trng bi
cc zij
I2
Z3 = Z12 =Z21
U2
- S chun hnh :
I1
U1
Y3
Y1
I2
Y2
U2
Hnh 5.4
y 11 =
y 22 =
y12 =
y21 =
I1
U1
U2 =0
I2
U2
U1 = 0
I1
U2
= Y1 + Y3
(5-37)
= Y2 + Y3
(5-38)
= Y3
(5-39)
= y12 = Y3
(5-40)
U1 = 0
I2
U1 U
=0
116
(5-41)
I1
I1
U1
Mng bn cc
tng h
c trng bi
cc yij
Y3=-y12=-y21
I2
I2
Y1=y11+y12
U1
U2
U2
y22+y12 =Y2
I1
Cc bn cc c gi l mc ni tip-ni
tip vi nhau nu i vi mi ca c dng
in l chung, cn in p l tng cc in
p thnh phn (hnh 5.6). H phng trnh
thch hp nht c trng cho c im ca
cch ni ny l h phng trnh tr khng.
Vi cch k hiu cc thng s nh trn
hnh v, ta c:
I2
I1
U1
U1
U1
U2
I2
I1
II
I2
U2
U2
i vi bn cc I:
'
U1'
' I1
=
Z
'
'
U2
I2
i vi bn cc II:
''
U 1''
'' I 1
'' = Z ''
I 2
U 2
Cng hai phng trnh ma trn theo tng v v nhm tha s chung, ta c:
U1
'
'' I 1
= [Z + Z ]
I 2
U 2
Vy ta rt ra:
Z = Z ' + Z ''
Z = Zk
(5-42)
k =1
117
I2
I1
U1
I1
U1
I2
I1
U1
U2
II
I2
U2
U2
'
I 1'
' U1
' =Y '
I 2
U 2
i vi bn cc II:
''
I 1''
'' U 1
'' = Y ''
I 2
U 2
Cng hai phng trnh ma trn theo tng v v nhm tha s chung, ta c:
I1
'
'' U 1
= [Y + Y ]
I 2
U 2
Vy ta rt ra:
Y = Y ' + Y ''
Y = Yk
(5-43)
k =1
I1
I2
I1
U1
U1
U2
I2
I1
U1
II
U2
i vi bn cc I:
'
U 1'
' I1
=
H
'
'
I2
U 2
i vi bn cc II:
''
U 1''
'' I 1
'' = H ''
I2
U 2
118
I2
U2
U1
'
'' I 1
= [H + H ]
I2
U 2
H = H ' + H ''
Vy ta rt ra:
H = Hk
(5-44)
k =1
U1
I1
U1
U2
U2
I2
I1
II
U1
I2
I2
I1
U2
'
I 1'
' U 1
G
=
'
'
U 2
I2
i vi bn cc II:
''
I 1''
'' U 1
'' = G ''
U 2
I2
Cng hai phng trnh ma trn theo tng v v nhm tha s chung, ta c:
I1
'
'' U 1
= [G + G ]
U 2
I2
G = G ' + G ''
Vy ta rt ra:
G = Gk
(5-45)
k =1
I1
I1
U1
U1
I2
I1
U2
U1
119
Hnh 5.10: Ghp dy chuyn
I2
II
U2
I2
U2
H phng trnh thch hp nht c trng cho c im ca cch ni ghp ny l h phng trnh
truyn t.
Vi cch k hiu cc thng s nh trn hnh v, ta c:
i vi bn cc I:
'
U 1'
' U 2
' =A '
I1
I2
(1)
i vi bn cc II:
''
U 1''
'' U 2
A
=
''
''
I1
I2
(2)
(3)
(4)
U 1'
U ''2
*'
''
' = [A . A ]. ''
I1
I2
(5)
U 1
U 2
*'
''
= [A . A ].
I1
I2
A = A *' . A ''
Vy ta rt ra:
A = A *k . A n
(5-46)
k =1
Z4
I1
Z2
Z4
Z1 I2
I2
I1
U2
U1
U1
Z3
Hnh 5.11
U2
Z2
Z1
Z3
120
Hnh 5.12
Y = Yk
k =1
-Cch 2: Tch mch in trn thnh hai bn cc thnh phn mc ni tip-ni tip vi nhau. Xc
nh cc thng s zij ca cc bn cc thnh phn, sau tng hp li thnh cc thng s zij ca
bn cc theo cng thc:
2
Z = Zk
k =1
Khi bit zij ta c th tnh yij (hoc ngc li) theo bng quan h thng s.
-Cch 3: Xc nh cc yij trc tip theo nh ngha trong h phng trnh tr khng hoc dn np
c tnh ca bn cc.
z 11 =
z 22 =
z 12 =
U1
I1
=
I2 =0
U2
I2
Z 2 (Z1 + Z 4 ) + Z 3 (Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4 )
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4
= Z3 +
Z 1 (Z 2 + Z 4 )
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4
U1
I2
= z 21 =
Z 2 Z 1 + Z 3 (Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 4 )
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4
I1 = 0
I1 = 0
I1
R2
R3
R5
U1 R4
Y = Y T + Y
Nh vy ta s phi tnh cc thng s yij ca tng bn
cc thnh phn.
R3
R2
I1
B
U1
B
R5
121
B
Hnh 5.13
I2
B
U2
B
R1
B
R6
I2
U2
-Xt mch hnh T: l s chun ca bn cc (hnh 5-15) vi cc cc thng s zij c tnh theo
phn t ca mch:
Z11-Z12
z11 = R2 + R5
Z22-Z12
I1
I2
U1
z12 = R5
Z12 =Z21
U2
z22 = R3 + R5
Z = R 2 R 3 + R 2 R 5 + R 3 R 5
Hnh 5-15
y 11 =
z 22
R3 + R5
8
=
=
= 0,258
Z R 2 R 3 + R 2 R 5 + R 3 R 5 6 + 10 + 15
y 12 =
y 22 =
z 12
R5
5
=
=
= 0,1615
R 2 R 3 + R 2 R5 + R 3R5
Z
6 + 10 + 15
z 11
R2 + R5
7
=
= 0,226
=
Z R 2 R 3 + R 2 R 5 + R 3 R 5 6 + 10 + 15
I1
R + R 4 15
1
1
+
= 1
=
= 0,3S
y 11 =
50
R 4 R1
R1R 4
y 12
R + R 4 15
1
1
+
= 1
=
= 0,3S
50
R 4 R1
R1R 4
y 22 =
R + R6
1
1
20
+
= 1
=
= 0,2S
100
R 6 R1
R1R 6
I2
y11+y12
U1
1
1
=
= = 0,1S
10
R1
y 11 =
-y12
y22+y12
Hnh 5-16
122
U2
a 11 =
a 12 =
1
1
=
= 3,84
0,261
y 21
a 21 =
a 22 =
y 22 0,426
=
= 1,635
y 21 0,261
Y 0,17
=
= 0,653S
y 21 0,261
y 11
0,558
=
= 2,14
0,261
y 21
U 1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2
U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
(1)
U 2 = z 11 I 2 + z 12 I 1
U 1 = z 21 I 2 + z 22 I 1
(2)
z11 = z22
(5-47)
I1
U1
I2
U2
1/2
1/2
BCX
BCX
Hnh 5-17a
123
Z1
Z1
Z1
Z1
2Z2
2Z2
Z2
Hnh 5-17b
Ch rng mt bn cc i xng v mt hnh hc th ng nhin i xng v mt in, nhng
iu ngc li th khng ng.
Th d 5-3:
Hy xc nh iu kin mng bn cc (M4C) hnh 5-18 tho mn iu kin i xng v mt
in.
Gii:
Rc
Ra
Ta c:
z 11 = R a +
z 22 =
R b (R c + R d )
Rb + Rc + Rd
Rb
R d (R b + R c )
Rb + Rc + Rd
Rd
Hnh 5-18
Ra +
R b (R c + R d ) R d (R b + R c )
=
Rb + Rc + Rd Rb + Rc + Rd
Rd =
ZI
I1
U1
I2
Mng bn
cc i xng
U1
U2
124
ZII
ZII
ZI
B
U2
1/2
1/2
ZI
bn
cc i
xng
ZII
bn
cc i
xng
U 2 = n. U 1
I = 1 I
1
2
n
(5-48)
M hnh bin p l tng minh ho trn hnh 5-21a. B phn ch yu ca bin p thc gm hai
cun dy ghp h cm vi nhau, nu b qua in tr ca cc cun dy th bin p c v nh
hnh 5-21b (n l t s vng dy gia cun th cp v s cp)
I1 1:n
I2
I1
U2
U1
1:n
I1
U2
U1
Hnh 5-21b
Hnh 5-21a
i vi bin p l tng ta c:
Nu n=1 th :
U 2 = U 1
I 2 = I 1
125
(5-49)
U 2 = U 1
I 2 = I1
(5-50)
Vy bin p 1:1 tng ng vi bn cc c hai dy dn song song hnh 5-22a, cn bin p 1:-1
tng ng vi bn cc c hai dy dn cho nhau nh hnh 5-22b.
I1
U1
U2
Hnh 5-22b
z 12 =
U1
I1
U1
I2
ZI
I1
U1
ZII
I2
ZII
U2
ZI
Hnh 5-23
1
(Z I + Z II )
2
(5-51)
1
(Z II Z I )
2
(5-52)
I2 = 0
I1 = 0
U2
U1
Hnh 5-22a
z 11 =
I2
I1
I2
(5-53)
(5-54)
z 11 =
z 12
R (R + R 1 ) + R 2 (2 R + R 1 )
2R + R1
R 2 + R 2 (2 R + R 1 )
=
2R + R1
126
R1/2
R1
I1
ZV
U2
R2
U1
I2
Hnh 5-24a
Z I = Z Vngm
R1/2
2R2
2R2
Hnh 5-24b
R
R 1
2 = R. R 1
=
R
2R + R1
R+ 1
2
Z II = Z Vhm = R + 2 R 2
z 11 =
R (R + R 1 ) + R 2 (2 R + R 1 )
1
1 R. R 1
(Z I + Z II ) = [
+ R + 2R 2 ] =
2
2 2R + R1
2R + R1
z 12 =
R. R 1
R 2 + R 2 (2 R + R 1 )
1
1
]=
(Z II Z I ) = [R + 2 R 2
2
2
2R + R1
2R + R1
Z1
I1
U1
I2
Mng bn
cc c ti
U2 Z2
Hnh 5.25
Z1 =R1+jX1
Z2 =R2+jX2
a. Tr khng vo M4C:
Tr khng vo ca ca 1:
ZV 1 =
(5-55)
U 2 z 22 Z 1 + z
a Z + a12
=
= 22 1
I2
z11 + Z 1
a 21 Z 1 a11
(5-56)
Tr khng vo ca ca 2:
ZV 2 =
127
Z V 1nm =
a12
a 22
Z V 1hm =
a11
a 21
(5-57)
Z V 2 nm =
a12
a11
Z V 2 hm =
a 22
a 21
(5-58)
b. Hm truyn t in p ca M4C:
K ( p) =
U2
Z 2 .z 21
=
E
( z11 + Z 1 )( z 22 + Z 2 ) z12 .z 21
(5-59)
K u ( p) =
U2
Z 2 .z 21
Z2
y 21
=
=
=
U 1 z11 ( z 22 + Z 2 ) z12 .z 21 a11 Z 2 a12
y 22 + 1 / Z 2
(5-60)
R1
U1
U 2 ( j )
khi u ra M4C c Zt=R2.
