Roselle (plant)

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdaria) is a species of Hibiscus native to West Africa,[1] used for the production of bast bre and as an infusion, in which it may be known as carcade. It is an annual or perennial herb or woody-based
subshrub, growing to 22.5 m (78 ft) tall. The leaves
are deeply three- to ve-lobed, 815 cm (36 in) long,
arranged alternately on the stems.

in Assam, mesta tenga among Rabha tribe, hanserong

among Karbi tribals in Assam, Chukor in Bengali,
Sougri in Manipur,
Gongura in Telugu, also
called as
Andhra Matha or Andhra Sakhambari Varapradasadam in Telugu, " " in
Tamil,
in Kannada, Ambadi in Marathi, LalChatni
or Kutrum in Mithila Mathipuli in Kerala,
chin baung in Burma, krajiab,[2]
krajiab daeng, or krajiab priaw[3] in
Thailand, sobolo in Ghana,
som phor dee in Lao
PDR,[4]
/slk cu/,
/sndan th/
or
/mcu bara/ in Cambodia,[5] bissap in
Senegal, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin and
Niger, Runion, the Congo and France, dah or dah bleni
in other parts of Mali, wonjo in the Gambia, zobo in western Nigeria (the Yorubas in Nigeria call the white variety
Isapa (pronounced Ishapa)), Zoborodo in northern Nigeria, karkanji[6] in Chad, folr [7] in Cameroon, ChayeTorosh in Iran, karkade (
; Arabic pronunciation:
[karkade]) in Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan,
omutete in Namibia, sorrel in the Caribbean and in Latin
America, Sjuru (or Sjoeroe) in Suriname, Flor de Jamaica
in Mexico, Saril in Panama, grosella in Paraguay and
vinagreira, caruru-azedo or quiabo-roxo in Brazil, Rosela
in Indonesia, asam belanda[8] in Malaysia. In Mandarin
Chinese it is
(mi gu qi). In Zambia the plant is
called lumanda in ciBemba, Sindambi in Silozi, katolo in
kiKaonde, or wusi in chiLunda. In Garo Hills, Meghalaya
it is known 'galda'. In the Philippines, Rizal province, it
is known as Guragod, in Panay- and mainly Ilonggospeaking parts of Mindanao, as Labug or Labog. It is
"
" (Chin-pown) in Myanmar.

The owers are 810 cm (34 in) in diameter, white to

pale yellow with a dark red spot at the base of each petal,
and have a stout eshy calyx at the base, 12 cm (0.39
0.79 in) wide, enlarging to 33.5 cm (1.21.4 in), eshy
and bright red as the fruit matures. They take about six
months to mature.

Names

Roselle capsule.

2 Uses
The plant is primarily cultivated for the production of bast
bre from the stem. The bre may be used as a substitute for jute in making burlap.[9] Hibiscus, specically
roselle, has been used in folk medicine as a diuretic and
mild laxative.[10]
The red calyces of the plant are increasingly exported
to the United States and Europe, particularly Germany,
where they are used as food colourings. It can be found
Roselle plant at Wave Hill
in markets (as owers or syrup) in places, such as France,
where there are Senegalese immigrant communities. The
The roselle is known as the rosella or rosella fruit in Aus- green leaves are used like a spicy version of spinach.
tralia. It is known as 'Belchanda' among Nepalese, Teng- They give avour to the Senegalese sh and rice dish
amora among Assamese, mwitha among Bodo tribals thieboudienne. Proper records are not kept, but the
1

USES

Senegalese government estimates national production and

consumption at 700 t (770 short tons) per year. In Burma
their green leaves are the main ingredient in chin baung
kyaw curry.
Brazilians attribute stomachic, emollient, and resolutive
properties to the bitter roots.[11]

2.1

Vegetable

In Andhra cuisine, roselle is called gongura and is extensively used. The leaves are steamed with lentils and
cooked with dal. Another unique dish is prepared by
mixing fried leaves with spices and made into a gongura
pacchadi, the most famous dish of Andhra cuisine that is
often described as king of all Andhra foods.
In Burmese cuisine, called chin baung ywet (lit. sour
leaf), the roselle is widely used and considered aordable.
It is perhaps the most widely eaten and popular vegetable
in Burma.[12] The leaves are fried with garlic, dried or
fresh prawns and green chili or cooked with sh. A light
soup made from roselle leaves and dried prawn stock is
also a popular dish.
Among the Bodo tribals of Bodoland, Assam (India) the A roselle drink
leaves of hibiscus sabdaria and hibiscus cannabinus are
cooked along with chicken, sh, crab or pork, as one of
their traditional cuisines.
In Mali, Senegal, The Gambia, Burkina Faso and Benin
In the Philippines, the leaves and owers are used to add calyces are used to prepare cold, sweet drinks popular
in social events, often mixed with mint leaves, dissolved
sourness to chicken dish Tinola (chicken stew).
menthol candy, and/or fruit avors.
In Vietnam, the young leaves, stems and fruits are used
The Middle Eastern and Sudanese Karkade ( )is
for cooking soups with sh or eel.[13]
a cold drink made by soaking the dried Karkade calyces in
cold water overnight in a refrigerator with sugar and some
lemon or lime juice added. It is then consumed with or
2.2 Beverage
without ice cubes after the owers have been strained. In
Lebanon, toasted pine nuts are sometimes added.
See also Hibiscus tea
Roselle is used in Nigeria to make a refreshing drink
In the Caribbean, sorrel drink is made from sepals of the known as Zobo.
roselle. In Mexico, 'agua de Flor de Jamaica' (water a- With the advent in the U.S. of interest in south-of-thevored with roselle) frequently called agua de Jamaica border cuisine, the calyces are sold in bags usually labeled
is most often homemade. It is prepared by boiling dried Flor de Jamaica and have long been available in health
sepals and calyces of the sorrel/ower of Jamaica plant food stores in the U.S. for making tea. In addition to bein water for 8 to 10 minutes (or until the water turns ing a popular homemade drink, Jarritos, a popular brand
red), then adding sugar. It is often served chilled. This of Mexican soft drinks, makes a Flor de Jamaica avored
is also done in Saint Kitts and Nevis, Guyana, Antigua, carbonated beverage. Imported Jarritos can be readily
Barbados, St. Lucia, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica and found in the U.S.
Trinidad and Tobago where it is called 'sorrel'. (In
Jamaica, it was introduced by Akan slaves in the late In the UK, the dried calyces and ready-made sorrel syrup
1600s.) The drink is one of several inexpensive beverages are widely and cheaply available in Caribbean and Asian
(aguas frescas) commonly consumed in Mexico and Cen- grocers. The fresh calyces are imported mainly during
tral America; they are typically made from fresh fruits, December and January to make Christmas and New Year
juices or extracts. Something similar is done in Jamaica infusions, which are often made into cocktails with rum.
but avor is added by brewing the tea with ginger and They are very perishable, rapidly developing fungal rot,
adding rum, making a popular drink at Christmas time. and need to be used soon after purchase unlike the
It is also very popular in Trinidad and Tobago where cin- dried product, which has a long shelf-life.
namon, cloves and bay leaves are preferred to ginger.
In Africa, especially the Sahel, roselle is commonly used

3
to make a sugary herbal tea that is sold on the street. The
dried owers can be found in every market. Roselle tea
is quite common in Italy where it spread during the rst
decades of the 20th century as a typical product of the
Italian colonies. The Carib Brewery Trinidad Limited, a
Trinidad and Tobago brewery, produces a 'Shandy Sorrel'
in which the tea is combined with beer.
In Thailand, roselle is generally drunk as a cool drink,[14]
and it can be made into a wine.
Hibiscus owers are commonly found in commercial
herbal teas, especially teas advertised as berry-avoured,
as they give a bright red colouring to the drink.
Rosella owers are sold as Wild Hibiscus owers in syrup
in Australia as a gourmet product. Recipes include lling Harvesting roselle planted on bris (sandy) soils in Rhu Tapai,
them with goats cheese; serving them on baguette slices Terengganu (September 2002)
baked with brie; and placing one plus a little syrup in
a champagne ute before adding the champagne the
bubbles cause the ower to open.
poor processing hampers quality. Mexico, Egypt, Senegal, Tanzania, Mali and Jamaica are also important suppliers but production is mostly used domestically.[19]

2.3

Jam and preserves

In Nigeria, rosella jam has been made since colonial times

and is still sold regularly at community fetes and charity
stalls. It is similar in avour to plum jam, although more
acidic. It diers from other jams in that the pectin is obtained from boiling the interior buds of the rosella owers. It is thus possible to make rosella jam with nothing
but rosella buds and sugar.

In the Indian subcontinent (especially in the Ganges Delta

region), roselle is cultivated for vegetable bres. Roselle
is called meta (or meshta, the indicating an sh sound)
in the region. Most of its bres are locally consumed.
However, the bre (as well as cuttings or butts) from the
roselle plant has great demand in natural bre using industries.