U 1 ( j )
U2
R2
Hnh 5.26a
R1 + R2 + R1 R2 Cp
R2
[ A] =
1
pC +
R2
R1
T ( j ) =
Zt
R2
=
a11 Z t a12 2 R1 + R2 + jR1 R2 C
/T(j)/
R2/(2R1+R2)
0
Hnh 5.26b
128
P0 =
E2
4. R 1
(5-61)
U 22
P2 =
R2
(5-62)
T c th rt ra:
P0
>1
P2
(5-63)
P0
E
=
P2 2 U 2
R2
R1
( p) =
E
2U 2
R2
R1
(5-64)
H s truyn t tnh theo cng thc trn ch dng cho cc mch th ng, c trng cho mch
in tng qut ngi ta phi s dng thm biu thc ca hm truyn t in p nu mc
trc.
Ta c th vit li h s truyn t cho mch in tng qut:
(p ) =
(z 11 + R 1 ).(z 22 + R 2 ) z 12 . z 21
2. z 21 . R 1 . R 2
(5-65)
(p ) =
(Z I + R ).(Z II + R )
(Z II Z I ). R
(5-66)
g( ) = ln = ln + j.arg( ) = a ( ) + jb( )
(5-67)
129
P0 =
E2 .Ri
4(R 2i + X 2i )
Zi
Zt
r=
Zt Zi
=0
Zt + Zi
Hnh 5-27a
Z10
Zv1=Z10
M4C
Zv2=Z20
Z20
Hnh 5-27b
Z i = Z 10
Z 2 = Z 20
(5-68)
Z 10 =
a 11 . a 12
a 21 . a 22
(5-69)
Z 20 =
a 22 . a 12
a 21 . a 11
(5-70)
0 =
hay
0 =
a 12 + Z 10 . a 22 + Z 20 . a 11 + a 21 . Z 10 . Z 20
2. Z 10 . Z 20
= a 12 . a 21 + a 11 . a 22
(5-71)
(5-72)
g 0 = ln 0 = ln
a 12 a 21 + a 11 a 22 = ln 0 + j.arg( 0 ) = a 0 + jb 0
130
(5-73)
a 0 = ln 0
b0 = arg(0)
Z V1ngm
Z V1hm
(5-74)
Z V 2 ngm
(5-75)
Z V 2 hm
Cc thng s sng Z10, Z20, g0 hon ton xc nh bn cc tuyn tnh c thng s tp trung, th
ng v tng h. T cc thng s sng ta c:
z 11 =
z12 =
z 22 =
Z 10
thg 0
y 11 =
Z 10 .Z 20
1
Z 10 thg 0
y12 =
shg 0
Z 20
thg 0
y 22 =
a11 =
1
Z 10 .Z 20 .shg 0
1
Z 20 thg 0
Z 10
.chg 0
Z 20
a12 = Z 10 .Z 20 .shg 0
a 21 =
a 22 =
1
Z 10 .Z 20
(5-76)
.shg 0
Z 20
.chg 0
Z 10
Z V1hm = Z V 2 hm =
1
( Z I + Z II )
2
Z V1ngm = Z V 2 ngm = 2.
ZI
ZII
Z I . Z II
Z I + Z II
ZII
ZI
Hnh 5-28
Z 10 = Z 20 = Z 0 = Z I .Z II =
a12
a 21
Z I Z II = R 20 = const
131
(5-77)
0DX =
( Z I + Z I . Z II ).( Z II + Z I . Z II )
(5-78)
( Z II Z I ). Z I . Z II
q=
ZI
Z II
(5-79)
0DX =
1+ q
1 q
(5-80)
Khi :
0 DX =
Z
U
E
E
= 1
. 20 =
2U 2 Z 10 2U 2 U 2
(5-81)
g 0 DX = ln 0 DX = ln
U
U1
U
= ln 1 + j. arg( 1 ) = a 0 DX + j.b0 DX
U2
U2
U2
(5-82)
XL1=1
tr khng sng ca 1 l:
XC=3
Hnh 5-29
Tng t i vi ca 2:
ZV2ngm=jXL2 nt [jXL1 // (-jXC)] =
7j
2
ZV2hm=jXL2 nt (-jXC) = -j
tr khng sng ca 2 l:
Z 20 = Z V 2 ngm . Z V 2 hm =
7
2
thg 0 =
Z V1ngm
Z V1hm
U2
U1
Z 10 = Z V1ngm . Z V1hm = 14 .
Vy
XL2=2
Z V 2 ngm
Z V 2 hm
7
= j 3,5 .
2
132
g 0 = ln
U1
+ jb 0 = 1 + j
U2
2
U1
E
= ln
= 1 suy ra
2U 2
U2
Vy
ln
b 0 = U1 U 2 =
Vy ta c
U2 =
suy ra
2
U 2 = 18,5. e
E
50
=
= 18,5V
2. e 2 ,7
U2 = E
(V)
1
ZI =[ C // R ]=
p+1
ZII =[(C nt R) // (C nt R)] =
p+1
2p
U1
R
2C
R
R/2
U2
Vy tr khng sng ca bn cc l:
Z 10 = Z 20 = Z 0 = Z I . Z II =
1
2p
Hnh 5-30
0DX =
1 + q p + 1 + 2p
=
1 q p + 1 2p
(trong q =
ZI
)
Z II
( p) =
( Z I + R 0 ).( Z II + R 0 ) ( p + 2).( 3p + 1)
=
( Z II Z I ). R 0
1 + p2
133
p
p
(1 + )(1 +
)
( p + 2).( 3p + 1)
2
1
3
/
= 2.
( p) =
1 + p2
1 + p2
c tuyn (j) trong trng hp ny gm c mt thnh phn tng ng vi h s k, hai thnh
phn ng vi im khng nm trn trc -, v mt thnh phn tng ng vi im cc l cp
nghim phc lin hp nm trn trc o.
z 12 = z 21
a = 1
g 21 = g 12
h 12 = h 21
y 12 = y 21
b = -1
(5-83)
-Ngun p c iu khin bng dng (A-D), hnh 5-31b. Trong sc in ng ca ngun Eng
lin h vi dng in iu khin I1 theo cng thc:
Eng =rI1
(5-84)
-Ngun dng c iu khin bng p (D-A), hnh 5-31c. Trong dng in ngun Ing lin h
vi in p iu khin U1 theo cng thc:
Ing =gU1
134
(5-85)
(5-86)
I2
I1
U1
kU1
I1
I2
U1
U2
A-A
A-D
I2
I1
U1
U2
rI1
gU1
I1
U2
I2
U1
I1
D-A
U2
D-D
Hnh 5-31 M hnh ha cc ngun c iu khin
I1
U 1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2
U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
I2
Z11
U1
Z22
U2
Z12I2
Z21I1
Hnh 5-32a
I1
I 1 = y 11 U 1 + y 12 U 2
I 2 = y 21 U 1 + y 22 U 2
U1
I2
y11
I21U1
I12U2
y22
U2
Hnh 5-32b
I1
U1
I2
h11
h12U2
h22
h21U1
B
135
Hnh 5.32c
U2
U 1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2 z 12 I 1
U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2 z 12 I 1 z 12 I 2
I1
U1
Z22-Z12
Z11-Z12
-y12
I1
I2
(Z21-Z12)I1
Z12
I 1 = y 11 U 1 + y 12 U 2 y 12 U 1
I 2 = y 21 U 1 + y 22 U 2 y 12 U 1 y 12 U 2
I2
y11+y12
U2
(y21-y12)U1 U
2
U1
y22+y12
Hnh 5-33
Theo cc s trn, nu z12 = z21 hoc y12 = y21 th cc s ny li tr v dng bn cc tng h
bit. Sau y ta xt mt s phn t phn tng h, tch cc.
5.2.3 Mt s bn cc khng tng h, tch cc thng gp:
a. B bin i tr khng m (NIC)
I1
U1
I1
I2
INIC
k=1
U1
U2
I2
UNIC
k= -1
U2
Hnh 5-34
U 1 = kU 2
I 2 = kI 1
-Nu k = 1, ta s c:
(5-87)
U 1 = U 2
I 2 = I 1
136
U 1 = U 2
I 2 = I 1
-Nu k = -1, ta c:
0 k
[H ] NIC =
,
k 0
T ta rt ra:
0 1 / k
[G ] NIC =
0
1 / k
Z V1 =
U1
U
= k 2 2 = k 2 . Zt
I1
I2
(5-88)
-IC
IE
IB
B
Hnh 5-35
IC
= I = 0,98 0,998
E
B = (1 ) I E
IC
=
>1
=
IB 1
(5-89)
Dng Emitter ch yu c xc nh bi in p UBE , ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo in p
Collector, t dng IC cng ph thuc mt t vo in p UCE.
-T cc tnh cht , c th c nhiu cch biu din s tng ng ca transistor, ty thuc
vo tng iu kin lm vic c th (tuyn tnh/ phi tuyn, tn s cng tc, hay cch mc mch) v
yu cu tnh ton m ngi ta s dng s tng ng thch hp. min tn hiu nh, tn s
thp, ngi ta hay dng s tng ng hn hp H vi hai ngun iu khin ( ni trn),
hoc dng s tng ng vt l vi mt ngun iu khin nh hnh v 5-36a.