Roselle is a relatively new crop to create an industry in

Malaysia. It was introduced in the early 1990s and its
commercial planting was rst promoted in 1993 by the
Department of Agriculture in Terengganu. The planted
acreage was 12.8 ha (30 acres) in 1993 and steadily increased to peak at 506 ha (1,000 acres) by 2000. The
Sorrel jelly is manufactured in Trinidad.
planted area is now less than 150 ha (400 acres) annuRosella jam is made in Queensland, Australia as a home- ally, planted with two main varieties. Terengganu state
made or speciality product sold at fetes and other com- used to be the rst and the largest producer, but now the
munity events.[15]
production has spread more to other states. Despite the
dwindling hectarage over the past decade or so, roselle
is becoming increasingly known to the general popula2.4 Herbal medicine
tion as an important pro-health drink. To a small extent,
the calyces are also processed into sweet pickle, jelly and
A meta-analysis conducted by the Cochrane hypertension jam.
group found there was insucient evidence of a demonstrable benet from roselle in reducing blood pressure for
hypertensive patients.[16] Other reviews have made similar conclusions.[17][18]
In Burma, the buds of the roselle are made into 'preserved
fruits or jams. Depending on the method and the preference, the seeds are removed or included. The jams, made
from roselle buds and sugar, are red and tangy.

4 Crop research
3

Production

China and Thailand are the largest producers and control

much of the world supply. Thailand invested heavily in
roselle production, and their product is of superior quality. Chinas product, with less stringent quality control
practices, is less reliable and reputable. The worlds best
roselle comes from the Sudan, but the quantity is low and

In the initial years, limited research work was conducted

by University Malaya and Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI). Research
work at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) was initiated in 1999. In many respects, the amount of research work is considered meagre in supporting a growing
roselle industry in Malaysia.

4.1

7 FOOTNOTES

Crop genetic resources and improve- 6

ment

Genetic variation is important for plant breeders to increase crop productivity. Being an introduced species in
Malaysia, there is a very limited number of germplasm
accessions available for breeding.
UKM maintains a working germplasm collection and
conducts agronomic research and crop improvement.

4.2

Mutation breeding

Conventional hybridization is dicult to carry out in

roselle due to its cleistogamous nature of reproduction.
Because of this, a mutation breeding programme was initiated to generate new genetic variability.[20] The use of
induced mutations for its improvement was initiated in
1999 in cooperation with MINT (now called Malaysian
Nuclear Agency) and has produced some promising
breeding lines. Roselle is a tetraploid species; thus, segregating populations require longer time to achieve xation as compared to diploid species. In April 2009, UKM
launched three new varieties named UKMR-1, UKMR-2
and UKMR-3. These new varieties were developed using
Arab as the parent variety in a mutation breeding programme which started in 2006.

4.3

Natural outcrossing under local conditions

A study was conducted to estimate the amount of outcrossing under local conditions in Malaysia. It was found
that outcrossing occurred at a very low rate of about
0.02%. However, this rate is much lower in comparison to estimates of natural cross-pollination of between
0.20% and 0.68% as reported in Jamaica.

Gallery
A popular roselle variety planted in Malaysia:
Terengganu. Roselle fruits are harvested fresh, and
their calyces are made into a drink rich in vitamin C
and anthocyanins.
Two varieties are planted in Malaysia left Terengganu or UMKL-1, right Arab. The varieties produce
about 8 t/ha (3.6 short tons/acre) of fresh fruits or 4
t/ha (1.8 short tons/acre) of fresh calyces. On the
average, variety Arab yields more and has a higher
calyx to capsule ratio.
Dried roselle calyces can be obtained in two ways.
One way is to harvest the fruits fresh, decore them,
and then dry the calyces; the other is to leave the
fruits to dry on the plants to some extent, harvest
the dried fruits, dry them further if necessary, and
then separate the calyces from the capsules
Roselle calyces can be processed into sweet pickle.
This is usually produced as a by-product of juice
production. However, quality sweet pickle may require a special production process.
Variation in ower colour of roselle (a tetraploid
species)
Calyx (a collective term for sepals of a ower); Epicalyx (a collective term for structures found on, below, or close to the true calyx, also called false
calyx). Some varieties show pronounced epicalyx
structures, such as found in variety Arab (plural calyces).
Decoring removal of a seed capsule from the fruit
using a simple hand-held gadget to obtain its calyx
Some breeding lines developed from the mutation
breeding programme at UKM.

7 Footnotes
5

Phytochemicals
[1] Roselle Encyclopdia Britannica

The Hibiscus leaves are a good source of polyphenolic

compounds. The major identied compounds include
neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic
acid, caeoylshikimic acid and avonoid compounds
such as quercetin, kaempferol and their derivatives.[21]
The owers are rich in anthocyanins, as well as
protocatechuic acid. The dried calyces contain the
avonoids gossypetin, hibiscetine and sabdaretine. The
major pigment, formerly reported as hibiscin, has been
identied as daphniphylline. Small amounts of myrtillin
(delphinidin 3-monoglucoside), chrysanthenin (cyanidin
3-monoglucoside), and delphinidin are present. Roselle
seeds are a good source of lipid-soluble antioxidants, particularly gamma-tocopherol.[22]

[2] So Sethaputra, New Model Thai-English Dictionary,

Bangkok, Thai Watana Panich, 1965, p. 20, 357.
[3] Matichon,, Matichon Dictionary
of the Thai Language, Bangkok, , rst
edition 2004, p. 17.
[4] Reinhorn, Marc, Dictionnaire laotien-franais, Paris,
CNRS, 1970, p. 688.
[5] Dy

Phon,

Pauline,
,
Dictionnaire des Plantes utilises au Cambodge, Dictionary of Plants Used in Cambodia,
Phnom Penh,
,
(
) . .
,
, 1st edition:

2000, Imprimerie Olympic Hor Thim ( Pauline Dy

Phon), 1er tirage : 2000, Imprimerie Olympic Hor
Thim, p. 343-344; Mathieu LETI, HUL Sovanmoly,
Jean-Gabriel FOUCH, CHENG Sun Kaing & Bruno
DAVID, Flore photographique du Cambodge, Toulouse,
ditions Privat, 2013, p. 360.
[6] http://www.tchad.org/research/cook.html#karkanji
[7] http://www.ladiz.mboa.info/
desserts-et-concerts/fr/cuisine/actualite/2470,
le-jus-de-folere-boisson-tres-prisee-au-cameroun.html
[8] Asam belanda (in Malay). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Retrieved 7 April 2012.
[9] hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
[10] drugs.com. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
[11] Purdue University, Center for New Crops, Roselle
[12] Hansen, Barbara (1993-10-07). Uncommon Herbs : In
a Burmese Garden. Los Angeles Times.
[13] Tanaka, Yoshitaka; Van Ke, Nguyen (2007). Edible Wild
Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden. Thailand: Orchid Press. p. 91. ISBN 9745240893.
[14] Thai Roselle cool drink
[15] ezimerchant Professional. Rosella Jam 120g. Bushtuckershop.com. Retrieved 2014-03-29.
[16] Ngamjarus C, Pattanittum P, Somboonporn C
(2010).
Roselle for hypertension in adults.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1).
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007894.pub2. CD007894.
[17] Wahabi, H.A.; Alansary, L.A.; Al-Sabban, A.H.;
Glasziuo, P. (2010).
The eectiveness of Hibiscus sabdaria in the treatment of hypertension: A
systematic review.
Phytomedicine.
17 (2): 83.
doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2009.09.002. PMID 19801187.
Randomized controlled studies identied in this review do
not provide reliable evidence to support recommending
Hibiscus sabdaria for the treatment of primary hypertension in adults
[18] Hopkins, Allison L.; Lamm, Marnie G.; Funk, Janet L.;
Ritenbaugh, Cheryl (2013). Hibiscus sabdaria L. In the
treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia: A comprehensive review of animal and human studies. Fitoterapia. 85: 8494. doi:10.1016/j.tote.2013.01.003.
PMC 3593772 . PMID 23333908. More high quality
animal and human studies informed by actual therapeutic
practices are needed to provide recommendations for use
that have the potential for widespread public health benet
[19] fao.org. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
[20] FNCA 2005.
[21] Zhen, Jing, et al. Phytochemistry, antioxidant capacity,
total phenolic content and anti-inammatory activity of
Hibiscus sabdaria leaves. Food chemistry 190 (2016):
673-680

[22] Mohamed R. Fernandez J. Pineda M. Aguilar M.."Roselle

(Hibiscus sabdaria) seed oil is a rich source of gammatocopherol. Journal of Food Science. 72(3):S207-11,
2007 Apr.