IE
I1=IE
E
U1
I1=IE
I2=-IC
rE
rC
rB
B
Hnh 5-36a
U2
U1
137
rmIE
rE
rC
I2=-IC
C
U2
rB
B
Hnh 5-36b
[Z] BC
rE + rB
=
rB + rM
I1=IE
I2=-IC
rC
U1
rB + rC
rB
rmIE
rE
U2
rB
B
Hnh 5-37a
I1
rE + rB
[Z] EC =
rE rM
[Z] CC
I2
rC
U1
U2
rE
rE
rE + rC rM
E
Hnh 5-37b
rC + rB
=
rC
rmIE
rB
I1
rC rM
rE + rC rM
rB
I2
rE
rC
U1
U2
rmIE
C
Hnh 5-37c
+E
R1
R3
C2
Q1
C1
1n
Rt
Uv
R2
R4
Ur
C3
138
I2
U2
N
I1
AU0
A
_
-U0
Ura
U0
U1
U ra = A. U = A (U 2 U 1 )
(5-90)
139
A (p ) =
A0
p
1+
0
(5-91)
20lgA,dB
Zra
P
Zvao
A.(UP UN)
Am
Ura
Mch khuch i thut ton c rt nhiu cc ng dng trong thc t c ch tuyn tnh v phi
tuyn nh cc b so snh, khuch i cc thut ton x l, lc tch cc, dao ng...
gi cho mch lm vic min tuyn tnh th ngi ta phi tm cch gim mc in p vo (U)
sao cho in p ra khng vt qua ngng bo ha dng VH hoc bo ha m VL. iu ny c
th thc hin c nh cc vng hi tip m trong mch.
Th d 5-9: Hy xt chc nng ca mch in
hnh 5-41a.
Z2
I1 Z1
Gii:
Nu coi KTT l l tng v lm vic trong
min tuyn tnh th ta c:
UV
U=0
U = 0
v khi im N c gi l im t o.
Ura
Hnh 5-41a
U
U
Dng in vo: I 1 = V = ra
Z1
Z2
T ta rt ra: U ra =
Z2
UV ;
Z1
K (p) =
Z2
Z1
K (p ) =
1
pCR
Ngha l mch trn thc hin chc nng ca mch tch phn. Trong min tn s mch ng vai tr
l b lc thng thp tch cc bc 1.
-Nu thay Z1 l thun dung, Z2 l thun tr th:
K (p) = pRC
140
Gii:
I=
U=0
UV
UV
U ra
=
Z1 Z1 + Z 2
_
Z2
Z1
Ura
Hm truyn t ca mch l:
K ( p) =
Hnh 5-41b
U ra
Z
= 1+ 2
UV
Z1
Nh vy, bng vic thay i tnh cht ca nhnh hi tip m mch c th thc hin c cc thut
ton ng dng khc nhau. l mt vi th d v tnh a nng ca loi linh kin ny
nghin cu su hn v cc ng dng ca mch khuch i thut ton v transistor, c bit l
cc thng s ca mch tng ng trong mi cch mc, hc sinh cn c thm trong cc gio
trnh v cc ti liu tham kho ca cc hc phn k tip.
Xv
Mng bn cc
K
Xht
Khu h.tip
K=
Y
XV
(5-92)
X ht
(5-93)
141
K ht =
Y
K
=
X 1 K .
(5-94)
Trong trng hp hi tip m (tn hiu hi tip lm suy yu tn hiu vo), khi 1 K > 1 , tr
s hm truyn t ca h kn s nh hn so vi h h.
Trong trng hp hi tip dng (tn hiu hi tip lm tng cng tn hiu vo), khi
1 K < 1 , tr s hm truyn t ca h kn s ln hn so vi h h.
Nu K = 1 , khi tr s hm truyn t ca h kn s tin n v cng. l trng hp hi
tip dng gy ra hin tng t kch, mch ri vo trng thi khng n nh. Nu ct b tn hiu
vo trong trng hp ny, th h c th t dao ng cho ra tn hiu m khng cn tn hiu vo.
Nu K >> 1 , khi tr s hm truyn t ca h kn s ch ph thuc vo khu hi tip.
thng l trng hp hi tip m su.
Nu xt ti kt cu v cc thng s tham gia, ngi ta chia hi tip thnh cc loi sau:
+Hi tip ni tip in p: tn hiu hi tip ni tip vi tn hiu vo v t l vi in p u ra. M
hnh ca n c minh ha nh hnh 5.43a.
+Hi tip ni tip dng in: tn hiu hi tip ni tip vi tn hiu vo v t l vi dng in u
ra. M hnh ca n c minh ha nh hnh 5.43b.
I1
U1
U1
I2
I1
I2
U2
U1
U2
I2
I1
U1
U2
I2
Iht
Uht
I1
Uht
Hnh 5.43a
U2
I2
Iht
I2
U2
U2
Hnh 5.43b
I1
U1
U1
I2
Iht
Uht
U2
I2
I1
I2
I1
I2
I1
U2
U1
U1
Hnh 5.43d
Hnh 5.43c
142
U2
I2
Iht
Uht
U2
I2
U2
U2
+Hi tip song song dng in: tn hiu hi tip song song vi tn hiu vo v t l vi dng in
u ra. M hnh ca n c minh ha nh hnh 5.43d.
(5-95)
I1
R1
U2
R3
U1
R3 =
R2 I2
R1 = R 2 =
Ri
sha
(5-96)
Ri
R
i
tha sha
(5-97)
1
R i sha
(5-98)
1
1
R i tha R i sha
(5-99)
Hnh 5-44a
b. S hnh (hnh 5-44b):
I1
U1
G3
G1
G3 =
I2
G2
U2
G1 = G 2 =
Hnh 5-44b
Th d 5-11: Hy tnh mch suy gim lm vic vi ngun c in tr trong l Ri=600, suy gim
c tnh l 2,75 Npe.
Gii: Theo cc iu kin ca bi ton:
Ri = 600
a = 2,75Npe.
143
R3 =
Ri
600
=
= 77 ;
sha sh2 ,75
R1 = R 2 =
Ri
R
600
600
i =
= 522
tha sha th2 ,75 sh2 ,75
(5-100)
I1
Z1
Z2 I2
Z3 = j
U2
Z3
U1
Z 1 = j(
Hnh 5-45a
R i1 . R i 2
R i1 R i 2
sin b
R i1 R i 2
Z 2 = j(
(5-101)
sin b
sin b
R i1
)
tgb
(5-102)
R i2
)
tgb
(5-103)
I1
U1
Y3
Y1
Y3 = j
I2
Y2
U2
Y1 = j(
Hnh 5-45b
Y2 = j(
(5-104)
R i1 R i 2 sin b
1
R i1 R i 2 sin b
1
R i1 R i 2 sin b
1
)
R i1 tgb
(5-105)
1
)
R i 2 tgb
(5-106)
Ri2 =75;
b = /4 [rad/s].
144
Z3 = j
Z 1 = j(
Z 2 = j(
R i1 . R i 2
sin b
R i1 R i 2
sin b
R i1 R i 2
sin b
= j
5000.75
2 /2
= j866
R i1
5000.75 5000
) = j(
) = j4134
1
tgb
2 /2
R i2
5000.75 75
) = j(
) = j791
1
tgb
2 /2
0
a ( ) =
(5-107)
K ( ) =
U 2 1
=
U 1 0
(5-108)
Za
di thng
2
Hnh 5-46
Za
Zb
Zb
/K()/
Zb
Hnh 5-47a
phn tch mt mch lc phc tp, thng dng phng php ct thnh nhng on nh n
gin theo cc s hnh T hoc hnh , hnh thun hoc hnh ngc (hnh 5-47b) kt ni vi
nhau theo kiu dy chuyn.
145
Za/2
Za/2
Za/2
Za
2Zb
Zb
2Zb
2Zb
Za/2
2Zb
Hnh 5-47b
Cc s hnh T v hnh thng c s dng nghin cu v mt l thuyt mch lc. Cc
thng s c tnh ca hai loi s ny c tnh theo cc cng thc:
Z d (T ) =
4Z
Za
1+ b
Za
2
Z d ( ) = 2 Z b
(5-109)
(5-110)
4Z
1+ b
Za
4Z b
Za
=
2Z
1+ b
Za
1+
th g T ,
(5-111)
a = 0
g = jb
Rt ra hai iu kin trong di thng:
Th nht:
Th hai:
1 4
Zb
Za
hay
Za
0
4Z b
(5-112)
Z b ( c )
=1
Z a ( c )
c. Mch lc loi k
Mch lc loi k l loi mch lc thun khng ni trn c cc phn t tho mn iu kin:
146
(5-113)
(5-114)
Zb =
Za = jLa ;
La/2
1
jC b
(5-115)
La
La/2
Cb/2
Cb
Cb/2
Hnh 5-48
Hnh 5-48 m t mt mt lc hnh T v hnh ca mch lc thng thp.
Tn s ct ca mch lc c xc nh theo cng thc:
Z b ( c )
4
= 2
=1
Z a ( c ) La Cb
2
La Cb
c =
Rt ra
(5-116)
Za =
1
;
j C a
Zb = jLb
(5-117)
2Ca
Ca
2Ca
Lb
2Lb
2Lb
Hnh 5-49
Tn s ct ca mch lc c xc nh theo cng thc:
4
Rt ra
Z b ( c )
= 4 2 Lb C a = 1
Z a ( c )
c =
1
2 Lb C a
(5-118)
147
Z a = j (La
1
);
C a
Zb =
(5-119)
1
j (Cb
)
Lb
1
=
La C a
1
= 0
Lb Cb
(5-120)
Ca
Lb
Cb
La
Ca
Lb
Cb
La
Lb
Cb
Hnh 5-50
Tn s ct ca mch lc c xc nh theo cng thc:
Z b ( )
=
Z a ( )
4
La C b 0
Lb C a 0
Lb C a
=
La C b
p=
Rt ra
c1, 2 = 0 ( p + 1 p
(5-121)
(5-122)
c1 c2
c1 c 2 = 02
2
=
= 2 0 p
c1
c2
L
C
a b
(5-123)
Za =
1
1
)
j (C a
La
Z b = j (Lb
1
)
Cb
(5-124)
1
La C a
1
Lb C b
= 0
148
(5-125)
La
Ca
Ca
Cb
Lb
Cb
Cb
Lb
Lb
Hnh 5-51
Z ( )
L C 0
4 b
= 4 b a
Z a ( )
La Cb 0
p=
Cng t
Lb C a
;
=
La C b
p' =
1
16 p
(5-126)
Rt ra
(5-127)
c1 c 2 = 02
1
=
= 2 0 p '
c1
c2
2 Lb C a
(5-128)
La/2
Z d (T ) =
Za
L
2
4Z
1 + b = j a 1 c2
Za
2
2
Cb
Hnh 5-52a
La
. 1 2 = R( )
Cb
c
2
Z d (T ) =
La/2
Z (T)
La
Cb
R()
149
Hnh 5-52b
Z d ( ) = 2Z b
1
1+
4Z b
Za
2
j C b
1
1
La
2
c
2
Cb/2
Hnh 5-53a
Z d ( ) =
La
.
Cb
1
1
Cb/2
Z ()
= R( )
La
Cb
2
c
R()
Hnh 5-53b
c2
2
= j.tgb =
c2
1
2 2
c2
1
2
tgb =
c2
1
2 2
th g T ,
hay
-Trong di chn ( > c): in p trn ca ra gim nh mt cch ng k sao cho lc khng
cn ti s dch pha gia n vi in p vo. Ngi ta quy c l b gi nguyn gi tr ca n
ti c, sao cho sang di chn tgb =0 v thg =
aTT, bTT
(a)
tha. Khi :
c2
2
a = arth
2
1 c2
2
(b)
c
Hnh 5-54
Z d (T ) =
Za
4Z
2
1
1+ b =
1 2
Za
2
2 jC a
c
2Ca
2Ca
Lb
Hnh 5-55a
150
Z d (T ) =
Lb
2
. 1 c2 = R( )
Ca
Z (T)
Lb
Ca
Z d ( ) = 2Z b
1+
4Z b
Za
= 2 jLb
R()
1
1
Hnh 5-55b
2
c
Ca
Lb
Z d ( ) =
.
Ca
2Lb
2Lb
Z ()
2
c
2
Hnh 5-56a
= R( )
R()
Lb
Ca
Hnh 5-56b
th g T ,
2
1 2
c
= j.tgb =
2
1
2 c2
hay
2
1
c2
tgb =
2
1
2 c2
-Trong di chn ( < c): ngi ta cng quy c b gi nguyn gi tr ca n ti c, sao cho sang
di chn tgb =0 v thg = tha. Khi :
1
a = arth
1
aTC, bTC
(a)
c2
2
c
0
2 c2
(b)
-
Hnh 5-57
151
2Ca La/2
2Ca
Lb
La
Ca
La/2
2Lb
Cb
2Lb
Cb/2
Cb/2
Hnh 5-58
Do vic tnh ton kh phc tp, nn y khng thc hin tnh ton trc tip m ch da vo tnh
cht tng ng ca n i vi cc mch lc thng thp v thng cao trn cc on tn s khc
nhau. C th l:
-Trn on > 0 : nhnh Za mang tnh in cm, cn Zb mang tnh cht in dung, do mch
lc thng di s tng ng nh mt mch lc thng thp.
Z ()
Z (T)
R()
La
Cb
R()
La
Cb
c1
thng cao
c2
c1
thng thp
thng cao
c2
thng thp
Hnh 5-59a
-Trn on < 0 : nhnh Za mang tnh in dung, cn Zb mang tnh cht in cm, do mch
lc thng di s tng ng nh mt mch lc thng cao. Hnh v 5-59 biu din s ph thuc
ca cc thng s c tnh ca mch lc thng di theo cc di tn s khc nhau.
aTD, bTD
(a)
(b)
c1
c2
-
Thng cao
Thng thp
Hnh 5-59b
- i vi mch lc chn di
Xt mt lc hnh T v hnh ca mch lc chn di (hnh 5-60):
152
La/2
La
La/2
2Ca
Ca
2Ca
Cb
Cb/2
2Lb
Cb/2
2Lb
Lb
Hnh 5-60
Tng t nh mch lc thng di, da vo tnh cht tng ng ca mch lc chn di i vi
cc mch lc thng thp v thng cao trn cc on tn s khc nhau. C th l:
-Trn on > 0 : nhnh Za mang tnh in dung, cn Zb mang tnh cht in cm, do mch
lc chn di s tng ng nh mt mch lc thng cao.
-Trn on < 0 : nhnh Za mang tnh in cm, cn Zb mang tnh cht in dung, do mch
lc chn di s tng ng nh mt mch lc thng thp.
Hnh v 5-61 biu din s ph thuc ca cc thng s c tnh ca mch lc chn di theo cc di
tn s khc nhau.
Z ()
Z (T)
La
Cb
R()
R()
La
Cb
R()
R()
c1
Thng thp
c2
Thng cao
c1
c2
Thng thp
Thng cao
c2
Hnh 5-61a
aCD, bCD
(a)
(a)
(b)
c1
0
(b)
-
Thng thp
Thng cao
Hnh 5-61b
153
La/2
La/2
9,5mH
9,5mH
Cb=53nF
= 1000
f c =
L
C
a b
Z (0) = L a = 600
d
Cb
La=19mH
Cb/2
26,5nF
C b = .6.10 6 = 53nF
Rt ra
2
L = 6.10 = 19mH
a
Cb/2
26,5nF
Hnh 5-62
Z a' = m.Z a
(vi m <1)
(5-129)
+Chuyn mt phn ca Za xung nhnh song song sao cho to thnh Z 'b .
+Xc nh Z 'b da vo iu kin cn bng cc tr khng c tnh ca cc khu loi k v loi m:
Z d (TK ) = Z d (TM )
(5-130)
154
4 Z b'
Za
4 Z b mZ a
=
1+
1+
mZ a
2
2
Za
Z b' =
Rt ra
Za/2
(5-131)
Z
1 m2
Za + b
m
4m
(5-132)
Za/2
Za/2 = mZa/2
Za/2 = mZa/2
Z d ( TK ) = Z d ( T M )
Zb
Zb
Hnh 5-63
Khu lc m c xy dng bng cch ny gi l khu lc m ni tip. N cng c kt cu hnh T.
Hnh 5-63 m t qu trnh chuyn ni tip va trnh by trn.
- Chuyn song song: Bao gm cc bc nh sau:
+Chn khu c bn hnh v tnh ton da vo dn np ca nhnh.
+Gi li mt phn trn nhnh song song, sao cho dn np ca n tr thnh:
Yb' = m.Yb
(vi m <1)
(5-133)
Z d ( K ) = Z d ( M )
(5-134)
2
Yb
2
1
1
=
mYb
4Y
4Ya'
1+ a
1+
Yb
mYb
Ya' =
Rt ra
Y
1 m2
Yb + a
m
4m
(5-136)
Ya
Ya
Yb/2 Yb/2
(5-135)
Z d ( K ) = Z d ( M )
Hnh 5-64
155
Yb/2
Yb/2
Zb
Za
Zb
Zb
Za=mZa
Za
Zb
Zb
Zb
Zb
Zb
Hnh 5-65
Zd
'
( M )
= 2Z
'
b
1
'
b
4Z
1+ '
Za
Z
1 m2
Z a + b ).
= 2(
m
4m
1
4Z b'
1+ '
Za
Zd
'
( M )
Z
1 m2
Z a + b ).
= 2(
m
4m
Zd
hay
'
( M )
m
1+
4Z b
Za
1 m2 Za
1 +
4 Z b
4Z b
1+
Za
2Z b
1 m2 Za
= Z d ( K ) 1 +
4
Z
b
(5-137)
Yb
Yb
Yb
Ya
Ya
Ya
Yb
Yb
Ya
Yb
Hnh156
5-66
Yb
Zd
hay
Zd
'
'
(TM )
(TM )
Z a'
4Z '
4Ya'
1
1 + 'b =
1
+
=
2
Za
Yb'
2Ya'
1+
1
Y
1 m
2(
Yb + a )
4m
m
2
Zd
tc l
'
(TM )
4Ya
Yb
= Z d (TK ) .
1
Y
1 m2
Yb + a )
2(
m
4m
1+
=
4Ya
Yb
2Ya
. 1+
4Ya'
Yb'
1
1 m 2 Yb
1+
.
4 Ya
1
1 m 2 Yb
1+
.
4 Ya
(5-138)
Kt qu trn cng ni ln rng, tr khng c tnh ca b lc loi M trong cch chuyn song song
ph thuc h s m.
C th ta xt b lc thng thp, c cc tr khng xut pht t loi K:
Zb =
Za = jLa;
1
jCb
Z = jmLa
'
1 m2
1
Z b = j 4m La + jmC
b
'
a
Z ()
m=1(loi K)
m=0,6
R()
La
Cb
m=0,4
Zd ' ( M ) =
La
.
Cb
1
1
.[1 (1 m 2 ).
2
c2
Hnh 5-67a
c2
Hnh 5-67a l th biu din s ph thuc ca tr khng c tnh mt lc hnh mch lc thng
thp ni tip theo gi tr ca m.
-Theo cch chuyn song song s c b lc loi M,
tng ng:
m=0,4
Z (T)
m=0,6
'
1 m2
1
Y
j
Cb +
=
a
4m
jmLa
Y ' = jmC
b
b
La
Cb
R()
m=1
Hnh 5-67b
157
La
=
. 1 2 .
Cb
c
2
Zd
'
(TM )
1
[1 (1 m 2 ).
2
]
c2
Hnh 5-67b l th biu din s ph thuc ca tr khng c tnh mt lc hnh T mch lc thng
thp song song theo m.
Nh vy, nu chn m=0,6 th s cc khng c tnh ca cc mt lc nu trn s t ph thc vo tn
s nht. i vi mch lc thng cao cng c kt qu tng t.
By gi ta xt ti truyn t c tnh (g) ca mch lc loi M, trong ch yu xt n suy gim
c tnh (a). Khu lc M phc tp hn khu lc K, do trn cc nhnh ni tip v song song ca
mch lc c th xy ra cng hng lm h mch Ya hoc ngn mch Zb. Khi suy gim c
tnh s ln v cng, v vy cc tn s cng hng ny c gi . Chng l nghim ca cc
phng trnh
Ya' =
Y
1 m2
Yb + a = 0
4m
m
hoc
Z
1 m2
Z =
Za + b = 0
4m
m
Hay l
'
b
4Z b
= 1 m2 < 1
Za
(5-139)
R rng cc tn s nm trong di chn (v biu thc trn khng tho mn iu kin di thng)
cc tn s ny ph thuc vo gi tr ca m. Hnh 5-68 minh ho s tn ti ca cc tn s v suy
gim c tnh ca cc mch lc loi M. Ch rng cc thng s c tnh ca mch lc thng di
v chn di loi M u c th suy ra t mch lc thng thp v thng cao cng loi.
aTT
aTC
K
aCD
aTD
c1
c2
Hnh158
5-68
c1 1 0 2 c2
Nhn xt:
Trong khong tn s gia c v , suy gim c tnh tng t 0 n . Do dc ca c
tuyn ph thuc vo b rng ca khong (c, ), m b rng ny li ph thuc vo m, t ta c
th chn dc ca c tuyn mt cch tu theo m. y l mt u im ln ca mch lc M so
vi mch lc K. Tuy nhin khi i su vo di chn th suy gim c tnh li gim kh nh. y l
nhc im ca b lc M so vi b lc loi K.
5.4.5 B lc th ng LC y
a. Nguyn tc thit k chung
Nguyn tc tnh ton mt b lc l phi m bo cc yu cu k thut, sao cho cht lng ca n
cng t ti l tng cng tt. Ni mt cch c th:
Ri
1/2 khu
M,
PHTK
Khu K
m=0,6
Za/Zb/
c
Za / Zb
Zd(,T)
Zd(T,)
Khu M
m
1/2 khu
M,
PHTK
Za/Zb/
m=0,6
Rt
Za / Zb
Zd(T,)
Zd(T,)
Zd(,T)
Hnh 5-69: B lc Lc y
-Suy gim c tnh (a) phi hon ton trit tiu trong di thng v rt ln trong ton b di chn.