8 Further reading
Chau, J. W.; Jin, M. W.; Wea, L. L.; Chia, Y.
C.; Fen, P. C.; Tsui, H. T. (2000). Protective
eect of Hibiscus anthocyanins against tert-butyl
hydroperoxide-induced hepatic toxicity in rats.
Food and Chemical Toxicology. 38 (5): 411
416. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00011-9. PMID
10762726.
Mohamad, O., Mohd. Nazir, B., Abdul Rahman,
M. and Herman, S. (2002). Roselle: A new crop in
Malaysia. Buletin PGM Dec 2002, p. 12-13.
Mohamad, O., Mohd. Nazir, B., Azhar, M.,
Gandhi, R., Shamsudin, S., Arbayana, A., Mohammad Feroz, K., Liew, S. K., Sam, C. W., Nooreliza,
C. E. and Herman, S. (2002). Roselle improvement
through conventional and mutation breeding. Proc.
Intern. Nuclear Conf. 2002, 15-18 Oct 2002, Kuala
Lumpur. 19 pp.
Mohamad, O., Ramadan, G., Herman, S., Halimaton Saadiah, O., Noor Baiti, A. A., Ahmad Bachtiar,
B., Aminah, A., Mamot, S., and Jalifah, A. L.
(2008). A promising mutant line for roselle industry in Malaysia. FAO Plant Breeding News, Edition 195. Available at http://www.fao.org/ag/AGp/
agpc/doc/services/pbn/pbn-195.htm
Pau, L. T.; Salmah, Y.; Suhaila, M. (2002).
Antioxidative properties of roselle (Hibiscus
sabdaria L.) in linoleic acid model system.
Nutrition & Food Science.
32 (1): 1720.
doi:10.1108/00346650210413951.
Vaidya, K. R. (2000). Natural cross-pollination in
roselle, Hibiscus sabdaria L. (Malvaceae)". Genetics and Molecular Biology. 23 (3): 667669.
doi:10.1590/S1415-47572000000300027.

9 External links
Roselle on Encyclopdia Britannica
Roselle at NewCROPTM , Center for New Crops &
Plant Products, at Purdue University
Roselle at the University of Florida
Jus de Bissap (Roselle juice)
Hibiscus sabdaria in West African plants A Photo
Guide.

10

10
10.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Roselle (plant) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roselle_(plant)?oldid=739179352 Contributors: Scott, Eugene van der Pijll, Robbot,
WormRunner, Nurg, MPF, Chemica, Klemen Kocjancic, Kwamikagami, Pilatus, Quercus, Guettarda, Circeus, Smalljim, Foobaz, Hesperian, Vizcarra, Keenan Pepper, Iustinus, Stemonitis, Woohookitty, Pathikbd, Haikupoet, Rjwilmsi, Helpful Dave, Xero, Samlowry, Lemuel
Gulliver, Gdrbot, Bgwhite, WriterHound, YurikBot, ENeville, Leutha, Badagnani, Sumanthk, Emijrp, NielsenGW, LeonardoRob0t,
Qero, SmackBot, PaulWay, Tarret, KVDP, Knowhow, Feralaas, Sifting sands, Getramkumar, Bluebot, Deli nk, Uthbrian, Greenchilefrog, Brimba, OrphanBot, KaiserbBot, Radagast83, Sambot, Rogerbrent, Shivashree, Ghaly, CmdrObot, Nunquam Dormio, Cheriko,
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Uthantofburma, Belovedfreak, Rumilofaniel, KylieTastic, Demoman925, Richard New Forest, Idioma-bot, Tdoublenineone, Chango369w,
TXiKiBoT, BotanyBot, Albertus Aditya, Why Not A Duck, Doc James, SieBot, Scottica, Sjwells53, Mbopar, Seearepi, Maichon, ImageRemovalBot, Invertzoo, Pan narrans, Liuzhou, Mild Bill Hiccup, Doseiai2, Sun Creator, Footage, Dthomsen8, Josdeng, Addbot,
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TuHan-Bot, Dcirovic, ZroBot, Matarippis, KteachK, Michael Bailes, Newyorkadam, Kateelkshetra, Plantdrew, BG19bot, Che-Cheh,
Declangi, Ahjaan53, AvocatoBot, Totallynotfairbro, NotWith, Shisha-Tom, Ikitamura, Goodyswiki, Akshayk29, Corn cheese, Dinesh
Poudel, Dasarisuneel, Lost Kosmonaut, Fafnir1, Aincerac, Cominion, YinMayOo, Demoron1402,
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