-B lc phi c phi hp tr khng tt vi ngun v ti.
Trong thc t, p ng y cc yu cu k thut, thng phi xy dng cc b lc phc tp
gm nhiu khu khc nhau v c cc tnh cht b xung cho nhau. Nhn chung mt b lc nh vy
phi c hai khu khng i xng hai u lm nhim v phi hp tr khng vi ngun v ti, v
mt s khu lc i xng loi M hoc K (hnh T hoc hnh ) ni vi nhau theo kiu dy chuyn
(hnh 5-69). Sau y ta i su vo cc khu trong b lc:
Khu lc M (i xng) c a vo m bo ra khi di thng suy gim c tnh tng rt
nhanh. Do c tnh cng i su vo di chn th suy gim c tnh ca n cng tng, do Khu
lc K (i xng) c a vo trc khu lc M khc phc nhc im v s gim ca suy
gim c tnh khi i su vo di chn ca khu lc M. Nh vy m bo cc khu ny c cng
di thng v s phi hp tr khng th khu M s c thc hin bng cch chuyn t khu K
theo cch chuyn tng ng. H s m do tn s suy gim v cng quyt nh.
159
Z "a
2
Ri
Z a'
2
Za
2
Za
2
}2 Z "b
Z a'
2
Z "a
2
} Z 'b
Zb
2 Z "b {
Rt
E
Z()
Z(T)
Z(T)
Z(T)
Z()
Hnh 5-70a
2Ya
Ya
2Ya
Ya
Ri
Yb/2
Yb/2
Yb/2
Yb/2
Yb/2
Yb/2
Rt
E
Z(T)
Z()
Z()
Z()
Z(T)
Hnh 5-70b
b. Cch tnh ton b lc y
Thng thng cc s liu sau y s c cho trc: Di thng (tn s ct), tr khng c tnh
trong di thng, in tr trong ca ngun v in tr ti, tn s suy gim v cng, cc yu cu v
suy gim c tnh v phi hp tr khng ... u tin vic tnh ton khu K s c thc hin
trc, sau mi chuyn sang tnh ton cc khu M. Sau y l cc cng vic tnh ton cn thit
trn cc loi b lc:
1. B lc thng thp:
La
= Ri = Rt = R
Cb
- Khu lc K:
2
=
c
La C b
2R
L a =
C = 2
b R c
160
-Cc khu lc M:
c
1 m2
m = 1-
2c
2
m = 0,6)
Hnh 5-71 l cu trc ca cc khu (K, M v 1/2M) ca b lc thng thp y trong cc trng
hp chuyn ni tip v chuyn song song.
L'a = mLa
' 1 m2
La
Lb =
4
m
Cb' = mCb
Nu chuyn ni tip:
La/2
La/2
La/2
La/2
La/2
Cb/2
2Lb
Cb
Lb
Cb
Hnh 5- 71a
Cb' = mCb
2
C a' = 1 m Cb
4m
La/2
La
La
2Ca
Ca
Cb/2
Cb/2
Cb/2
Cb/2
Cb/2
Hnh 5-71b
2. B lc thng cao:
Lb
= Ri = Rt = R
Ca
- Khu lc K:
1
=
c 2 LC
b a
-Cc khu lc M:
= c 1 m2
L b = 2
C = 1
a 2 R c
m = 1-
2
2c
161
' Lb
Lb = m
4m
'
Ca
Cb =
1 m2
' Ca
C a = m
Nu chuyn ni tip:
2Ca
2Ca
2Ca
2Ca
2Ca
Cb/2
2Lb
Cb
Lb
Lb
Hnh 5-72a
Lb
'
Lb = m
4m
'
Lb
La =
2
m
1
' Ca
C a = m
Ca
2Lb
La/2
La
Ca
2Lb
2Lb
2Lb
Hnh 5-72b
3. B lc thng di:
- Khu lc K:
02 = c1 . c 2 =
c 2 c1 =
1
1
=
La C a Lb Cb
2
La Cb
La
Lb
=
= Ri = Rt = R
Cb
Ca
Rt ra
-Cc khu lc M:
La =
2R
c 2 c1
Lb =
R( c 2 c1 )
2 c1 c 2
2 1 =
Ca =
2
La Cb
Cb =
1
1 m2
162
c 2 c1
2 R c1 c 2
2
R ( c 2 c1 )
=
c 2 c1
1 m2
2Ca
2Lb
m = 1 (
rt ra
c 2 c1 2
)
2 1
L'a = mLa
C 'a =
Ca
m
L'b1 =
Lb
m
C 'b1 = mCb
L'b 2 =
1 m2
La
4m
C 'b2 =
4m
Ca
1 m2
2Ca La/2
2Ca
2Ca La/2
La/2
2Ca
Lb1
Lb
La/2
Cb1
Cb
Cb2
Lb2
Hnh 5-73a
L'a1 = mLa
L'b =
C 'a1 =
Ca
m
Lb
m
C 'b = mCb
1 m2
Cb
4m
L'a2 =
C a' 2 =
4m
Lb
1 m2
Trong hnh 5-73b minh ho cch chuyn song song khu lc thng di.
Ca
La2
La
Ca2
2Lb
Cb/2
2Lb
Ca1
Cb/2
2Lb
Hnh 5-73b
163
Cb/2
La1
2Lb
Cb/2
4. B lc chn di:
1
1
=
La C a Lb Cb
- Khu lc K: 02 = c1 . c 2 =
c 2 c1 =
1
2 Lb C a
La
Lb
=
= Ri = Rt = R
Cb
Ca
Lb =
Rt ra
La =
R
2( c 2 c1 )
2 R( c 2 c1 )
Ca =
c1 c 2
2 1 =
-Cc khu lc M:
1
2 R( c 2 c1 )
1
1 m 2 = ( c 2 c1 ) 1 m 2
2 Lb C a
m = 1 (
rt ra
2( c 2 c1 )
R c1 c 2
Cb =
2 1 2
)
c 2 c1
C a' =
Ca
m
L'a = mLa
Cb' 1 = mCb
Cb' 2 =
4m
Ca
1 m2
L' b1 =
Lb
m
L' b2 =
1 m2
La
4m
Trong hnh 5-74a minh ho cch chuyn ni tip khu lc chn di.
La/2
La/2
La/2
2Ca
2Ca
2Ca
La/2
2Ca
Cb1
Cb
Lb1
Lb
Cb2
Hnh 5-74a
164
Lb2
C a' 1 =
Ca
m
L'a1 = mLa
Cb' = mCb
L'a 2 =
4m
Lb
1 m2
L' b =
Lb
m
C 'a2 =
1 m2
Cb
4m
Trong hnh 5-74b minh ho cch chuyn song song khu lc chn di.
La1
La
Ca1
Ca
Cb/2
Cb/2
2Lb
2Lb
Cb/2
Cb/2
Ca2 La2
L 2Lb
2Lb
Hnh 5-74b
b0 + b1 p + ... + b m -1 p m-1 + b m p m
,
K ( p) =
a 0 + a1 p + ... + a n -1 p n -1 + p n
(n m)
(5-140)
( p + i ). ( p 2 + bi p + ci )
N ( p)
i
K ( p) =
= k0 . p r . i
= F ( p).K 1 ( p)
D( p)
( p + j ). ( p 2 + b j p + c j )
j
165
(5-141)
F( p) =
P ( p)
=
Q( p)
P( p)
(p + j )
j
Trong Q(p) cha cc nghim thc l im cc thc ca K(p). Cn P(p) cha mt phn cc
nghim ca N(p), v bc ca P(p) nh hn hoc bng bc ca Q(p). Khi F(p) c th c thc
hin bng cc phng php tng hp mch th ng. Nu P(p) ch cha cc im khng thc th
c th thc hin bng mch hnh ci thang.
-Cn li K1(p) l t hp cc hm truyn bc hai v s c thc hin bng cc khu bc hai (cha
cc phn t tch cc) vi u im c in tr ra rt nh.
b. Khu lc tch cc RC bc 2:
Khu lc bc hai c mt ngha c bit quan trng v l khu c bn tng hp cc hm
bc cao bt k. Tng qut, khu lc bc hai tng ng vi hm truyn in p:
b0 + b1 p + b 2 p 2
K u ( p) =
a 0 + a1 p + p 2
I1b
I2a
U1
(5-142)
Mch phn
hi
(b)
M4C
(a)
U2
Hm mch ny hon ton c th thc hin c bng mch KTT vi cc vng phn hi v mch
RC. Mch phn hi ca KTT c th
l mt
vng
hoclc
nhiu
vng.
Hnh
5-75:
Khu
c mt
vng
hikhu tch cc RC c mt vng phn hi
-Khu dng phn hi mt vng: Hnh 5-75
m phn
t mt
m dng KTT; (a) l mch th ng RC; (b) l mch phn hi.
Vit li hm truyn di dng:
K u ( p) = k
N ( p)
D( p)
(5-143)
Trong h s ca s hng bc cao nht N(p) v D(p) bng 1; D(p) l a thc Hurwitz c cc
nghim na mt phng tri; N(p) khng c nghim trn trc dng c th thc hin mch
in c dy t chung. d dng thc hin hm mch bng khu mch bc hai, ngi ta thng
chn mt a thc ph P(p) c cc nghim thc, khng dng v bc i (tng qut, i = max bc N,
bc D) -1; C th chn bc i cao hn, nhng khi s linh kin s tng ln), sao cho:
N ( p)
k1
N ( p)
P( p)
K u ( p) = k
=
(1)
D( p)
D( p)
k2
P( p)
166
(do C l im t o, UC =0 )
K u (p ) =
U2
y
= 21a
U1
y 21b
(2)
y 21a = k 1 .
N ( p)
;
P( p )
y 21b = k 2
k1
= k
k2
D( p)
;
P( p )
(5-144)
Y4
Y5
_
U1
Y3
Y1
Y2
U2
Th d 5-14:
C
+E
-
U1
-E
U2
B
167
Hnh 5-77a
T ( p) =
U 2 ( p)
RCp
= 2 2 2
U 1 ( p)
R C p + 2 RCp + 2
T ( j )
+ Trong min :
T ( j ) =
1/2
jRC
2 R C 2 + 2 jRC
2
Hnh 5-77b
Gi tr bin :
T ( j ) =
RC
(2 2 R 2 C 2 ) 2 + 4 2 R 2 C 2
, ti 0 =
1
2
th T ( j ) max = .
RC
2
Cc thng s c tnh ( cc thng s sng) cng hon ton c trng cho M4C ch
PHTK ti cc ca ca M4C.
Khi phn tch , ngi ta thng trin khai cc M4C thnh cc s tng ng. Mng
tng h th ng thng dng s tng ng hnh T, hnh (hoc hnh cu vi M4C
i xng). Mng khng tng h tch cc th vic trin khai thnh cc s tng ng kh
a dng, ty thuc vo iu kin lm vic v di tn cng tc cng vi cc khuyn co ca
nh sn xut.
CU HI V BI TP CHNG V
5.1 Mng bn cc c cha diode l loi M4C:
a. Th ng.
c. Khng tng h
168
c. Khng tng h
b. Tng h.
c. Khng tng h
b. Tng h.
c. z12= z21
b. a=-1
d. C 3 phng n trn u ng
5.5 Cng thc no di y ng vi M4C c ghp t n M4C n gin theo cch ghp ni
tip- song song?
a.
Y
=
b.
c.
= Yk
k =1
H = H
=
k =1
Z = Z
d.
k =1
A=A
=
k =1
5.6 Cng thc no di y ng vi M4C c ghp t n M4C n gin theo cch ghp ni
tip-ni tip
a.
b.
c.
Y = Y
k =1
H = H
=
k =1
Z = Z
d.
k =1
A=A
=
k =1
5.7 Mng bn cc tuyn tnh, tng h, th ng c th khai trin thnh s tng ng:
a. Hnh T
c. Hnh cu
b. Hnh
d. C ba phng n u sai
5.8 Mng bn cc tuyn tnh, tng h, th ng v i xng c th khai trin thnh s tng
ng:
a. Hnh T
c. Hnh cu
b. Hnh
d. C ba phng n u ng
a.
Z I = Z11 Z12
Z II = Z11 + Z12
1
( Z I + Z II )
2
b.
1
Z12 = ( Z II Z I )
2
Z11 =
169
b.
Z10 = Z v 2 ngm Z v 2 hm
c.
Z 20 = Z v1ngm Z v1hm
Z10 = Z v1ngm Z v1hm
d.
Z 20 = Z v 2 ngm Z v 2 hm
Z10 = Z v1ngm Z v 2 hm
Z 20 = Z v 2 ngm Z v1hm
Z10 = Z v1ngm Z v 2 ngm
Z 20 = Z v1hm Z v 2 hm
5.11 Tr khng sng ca mng bn cc i xng c th c tnh theo mch tng ng cu:
a. Z 0 = Z10 = Z 20 = Z I / Z II
c. Z 0 = Z10 = Z 20 = Z I Z II
b. Z 0 = Z10 = Z 20 = Z I + Z II
d. Z 0 = Z10 = Z 20 = Z I Z II
c. Gi nguyn.
b. Tng
d. Gn bng in p li vo.
c. Thng di.
b. Thng cao.
d. Chn di.
I1
R1
U1
R2
Hnh 5-78
170
I2
U2
R1
U1
R2
L1
U2
L2
Hnh 5-79
Z1
U1
R
Z2
U1
U2
2R
U2
Hnh 5-81
Hnh 5-80
T ( j ) =
U 2 ( j )
khi u ra M4C c Zt=2R.
U 1 ( j )
2R
U1
U 2 ( j )
khi u ra
U 1 ( j )
U2
Hnh 5-82
M4C c Zt=2R.
c. Nhn xt tnh cht ca mch (i vi tn s).
R
5.21 Cho bn cc nh hnh 5-83:
U1
B
171
2R
Hnh 5-83
U2
B
T ( j ) =
U 2 ( j )
khi u ra M4C c Zt=2R.
U 1 ( j )
5.22 Thit k mch lc thng di loi k bit tr khng c tnh ti tn s trung tm bng 10k,
di thng ca mch nm trong khong (10 - 12)kHz.
172
Hng dn tr li
HNG DN TR LI
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM V NGUYN L C BN
1.1 M hnh ton hc ca mch in trong min thi gian c th c trng bi:
b. Mt h phng trnh vi phn hoc sai phn.
1.2 Hiu qu khi chuyn mt mch in analog t min thi gian sang min tn s l:
d. s thay th h phng trnh vi phn bng mt h phng trnh i s.
1.3 Tr khng ca phn t thun dung l :
b) Z C =
1
= jX C
jC
1
j L
= jBL
172
Hng dn tr li
1.17 Tr khng ca mch RLC song song ti tn s cng hng l
b. Cc i v thun tr.
1.18 Mch in hnh 1.51 c (nhiu nht):
d. 3 nt, 5 nhnh
1.19 Tr khng tng ng ca mch: Z td = 3 3 j
G
1 j15o
-Bin phc dng in trong mch: I m =
.e
2
G
o
-in p trn Z1: U 1m = e j 30
G
o
-in p trn Z2: U 2 m = 2e j 30
1.5
1.20 a.
u1 (t ) = 6 2 sin(t 30 o )
2
1s
1s
1s
1s
i1 (t ) = 3 sin(t + 15 o )
i2 (t ) =
3
2 sin(t + 60 o )
2
i3 (t ) =
3
2 sin(t 30 o )
2
Hnh 6-1
r =1
XL=5
1.21 a.
r =3
u1 (t ) = 6 2 sin(t + 60 )
o
XC=3
r =6
XC=6
Hnh 6-2
0,5s
1.22 a.
0.5s
u (t ) = 2 2 sin(t 30 )
o
i (t ) =
1,5
0,5s
4
sin(t + 15 o )
3
Hnh 6-3
173
0,5
Hng dn tr li
i1 (t ) =
2
2 sin(t 30 o )
3
i2 (t ) =
2
2 sin(t + 60 o )
3
IV 1 ( R1 + R3 ) IV 2 R3 = E1
IV 1 R3 + IV 2 ( R2 + R3 ) = E2
2.12
174
Hng dn tr li
a. H phng trnh:
-Xt vng 1:
IV1(R1+ZL1+ZC)
-Xt vng 2:
-IV1ZC
- IV2.ZC
= E1.
+ IV2(R2+ZL2+ZC) =-E2.
I R1 = IV 1 = 4 A
I R2 = IV 2 = 3 A
I R3 = IV 1 IV 2 = 1A
2.14 Cc biu thc dng in vng:
IV 1 ( R1 + jX L1 jX C ) + IV 2 ( jX C jX M ) = E1
IV 1 ( jX C jX M ) + IV 2 ( R2 + jX L 2 jX C ) = E2
2.15 Cc phng trnh vng:
1
1
= E1
IV 1 R1 + j L1 +
+ IV 2
jC
jC
1
1
+ IV 2 R2 + j L2 +
IV 1
= E2
jC
jC
-PTrnh in p nt:
UA(G1+G2+G3) = Ing1-Ing2
-Thay s tnh c:
UA = -1V.
-Vy ta c:
I1=0,2A.
I2=0,25A.
I3=0,05A.
2.17 Cc phng trnh nt:
1
1
1
+
+
R1 jX L jX C
E
1
UB = 1
U A
R1
jX C
1
E2
1
1
1
UA + + +
U B =
R2
jX C
R2 R3 jX C
175
Hng dn tr li
2.18: Cc phng trnh nt:
1
1
UA +
= I ng 1
UB
R2 + j L2
R1 R2 + j L2
1
Eng 4
1
1
U A
+UB +
+ jC =
R2 + j L2
R4 R2 + j L2
R4
2.19 Et v Rt ca ngun tng ng:
Et= 5V; Rt = 5 Ohm.
2.20: Tr khng tng ng ca mch Thevenine:
Rt= R1// R2 // R3
2.21 Tnh dng in IR4 theo phng php ngun tng ng:
Nu tnh theo thevenine khi :
36
U hmAB = 7 V
12
Z
=
tdAB
7
Vy theo s tng ng Thevenine ta c:
I R4 =
U hmAB
=
Z tdAB + R4
36
18
=
A
12
13
7( + 2)
7
Hng dn tr li
d. tin n v hn khi t.
3.4. Lut ng ngt ca cc phn t qun tnh c pht biu :
b. Trong cun dy khng c t bin dng in, trong t in khng c t bin in p,
k c ti thi im ng ngt mch.
3.5. Hm gc UC(t) nu bit nh ca n:
b. U C (t ) =
1 1 3t
+ e
6 2
1
E ( p)
+ pC ).U C ( p) =
+ C.U C (0)
R1
R1
Kt qu tm c:
U C ( p) =
90 p + 5.10 6 100
10
=
4
p
p ( p + 5.10 )
p + 5.10 4
3.8 Xc nh uC(t) ?
-iu kin u:
UC(0) =60V.
-ng kho K. S dng cc phng hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:
U C ( p) =
60 p + 5.10 4
10 4
p( p +
)
6
U C (t ) = 30 + 30e
10 4
t
6
3.9 Xc nh uC(t):
-iu kin u:
UC(0) =100V.
-ng kho K. S dng cc phng hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:
177
Hng dn tr li
U C ( p) =
90
+
p
10
10 6
p+
18
U C (t ) = 90 + 10e
10 6
t
18
3.10 Xc nh uC(t):
-iu kin u:
UC(0) =3V.
-Ngt kho K. S dng cc phng hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:
U C ( p) =
3
10 4
p+
15
U C (t ) = 6 3e
10 4
t
15
3.11 Xc nh uC(t):
-iu kin u:
UC(0) =5V.
-Ngt kho K. S dng cc phng hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:
U C ( p) =
10
5
10 7
p+
5
U C (t ) = 10 5e
10 7
t
5
3.12 Xc nh iL(t):
-iu kin u:
IL(0) =0,5A.
-Ngt kho K. S dng cc phng hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:
I L ( p) =
2/3
1/ 6
p
p + 10 4
I L (t ) =
2 1 104 t
e
3 6
3.13 Xc nh iL(t):
178
Hng dn tr li
-iu kin u:
IL(0) =0,5A.
-Ngt kho K. Lp phng trnh cho mch. Kt qu tm c:
0,5
p + 10 4
I L ( p) =
I L (t ) =
1 104 t
e
2
3.14 Xc nh iL(t):
-iu kin u:
IL(0) =1A.
-Ngt kho K. S dng cc phng hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:
I L ( p) =
3/ 4
1/ 4
+
p
p + 10 4
I L (t ) =
3 1 104 t
+ e
4 4
3.15 Xc nh iL(t):
-iu kin u:
IL(0) =3A.
-Ngt kho K. S dng cc phng php hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:
I L ( p) =
1
2
+
p p + 10 4
I L (t ) = 1 + 2e 10
3.16 Xc nh uC(t):
-iu kin u:
UC(0) =20V.
-ng kho K. S dng phng php in p nt hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm
c:
U C ( p) =
20 p + 15.10 5 15
5
= +
5
p p + 10 5
p ( p + 10 )
179
Hng dn tr li
U C (t ) = 15 + 5e 10
U ( p ) = H ( p ). X ( p ) =
1/ C
. 2 0 2
1 p + 0
p+
CR
u (t ) =
1
C ( 02 +
1
R C2
2
1
RC
sin 0 t
0 cos 0 t +
0 e
RC
3.18
a. Xc nh dng in i(t) sinh ra trong mch v in p UC(t).
- Trong khong 0 t < x ; ( x = 0.8ms) : S dng phng php ton t, cc iu kin u ca
mch bng 0:
3
U C ( x ) 10[Vol ]
i ( x ) 0
- Trong khong x t < T ; (T = 2ms) : C th vn dng nguyn l xp chng, hoc s dng
phng php kinh in:
U C (t ) 10e 5.10
( t x )
i (t ) 0.02e 5.10
cos10 6 (t x )
( t x )
sin 10 6 (t x )
Ti thi im T=2[ms]:
U C (T ) 0
i (T ) 0
Kt lun: Bt u t chu k th 2 ca dy xung tc ng, phn ng qu ca mch lp li mt
cch tun hon. nh tnh th ca i(t) v UC(t) c dng nh hnh 6-4:
UC(t)[Vol]
10
t(ms)
Hnh 6-4a
180
Hng dn tr li
i(t)[mA]
20
t(ms)
-20
Hnh 6-4b
( x = 2ms) :
3
i L (t ) 0.5(1 e 10 t ) sin 10 6 t
3
U C (t ) 50(1 e 10 t ) cos10 6 t
Ti thi im x=2[ms]:
U C ( x ) 50[Vol ]
iL ( x ) 0
- Trong khong x t < T
i L (t ) 0.5e 10
(T = 6ms) :
3
U C (t ) 50e 10
( t x )
sin 10 6 (t x )
( t x )
cos10 6 (t x )
Ti thi im T=6[ms]:
U C (T ) 0
i (T ) 0
Kt lun: Bt u t chu k th 2 ca dy xung tc ng, phn ng qu ca mch lp li nh
chu k trc . nh tnh th ca i(t) v UC(t) c dng nh hnh 6-5:
iL(t)[mA]
UC(t)[Vol]
500
50
t(ms)
-500
-50
Hnh 6-5
181
t(ms)
Hng dn tr li
b. Mch b lch cng hng:
+Trong giai on 0 t < x , biu thc in p trong mch c dng:
U C (t )
5.10 4
2 + 2
[cos(10 6 t arctg
) e 10 t cos( r t acrtg
)]
H ( p) =
1+
, trong h = 10 3
H ( p) = k.
1
1+
, trong h = 10 3 v k =10.
182
Hng dn tr li
1
p
H ( p) =
1 + 2
, vi i = 10 4 v 0<<1
i2
4.12 v nh tnh trc tip (khng dng h trc ta logarit) c tuyn hm truyn t:
+ Thnh phn bin : T ( j ) =
U 2 ( j )
=
U 1 ( j )
R2
( R1 + R2 ) + ( R1 R2 C ) 2
2
R1 R2 C
R1 + R2
U2-U1
/T(j)/
R2/(R1+R2)
-/2
Hnh 6-6
H ( p) = k.
1
1+
, trong h =
2R
v k =0,5.
L
a()[dB]
b()[rad]
[D]
[D]
0
-/4
-20dB/D
-/2
Hnh 6-7
H ( p) = k.
1+
, trong h =
R
L
v k =
2L
R
a()[dB]
b()[rad]
[D]
/2
/4
0
20dB/D
Hnh 6-7
183
[D]
Hng dn tr li
Nhn xt: Mch lc thng cao. Vng tn s cao tn hiu vo v ra ng pha, vng tn s thp
tn hiu ra nhanh pha so vi tn hiu vo mt gc /2.
H
=
= Hk
k =1
5.6 Vi M4C c ghp t n M4C n gin theo cch ghp ni tip-ni tip:
c.
Z = Z
=
k =1
5.7 Mng bn cc tuyn tnh, tng h, th ng c th khai trin thnh s tng ng:
a. Hnh T
5.8 Mng bn cc tuyn tnh, tng h, th ng v i xng c th khai trin theo:
d. C ba phng n.
5.9 Vi mng bn cc i xng v s tng ng hnh cu:
c. C hai phng n trn u ng
5.10 Cc tr khng sng ca M4C c th c tnh theo cng thc:
b.
5.11 Tr khng sng ca mng bn cc i xng c th c tnh theo mch tng ng cu:
c. Z 0 = Z10 = Z 20 = Z I Z II
5.12 Khi :
d. tt c u ng.
5.13 Khi tn s tn hiu vo mch lc thng thp tng, in p li ra s:
a. Gim
184
Hng dn tr li
5.14 lc ly di tn Audio (t 0 kHz n 20 kHz) v loi b cc tn s khc, phi s dng loi
mch lc:
a. Thng thp.
5.15 V mt kt cu, mch in c hi tip ni tip dng in ph hp vi kiu ghp:
b. ghp ni tip-ni tip
5.16 Thng s hn hp Hij ca mng bn cc
R1 1
H ij =
1 1
R2
Z ng = Z1 ( Z1 + Z 2 )
Z t = Z1 Z 22 /( Z1 + Z 2 )
5.19
a. Ma trn thng s:
[Y ] = R
1
pC +
2R
1
R
b. Hm truyn t in p:
1
T ( j ) =
2 + jRC
U2-U1
/T(j)/
1/2
-/2
Hnh 6-8
185
Hng dn tr li
5.20
a. Ma trn thng s:
1 + ( R + pL). 2 R
[ A] =
1
2R
b.
T ( j ) =
( R + pL)
R
2 R + jL
U2-U1
/T(j)/
1/2
-/2
Hnh 6-9
c. Nhn xt: Mch lc thng thp. Vng tn s thp tn hiu vo v ra ng pha, vng tn s cao
tn hiu ra chm pha so vi tn hiu vo mt gc /2.
5.21
a. Ma trn thng s:
[Y ] = R1
R
b.
T ( j ) =
1
3
+
pL 2 R
1
R
j L
R + j 2L
U2-U1
/T(j)/
/2
1/2
0
Hnh 6-10
c. Nhn xt: Mch lc thng cao. Vng tn s cao tn hiu vo v ra ng pha, vng tn s thp
tn hiu ra nhanh pha so vi tn hiu vo mt gc /2.
186
Hng dn tr li
5.22
Ta c
2
= c 2 c1 = 2 (12 10).10 3
LaCb
L
Lb
a
=
= Z d ( 0 ) = 10.10 3
Ca
Cb
1
1
=
= 20 = c1 c 2 = 4 2 .10.12.10 6
L a C a L b C b
C b
L a
Rt ra
C
a
L
b
2
( c 2 c1 ). Z d ( 0 )
1
= 16nF
.2.10 7
2. Z d ( 0 )
2.10 4
=
=
= 1, 6H
c 2 c1 2.2.10 3
1
=
= 0,13nF
L a . c1 . c 2
=
1
C b c1 c 2
La/2
0,8H
2Ca
0,26nF
2Lb
26,4mH
2Ca
0,26nF
Lb
Cb
13,2mH
16nF
Ca
La
0,13nF
1,6H
Cb/2
8nF
2Lb
26,4mH
= 13, 2mH
Hnh 6-11
20 = c1 . c 2 =
c 2 c1 =
La
=
Cb
Rt ra
1
1
=
LaCa L bC b
2
LaCb
Lb
= Z d ( 0 ) = R
Ca
La =
2R
= 96mH
c 2 c1
Ca =
c 2 c1
= 2 nF
2 R c1 c 2
Lb =
R ( c 2 c1 )
= 0,79mH
2 c 1 c 2
Cb =
2
= 0,26F
R ( c 2 c1 )
m = 1 (
f c 2 f c1 2
12 10 2
) = 1 (
) = 0, 76
12,8 9,5
f 2 f 1
L'a = mL a = 73mH
C 'a =
187
Ca
= 2, 6nF
m
La/2
0,8H
Cb/2
8nF
Hng dn tr li
L' b1 =
Lb
= 1mH
m
L' b 2 =
1 m2
L a = 13,3mH
4m
C 'b1 = mC b = 0,2F
C 'b2 =
4m
C a = 14 nF
1 m2
Hnh 6-12 minh ha mt lc thng di loi M theo cch chuyn ni tip t khu lc thng di loi
K.
2Ca
La/2
2Ca
La/2
2Ca
La/2
Lb1
Lb
Cb
2Ca
Cb1
Cb2
Lb2
Hnh 6-12
188
La/2
Ph lc
PH LC 1
MCH IN I NGU
-Cc yu t i ngu:
Hai phn t Za v Zb c gi l i ngu nu:
Za.Zb = k2
(vi k l mt hng s)
(7-1)
L C
r g
E ng I ng
ZY
ui
Vng
r
(2)
(1)
(3)
eng
(1)
(4)
C
ing
(a)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(b)
di 1
+
idt
dt C
du 1
= g. u + C
+
udt
dt L
e ng = r. i + L
(a)
I ng
(b)
R rng phng trnh (b) l phng trnh i ngu ca (a) v ngc li.
189
Ph lc
-Nhn xt: Bng s thay th cc yu t i ngu, ta c th chuyn i t h phng trnh dng
in vng sang h phng trnh in p nt, t mch mc ni tip sang mch mc song song. Tnh
cht ny cho php suy ra kt qu phn tch ca mt mch t mch i ngu ca n.
PH LC 2
CC THNG S CA MCH DAO NG N CH XC LP IU HA
a. Vi mch dao ng n ni tip:
Khi mch chuyn sang ch xc lp, ta hy xt cc thng s v quan h trong mch di
dng phc (bn c th xem li th d nu trong chng I v chng III):
+ Tr khng ca mch:
1
X
Z = r + j( o L
) = r (1 + j ) = r (1 + j )
C
r
o
X = o L C
o
= X
trong
X=0 khi o L =
o =
oC
(7-2)
1
LC
= ch
Z = r 1 + 2
arg Z = arctg
+ in tr c tnh: = X Lch = X Cch =
+ Dn np ca mch: Y = G + jB =
(7-3)
L
C
(7-4)
1
1
=
Z r (1 + j )
1
Y
1
1
1 + j
Y = Z =
Y
ch
r 1+ 2
(7-5)
Y
1
=
Ych
1+ 2
arg(
) = arctg
Y
ch
(7-6)
Y
Ych
1
-argY
ng cng hng vn nng
0,7
-1
190
Ph lc
1
1 + 2d
Y
1
, ngha l:
Ych
2
d = 1
(7-7)
+ lch cng hng tng i (): Ngoi khi nim lch cng hng tuyt i () v
lch cng hng tng qut (), ta cn c lch cng hng tng i:
o ch 2.
ch o
ch
(7-8)
+ Phm cht ca mch (Q): l t s gia cng sut phn khng lun chuyn gia L v C vi cng
sut tiu hao trn mch ti tn s cng hng:
Q=
X c ( ch ) X L ( ch )
Px
L 1 L
1
=
=
=
= ch = .
PT
r
r
ch Cr
r
r C
(7-9)
Ta c th suy ra cc mi quan h:
2
ch
(7-10)
r ch
=
L
Q
(7-11)
= Q Q.
2 d =
T (7-11) ta thy khi phm cht ca mch cng cao th di thng cng gim, ngha l chn lc
tn s tng ln.
+ Dng in trong mch:
G
G
G
G E
E
E
I= =
=
. e jarctg
j.arg Z
2
Z Z .e
r 1+
(7-12)
+ in p trn r:
G
G
U r = I. r =
G
E
1+
. e jarctg
(7-13)
+ in p trn C:
G
G
Uc = I
j ( arctg + )
1
1
E
2
=
.
.e
j o C r 1 + 2 o C
191
nhn c t v mu vi ch
Ph lc
G
Uc =
G
Q. E
1+ 2
ch j( arctg + 2 )
.e
o
(7-14)
+ in p trn L:
G
G
G
G
j ( arctg )
E o L
o j( arctg 2 )
Q
.
E
2
U L = I . j o L =
.e
=
.
.e
r 1+ 2
1 + 2 ch
-Ch : ti o=ch, th lch cng hng tng qut =0, khi :
G
G E
I=
dng in trong mch t gi tr max v cng pha vi E.
r
G
G
U r = E in p trn r bng E (c v bin v pha).
G
G j
G
U c = QE. e 2 = jQE
G
G j
G
U L = QE. e 2 = jQE
(7-15)
(7-16)
(7-17)
(7-18)
(7-19)
(7-20)
LC
1
B
) = g(1 + j ) = g (1 + j )
g
oL
B = oC
(7-22)
oL
B
2
= Q = Q
g
ch
1
1
Z = r + jX = Y = g (1 + j )
+ Tr khng:
1
1
Z =
&
=
Y
g 1+ 2
+ Phng trnh ng cng hng vn nng:
192
(7-21)
(7-23)
(7-24)
Ph lc
Z
1
=
Z ch
1+ 2
arg(
) = arctg
Z ch
+ in dn c tnh:
(7-25)
C
1
1
= ch C =
=
L
ch L
(v i Zch = r )
(7-26)
o ch 2
ch o
ch
(7-27)
r
= r ch C =
=r
L
g
ch L
Q=
(7-28)
g ch
2 d = =
C
Q
= 1
d
+ Di thng:
+ in p trn mch:
(7-29)
G
G
Ing . r jarctg
G Ing
u=
=
e
2
Y
1+
G
G
Ig = ug =
G
Ing
1+
(7-30)
e jarctg
(7-31)
+ Dng in trn C:
G
G
QIng o j( arctg )
2
Ic =
e
2
1+
ch
(7-32)
+ Dng in trn L:
G
G
QIng ch j( arctg + 2 )
IL =
e
1+ 2 o
(7-33)
+ Ti o=ch:
G
G Ing
U=
g
G
G
Ig = Ing ;
G
G
IL = jQ Ing ;
G
G
Ic = jQIng
(7-34)
(7-35)
rL
B
rc
B
193
Rt
B
Ct
B
Lt
B
Ph lc
i vi mch 7-3b:
Yb =
1
1
+ j( o C td
)
R td
o L td
i vi mch 7-3a:
Ya =
1
+
rL + j o L
rL << o L
vi iu kin
1
rc << C
o
Ya
(1)
1
rc +
1
j o C
ta s c:
rL + rc
L
rC
1
1
+ j( o
)=
+ j( o C
)
L
L
L
L
oL
oC
C
C
C
(2)
Hai mch trn tng ng nhau khi YaYb, t (1) v (2) ta suy ra:
L = L
td
( trong
C td = C
2
R td = L = = Q = Q 2 r
rC
r
r = rL + rc )
(7-36)
Q=
1
1
1
=
=
= 44 ,25
6
ch . C. r 2fch C. r 2.310
. .6010
. 12 .20
Q.2 f 44 ,25.2.610
. 3
=
= 0,177
310
fch
. 6
194
Ph lc
Im =
r. 1 + 2
1
20 1 + ( 0,177 ) 2
= 49 mA
X = . r = 0,177.20 = 3,54
-Bin in p ra trn t:
UC =
Q. E
1 + 2
44 ,25
ch
=
= 43V
0
1 + ( 0,177 ) 2
Dng in trong mch chm pha so vi sc in ng nn mch mang tnh cht in cm (in
khng X=3,54 > 0).
195
Ph lc
PH LC 3
VN TNG HP MCH TUYN TNH
Lu hnh 7-4 m t cc bc tng qut trong ton b qu trnh thit k mch.
Bt u t cc
ch tiu cho
trc
thit k bao gi
cha ?
Ti liu c sn
N
a ra mt m hnh trn c s tng
hp mch hoc trn c s kinh
nghim thit k
Phn tch
tho mn cc ch
tiu cha ?
Cu trc c th
tho mn cc ch
tiu cha ?
Lp rp mch
o c
tho mn cc ch
tiu cha ?
196
Dng
Ph lc
Nh vy, phn tch v tng hp mch l hai qu trnh khng th tch ri trong thit k mch in
t.
a. Tnh cht ca bi ton tng hp mch
- Khc vi kt qu duy nht ca bi ton phn tch mch, i vi bi ton tng hp mch c th
tm ra nhiu s tho mn yu cu t ra.
- Cc qu trnh truyn t trong mch tuyn tnh thng b ph thuc vo tnh cht tn s ca
mch, do bi ton tng hp thng quy v vic tm cc thng s ca mch theo c tuyn tn
s cho.
- Bi ton tng hp mch thng tun t gii quyt ba vn , bao gm:
1. Vn xp x: cn phi tm hm mch gn ng F(p) va tha mn cc ch tiu cho trc,
va tha mn cc iu kin l hm cho php. Hm cho php l hm mch tha mn mt s
iu kin cn v c th thc hin c vi cc phn t mch yu cu.
2. Vn thc hin mch theo hm mch cho php: l cng vic thit lp s mch in
theo hm F(p) v xc nh gi tr ca cc phn t.
3. Vn chn s ti u: Vic chn mch thng da trn cc quan im ti u v cng
ngh, s dng, nhy v dung sai.
Trong cc vn nu trn, vn thc hin mch theo hm mch cho php ch l s thc hin
mt cch my mc theo cc phng php bit trc, cn xp x l vn kh khn hn c. Do
cc c tuyn ca tr khng, dn np hoc cc hm truyn t c cho di dng graph, th...
cn hm cho php c vit di dng phn thc hu t, nn bi ton xp x s tm ra c cc
hm cho php gn ng vi cc tiu chun cho trc thc hin c di dng mch mt ca
hoc hai ca.
- im cc v im khng c trng cho hm mch: Ta bit cc phng php biu din cc
hm c trng ca mch in, bao gm f(t) trong min thi gian vi cng c chnh l phng
trnh vi phn, F() trong min tn s vi cng c ch yu l cp bin i Fourier, v F(p) Trong
min tn s phc s dng cng c l cp bin i Laplace. Trong vic biu din min tn s
phc p l d dng nht cho cc qu trnh tnh ton v thit k mch in, hn na t min tn s
phc ny ta hon ton c th chuyn mt cch n gin sang cc min khc bng bin i Laplace
ngc hay bng s thay th p=j. Do ngui ta thng chn cch c trng cho mch in
bng hm mch F(p). Hm ny c th l tr khng hoc dn np nu l mch hai cc, c th l
hm truyn t gia i lng u ra v i lng u vo nu l mch bn cc. Mt cch tng
qut F(p) l mt phn thc hu t v c th biu din di nhiu dng khc nhau theo cc im
cc v im khng:
n
F ( p) =
a r pr
r =0
m
b
q =0
=K
(p p i )
i =1
1 m
(p p )
j
j =1
= K2
(1 p
i =1
m
p
(1 )
pj
j =1
(7-37)
Ph lc
198
Ph lc
hin bn cc LC v RC. Nhn chung mi mt phng php tng hp c mt u th nht nh, tu
theo tnh cht ca hm mch m p dng sao cho ph hp nht.
d. Vn chn s ti u: Sau khi thc hin c cc kiu s tng ng nhau tho mn
hm mch, cn phi xem xt cc yu t ca n, cng thm cc iu kin ph (nh iu kin sn
xut, tiu chun kinh t) la chn ly phng n ti u a vo sn xut. Cng cn ch rng
trong tng hp mch, s lng phn t trong mch cng l mt yu t quan trng nh gi kt
qu, do ti u mch vi s phn t t nht l mt trong nhng vn cn nghin cu trong
tng hp v thit k mch.
e. Tng hp mch tch cc
Cc bc chnh ca qu trnh tng hp mch tch cc v c bn cng ging nh tng hp bn cc
th ng. Ngoi ba vn nu, trong trng hp mch tch cc do thng dng cc phn t
tch cc, v vy cn phi iu chnh mt chiu mch va tng hp. Lu hnh 7-5 m t cc
bc tng qut tng hp mch tuyn tnh, y l mt trong cc cng on ch yu trong ton b
qu trnh thit k mch.
Ta c th thc hin c hm mch
c dng phn thc hu t bng mch
in gm cc phn t: in dung, in
tr, ngun iu khin, NIC, mch
khuch i thut ton... Thng thng
ngi ta ly mt hoc nhiu phn t
tch cc v mc chng vi cc mch n
ca th ng, sau t K(p) xc nh
gi tr cc phn t tch cc v cc hm
cho php ca cc mch n ca th
ng v thc hin c th cc hm ny.
di tn thp, vic tng hp mch
tch cc RC dng b KTT l s la
chn ti u. Vi cc hm mch bc
cao, ngi ta thng s dng cc
phng php tch a thc v mc ni
dy chuyn cc khu bc hai v bc
mt.
i vi mch tch cc cng cn phi
ch n m hnh ca n trong cc
iu kin lm vic khc nhau. Thng
thng cc phn t tch cc l tng
thng ch c thc hin thch hp
vi m hnh ca n trong mt di tn
s nht nh cng vi mt s phn t
th ng h tr.
Cc ch tiu
cho trc
Cc hm cho
php
Xp x
K(p)
Thc hin
mch
Cc s tng ng chn ti u
iu chnh mt chiu
S mch
in
199
Ph lc
200
L THUYT MCH
M s: 411LTM240
Chu trch nhim bn tho
TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1
(Ti liu ny c ban hnh theo Quyt nh s: 816/Q-TTT1 ngy
25/10/2006 ca Gim c Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng)