Engineering Hydrology

(4th edition)
Solutions to Problems

E. M. WILSON
D.Sc., Ph.D., M.Sc., F.I.C.E., F.A.S.C.E.
Research Professor of Hydraulic Engineering
University of Salford

MACMILLAN

 E. M. Wilson 1990
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First published 1990
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ISBN 978-0-333-52383-4
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DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-11522-8

Preface
This handbook of solutions to almost all the problems listed in
Engineering Hydrology (4th edition) has been produced after
many requests were received for such a publication.
It is too much to hope that it is error-free, so notification of
necessary corrections will be welcomed, as and when discovered.
I hope the book will be useful to both students and lecturers.
E. M. WILSON

2.1 An air mass is at a temperature of 28 0 C with relative humidity of 70 per

cent. Determine: (a) saturation vapour pressure, (b) saturation deficit, (c) actual
vapour pressure in mbar and mm Hg, (d) dew-point, and (e) wet-bulb temperature.

2.3 The following are annual rainfall figures for four stations in Derbyshire.
The average values for Cubley and Biggin School have not been established.

Average

1959

1960

268
195
216
331

486
424
421
542

(in.)

Air tel11p" 211C

~s

h = 01

Wirksworth
Cubley
Rodsley
Biggin School

(mm 700. 2. f):: 2?:32 Inm II,

.'. e

= 07(28'32)= 19.Y2"'MH,= 26'~7",&tr

= l'-s""".,U,

and -fro,., Tah.2-1 (or F;j.2.f) e be. /Illes sahlT1:J1eq

ew

rq.

37- 7 _ 1.0;'2.3SS

(wet ovlb vI") and t-IY (we.I-DuIIJ /-eml')

a~ fov"d hr b-i4/ D'1d errc,= (e.,- e) "" r(1:- -t-w)

Try 24-~C th~ e!. is (f3. os -191'2)" O.4~S(2$'-2{'~
I

If

:23.0(:

" 23'7"C

So

313

(a) Assume departures from normal are the same for all stations. Forecast
the Rodsley 'annual average' from that at Wirksworth over the two years of
record. Compare the result with the established value.
(b) Forecast annual averages for Cubley and Biggin School using both Wirksworth and Rodsley data_
(c) Comment on the assumption in part (a). Is it reasonable?

Ontl Safvration dencit: ~ (es-e)", C!fl.32- 19 .S~)

a.f 2~"C =

355

3.23

21.~

421

~ (',3'7

/70

('2I.()'S-19.F-J.) = 0_4'5(2$'-'23)
/'23

:f

2.IS

(b)

:,/43

( 2.1-97 -19 -8'2) ,.. 0.485(2,.-23-7)

:J1.5'5

/All. .. f.062.1 MIo"

Mrks ~"Hr : ml-i"o M~ (Jf '59 -611

!<.odsl.ey:
"
~
.. / -

:z f.{)IS'jI.040

Cvbley : M~tIIt Df 'S9"1- ~t1 co .30.95

d"v;tI~ by ~U1h raflo I.b., .'. AYs 29.76 in
81?t;in SchtJDl.' MI!I:V1 of 's9 '" to", 43.'S
dlVitf~ by JIIle4n rrll-io llIl- .'. AI'." 41-97/;,

~.09

hls#tl&s (OJ e.s-26"-32. (6) es-e .. 11.5_11,

(c.) e = 19.f'2.mmHr;2',31111bOl' (d) -1:-= ~2"C(~Iw=23.ic

2.4 One of four monthly-read rain gauges on a catchment area develops a fault
in a month when the other three .aauges record 37, 43 and 51 mm respectively_
If the average annual precipitation amounts of these three gauges are 726, 752
and 840 mm respectively and of the broken gauge 694 mm, estimate the missing
monthly precipitation at the latter.

400

%(A()/-S)

.B

37
43

7~'

5./

..EL

1'40

{, -/

75Z

5.7

>0.

Av.: 5.'3%

,.,

/31

2.5 Compute the average annual rainfall, in inches depth, on the catchment
area shown
(i) by arithmetic means, (ii) by the Theissen method, and (iii) by plotting isohyets. Comment on tI.!e applicability of each method.

,. ,

'"

290

300

".

334

2">'
,4.

".

".

..

'"

".

",
'"

COfClYnent

boundary

area

i) Average of all points

29.'9' in

ii) by Theissen mel-hod

31.2 in

iii) by isoh!leis

21. 0 in

Wtt"htn bO(Jnd"Or.!l

29'

2.7 Annual precipitation at rain gauge X and the average annual precipitation
at twenty surrounding rain gauges are listed in the following table

......

Annual precipitation (mm)

Year

1972
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
1966
1965
1964
1963
1962
1961
1960
1959
1958
1957
1956
1955

Gauge X

20-station
average

188
185
310
295
208
287
183
304
228
216
224
203
284
295
206
269
241
284

264
228
386
297
284
350
236
371
234
290
282
246
264
332
231
234
231
312

Year

1954
1953
1952
1951
1950
1949
1948
1947
1946
1945
1944
1943
1942
1941
1940
1939
1938
1937

Annual precipitation (mm)

Gauge X

20-station
average

223
173
282
218
246
284
493
320
274
322
437
389
305
320
328
308
302
414

360
234
333
236
251
284
361
282
252
274
302
350
228
312
284
315
280
343

~
\!)

Change ahour 1951

....

"

\J

Cumll/ai-Ive 2osfotiM

totol

If the earlier period is correc~ then lor

(a) Examine the consistency of station X data.

(b) When did a change in regime occur? Discuss possible causes.
(c) Adjust the data and determine what difference this makes to the
36-year annual average precipitation at station X.

the period 1937-1951 GOllgeX aVo

20 sfafiol7 or:

f.139

This ratio Off/ied tal-he. whole c,augeX rtJ&Ora

gi..-es it 4rt (JnnvlI/Q~aJe ol'er36y Df.J28,"",.

2.9 At a given site, a long-term wind-speed record is available for measurements

at heights of 10 m and 15 m above the ground. For certain calculations of
evaporation the speed at 2 m is required, so it is desired to extend the long-term
record to the 2 m level. For one set of data the speeds at 10 m and 15 m were
9.14 and 9.66 mls respectively.

2.8 Plot the data for the mean of the 20 stations in 2.7 as a time series. Then
plot 5 -year moving averages and accumulated annual departures from the 36-year
mean. Is there evidence of cyclicity or particular trends?

(a) What is the value of the exponent relating the two speeds and elevations?
(b) What speed would you predict for the 2 m level?

AccumlJlar-e-a annual
depar-t-vr-es from mean

O.OZ4lJ
... z~--=
0./3'3
0.176/ -

anrl vsil1:J
U2

/0o -r::-o) {).I3J3

U~.

tJ .903(9.11)

:=

::0

O.8()3

7- 34- ..,/s

2.10 A rainfall gauge registers a fall of 9 mm in 10 minutes.

(a) How frequently would you expect such a fall at a particular place in
Britain?
(b) What total volume of rain would be expected to fall on 3 kml surrounding the gauge?

TIme series

(a) From Fi9J2.' inl-erse.c.!-ion of (911 (,) =54 "''''/n wifJr

10 min. dO'hed line -fr{)m r.h.sct//e -4!1r~"

There is evidence of
cydicify bvta /onger

record is necess()r!l

!-o

!:lti.5 ~1(")I,e.n(:-!:ol;nd (./2

(~) rl'()M

Show it-c.onc/(lsive./y

(. ().3/3)

ElJ. 22. p~ 9 1- c lf
:: 79mm

Vt)IVMe.:::: 3)(,/0"]( 0.00794

4

pr;od

l1Jh~t"!:'/-'4
/toMAj 1.1/

=2S.''&'K/03 ",3

2.11 What is the maximum Iday rainfall expected in Britain for a 50year
period at location X (average annual rainfall 1000 mm) and a 30year period at
location Y (average annual rainfall 1750 mm)?

From F~ 2.7,

for location

X-

-Ny location Y -

2.13 The table below lists the annual maximum rainfall over a 6hour period,
for an observation station, for 20 years. Make a first estimate of the Probable
Maximum Precipitation of 6hour duration at the station. Is this station in the
UK?

75 tnm

Depths in mm
146
193
203
124
194
176
102
210
173
102
lSI
131
182
165
115
187
121
143
180
98

92 nuYl

(by interfOlqfion)

2.12 What is the average rainfall over an area of 8 km 2 during a storm lasting
30 minutes with a frequency of once in 20 years in (a) Oxford, (b) Kumasi?
Does your answer for (b) require qualification?

From Fig 2. fI Oxford: JOmin : ]j. :: '20 !I

fhefl p= 48m", /11 for.3o 11Iin .. 24 "'.,

Mean = 154.8 : Standard oIev/atitM tr =.36.'23

and /(vmosi : 30min : Tr =20,/

then p= 1541n1fl/11 for30min = 77",,,,

From cfJ.

2.Z, : = (1- O.3t!)

(where- l:-*=- 5.2

&)-5"

lot' O'/flord

@) Qndlor K()Mlisi

Ftj 2.11)

JO

f).

8'37 x

71 = ?;f Itt",

Km

=.

9_

.-. PMP = Xn"'" KII1 (1"'

:;: 155 of" g(al..23)
:;: 4'i!/m/11 (#yany 6h p~ri(Jd)

== (). 837

p-.m

P-= o. 837~ 241:

then from Fig 2-1&> ,

Tne

'Y'Q.;nto/1 in tnt tJ.K

does n()t exceed tiS mm (from Fi92..4), so
this station is "ot i" the lJ. K.

20mm

CII. ~_~ was deriverl ~/III Brit-Ish rainfall_

t! 50 caltAl/at/o" is 01)/'1 flolitt ft7'r KV"1t15{
if it is o/plicoble in Ghana.

fnaXimllHl ohsel'Yed 611

3.3 Compute the potential evapotranspiration according to Thomthwaite for

two locations A and B where the local climate yields the following data

3.1 Determine the evaporation from a free water surface using the Penman
equation nomogram for the following cases

Locality
Amsterdam (S2N)
Seattle (47N)
Khartoum (16N)

Fn)t'l lQIJIe. 3. f

Month
July
Jan.
June

Temp.
ISoC
4C
30C

Amsterdam

R..
,

912.

-2.'4-

E2
1:3

4
~ (mm/do'J)

h
0.5
O.S
0.2

n/D
0.5
0.3
1.0

S.ItEle

91Y

-113

-I..'

0.'2.;Z
0.30

{30

4.0

khartoum

~/Jj

0."

420
1.ff

U2

0.05

Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June

77
2"

E,=
E.,=
3 =
E-(.=

-2,43

,3.('21~5
/'03

7<A=- f47:

Daylight
houno!
year at A
(percent)

-5
0
5

-2
2
3
7
10
15

6
7
7t
st
10
11

13
17

July
Aug
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.

19
17
13

16
14
10
s
3
0

5
0

Daylight
houno!
year at A
(percent)
11
10
st
7t
7
6

(a) at A for April (mean temperature 10C) and November (mean temperature 3C),
(b) at B for June (mean temperature 20 C) and October (mean temperature
SoC).

20

'.2

At A the average number of hours between sunrise and sunset is 13 for April
and 9 for November. At B the figures are 14 for June and 10 for October. Use
the Serra simplification for A and the nomogram for B.

3.2 Use the nomogram for the solution of Penman's equation to predict the
daily potential evapotranspiration from a field crop at latitude 400 N in April,
under the following conditions: mean air temperature =20C; mean h =70
per cent; sky cover =60 per cent cloud; mean U2 = 2.5 m/s; ratio of potential
evapotranspiration to potential evaporation =0.7.

From TaD/e 3.1

1.2 m/s
1.5 m/s
0.9 m/s

%. 0.+

j:: 0.09

~ ./~eO)(IO)
35".39
l(

ET = 07 E o
,', PlJt..ntial Yfl/JDt/'lll'M"rtJfion

= -I-ff.4mm

PE.4r:4(~'~)

Er = O'7 x8 .6 :: ~5111",/ti.

=~74c.m

" fJfI.mber

=Eo :: 3. b "'M/d~

PEy. = Ibef:'~
:. /3.4 """

PE ::18 .(.t3jJ!)

=1.0t em

t:?
()

j_ (tn/ 5 )1.51.f.

Jan

0
June
0.25 ~om
/.01 lYIar 0.4'
0

Feb

1.43 Apr 'bb

4.21- MOIj 277

'.31 :Tun 5:28

Fiq.3.2.

P}( =- 100 mtrl

P E =IOO~i::)

].45 :rill s. f'2.

= If. 1,7 em
6.31 AU9 4-7! Ortober
4.22.
277
Pc'!. .. 43h1m

2.43
10/
0

~ .. 5.3

~ft.
Nt",

~.o4

2b.2b

])ec

0.46

PE=43(!~;;/)
:: 3Zo cm

3.5 Using the modified Blaney-Criddle method, determine the crop water
requirement for growing cotton in mid-season in very dry conditions at a location
at latitude 300 N in February where the mean daily temperature is 28C, and the
mean wind speed is 4 m/s.

Determine co1]$umpfire lise /actor

3.10 It is proposed to develop a lake in a mountainous region for water supply.

It isat latitude 20 0 N. June appears to be the critical month and mean June values
of various parameters are as follows:
air temperature 24C; relative humidity 0.6;
wind speed 2 m above surface, 2.5 m/s; cloud cover 10%
The lake has a surface area of 300 km 2 A river flows into the lake and its longaverage inflow for June is 28 m3 Is.
Calculate the net inflow to the reservoir for an average June.

p (0. 4{:) t -+- ,. 13)

From TobIe 3.4-,
(r."I,l
p= 0.25 .'. j= O.Z5L lO.4-t."2.1)+f'./3j
'=

From TobIe 3.1 ~ = 947 J.~1/C8J4Iday

USing the Rljkoorf:" nomogf'()h1 E, = -435

== 5.2.5
Fig:3.4-,
Assume v. dl'y condit ions means ft ~ 20(.,

E~=

F1'"om

+69

E3= +"295"
4= + /5

aSSume /nodl!.rate. Wind ~,

seJect- claShed I i"e. 2. .

- .so

Net fotal evaporation/day

fl'()m which ETo 5. b mm/day

"SIIItII

.. tol:-all-orJ"vne =30xb5 -= /9Smm

and fo)" 300 k",2, the. VDlvlTle. loss
3001(/0 61(0./95 = sy.Sx /Ql.m 3
Gross int-Ia w go K~,f. 7f 36001< ~

Fro", Table. 3.3 If)' these conditions anti

rniti-SeQson cotton
kc'" 1.2.

=72ST6'itfO'm l

.". Net

in-tlotV =(72.576- 5~.So)l()'

14.076 'it/ot. 1fJ3

The solution

to Q..3.9 i~ on fhe next page.

7

3.9 A large reservoir is located in latitude 400 30N. Compute monthly and
annual lake evaporation for the reservoir from the given data using the nomogram of Penman's theory. If the Class A pan evaporation at the reservoir for the
year is 1143 mm, compute the pan coeftlcient. Assuming that the precipitation
on the lake is as given and that the runoff represents unavoidable spillage of this
precipitation during floods, what is the net annual anticipated loss from the
reservoir per square kilometre of surface in cubic metres per day?
What would the change in evaporation be for the month of July if the reser
voir was at 40 o S?
Mean air
temp.
tC)

Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.

14.4
8.3
3.9
2.2
2.2
4.4
8:9
15
20
23.9
22.8
17.8

Dewpoint
tC)

7.8
1.7
2.2
1.9
1.4
1.1

3.3
10
15.6
16.7
17.8
12.8

Average
wind
speed
(m/s)

0.8
1.3
1.7
2.1
2.2
1.3
1.1

0.9
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.75

Cloud coverage
in tenths

Precipitation
(mm)

5.9
7.2
9.5
8.7
6.3
5.1
3.4
2.6
0.2
0.1
0.0
1.5

51
99
102
117
91
69
51
28
3
0
0
20

.~ ... ~
\b ....

..Q.
~

Runoff
(mm)

l~

.;;I~

"'~

"'!i:

~~

J!\J

.....
~ ~ I~
I

~
~
s:

The" ~alcvlal-e
/or each mtJnt-h. A/so tahula!e If/])
h1 c/ovd~y~e ami ~.f,tJh1 TaMe 3.1. ~
parOtmet-ers.for ~ n{)huJ1n:1 m
Pt!nmans
ettvat-i()n Mt!! file" 4S '/t;llows :-

Ie

~~ ~ ~
- ~E ..:.. ~

23
43
58
20
12

attieWI!t:Jin , from Ta/)/e ~.f.

es

.,.

....

~
+

()r

~ ('t\

Ci

-..

"t

....

+ +~

t'---

~ ~

'tIt:.....

C; !~ ~ \\Q.
~

~I~

.....

-.;:

\0

~ ~ ~

I~

-,

..... It)
--.... .......
eo
~
..... ...... .....
I
\

<:\

~ ~

~l"'"

~ I~ ~ ~ ,~
"- I~ ~ \c)

~~ ~

':::;

\'I')

\n

tc)

...... .....

'"

......
Ic\

'0

"

...

~ I~

.....
"'..:.. ..:..
~tc)

....

<:\

I't')

~i~ I~
~~

~ ~

,':"
"" ~
~ ,~
..... ~ ~
~ f~

'1\

.......
~

..
I

'N

"-II
'1\

~ 11

~ ~

~ K

~~

c::
~
~ I~ "':-~
~

..... .......
.q ~ ::! I~ ~ I~
..; ~ ~ ~ ~

'tn

C)o,.
"+ ~ ~ C'tt
~ ~ ~ ~ '0 I~ f:!. '6
ci ~ ci ~ c::i ~ ci ci

<)

.P
-l.J

~
~

~,ci ~ c:)

I~
~

""

s
~ I~ ~ ~~ t-:) ~ ~ r~
~ rt:

.'-1)

\'r) ~

<"(

.~
~

1<3:- ~

~ \c\

"-

~j

~.

\0

-..a~

0'\

-c:

0'.

Ie) C'c)

~ I~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~
8

..:..

f'..

~I~

1)...::

Ta6u/ote e$, the. saturation vapollr pre.sslJre

c.orrufOndinl to hiM" air temp., anti e, tilt! SO. v.I'.

1:0

f'..

~ ~
~O~

()

<l:-

- i'

~ ~ ~ I!'

~
~

4.5 The antecedent precipitation index for a station was 53 mm on 1 October;

55 mm rain fell on 5 October, 30 mm on 7 October and 25 mm on 8 October.
Comput~ the antecedent precipitation index It

4.3 The table below gives the hourly rainfall of three storms that gave rise to
runoff equivalent of 14, 23 and 18.5 mm respectively
Hour

Storm 1

Storm 2

Storm 3

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)

2
6

4
9
15
12
5

1
2
3
4
5
6

10
5
4
4
2

(a) for 12 October, if k =0.85

(b) for same date assuming no rain fell.

(Q) Oct. I

3
8
11
4
12
3

J~
(1,) Oc,t . f
//)..

Determine the <I>index for the catchment.

Storm f ltJss =367lbm

.,

2"

I, 3
o

1.

J,ours

r II",,"

(.sa.v

27

53
53 )( (0.$-5) tl

...

g.97

(say .9,fJ1rl)

4.6 Use the coaxial relationship of figure 4.7 to determine how the runoff in
this river changes seasonally. Assume that during week number 1 a storm of
5 in. of rain lasting 72 h occurs. Compare what happens with the effects of the
same storm in week number 25, if the antecedent precipitation index in each
case is 1.5 in. Suggest which seasons of the year the weeks are in and explain
why there should be a difference in runoff.

... 45"0
=417

.3 ).1234
Mean- 4 If
~ index co

53111m.

53 x (0.8S;! = :n.67, "-55

'62/;,7
Y2"7)t(O.f~=76.27,+25= 101'2.7
tOI.
,,(O.f: 4-::: 5"2i'b
53"m

4.1 mm

With API '.Sin and rainS"in 7211, /lOaJ.Z"(NeeKi)

tJnd is

Sform3
.:Pif!ereI1CL

I.

15

due to higher

I'Y'(.w'K~~
YO/Uf!,s

of ,"nf/!lrofiol1

CtlJrlJ Ytydofion etc.) and evaporation (thru

hi9het' teml'erotures) jns(Jmmer(W~2{:,)

l'

l.r-=.=--.-

Compared to winter ( Wee" f) .

~t

o
9

4.8 Calculate the Catchment Wetness Index (CWI) for a point 400 km north and
400 km east of the UK National Grid origin, if the preceding 5 days' rainfall
were (in mm)
12.0,0.5,4.2,0.0,3.5
Compare this with the FSR design values.

APIS = O.st[3. 5 +0 5{O) +(O,St4.Z+ (Q stO. 5+(0.5/'/2.0

= 071 (3.5+- 0

+ 1.05 + 0.06 + 0.75)

then (WI = 12 5 + b1 - SJI{])

=

13/.' -SMD

Fig

SMJ) /ram
4'? "" Z. f
CWI = 129

From Append/x A, SAAR 5, SAAR. fortlte.!D;nt

(Jnd for

ISOOmh/

/rem F&

4.9

CWI

1300mm

= 125

10

5.1 Rainfall of 2.50 m per annum falls on a strip of land I km wide lying
between two parallel canals, one of which (canal A) is 3 m higher than the other
(canal B). The inmtration rate is 80 per cent of the rainfall and there is no runoff. The aquifer that contains the canals is 10m deep below the level of canal B
and both canals penetrate it fully. It is underlain by a horizontal impermeable
stratum. Compute the discharge per metre length into both canals, assuming
their boundaries are vertical and the aquifer coefficient of permeability
K = 10 m/day.

5.2 A fully-penetrating well of 0.5 m diameter in a confined aquifer has been

test-pumped at a rate of 0.025 m 3 /s until steady-state conditions have been
reached.
Observation wells at various distances from the well show the following
results:
Distance, from well (m)
Drawdown s (m)

FromE1J5.6

t----f-~

80

7
'W>

fo m/da9.,'

:t!-o I

h1 =-VV/k)~ + C,;e-l- C~

h=/3 1 71tM /69=O-+O+C2. Ce-/69.

when x." f0o/!h-/o , then
IlJO=-(p.0<;t"ll ,IO~ + foooC ( -fo/"9 ,', (4=- 0.479

when

'5f)

,......

Nowlromff5.3 '1=-klJ'~ and froIT16J.5.6

h =vf-f .r~0479Z--rlb9) Lee h-s Jill
then h- ift ond ~
+0. 4 79)
aI:. :c =0 1-:= -le:"~ .-fot(o.4-7~ =.s{0.479)=-2..f.Jjm/d,!;

4' 0

200
0.39

500
0.235

when S=O.I13m tpgr= /.699

i'.

So;(J:295 lb.Jr

fo

=2,699

,', 1/.t>3=A-/699.B
(J,135'o;A-26998
(}.395= 8

v"ZO

""

0'. A= 130

"I"-

rem)

"'JI

to Jo..1O 10D ~ sao 1000 ZOOD

a'. kH= D.~95 (f.JS,:.()2S ):- 2.3~Jt 10-2 ",~%.
to

'}=-ku1~f1LJOO. O'(/op' +0,479)

~

'40

"-

~.JO

=bt f*u

aiX=1ooo

50
0.63

Using these results, determine the formation constants for the aquifer and.
from them. the maximum constant yield of the well if the drawdown in the well
is not to exceed 3 m. (Allow 0.5 m for screen and pack losses.)

when ;t:::zO, 1,=13: f,vhen X. .. loOO, h= 10.

N= 80% or2Sm/y =2.0/.365"=O.005#Jm/~

k=

20
0.79

and /.o9Ro::cf.!Jot .:3.2.94,'.1(0" 1968",

(J.3'j5
AI/oWln9 O.S", fcrtosse$ S .:f2Sm

-s (:109b.J.0479)=3,1 ",o/h1!dzyo.

there is a dIscharge info b;t;, Callais

25 ..2~(i~-r3.291--~0.5) :5b.12

2'4nf/tn /d<1lJ ,nt-of!: anti3./nf/'idry irtfo B

. -aL

9-.-. Q, .. ~Sfs6'72=o.04+I1r/s

11

6.1 A river gauging gives Q =4010 m3 Is. The gauging took 3 h during which the
gauge fell 0.15 m. The slope of the river surface at the gauging site at the time
was 80 mm in 500 m, and the cross-section approximated a shallow rectangle
200 m wide by 11 m deep. What adjusted value of discharge would you use?
What value of n in Manning's formula results?

6.4 An unregulated stream provides the following volumes over an 80-day

period at a possible reservoir site

A=200 >cIJ=2200Mt

:1(:::A/PW. 2:~Q = 9-91m

Averotje Y=4010/2.~O .. f.V2.m/s
Assume, U = 15lt./.CZ = 2-37m/s: S=O.08!SOO5=t.bx
dh/dt .... -0-/5/:3 r 3htJO =-/39 ~JO-5

rrom E'l' h.S~

iif

(J ::::~fo~t~a;:::;::;:;::::=--=..

(I- ::::;:~J!t~- 4015",3/5

andl'ro/ll JAOhnm!J.~ lormula

n = 2.200 (9.9/) ~ (t.hJ(IO-4)~ =40rs

O. (}32.

6.3 Explain how observations of river discharge at particular gauge heights can
be corrected so that they fall on a smooth curve, and explain why this is de,sirable.
A river discharge was measured at Q =2640 m3 Is. During the 100 minutes of
the measurement the gauge height rose from 50.40 to 50.52 m. Level readings
upstream and downstream differed by 100 mm in 700 m. The flood wave
celerity was 2.2 m/s. Give the corrected rating curve co-ordinates.

:=

Day

Runoff volume
(m 3 x 106 )

Day

Runoff volume
(m 3 x 106 )

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26

0
2.0
3.2
2.3
2.1
1.8
2.2
0.9
0.5
0.3
0.7
0.7
0.6
1.2

28
30
32
34

0.7
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.4

2.0

,.,.

1. 6

1f.4
13'
14.5
15.0
15.!

,,,.0

,,7
'7-5
"05

Day

Runoff volume
(m 3 x1~)

56
58
60
62

0.6
1.2
1.4
1.8
2.0
2.3
3.2
3.4
3.5
3.7
2.8
2.4
2.0

Cvtrt

36

38
40
42
44

46
48
50
52
54

''1.1-

~.O

1P.'
fJ

~.z.

227

~.,

23'

1-'-'

2S-P
%5.3
25.5
S7

t/J.,

CVIII

64

66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80

2"7

211

2ljJ

3/'

33.1
35.4-

h,
4?.fJ

45.1

49'

5'1-/)
64f
5&'4

(a) Plot the data in the form of a mass diagram.

(b) Determine average, maximum and minimum flow rates.
(c) What reservoir capacity would be needed to ensure maintenance of
average flow for these 80 days if the reservoir is full to start with?
(d) How much water would be wasted in spillage in this case?

2,Sp0Il7%
afSO.46111
tJngau.ge.
12

b.4(concd.)

6.5 The average domestic per capita demand for water in an expanding com
munity is 0.20 m3 /day. Industrial demand is 30 per cent of total domestic
requirements. The town has 100000 inhabitants now and is expected to double
its population in future.
Water is supplied from a river system with existing storage capacity of 107 m3
and whose mean daily discharges for each month of the year are as foUows
(thousands of m3 )
Jan.
290

- 4e-

Feb.
250

March
388

April
150

May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec .

64.5 50
64.5 117 283
388 317 385

Compensation water of 1.5 m3 /s is to be provided constantly.

Find, to a first approximation and for an average year, the additional storage
capacity that will have to be provided if the population doubles in size. Also
determine the quantity of water spilled to waste in such a year and compare it
with the wastage now . Assume the existing storage is half full on I January.

3t43

,33'8'4

3525

13

6.6 A community of 60000 people is increasing in size at a rate of 10 per cent

per annum . Average demand per head (for all purposes) is currently 0.20 m 3 /day
and rising at a rate of 5 per cent per annum . The existing wahlr supply has a safe
yield of 0.5 m3 Is. A river is to be used as an additional source of supply . Its
mean daily discharges for each month of the water-year are listed below in
thousands of m3

b5contd.
!W

70
60

April
220

So
40

10
~~------------~--~~--~~

;fF triA

MJ;t'A

SO

IV.])

60,000 now,

(oJJacitl, refit/ire! (atfreseJJt)

A/end AVJClst- 27- Y4-,+5(4.67) = 5119-4I2.2
=- 991
(in It/tv1'"e)
27f?4 +5(5.45) = 55.09-4//).:2...

Q" lutwe..)

0,49

b4000UfJOUt ROybU'S -IOS.6)(1"

It

lf

E}(~ting svpply =O.~ m3!s =z~.SIf864Klos=432K/#~/tt

.'. S!ro.,.tla// in'20j"S. =(tI4.a-13.z.)/d -171.!x/tlm%,

add CUY1fensation w~ -,3xi'6-4 x !t:1 :::~92Xld
,., SVffl,! IV!fjuVed (Jd;-Marcn.

1'2.'54-

So

J(

an</ similal'/ylor5/1tfSin A,Ni1-se,t

-:: 2f.37x 10 6

t.J-F4 - [5+.3(5.45)]+ 8'24 -

Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb . March

865 1630 670 530 270 300 280 280

Toto/{;()ns[/mptian now = 60 ()''2. /(,3 -/2,)t fer ct

and In 2oyear.s ::::.403.6{O.$ lrl) == ~/4.31f1l /no/a

SPillage ( now)
~
'1.7'F4- [5t-(3X4.67)] +8241-f}.7-4'4+(9 K4,67)]
-+

July
670

(Y)nsvHlpcim n()w:d.'2t11/h/d: 1n2LJ:I.:20{f.Os)2~O.S'~lnljh/d

= /3.87
an increase of.J.90)(lrfnt

883

June
370

Allowing for compensation water of 3 m3 /s from October-March inclusive

and 5 m 3 Is from April-September inclusive, determine to a first approximation
the storage capacity required on the river to ensure the community's water
supply 20 years from now, assuming present trends continue, and that the
reservoir would be full at the end of November.

20

May
250

which, for a 30 day /J'Jolltlr

[2.18'4+ (9)( 5:45)]

anti

,5.5"2120/ lI'lcf m 3

and -/cra6"1fJCnfh flUiod

Clntl
Coni'rl overleaf

14

'4-Bo.81(Il nljd

::s

6()3./ )tltt nf/ct

z:: 1~.91 x /a ~ lI'Jo/lJ1Ol1fiJ

Ii'.OI}K/() , "

!'es1'ec1tileJy

--77.451f/()1. nI

/0156 xla'Ih' 1t!:iftr:f1ve1..!/.

Plot ctJl1?vlafille monthly flows .

I

6.8 A river gau!jing gives Q = 2060 m 3 /s . The gauging took 2 h during which the
gauge fell 0.12 m. The river surface slope at the time was 5 cm in 400 m and the
crosssection of the river at the site was 300 m wide by 4 m deep.
What adjusted discharge would you use? What is Manning's n for this river at
this time, and what does the value indicate about the river's condition?

c/.Jo,an4

$=

/~tJo" 1.61.7 11 /0

v(Q.. _

It;

...

A ""/~oom : ~... AJ." 3-90

ftgJ::3 ''25 ><15'"

lgy~o6o~/5A'S'

~opc>

~,114

.Y1.s

='

n~

l?tJtJ(39) {tt5Jf/~~
111.4-

... n ::: 0.016

Similar0/orJ{/ne
and for

~ ~

1J1?,'3S'2
Q.

:r

()9697

(J.9/OZ

1{, :::

to60

JtJly

Ilris is exceptionally /owlet- antlll/TOI 'J"iver

tJnd indicoft!!S a

a man-mode

15

Y.SJnDOfIt 1Jeq'

~nal.

or pema~

6.9 The two-year monthly discharges of a river into a reservoir are listed below
Month

Monthly discharge (m 3 x 103)

Year 1
Year 2

Cu"'lIlofi

January
576
57'
February
658
13"
March
287
16D3
April
329
1932
May
370
2502.
June
247
2519
July
102
2651
August
21
2.67ZSeptember
21
2093
October
21
2.714
November
41
:1755
December
83
2#3,"
Draw a mass diagram of inflow and determine the following.

~C(/h1.~~~

102
308
432
533
390
287
164
123
123
141
183
221

2940

.1248

3bto
42Ja

4603

4Sg0

505~

SIn

5300

5441

SI44-

5FI-S

(a) If the reservoir is full at the end of February . year 1. what is the permissible draw-off in I/s so that the reservoir may be full at the end of June.
year 2?
(b) If the reservoir is full at the beginning of January . year I. and the draw
off is 60 I/s for the first year and 80 I/s for the second year. what will be
the state of storage in the reservoir at the end of December. year 2?
(c) What storage capacity will be required in the reservoir in the second case
to ensure the required discharges may be supplied?

(a)', reseryoiris/1I11 endFdJ(f) tlntl JVqe~) fht!l1 moxim~'!!h)

dr(JwtJ#8/llst be /ine(P)since ~entJir is/vI/to enqJv{~
.". rate =4190-1.549::: 234/xklnl/!I':': Z4-~ .t/$

(h) 6o.~=/55.5XlrJnT/month := 1~92)( iirliP/yr.

~OZ/S:::2.IO xJrJm1jmDnflJ 25~)( toI m3/.vr.

leserYO/;' i5/u1/ al"endJUne.(2.) f~g~JStJ itJtlll

tlf!IIIIIntI{filcl~i/l)tJfendJJec{~)';1890+252Eh..61SI1CltJJ

anti tbtO/ ..stJPP/g~Dt/1()fdtih!-;5!N=S

.4llesentJ;r is drrJUJ1davn b!l

30blfltfm.3
16

6.11 (a) Draw a flow duration curve from the tabulated data below -the mean
monthly discharge (flows in m3 /s) of a source of water .

6.10 An unregulated river has monthly mean flows (in m3 /s) as follows:
Jan.
5.4

Feb . March April

8.3
9.1
8.8

May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

6.3 6.9
10.2 13.7 19.4 16.7 11.0 21.9

Allowing compensation water of 4.0 m3 /s and reservoir losses of 0.5 m 3 /s, what
storage capacity of reservoir is required to ensure that, on average, no water is
spilled? What would the average net yield of the reservoir then be? Assume
30-day months.

January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

110
102
97
84
70
62
45
67
82
134
205
142

180
118
88
79
56
52
47
35
60
75
98
127

193
109
99
91
82
74
68
43
30
48
49
63

If a hydro-power plant is to be developed at the site to which the data refers and
where the head available is 15m, what would be a reasonable first estimate of
plant capacity and annual energy production on the basis of the data? Justify
your choice.
(b) What is the mean monthly flow with a return period of once in 10 years?

List .flows in order ofmognitflfie and calcCllofe

Average yie.ld:= ~.7/1~ ;::6-98' ~Is

CQPoc1'Yrt!f. JlUt. (f:,x{,'98)-17-8 =-24-tJ5

Jal. IT}(6''-}F), -23-5

"'''1 L8" Jt l.-9&)-32-T

=- 2S-3b
:r

~3.-If.

eq{)(llor qreatel"
Q..
%
205 2.'1
193 5.b

la'O

'.3

127
/If

161
194-

/41. 1/./
1~4 13.9

....-

To CDnvert Oy.mmlhllf flow to 1I0/_lI1t/ltiPI'l-.Jo)(~4"36cD)

110

.', Mtu. eap4t!lfy ,.~_;:: 2.5-36 It ~-S921t,o(,.65.13Mm3

109

17

ftt

7.5.0

"'r.

t-ho" each_ Thul plot (ote,.leof Q

%
Q
Q.. eyo
%
ttJ'l. 27.1
79 ~.ff Sl> 77.'
1}9 3D.l>
75 5S,6 5'2. 1'0.1;,
9f 33.3
74 5(,3 PJ fj.g
97 36.1
70
4~ Tid
91 31.9
~ ~a.9
47 "-9
5'1 4t.7
67 667 45 9J7
U 14.4
63 "9.4 43 94461 72//' 35 9"~
: } 4J.'L
{'O 75.0
.3D 100

"./

6.12 The monthly inflow (in millions of m 3 ) to a reservoir with 100 km 2

surface area is listed below for a 24 month period.

Month
1

Year 1
35

28
25

4
5

16
10

Year 2
38
30
24
12
8

Month
7
8
9
10
11
12

Year 1
14
17

23
27

36
40

Year 2
6
15
20

28
40
42

Losses from evaporation are assumed to be 0.10 m/month. Compensation water

of 0.3 m 3 /s is constantly released.
If the reservoir was full at the end of month 3, year 1, and full again at the
end of month 12, year 2, calculate
(a) the constant net yield over the period of 2 years
(b) the total water spilled
(c) the storage capacity necessary.

1 fotDl{.stty)

I;vapol'"of ion: /00 k"'~ )( 0., 0. 10 1l10nI/mol1tlt

ComPo woter : 03mJ/s

::: ~7$~/J" J10.8Mnl/MMHt
fh en rJetlvct lo.Y from ttJcII infJow (1"" (JalN'l'lv/oie
.1

ItIDni-lt f

-1

172,

14.2.
5.1-

- O.Y

7
g

3.t.

9
10
/I

11.
18

-10.'= 244.

eh:.

- t.'
6.t.
/2.1.
Iii.%.
16.1..

29.1.

24

41.
SS.{,

bf).

:l.71.
'91..
11>.2
1.1.

jJ/2

foD.O

-t.g

"'.4
'1/,

-4.Y 19'1.9'
4.1- 1M.

96.D

171

~~.4
~59.6

~/.2..

290.'

to(~

58:t -3.f 201.'

79.5'

IV.~

150.40

9.!

~9L

~3.t.

6.13 It is proposed to develop a waterfall for hydro-electric power. The flow

duration curve is given in tabular form below. The available head is 70 m.
Make a fIrst estimate of installed capacity and annual energy production.
% time equalled
or exceeded

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Q (m 3 /s)

4.5

3.5

2.9

2.5

2.2

1.9

1.6

1.4

l.l

0.5

Altho~h~% tXceea'ance

is l/$vaI(y taKen os mean

f~W, Ibr t1ri$ J.d./'- .to~
o/~Sl1tore tJfPf1'V"iate.
I/SlI1.? !he. 40% IIDW

p~tential pDWU P
p.t5 9. ~{xlOIl(/JI6kW
Ohfl ~/1I1II.17{=7o%

/"stallet/P 12/)() kw'

:; J.1.

20

-ID

60

MW

~o

% exceedQl7ce
For ann val energi', tU$vnze tvrbine ojJerafi!S/rohJ
ft/II ralectfJowr.Z5tr1/.s)tt> f3o/thi.sYt1/l.Ie. !hen
shaded area ref'Jese/1fs en~!I ~ 8"5'tJsmol/5fi,C1eS
ach syal'e ~resents 2%timex/1tJo/~5 kWh
= 37fcJ x 1200 )t / = f5. 411dW/r
~o
flo
703

.'. Annua / E. (to 1st: a,ty/l(~}(.)::

19

fT~O)( y. 4/..7390MWIr

7.1 A catchment area is undergoing a prolonged rainless period. The discharge

of the stream draining it is 100 m3 /s after 10 days without rain, and 50 m3 /s
after 40 days without rain. Derive the equation of the depletion curve and
estimate the discharge after 120 days without rain.

7.3 The recession limb of a hydrograph, listed below, is to be divided into runoff and base flow . Carry out this separation
(a) by finding the point of discontinuity on the recession limb,
(b) by finding the depletion curve 'equation and extrapolating back in time.
Comment on your results.

2.0:: Log fJ.o -tole (0.4-943)

.'. /( .. 0.02.31
2.01-0.10032. = 2./003

iDgQo =
,', t(D

then - Q

(.sa.y)12.6. ()

125:9~

= 121:, e-(/20J().O~/)::a

.. 79 m ,s

(a)

It.

e~

7.2 A catchment is suffering from a drought. The discharge of the stream

draining it is 75 m3 Is after 12 days without rain and 25 m 3 Is after 40 days
without rain. Derive the equation of the stream's depletion curve and estimate
the discharge 60 days into the drought.

75= ~e-l2k
2..5 = ~e-4()"
fl'''M which
~

.'.

lif

~
11'01/1 t,vh,clt

15
18
21
24
27
30

1'&"751=~Qo-/~(O.~k

j.J979=!lJQ.-kJ(a.4Md)k

::: 2.. 0796

.'. ~e

'=

er.n'-

'9. 1

19.1.

1'1.1-

+r

/0.0

Ii)t.
10.0

to

4/

10.0
8.3
7.0
5.8
4.9
4.1

33
36
39
42
45
48

15./

/5.1

49

41.1
35.8
25.0
19.2
15.1
12 .2

~t+b
25. ()

55.f

5'.8

/.z.o bt%

'. ~t =120 e-o.oi#.t ,/renee

f!;.'fJ ... /~O = 120 1/.4
la. 5 Ob~

Ql=

1/1

1.3
1-0

== f.I'75/ +~ff6/(
Qf) = 1.3979+'7.0120 k.
tJ.4772. ::. J.2 ,'604 k.

.',,, = 0. 0892-

@ CD

1!-0

6k

and 1M (J.

(h)

(h)

:'/o,Qo -= t.o + 4,3~k

tJltd
lfJgtiD:: ,. bf}} +'7:3721(
Onti

Time

Time

takinj logs'

83
~1

49
4/

/.+ L-_ _ _ _ _
Ir 21'

:J4

~~_~..J

2.7

hOf/r's

( h) TaKe a.point well "ett0nti tlted1ange., sa,/3('h .

calillow here Q" at- t-. 0 Jo}u
(f)
then y.~ :: (k e'"
-- 1
and 4./ = QIJ e-(IZ)k --@

mrs

20

7.5 A drought is ended over a catchment area of 100 km 2 by uniform rain of

36 mm falling for 6 h. The relevant hydrograph of the river draining the area is
given below, the rain period having been between hours 3 and 9. Use these data
to predict the maximum discharge that might be expected following a 50 mm
fall in 3 h on the catchment. Oualify the forecast appropriately.

Ho urs

plotterl, thi.s

II
Confir ll1s file Setar - /D

ati"" q/)Dvt" 33 J,.

0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21

Y'ecession
Cvrye
dep/et-iol'1

Est. Discharge
~osJl,. (m 3 /s) R.o.
~

3,

.3 ./
3~

8g

33
34-

3
0
t)
3
10
~9
25
2/9
39
359
43
397
37
33'7
30.5 ~7"1

24
27
30
33
36
39
42
45
48

$1;

Discharge

R.o.

_1It1t/(m 3 /s)

35
35

j.i,

37

37

38

39
4

39

25
21
17
13.5
10.5
8
5.5
4
3.9

:1I-S

".s-

134-

9f
6.'

".2/6
0
()

fSbmofe bosel/o""'tlntldet/uct h:J leall't!- Y'maH (a60l"'e)

ct/n'e

AItI1 Vlkfer hfo",.9"o/Jh -I<.

Jy Sih1l'sIJIlsRv/e
c(. %(t(otlJ)+4(even))

Hours

-~.........---"'----

:: f '(Z!J9.4 of 480.11)

15
10

:;

:I

10

to

.30

40 "

7202)( 60K60

2-59 X 10"

IT)s

Since A::;100 Kh/1.

::; /()() ft/O" Me.

,,"Hen ReG raill ().otPJn ..hsses= /011111;" 61z.

::I

As.rvme. tMs in 311 Will ~S/1lhl) fhlYl f;i'ld

dischO'1e ave. to netrain'"S()-S-45mll'l in 3/t .

Cant'c/ OYeI"/eqf

21

7.7 Write down the three major principles of unit hydrograph theory illustrating
their application with sketches.
Given below are three unit hydrographs (all values in ft. 3 /s) derived from
separate storms on a small catchment, all of which are believed to have resulted
from 3-h rains. Derive the average unit hydrograph and confirm its validity if
the drainage area is 5.25 square miles.
Storm 3
Storm 2
Hours
Storm 1
o
o
o
0
25
37
I
165
547
187
2
87
750
537
260
3
585
697
505
4
5
465
608
660
352
457
6
600
7
262
330
427
195
255
8
322
143
9
195
248
97
10
135
183
II
90
135
60
52
12
33
90
13
15
30
53
14
7
12
24
15
0
0
0

7-5 con+'d
It is noW' necessar!l totmnslorm the 6h hgdre:9/U,lJ1t
to a3h One Ma&the '(/nit" rUIn 26c.m (tn.st-f!titl cl/~
to avoid an extra step in the calculation.

0
H0lI7

.3

@
bh

odd.

'9

9 as-I

12,
/5
I'

S-lm4

V.h

1/9

I:.

s-

CtJTYe
0

6'9

@ 0
317

-D

'2/9

6"

,1.1, 417
".6
wr 764-

397 21'

427

69

~/9

~x :f1e Tdol
~. ~"2
~6 /lew
Vh.
:::~h

6,

I$.D

$.'
U.~

~I

2/'0 76.4- 979 ",7

92

13.4-

3S

"f

27. 1 ".6

J4 1]5

"-7

g.,

1061-

,30

3& 4.2.

.39 'b

41-

97.9

.JD.o 5/9 'l'-StllJ)

41.1:. 7t() 4- 760

"9 3T"

4'17 764

3~7

0
13.8 tJ9

,5.1-

~9'

'23 24.1:.

1(J6.2 979
1/13 106'4

"6.0

The hydrogrophs are plotted overleof.

ltD. I
116.0 Itf). t
ltD. I I'll. 7
/1/3

Qe t.7:A

!:.!!..x

The fNUl..k. flow Qp istok~osthe mMn offhe3.

tif .. 7St) + 700 -I 66~ ~ 705
.3
The tillle to peak, ~/mila"'':1

'0: x z, .. 110.5'

. '. u.lt. ckecK.s !ol'1." CJf7 ra;rt .

Pea k flo#ll ;;: 76 hi%- a.ssfJmin9

tp

* j"de;<

Acomposite

0:

3.0 +4:~+5.~
1/. h.

-'

_ 4.//7

is fhen SKetc.l1ed os dotted line

Al'ea IInf/erlt ==- n..o3~/o'If31t1Swithin 2%5.25 mL2J( fin =:-/Z1.o-h.1 J t1.cCef*ahle..

lind blJse.I/{)w Q,.e

~/mi/ar to ()rIjina! slo,..".,

22

7.7cont'd.

This 1t1f!.5lion is S()/Ve4 V5Jn,!

v.h.

700

Imperial

e4k

IIl'etl

Hours

uni~

Storm A
0
1.84
6.10
8.36
6.52
5.18
3.92
2.92
2.17
1.59
1.08
0.67
0.37
0.17
0.08
0

at 4-/ hand 705RYs

:2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

vNier sketched v.h.

shw/d I'efresent VtJ/ume

o-;..;...i--"~-\\--f-\- t'L of linch an 5. ~5"!S? miles
\
J
2,tJO I- - - t t - -l i--fl--\......'.\+ -\-'...... =72 x 5 2 'il 0 X 5.25
J2. .2. " 10' /t.3

f;%

400 ~~~~~~~:?~~~~~

10

"\:--

7 .8 listed below are three hydrographs derived from three separate uniform
intensity storms each lasting 3 h. The gross rainfall for storm A was 14 mm, for
storm B was 24 mm, and for storm C was 19 mm. The <I>index for the catch
ment is estimated to be 11 mm/h. Derive the average unit hydrograph for the
catchment and confirm its validity if the drainage area is 13.60 km 2 All values
are in m3 /s .

8 '24 IItKI

.5fD riff A-

14 "'",

UoS $

,:".", ..3J, v.h .

-Ioiwrr= 2xu.1t.

C!

19 111m

, : .f.S u.h.

23

20

0.41

1-01

599
711

678

5/0
'.hf
Ni'.f.
'2.11
'61

+/5
0
0.42 021
1.46 D.f1
4.35 29D
8.45
11.04

r.'3

10.04

I'DO

0.51
D.3a
0/3

~ p,.1.0+4-Il>5:1
.4JJh
3

7-3"

,."

'('9

7.14 4-1b
5.39
4.16 1.'17
3.06
2.27 /51
1.50 I~D
0.89 D.59
0.41 b'J.1
0
0

t"

l' ' r\.\" \\-c."r ~4-.#-7-6'"~7

. .{.,. Z.9,.r~
3
- i- ~

~4.0

If.

0
0.82
4.16
11.98
15.54
13.56
10.20
7.36
5.68
4.34
3.02
2.00
1.16
0.66
0.26
0

Storm C

+2

-/..

1,.0
l~

Stonn B

l,LK'\ ~BT-/3.hkm~o.r)f
~
1~6IWO~

t
I/
I

/A

' '' .

Jtrea..JIndel'

.... ,<C

.. /t:rJ~":e3h. u.h

~',

lCdt' line) = 131.500""

./ t'2% error "", at:r::eplT1ble .
2 3

5" b

7 f1 9

;'ours

10 1/

~. .....

12 13

/4- 15

7.10 The hydrograph tabulated below was observed for a river draining a 40
square miles catchment, following a storm lasting 3 h

7.9 The 3-h unit hydrograph derived from a catchment of 14.5 km 2 is given
below
Hours

Unit hydrograph
(m 3Is)

Hours

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

0
0.3
1.0
2.9
5.6
73
6.7
4.8

8
9
10

Unit hydrograph
(m 3Is)

Hou,r

3.6
2.8
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.6
0.3
0

0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21

11

12
13
14
15

What peak discharge would be expected from a 4-h rainfall at a uniform intensity
of 15 mm/h, followed immediately by a 3-h storm at a uniform intensity of
10 mm/h? Assume a constant storm loss of 3 mm/h and a baseflow starting at
1.2 m3 /s at hour 0 and rising at 0.1 m3 /s per hour until after the peak.

!N.u..
0
I

2.
3

4-

*'T
8

10
1/

I'J.

I!J

'4-

/s

JIt IS-<:
fJIJd.

II. It.

D
D.3
/D

2.,

6.'
73

--

D.J

/.D

'.7 1.,
4.' S.lI
3.' '13
2' 9.1.
2.0 1t)7
/5 "9

S
(",.,f.

4,.,

L69

t9

---

'.3

#.3

0
D.3
'0

G-9

9.6

/.(J

103
/0

tf
59
'1.0

,."
7-1'

la.4

".,

27

113 /,/4
0.3 16.4- 137 12'

fJ.t}
/0
IJ

D.'
0

114 131
/t.7

/.J.~

D.t
D.'

,.!.

4.4

/0
~.I

10.1.

f/./

--

'.2-

/'3
/.".

/5

/.r.

I..,

I,'
/'9

'.0 tr.t 0.'

'.G 3/.~ ,./

"7

13.3

1~.4

450
5500
8StJ' 9000
''115 7500
51'4 6500
SD4t. 5600
4UD 4800

~oz.f'

319'

4100

Hour

24
27
30
33
36
39
42
45

'IJII

2'7J

Z3~'
/,/34
1512
I/t!

,.,.,

"9
4f.i,

JI"".
ft. 3/s

Hour

3500
3000
2600
2210
1890
1620
1400
1220

48
51
54
57

IIgd.

!i71138

fJ

60
63
66

Plot fhe hydro/raph(oterleol).

takin9 0 point at60h osQe =b60

71Ien

ft. 3/s

1070
950
840
750
660
590
540

lind Ie toClJlclIlofe eorlierpoints()/I d~CJJTre.

fJu" 660e-'~ ~'. lOJ54C .u,'60-6(p--)/t.

/.'Z

13

~'. k" O.D81!t1XJ6 = 0.()34.

S:!.

11../
ft.7
3/./
8$.1

ft. 3 /s

Separate baseflow from runoff and calculate total runoff volume. What was
the net rainfall in inches per hour? Comment on the severity and likely frequency
of such a storm in the United Kingdom.

1n.'

s:q 213
3"3
~.()
"5 ~", II' 10 3~'"
1f4 ,.3 4/ 3.1 1-1-'1 /$'.3 2' 1t3
/1-7 'I./. 3.1 I-Llt:. 44..

f9
1/9 s.tJ

10.7

ID.7

/.0

~.1 ~
or46... x4' rz, I/Dlill

'I"
diN. ~d;'" v.h

G2

If Hytl.

~htll1 [09 Qs-/ ., 2'8~O+'((J,f)l.j"'QsI- ~ SJIO

Qso =- " +10~ H
Q5IJ == 919
Q46 = " +14-"
Q4" .. fDh4-.
Q.f.1, =" ,f.,g"
Q42. .. J~/9

~Ie

= "

Qjf'
+11."
Q3r - 1391.
PlfJUIn~ Ihesepolhu on h!ltl1'Of}ltIplr, depkJ:iol7

ClIrye. deports ;rom hgdro9/rJph afpt.NatS41t.

..,fOrr

.fit ~5-f.rf8111"'1"
/5 311
0-'0= 21_1" ..2..ICIII

..8ose1ltJlI/ rises.fI'D'" 450 atOll fo 8400l51-1t

0'''' 2pfs/Ir iflo-etJse. .ivblracf /xlSellowlrom

Qe

278.145 =/8.1=
OJ
:. SII lI.h. isfJlC

hydrt:J!J"oph Q,to-/il7u runoff&L (fistel/QIJoYe).

CDnIf:I o~eqp

24

710 conl::d.

Using SImpson's Rule calculate area.

under curve and above base lioN

~ { 4 (wd) + 2(evel7)} ::;

~'I--I""--+- ---t-"'-:--t-

fh ( 4(25899)+ 2 (25604-)}

(103. 59 b -+ 512. 0 g)

" 3600(154-804)

5573xto"ft

-.:: /(vnoff volvme

~Q

-r

hourrs

60

= 4Om/'"=S2'd'O:2.1(40" fIlS.I.f.)( IO t>ft2.

/i?'lnoHvolunJe.
= 557.~
It

Catchment o/"ea
.

50 j

fIr

So Net- ram = COf"chmerrt area

. '. Nee rain =

to in. in J h

1t1S . 14-

:; 0.5

or 2 in / h .

Or gross rail! inClvc(es interception and

Infiltration and /s not dIrectly ca/cvlable

T?tQI

However, this rain storm represents an

extremely severe occurrence, wi/-h a
tetvY' n period > /00.y . If- is near fhe
maxil?7Vh1 .3h . .fall rec.crded in U.k.
( See Table Z.5)

25

7.11 The 4-h unit hydrograph for a river-gauging station draining a catchment
area of 554 km 2 , is given below.
Time
Unit hydrograph
Time
Unit hydrograph
(h)

(m 3 /s)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0
11

60
120
170
198
184
153
127
107
91

(h)

(m 3 /s)

11
12
l3
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

76
62
51
39
31
23
16
11
6
3
0

4h

0
I
~

.,

"

ISf penod min w .3.\' f. 2

II

If

13
14
15

'I.

'7

If
19

20
21

II:

lID

153

1'27

/I.

'70

0
1/

'"

~
loiJ diH ~ir 14"3 X3.6

~I/.h 3hv.lr l!xJse Tofol

-flow

317

---

0
/I

IS

1b9 bD

3,36

~73 170

103

494 3n

42..

60

170

1/

1.41-

120

120

165
131

11.4

2..97 109

1" 1.'J3 349

' f 1/7

2..97 52.

3(

34'J

38% 3f5
38'3 3S

3~0 e/c.

23 ~5'J 3",
/6 31>7 ~
II 37" 385
11 380 38'

=55+ km'2

595

2"

42.1

3Sl:.

96 344f'3

hI. 1.97 3f9 311>

51 3/6 367 335 etc..
39 3$5 374- 341}

54-

XI.'

i'o 2ff
160 57' 0
159 1.J2- 764- 2.7
149 ' 91 713 144-

12.0

ID1 I.D9 31h 2114 71

91 1.44- 395 2"13 1>1.

Area

3. b (.nt.

'9

4D

43

Y27

895

91'3 4
911
,~O

~97

1.99 241
24g

mrs

8ase-l!ow .10-70
in 241,
= ~ n3ls lit.

.'. Qe= 2'711;.554-

==

gY6111o/s

which dre.c.Ks wiHr S -curve.

3;, v.h.

musf be multiplIed by 3. f, and I.~

wit-It .3/r "ei-w~" Htem .

So

'/l'iii 120
'0

10

2ndperiotl roin=3 X-6" I.fem.

-0

5
$

hours

'0

---

'20

,,:i.-.....&..-..I"-L-~-'--I_

0
1/

b
7

I'l.-r----,

odd.

Make any checks possible on the validity of the unitgraph. Find the probable
peak discharge in the river, at the station from a storm covering the catchment
and consisting of two consecutive 3-h periods of net rain of intensities 12 and
6 mmlh respectively. Assume baseflow rises linearly during the period of runoff
from 30 to 70 m3 Is.

s-

lItJur U.h. CJlWe ~e

First', tmnspose.4hlJh to a.3h one.

26

7. If C-Dnt'd

7.12 The 3-h unit hydrograph for a rivergauging station draining an 835 km 2
catchment is listed below.

Time

3h unit hydrograph

(h)

(m 3 fsJ

0
22
120
240
318
298
250
206
174
144
123
102

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Time

3h unit hydrograph

(h)

(m 3 /s)

12
13
14

85
68
55
42
30
20
12
7
3
0

IS

16
17
18
19
20
21

,
UOIJr

0
I

4S

7
9

An intermittent storm lasting 7 h covers the catchment, the gross rainfall being:

17 mm/h for 4 h, followed by 12 mm/h for a further 3 h. The 4>-index for the
catchment is 7 mm/h. Assuming baseflow is constant at 40 m3 /s, provide an
estimate of the maximum discharge and its time of occurrence from the start of
the storm.

10

1/

11-

13

TranspoSe Ehe Eh. v.1t. 1:-0 a4h. (J.n /;c;S-c.v!Ye.

then 17",,,,/h ofroin le.ss7mmlhlilfraflOn!or4/t
::r

S,Mi/a,.".!

(/7-7)(4 ~4CJml11

(/z-7)x3

31,

$-

$-

U.h,

0
21I~O

1.40

174

14411.~

1M
15

",

14 55
15 41-

(JT4f1ine.sH!e4h.u.lr.

I~

'7

::slSmm tJr f,~fim~ fheEh.v.h.

IS
19

I(emelfl he.r ltJ .s/J1fl- tire 3h. h'ltlf()~Ph Ott 41t

al-ter the start- of the. combined stDrm,

30
20

12.
7

~o

.3

~J

JR)

- * - 11.0 -

(J

10
1/
9
~".h. ~.4uh &s~ ToaJ

11

17

14

--

11.0 90 3bD
140 Iro 7~o
340 2~ 1010 0
396 jq7 11(/8 jJ
370 27' 1111- fro

..fJOtw

40 lop()
11.61

40 IJa~
340 546IUlJ 301. 230 910 360 40 1320
4N 5'91. 340 2~ 16'9 751. 471 10 11J3
490 (,U 41' ~/b Ib~ b4~ 447 10 11.15
5'46 ('69 490 179 134 5.3' 375 .fa 9~1
59t b94- SI-6 14f 1/1 4# 3P9 40
634 719 S92 f~l 96 3rD
bl>9 787 634- 108 77 efc.
694 749 669 I'D 60
719 71>1 694 '7 so
Peale 1/0141 16
737 767 719 4, 36
74-9 769 737 ~1. 241~92"l1s al' hr. b
76/ 773 74/; ~4 Ir

7(,1 774- 761

7119 172 76'1

773 173 1'9

\.....,. Qe:
27

?ag ~ ~~ x x
~ jeun--e I~b)
lI.h. 4cm f.5c.m

31S U. 340 0
1.9V 120 4/~ 11250 1,.1() '49Q 1 /W
1.06

"

13

10

4-

.3

4-

278 IC 'i'3S
<1#

oJ

= 774 M 3/
/5

'
.', lin I~

~HeCt

7.13 Using the data and catchment of 7.11 fmd the probable peak discharge
in the river, at the station, from a storm covering the catchment and consisting
of three consecutive 2-h periods of rain producing 7, 14 and 12 mm runoff
respectively. Assume baseflow rises from 10m3 Is to 20 m3 Is during the total
period of runoff.

~our

4"
U_h.

b
I
%

.3
if.
~

IJ

10

.3

0
/I

~o

'"

15
IE>

11

t.Ic.

0
11
/'0

120 1/20
1

/I
(,()

1170 1170
IfIt i ~09 11.0

0
II

21-

15.4IIJO f4.0
~/,

16~'

I/O

~o

154

-- --

30.' .Ib' 0

107 131b
91 1335 297 j f
349 3/6
'1 359
51 367

.39 3743/ 360

13 382

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

/0

/I
12-

j3f

V9 '71' IU.' 305.2 164 1'2.! 4'9

JV4 11.44 '70 74- /4' loa' 308 144.0 13 5'9
153 I~73 tot} 14 /1., '19.' 249.2 ,161.' la.$
121 !297 244 5t 104- 71.g 20].2. U4 14 55'

"4

"
t

Hours

0
11
71

124
170
198
172
147
127
107
90

Q
(m 3/s)

11

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

76
62
51

40
31
27
17
11
5
3
0

A uniform-intensity storm of duration 4 h with an intensity of 6 mm/h is

followed after a 2-h break by a further uniform-intensity storm of duration
2 h and an intensity of 11 mm/h. The rain loss is estimated at 1 mm/h on both
storms. Baseflow was estimated to be 10 m3 /s at the beginning of the fust storm
and4O m3 /s at the end of the runoff period of the second storm.
Compute the likely peak discharge and its time of occurrence.

--

('_/h -

/h) :: 5"""/11 lor 46 - 2 em. !rlin

(116161/1,- f",,,,/h) = fOmm/h -10."2.,, felll.min
fhetrt.1ote the 4/r v.1r. (ahoYe) mVSf /J~ /II"'~ipJ/M

7b

II11M

hlf1. anti atldetl ttJ a th. uh. a/so times2,

and ste.pped in time hh. after the.sl:artDf HIe fll"st storm.

.J:
~

'" I3lJ.se-l!Dw incrqJses D'l.ID,,!% /,., 4'/,,,-: tOn

So tlSSVll'le on P.S",o/3

Q
(m 3 /s)

~K ~,Y I@x &u ~I

(J7 14- ,.f. HOIII

ho
109

273 43

Hours

~ ~ ~~ I~:

"1.3 7'

If

7.14 The 4-h unit hydrograph for a 550 km2 catchment is given below

Basellow l'i5e5" -/rtJm lonlls fo 1Om3js atahout Jt.t~:. A$SUm8 an inCl'e.rlse oIl.2m'!l/h.

lnauJ.sLplJrJz.

tDnt'fJ werletJ:i

MllKimum flow is f)/4"'A at how 7.

28

ll4CDnt'ci

7.15 Using a FSR (1975) synthetic unit hydrograph with Tp = 8 h for a catch
ment of 350 km2 , deduce the surface runoff contribution to the discharge of the
river draining the catchment at the end of the fourth hour of continuous rain of
10 mm/h, if the runoff coefficient is 70 per cent. Assume runoff starts at start of
rain.
Define the parameters on which Snyder's original synthetic unit hydrograph
was based and comment on the differences from the FSR synthetic unitgraph
values.

-denva~ion of 217 tJ.h.--'~I....applicahol7 ofroin ...

7
2
1
3 4- S
.f- V, Inff. j2hu.h t:rJl"L ~/'7 ~e Totol
S-c.
41,/1."I/r;uy
..,0/$ odd ~m! lIJg 4--5
"2 x2 flDw

0
I

1.

3
4

5"

"
7
9

It>
1/

If.
13

'4

15

If;

17
18
19
~o

11

---

1/

71

/14

'70

I'lf /I
111- 11
147 12.4
1'2.7 '70
107 ~

90 143

7& tZI
b2 297

6r4

-+

0
.s 10
22- -~
71 142- 14-1. _-c
71 0
113 ~~, 24(
11.4170 11 99 lIN 3./.0 -~ .,
~09 11.4- 15 170 396
2.43 '70 73 146 ~44 0
1.71 ~ 61- 124- 1.94 442.97 2/-3 Sol lof 254 tfJ. 20
316 ".171 45 90 2.11- 45! 2.J
333 2,7 3' 72- Ifo 396 22.
347 316 31 61- 15% 340
359 333 17 54 124- 2910

II

()

II

0
21.

-~

"

51 31' 31.7 347 1.0

40 3a3 373 359 14-

40 lOt.

2'1 3~ 3'3 373

17 3'7 3'4- .37'

,"0

31

11

.3
0

3{'7 II
10
6
373 3'14- 3f3 I
37'1 3'3 3rf. 0
313 3" 31"4-

341

37'

t,- so

121
0

discharge

IS

"gl

..

and 7iJ = ~.S2Tp

tlte" fn.v.Jr. 100
1s

11%

~5g

Jin,e. fhis is a fir

el-(..

mrs

_____
B
12.
I'

--I_~_

2D h

Ifh. fh~ ~ed" oI4h. of

(-rI-

i
3
4-

!l
i

,/?>C;Xl~

(.onfinl.lous rOIn IS obtoll1i!d O!l drowing 4 fh.

V.h$ aJ-svccessive f h inferrols.
$0- list the first- 4- h. of the. l/. h.
7'Lt
I r/e D. TIic/:tJ1"
1iml!. III.u.h. to. 7

:t<
s::

= 20/61, (Say2O'r).

~S~1t 11

96-

50
%5
1I

59'

O~~A--

b'l7

61- ete.

~~

3g4 3ff 3B3

Peat

f1.q,=

II 7P. fh fhen Q.o c:.

-z.J5J/S/IO()/un-t.
SO 101' 3$O"m%. Q, ~ a.5x'21S", 96-t5mo/s

(f

15 fhe.707e~.)
rvnDff- i:cI!!Pfl

12113 y..f0
1.406 16~1 1-4 0
36.09 25'.3 ".f' "4 0
4f/f. 337 2S5 Jl,.~ 6'.+ ::: f14 -2

"'rs

ThiS dischQ'!}e aHhe. end(J/4h. is the. SVA'/

01 HIe 4 onllntlh?s ol/he 4 JllIdl'OJItt,olls at-

flI-lUJlJ7!J

!:hat- f-ime.

29

7.16 A catchment of 76 km 2 area drains to an outfall at National Grid Reference SS 742 480.
The main stream length is 15 km. Assume SAAR
15.0 with no urban development.

= 1750 mm and Sl085 =

Estimate the flood flow at the outfall with a 65 year return period, assuming
that 50% of rainfall appears as runoff and ignoring baseflow.

ColfJPut'e the f h. unit It~~raph

MSl. "Is-ok",
ty".

URBA"'''O

$ .. 15=/5.0

SS74Ut't) : this isN.l>e!tbn

f:heJ1 fromAp/?.A SAA1(~..l SAA/e:!J: 175omll1

IIntl fiYJm Aj 7-'25 R:;,'!r(' = 55/11/11 .

-flren ~ ... #J.6{t5.td().I4(t5. oJ.31l(/x~()'"-foaM ~'J.7- ~

.', 7j:J = 46-' )( ;,"'(61 K(}.35'J3" ().2013 .4397-~S.o)

I:hUl ~p = 220/Ji =41M3/,5PO-ltJOW#~'7'=33_'1i

andre. = 2'~lp =2-5~!). ~ . .6 -

.)0

Ilr.

1/. h.

;", .tt3Is

@act 13" J

as.I " ..1

16

/loS

Flood ClJ/cs.

])=

storm durafton -

10

fM
0.15
010.325

~
13 It.

0.475
aZ5
1:0

]) -= (f + f 7S)Tp =13.7511 (s~/3h sinc.e lInet'M no.)

and sf-orm pro/ife will be in /00/13 =7.Sfo /l7CI"ements.
then fst.7.5% - 20% oftofalroin ~1j2.J7orTtJblt2.19
ner.t 2. inc.r. - 50-~2 =.30 I.e. /sy. t!4ch
I,

",.

"

I,,,

"

"

"

.,,,
II

".,

0.75

~~

0.1-

"9-50 ,,19 "9-5% "

{)JS

0.10

n.-b9 =13 ': 'S% ..

9D= 'i' .. 40% "
96 - 90') = b = 3.0?; "
leo-9iJ~4- = :2.0% "

Max. 'Y'unoll = 1/5,5 m'ls

10 .11/5.1115.5/01.

=65!1 ~eCvrn period peaK Now under stafed assumptions

30

7.17 (a) The 2 h unit hydrograph for a 370 km 2 catchment is listed below.
Transform it to a 6 h unit graph and estimate the peak discharge from a 6 h
storm of uniform intensity of 4 mm/h. Assume the rain loss amounts to Imm/h
and that baseflow is a constant 3 m3 /s. Is there any way you can check if the
unit graph is valid?

Hours
0
2
4
6
8
10

Qm3 (s)
0
8
22
44
67
72

Hours
12
14
16
18
20
22

Qm 3 (s)
65
54
45
37
29
23

Hours
24
26
28
30
32
34

IIovr
0

'g"

Qm 3 (s)
18
13
9
5
2
0

I:>

/0

/2.

14/1>

IS

(b) Comment on the assumption of constant baseflow, and describe a way in

which baseflow at the end of a period of surface runoff might be estimated.

10
~

(q)

Net rain

:=

oN>

"'1Ycm .
.so tJ1)flSPE,se 2n v.Jr.-{'h. and hlvlbp''! ilbLJ Nr. Then actd DQ.Se/foW'.
(jnlfh'ld~9f1l/111 is Cht!CJ(eU hy Qe =S-curve ftpa/

...

34-

-0

1467

.10

7~

141
213

65
54
~

37
~9

23

74

27'
3n

0
~

.30

74

141
332377

141

317 414
414- 44$

443 4;,6

513 513

511

74-

:t13

dINk bit

'It fl."

~/6'" Vh

b6se

x1.9' Hot(

y
.Jo

74
133

In

~()4

191

10

t5
44

'"

6G

'4

164
:l7D 136

5"5'

ete.

etc.

el:-c..

In4- 30 125.4-

513

~'7'~37;;"514.

Max. di sc.ha'1e.

S#!.e. sollJNol1s to Q 7.3 and 7'/0.

0
g

.30

---

~/3

:17'

4~' 4,4
4'4 497
497 50'
so/, SI/

Qe ..

I/O/Ue. .

b)

0
I

U IV
,; 13
18 9

(4-f)." 3mm/n k'h -.,Imm

6h
rtll'Ye log dllf.
u.n. onre.
add.

21t

0"

C/.h.

ISO./(.

= /25.4 lJ'fo/s at hour 12-

Sinc.e. only peoJc. tit8Ch()'ge is I"eqvired. it is

t/nne.c.es.sa".!1 Co CQ./c.v/afe. the. whole. !'oDIe..

31

8.2 Tabulated below is the inflow I to a river reach where the storage constants
are K = 10 h and x = 0 :

8.1 A catchment can be divided into ten subareas by isochrones in the manner
shown in the table below, t!J.e catchment lag TL being 10 h :
Hour
Area (kml)

1
14

2
30

3
84

4
107

5
121

6
95

7
70

55

8
35

Time

9 10
20

(h)

r= fh

75

ml= 8.5

..,

(j)

Time
h
()

39.7

&:.

7
g

/0
1/

/"-

I~

~ ..CtisW

J(COl2)

1-.'
9f
tl"

f
'2

()JltI,
7V1(alll

35.1

31.1.

23.0

1'.0
11.5

6.6

0
0

4./
12.3

35.2
M .b

397

/06.'
114.3
1167
113./
105.5

=Lf).H.
0
4.{,
13.9

39.9
70.3

1017

Ito. 9

129.6
1323
11~ 1119'
los'5

93.1
f1/

etc..

Time
(h)

(m 3/s)

90.6
28.3
40
0
45
70.8
26.9
5
53.8
50
24.1
10
42.5
55
623
15
34 .0
60
133.1
20
28.3
65
172.7
25
24.1
70
152.9
30
121.8
35
Find graphically the outflow peak in time and magnitude. What would be the
effect of making x > O? Assume outflow at hour 11 is 283 m3 /s and starting to
rise.

A single flood recording is available from which the storage coefficient K is

found as 8 h. Derive the 2h unit hydrograph for the catchment.

take

(m 3 /s)

21r.

unit

9f'Qph

t1

6'1

~2
I-~.I

70.S'
1~6
lIs' 6
126.'
11,.9
1~59

116$'
106'3

9J.V

dc.

o
32

(0

20

;0

40

50

60

10/z

8.3 A storm over the catchment shown in the figure generates simultaneously
at A and B the hydrograph listed below:

1ime
h

Q(m 3/s)

Hours

Q(m3/s)

0
3
6

10
35
96
163
204
210
190
129

24
27
30
33
36
39
42

91
69
S4
41
33
27
24

12
15
18
21

k.= 9h X" O3~

Co:. - 9(0.33) -/5
C,=
C2,

9- 3 -1-/.5
.3 -1-'.5

9-3+(.$

9-3-/'5

9-3H'S

t-3
__ ,.5

7.5

:II

~I

-~.f

.33
.3b

.39

+2-

-40.'

Igo -3'-0 '(2'-0 74.,

91
69
54-

4/

3.3
2.7
24

1/4 0 177

'('Z

Routed flood oJ:lt }

arriving at C

Combined tnoximvm

= O.&'

t.o y

33

163

20.(.

20
40
10/
191
27g

210 335
190 J53
129 315
91

163

I'll.
/71

-II-? 71-.,. 11/.5

54.6 1024- '43
-13"
-Io-r 414 '59
-12 32/' 699
-6'6 U/J
-5.4- 19.1

-#.r

10

.35

96

5
J
29 2'

/29

30

= - 0.2

97' 16'7 . 74-41.'0 1%2f 44"1- 1'1.5

204

-3%" S'f.'

Total

10"

II

2/0

24-

75

75

(,

15

27

1.: = o. b

= 4-'~

-7
-/9t.

11,3

I~
jl

Use the Muskingum stream flow routing technique to determine the combined
maximum discharge at C. The travel time for the mass centre of the flood
between A and C is 9h and the factor x '" 0.33. Any local inflow is neglected.

10

.15
9'

12-

Hours

fff/S -tR.1z o.'L o.I;D, 1>%

69

V
\
*

Flood oJ: Il

assumed valve

/-low

--MQJ(.

J5301!s

S.4 Define the instantaneous unit hydrograph of a catchment area, and describe
how it can be used to derive the n-h unitgraph.
A catchment area is 400 krn 2 in total and is made up of the subareas bounded
by the isochrones tabulated below:

8.5 listed below is the storm inflow hydrograph for a full reservoir that has an

Subarea
bounded by
isochrone
(h)

54
12
1.5
0
45
13
156
I
40
14
255
2
34
15
212
3
28
16
184
4
23
17
5
158
17
IS
136
6
11
19
7
116
8.5
20
99
8
5.5
21
85
9
3.0
22
74
10
62
11
Determine the outflow hydrograph for the 48h period after the start of
the storm. Assume outflow is 1 m3 /s at time O. The storage and outflow
characteristics of the reservoir and spillway are tabulated below:
Height above
Height above
Outflow
spillway crest Storage
Outflow
Storage
spillway crest
(m 3 x 106 ) (m 3 /s)
(mJ
(m 3 x 10") (m 3 /s)
(m)

Area
(km 2 )

15
30
50
75
SO

1
2
3
4
5
6

60
45
25
20

S
9

CD

71me

Ic!nt.

0
15
30

I
.2

3
~

7
g

10

1/

uncontrolled spillway for releasing flood waters:

3h
3h
intervals
intervals
m 3 /s

50
7S
10

60
45

2.5

~o

From a short storm hydrograph it is known

that TL = 9 h and the storage coefficient K = 5.5 h.
Derive the 3h unitgraph.

I:-ote t-'h. the"

,
I
5
m =~ and ml.="t"

(1)

'L~~
~.nxt"

~IC@

Q,=(.f

3h.1I.J,

7._0

13.9

0
0
Sof

~.1.

It.~

70

as

396
i>H'

19.f

197

9.'

374-

3~.'l

33.0

37-(

56'S

93.6

56/:.

7'.0
'112,

/()5.'i
/()g.,

727

11)25

91.0

947

/oo-Z
94.0

27,'
209

1/.'
93
0

90.9
8'5.4-

7f9

7'9

0.2
0.4
0.6
O.S
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
I.S
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

(1'.4-

'5.7 etc. '14.'

34

0.30
0.62
0.96
1.35
1.70
2.10
2.57
3.00
3.52
4.05
4.57
5.10
5.68
6.22

1.21
3.42
6.27
9.66
13.50
17.75
22.36
27.32
32.60
38.1S
44.05
50.19
56.60
63.25

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4

m 3/s

6.S0
7.38
7.98
8.60
9.25
9.90
10.50
11.21
11.90
12.62
13.35
14.10
14.88

70.15
77.28
S4.64
92.21
100.00
IOS.00
116.20
124.60
133.19
141.97
150.93
160.08
169.40

SoLution overleaf

8.5

IJ(In(/ S oJOinsl" head on Clf!$t. filM plot Sv.D anti S:t JiM CV~ .

I. 'Plot

150

HlJf'rD!rtIfJh is 'isf~ of 3h infenflis

So m~e,311 -slDnIfe.lTJvbn, peritxl+----'

.'. stora9~ liIit 3 K 3600 It f m%

110 r---<r---i--f--f+-----+--l

'0

- 10, 8'00 '" 3

c"m~d

\)

~
S~----1-----~~~~---+----~

70

.~

" "r-----ir--f-++--+--+-+--I
400

HO

100

,_

StrnrJpe vnits (it ~ doys )

~O+--4-~-------4-----~------4-1~1---+--~~.--~~.--~-----4--

roD

--+----r---~~-----~~ft=--~

o~~~~~~~~~--~--~-f.D

. 2D

4.0

Height olloYe

4.0
s.o
crest (/PI)

SR.ovting

35

to

period

IS (311)

.to

cont'd

85contC/

~ f: =routing fl6r1od = f

Time Routt" Inllow

h

3
~

12,.

/5

If'
~I

24

27

Jo
33

eft.

PtT'':3
I
2

7
f'

1s

hl3

/.5'

z
79

15b

10S

~/1.

19f
171

~55

1a'4

15ff

13'
116

I]
10

99

6'S

74-

II

It.
13

1>1-

54-

14

45

'5
Ie:,
IJ

..f.o
3f.

21

I'i'

13

'7

19
20
:11

II
f.5

S.S

:2.3

I':!2.

I,+b t

233

147
IZ6
/07

9Z.
79
69

Sf

49
42

37

31

Z5
20
1410

])

S-iDt- ~+41>t

m3ls (~~!"~
0

S.5
23
46
6175

b,
~32.

4f4.

875

71l>
711.

f2

1.10

78
715

3S

2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16

foB

79'

689

505

~42.

410

.375

Yl8
'i12

"I/o
606

470

40

772-

763

54

4-9.5
45

Hour

615

615

58

611-

70 1,.

710

570
537

67"5

465

b~5

6'2.

95

79

:173

535

f9

f7
ff

8.6 Show by sketches how the Muskingum routing technique is based on at

least one observation of a flood passing through a river reach. Compare the
technique with reservoir routing to explain how and why the two techniques
differ.
Determine the probable maximum discharge from a reach of a river where the
inflow hydrograph is as listed below and the constants x and K of the routing
equation are x = 0.20 and K = 9 h.

7~"

b48
607
569"
530
490
45l.

Q (mJjs)

0
t

4~0

$g'2

4-

/31-

10

'i

291

12..
I.f.

+(SriJ>,t-) = (Sjl+tDzt)

II:>

lft.;dl'Ogrofh ofl?cJNlow]) is p/ottetf, with

mflow' on preVIOtlS ptkJe .

5'2..

18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34

180
150
120
96
80
68
60
54

52
132
218
294
322
324
308
264

-o.IIL
-S.'2.

no

+0761)' :
+0.341 1 0.76]),
13.'
17b

30.4-

,'"

t'"

])s

3f'.f

:1/8

44.9

~5.8

339
489

3~

-3-z'~

100.0

6~2

J~.o

30f

-30.~

51.4-

2M

-194

-3'24

741

109!
1/0.1-

-:1.6'4

101/.7

-~'2.0

~.~
74-'~
~/.'2.

-:/1.0

20

Ifo

~t

150

'24-

-ISo

I~

-/"2'0

9'

-91-

-18-0

5"10

Jo.lj

~.5

31-'

9f.8
/337
16/9

1816
190.3

I~V

'.0 v

40'-

-/31.-111"

'8

~,

36

I(",~)

ffJ

Q (mJjs)

.'. ~"c: - O.t g'" 0.34-

Time

Hour

f/C

1759
~/$I

'240.2.

2~0.4

241"'

231.0

MtlX

floW'

eloc.
11l.g
efc.. ossumed volue

8.7 The following hydrograph was observed on a river as a result of an hour

of uniform intensity rain, baseflow having been estimated and subtracted:

Hour

Q(m 3/s)

Hour

Q(m 3/s)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

0
40
120
265
405
515
580
607

8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15

603
582
540
467
385
306
232
167

g7ConE'd.

CD 0@
1

40

If0

405

.,
3

The catchment contributing this flow was divided into subareas by isochrones,
from which the following time-area correlation was derived:

II
20

Hour
Area (km2)

1
25

2
40

3
4
80 200

5
340

6
7
300 220

8
170

9
II 0

10
50

10

f'

Given that Q2 =-m'l +m2Q. wherem'= t/(K +tt)andm% = (K -tt)/(K +tt)

derive the lh unit hydrograph for the catchment and determine Qp and tp.
Estimate the net rainfall that caused the original hydrograph.

If

I!J

14
15

bOO j.:''';':"'!=I=!~,....Jj....;';':':''+'.:..;.'. 4'-;.....'--I"--"+'-""""'+~

'k, >::"C:: ;- Plot h'ldrogroph and

.... t: .

determine Inflexion
~.t.~.__ . point, fhen

:In

Mi

500 --.:-~---.,
.
'1
I'
I
... [.:: .. : : i':' j

Ii

400 -::-:-I~--.~~ '-: .-:~-"t k=

.,,5.'1.1,
"'Is 'dkQ ...... :. I
.301) -_. _.;--+-._. -'-...-j-._- then I
f
.
I
I
I
.... 1.~:J'
.:
"I%$".2.,.0.S= 5-7- 0./15

~oo

+-::~~

"j

.. m2 =5.2:0.5 = 4.-7=0. f25

. .
--' --

... :.

. fhvs

d~nve

5'0

bo7

hD3

58'2

S40

467

3f5

306

40

11...1-

1/)1

195

1!J.6

19-9
1-5.9

11.1.

CD

[.lJ.H.

37

it

CDl7

"1

fo

3'9

24-1-

340

1"'54-

/23.1-

IfJ7' o

3q.o 424./J 4010 '5

3499 4325 42t'-~ '4

too

97j

S1.~

300 /4/, (J
~20

'70

110
50

20

U~2.

g'27

58S

6~.3

1495 ID'4

1.18'. g' 119t

jll4.a 9Jb./-

'7

35{AI' 41D3 41/.4 "4383'-S JI,t.-g 31if'~ 1'4299-3 3()9.() 135.9 /4

2"'.~

'7
0

Z,S49

251-9
e.tt:. .

2J~

~r.J.()

etc.

14

167

=42g' ",sIs
t p -= YJr

the in Un. ~

ral-io oIc/)/~/CDI.7 Intlicofes p~ /4l/11nera;f/

,...
'1' . ..... I So- 52 0.5 5 7
. . . ..
lDO :.. ~.~::-~::~
~::-:-.~Q~=0.rr5~,+O.f2'Qf
0 6- 7

5/5

1.5

@)(f)
~~
=fClH '''011''
u. h

J,'nc.e fhe hytim91411t is HlnDfl /rDm Ik )'Qin'p

then it; /)rt/inotes ore Ptinws t-Ite. (17 u.h .

",

-.~~-. i-

265

For'

(-"7+3ft)XI

Tt'me JI.,I/ro- 7l117e- ~J75 I, -= 0.115qn:zplr ~.r.h

0
0
0
0
0

8.8 The Muskingum routing equation S =K(xI + (I -x)D) applies to a reach

of a river. Show how the constants x and K may be derived.
If the values for a particular reach are K =9 h and x =0.30, forecast the
outflow hydrograph from the reach if the inflow hydrograph (in m 3 /s),is as follows.
Hours 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48
Inflow 6 5 17 48 81 102 105 103 95 64 45 34 27 20 16 13 12

C =o

C2

os

(27-15)
9-2,.7+1.5

9-1.7-15
7. 'if

Time

0
5

It

"

4~

I~

1/

15

'T

=_

-O.15I~

-0.8
-2b

-72.
-12..2.

IS'

105
103

-15.5

:27

30

33

36

39

42.

45

4g

95

64
45
34~7

20

If:>

13
12-

27.fo/S)_

7.~

- 0.54-

0.541,

0."2]),

l>a
fo!IE-

~I

J..f.

= _ 0.15 . C i

:::'!.:.!.:
0.62; '.])2=-0./Sl:z-l-o.541,+o.l.2~,
-r.S'

-15.3
-15.8

101-

12.

7. g

-/4-.3
- 9.b

-bg

- S'

- 4,'
-3.0

-24-

- 20

-.18

3.2

37

~7

3~

9'}.

~59

1.4
~'7

43.7

10.2.

55".1

~39

567
55.'
513

392.

34f:,

U3

1i.4
146
10.'1
ft,

70

(,.1

39

4416.431-'
63.19'0.4-

49fJ

9//

565
6().9
5'5.0
46.0

9Y-1.
~"7

374

30.4

741-

60.3

49 D

3f.f
t4.0
30.6
ttl 0 1.4.1.
... assumed value
38

9.1 A contractor plans to build a cofferdam in a river subject to annual flooding.

Hydrological records over 30 years indicate a maximum flood flow of 7800 m 3 /s
and a minimum of 2000 m3 /s. The observed annual maxima plot as a straight
line on semi-logarithmic paper where return period is plotted logarithmically.
The cofferdam will be in the river during four consecutive flood seasons and
it is decided to build it sufficiently high to protect against the 20-year flood.
Evaluate (without plotting) the 20-year flood and determine the probability
of its occurrence during the cofferdam's life.

3()y record., So

9.2 The annual precipitation data for Edinburgh are given below for the years
1948-1963 inclusive:

T,.:: ~5't =53.1',/ /tn'- 7.8'oom;'s

Mi,,_ value Tr = 3o./~ -= (.02J lor ~,ooo m3/s
Ma.Y.l4J/ve

29- 5'l.

7800

~.&=r1
D.!J Sea

e.

5lrO<:P

Q2o" 2Q.oo+ ~~8(

qJ.o = 2r;OOI- ~:~2~ (!800) ..

What

IS pl'Ohahility

1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955

36.37
28.01
28.88
30.98
24.41
23.64
35.15
18.08

309~

'3

io16

29. 51
2v,w

3.5'

29

3~.I5

4-

3D' '24-

"7

in next.4y?

2~.17

2V-OI

p(X~~n = t-ft-fJ"
P(x~to!/fIO()rt)1- = I-P-40].f

( i)

P%

N.r

'3bO ",%

7r

Q
36'$7

/?tJn/f.
2

016360 #

Precipitation
(in.)

Year

Precipitation
(in.)

1956
28.17
1957
25.68
1958
29.51
1959
18.04
1960
24.38
1961
25.29
1962
25.84
1963
30.24
(i) estimate the maximum annual rainfall that might be expected in a 20-year
period and a SO-year period;
(ii) defipe the likelihood of the 20-year maximum being equalled or exceeded
in the 9 years since 1963

- -----eIf_9_2.

Tr :: (~!o~~)

Year

103

1/
It.

29

34

13
14-

2,

4~

III

40

25'

24.41

24-38'

23.U

15

1(.01
18.04-

'III

10~
.It.

:: f - [0.95J'f

~2

4~

Q
25'.f14.
25:68'
25.29

Ra""

.!n

I--

~~

Tr

Pro

/7

5"9
67

/9

5"3

'S
1'4I.

71
77

'3

g3

11

,.1

/04

jD
~

L-- V

10
" 'S 20yrefum=5"prcb.=37l,,:5Oy=2$probFrom graph
4Oin.

:: /- O,~/4
:: O.I'd'f,

Prob obi Ii l;y = /<;1. b %

(ii)

39

5'"

'11

1D '" 60

P(X~:J!)"= I-{t-;o?=

~ 20

10

2.

1-(0.95)':: 1-0.63-0.37",.3170

9.4 The following table lists in order of magnitude the largest recorded mean
daily discharges of a river with a drainage area of 12 560 km2 .
Year

Date

Discharge
(m 3 /s)

1948
1948
1933
1928
1932
1933
1917
1947
1917
1921
1927
1928
1927
1917
1938
1936
1922
1932
1912
1938
1922
1925
1924
1917
1916
1912
1918

29 May
22 May
10 June
26 May
14May
4 June
17 June
8 May
30 May
20 May
8 June
9 May
17 May
15 May
19 April
15 May
6 June
21 May
20 May
28 May
19 May
20 May
13 May
9 June
19 June
21 May
5 May

2804
2450
2305
2042
2042
2016
1997
1980
1974
1974
1943
1861
1818
1801
1796
1790
1767
1762
1753
1722
1716
1694
1668
1609
1586
1563
1495

Year

1918
1929
1943
1922
1919
1936
1936
1923
1927
1939
1934
1945
1935
1920
1914
1931
1913
1940
1942
1946
1926
1937
1944
1930
1941
1915

Date

10 June
24 May
29 May
26 May
23 May
10 April
5 May
26 May
28 April
4 May
25 April
6 May
24 May
HsMay
18 May
7 May
13 June
12 May
26 May
6 May
19 April
19 May
16 May
25 April
13 May
19 May

Yeor

194~
t.6f)4.
1'133 2.305"
ZtJ-I-2
192 V
1932 ~4~
1917 .1997
1947 19'tJ
192/
1974

Discharge
(m 3/s)

1495
1492
1478
1476
1473
1433
1410
1405
1314
1314
1300
1257
1246
1235
1195
1155
1119
1051
1051
1037
1017
971
969
878
818
799

1927

1943

1931 .1796
19J' 1190

1921- .1767
1912-

. '75"3

1916
19ft

.15Yb

1'-94
1924 .16"
191.6

19'-9
194~

149~

,/4'/2.

./n,

1919 1473
1923 .IMS
1939 .13141931- 1300
1945 .12.57
1936 /246
19~0
191.f.

19S1

'9'3

1940

'g42
'Ii'
'In
194 /-

14&.

The mean of annual floods is 1502 ml/s and the standard deviation of the
annual series is 467 ml/s.
Compute return periods and probabilities for both partial and annual series.
Plot the partial series data on semi-log plotting paper and the annual series on
log-normal and Gumbel probability paper. Estimate from each the discharge for
a flood with a probability of once in 200 years.

1930

~g11

40

11.35

1190
.II$'5

1//9

Ran/(.

Tr

z.

611-3
t3Y

,m

.3

4S[,

14.5

Ont.. flteAnnVlJ1 Serie1

15

?he 1hrtiatlJuJ'(J/tDI1.ft!Jics

I"11-

5.7

18

67

7
g

49

10

39

:2

4-

111

104

-Ia

2f)

1.3

If
/2-

3-5
32-

2/:>
2'1
31

1415
16
17
1$
19

27
25
Z1f

41-

2/

-17
5g

.22.

'9
/7

58

:J4

16

6~

~,

/4s

~9

135

74

I~

1.0

tf

2.3

:t5

J.1
2.'1

3.0

r;r =(0",-0.44)
+o.n..)

P%

3f
37
39

is Jco/cv/atet heH.

is plotted i" fDp9!J,Pk

olUlear (Senti-h1).

7),e.4hnual Seriu is
pIotte4 In fhe ol'''fII''$.

7he 100g 1/001/ apper.v:r

1nz,t.V1~;.;mI~

1;stne

Ifnnt/()/{'-/N);L 31S0
do. {GUnlel./- .3200

Vsi,,!GumlJeJ /Dnnvla
Wli/, fJ.1JY.::r I~()f ~p
t1hd d"' == 4b7
(1"'0:: 1502. +

46-{(o.7f'J<S3O)-o.lij
==/502-1-467(' .~)
15()2 + /719
3~'2.o nih

/tJ61
IOSI

30

'3

8'0

10'1

31.

1-2-

g5

.3+

I'

*'

wltich agrees quIte

well wIth r,etplzs

1031

971

969

.31

33

f7a' 35

~~~ ~~

,.o/- 96

:=

plolted (!)vuteQr.

9.4- colted.

.3'''N

'000

-.~

r-- r-

i--

,....-

f-

.Juri-lot

4 S

10

Tr

2(J

-'"

tID 50

3000
2.000
ffOO

"

1400

r---.
.... ......

1000
-1

Proh% 95

!JO

'
I

1000

40 3D 1.0

3
5

t()

...;- p

V- I--:

I--'"

45

10

r,.

2D 10

SO

It

'"
5
4-

II

13

18

19

'f?ainfall

44.48
56.25
65.57
45.72
44.78
48.02
54.48
51.53
48.11
59.03
60.59
47.20
38.16
45.38
54.62
53.03
40.98
50.88
49.95
46.27

1,.

Pl'

Year

1941
1942
1/,6 Jo,I. 1943
1944
1945
1946
3.5 19 1947
2' 39 1948
1949
/14 1950
1/-3 tf 1951
1952
1953
1954
3.' t6 1955
3t 31 1956
1957
~.:a 41- 1958
21 46 1959
1960

5.S 19

,.,

h
10

14
9

10

t
7
15
17

~ainfall

1r

P%

46.79
43.38
45.87
59.00 7r. 1442.74
55.39 4.1 If
41.04
45.03
44.11
52.15 S.O S455.43 41 tl
48.87 f,'
43.26
63.13 1.5.7 3.9
36.46
16
56.57
51.79 2'1
51.22 2..4- 41
39.58
60.66 157

49

'.f

3'

'.4-

(a) What are the 50-year and 100-year annual rainfalls? How do these com.
pare with prediction made using Gumbel's theory? W1iat qualification needs to
be made if using the latter results?
(b) What is the probability that the 20year rainfall will be exceeded in a
lO-year, a 20-year and a 40year period?
(c) A certain waterworks plant is to be designed for a useful life of 50 years.
It can tolerate an occasional rainfall year of 70 in. What is the probability that
this amount may occur during the project's life?

Allnv(J/ SeiJes
~vmJ.

The mean and standard deviation for the period are 49.69in. and 7.08in.
respectively.
Arrange the data in ranking order. Compute return periods and probability.
Plot the data on probability paper.

~~

I
I

fQj

..... f."" r--~

I
I

-'

V. V

I
1
1
1

$(J

--

,Annl/al Series
LOI/-l?tI1"mal

10 70 60
i

.3000

..-

.......

IIXJ

Year

1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
i937
1938
1939
1940

'ParlitJl:JvrllbDnStNs

'DOD

9.5 The annual rainfall in inches for Woodhead Reservoir for the period of
record 1921-1960 is listed below:

11

110

Solution overleaf.

lOO

41

's. c.onl'cl
70

IJO

50
40

95 !It>

.~

IY'

V'

,/f

9.6 A river is subject to annual flooding, and from the records of the observed
annual maxima over 30 years, the data plot as a straight line on semi log paper,
with return period plotted on the logarithmic scale. The maximum recorded
flood is 900m 3 /s and the minimum is ISOm 3 /s. If lOOOm 3 /s is selected as a
design discharge, what is the probability of its being exceeded during the next
20 years?

V.

to 70 60 $b 40 jtJ 10 HI
% P1'Obtlbilli-!I

,..._..::::::=-______ . .

I~O

I II.S

10, Tr

/'Df..

(a) Gumbel: COI/roinlo/l R

Rso = 49"9+ J.ol[(o.7,r.190)-O.45] :. 6~.()4.in.
R.bO= 1-9. 69 +- 7.o'[@lflf4.~-O.4~ = 7/.9 in.
Gmph 9iyu .fS() ~ 6
and f,oo '.Ia 69,n

_L
L~

~ __

I,.

fO:f~O
:
~

$5,8? :iI!f

Tr;

n +q,/~

WI-D''''4-

f1Je.n

nr::-:30 Qnd m- t{tlrlnflX..,3D/t?I'lnil'l,

.', Tr_
,,_ .. S3Y"
../ anti 71:,
/h,,, :r /.Q'l..

en

(h)

Ib~""'J

JM

';"

p(X~x)/o =- f-(f-D)'O:: 1-(o.95f~o.401 tJr~%

P(x>Z)2o c 1-(1- io)~ : 1-((}.9tJ.6I2 orM.tj6
p(X~~.fo =- 1-(I-i)~ =f -(a.95)~(JfJt OJ' 17-1fo

IYo.r (ft,g5J. 78'57- ~J 1.0/99) _ 750

(IN] "fix - I()J',bl89)
-"i5o'"
.'. lD9nx= (1'73D7-

..

(~) P(X~~)So= 1_&_t)50

Q.Q/l.1I9)1./gs3 -1-0.0IIII.,

19~54

'. ?;oK r:: 90.2. y.

tJnd

Fmm plotand CIJ/cvlofiof7 ~ in. h(Js 7;. ~ foo'y

I.L ,\50_
t. "So .,
... P=l-l/-/OOj
- 1- \0.99) ::. 0':795

P(xtilll%)1'D = J-(f--J;:tI)~O
= f -(0.9"9):J4
= 1- O. ~(}(JI

0;.395%

= 0.20

42

fJr

20C

9. 7 ccntli.

9.7 Below are the annual mean daily inflows (in m3 x 106 ) to a reservoir
during 20 consecutive years:
7.31
6.38

6.90
5.51

6.64
5.65

5.08
5.82

5.37
5.81

5.75
6.30

7.30
6.53

7.22
6.12

6.48
6.06

'.5

5.20
6.07

The mean and standard deviation of the data are 6.175 and 0.68 (x 106 m3 ) respectively

7-10

f
'Z

7-2f.

.3

6-64-

6-53

hoW

1)1

6-90

h38
"30
6/2-

Tr

,35-9

~_O7

If
1'1.

1-9
1-7
1-"
1-4'1"

1~-9

7-9

4
5

5-7
4-4

3-'
3-1

fl

10

Q,oo -=

7r6!J

Q.
b_06
5-'2'-8'1

13

5-'5

"

5-75

15

/.'J./

5"20

19

1.15

5.08

20

108
/03

~I

5:D

1'01

.LP

,V
l.A'"
v.
<

U t.Z.

.;" vi-"

:
I

.
I
I

2.

1.5

p{X~~),o

Tr

+.5"

10

zo

= J-

(l-i)'D

1050

= f-(0.99)'O
= 1- (O. 9tJ4-)

... ().09"

.. 6'175~ 0.6f(().78'Jl4.b-O.45)
t 10'

i.-'"

(hJ PrtJhooi/il:y

~ + o{(o.7YJr4 .6)-0.45]

= y.3/

1..0

1-~9

17

5.37

I
I

65

S'.S

vV
V
/

7-0

I-3fT

If"

5-~1

27

14

"I

I
I

J.5

(a) Plot the data on Gumbel probability paper. Fit a straight line to the data
and estimate the 100-year mean daily inflow. Compare plot with analytical value if y =4.60 for T = 100 years.
(b) What is the probability of this 100 year value occurring in any period of
10 consecutive years?

(a) Q ("')l/t)~ RanI(

m

'.0

m.3_

whiCh a9~ well with the plot- ya/lJe

43

DI'

9.hfo

ItJIJ

9.8 Determine the magnitude of the 200-year flood from a catchment in the
United Kingdom Region 2, given the following information:

9.9 Annual flood discharges in a river for a 24-year period are listed below:
", p~
I ... P%
m P'U
32.6 9 ~5.S 17.0 19
59.5 -I 14"
Usin9
22.7
'4'~ 5.7 '4 977 56.6 5
"9
T,. - n+ OJ1
11.3 ~
~6.8 7 'l1.1. 20.0 17 &g7
r- m-o.'f.4
34.0 v 31.3 51.0
2$.1 11.8 ~I g~.t.
and
93.4 t 23 8.5 23 q3.~ 85.2 2
31.1 10 39., r73.6 3 10.6 31.1 II ~~8
100
Tr
19.8 If 72' 12.8 ,a, VlJ 25.0 14 5"-2
25.5 ,~ 47~ 25.4 13 5'U 23.7 IS (,p.I/-

SOIL

Sr. F.

0-15)(0.3 .,.(a31CO.3
1

L2

120

.. 1-3'2 j/lrm2+-(0,,156 0.2., O.'5,,(l.!,

./

2M5 =/OOmml filM --h'tJ",Ta6 2.9, 24lrN/5= O.79{fOD)

1" = 2o/, J
=- 79".",
and c.onvel"ftnJ0 IDM5 (fl'Om70". 2.10) .. 79/'./1'" 71.2"""
M,w appl'li'19ARF =0.94Jive.s (1),,,,5 =- 0.94 If 71.2. or 61nll"
ctetivc!- s.",.d. = .,. , 9i,e.s ~SM/)s:. b311'1m

then Q

I+LAK" 1.05

=o. 0213 [(IO~94~3tJ10.31sy1J('~-03(t4.2~I(f.O~1

=o.()1../~(f'().f+){ 1.0'1 0.'24 71.34- 1l!66 0.96)

:: S0-7., (say) SI ",6js
Ff'()In t:&.!J.Y
~loo/Q !bY :t:",o 2 =5.2
8/
.'. Q..Z =32,,51- 16311'115

rs

It

"5"

Rank the events in magnitude and compute their return periods and probabil. ities. Plot the data. Estimate the discharge of a 100-year flood.
1.1.
What is the probability of such a flood occurring in the next 2 years?

.'. SoIL- 0.315

amI Sf085 .,. 24.1. m/klll

"

P%=

What spillway capacity would you design for, with an earth dam, at this locationand why?

A~EA .. 107X/lla.

7,,

" ,I)."

catchment area
107 km 2
stream frequency
132 junctions/km 2
SlO85
24.2 m/km
30 per cent of area is soil class 1,35 per cent soil class 2, 20 per cent soil class
4 and 15 per cent soil class 5.
5 per cent of the catchment area drains through lakes
2-day M5 rainfall is 100 mm at catchment outlet
r = (60 minute M5/2-day M5) x 100 = 20 per cent
s.m.d. =4 mm

'0

"9991

If

ft)

70 kJ 50-10

% !,,"ODolJl!lfy

140 nr%
P(X~2)L = 1-(1-*")"== f -

lt

EsfllTlQted

oo

Foreorilten dtlPf,l11l1c.h /oW'erbet,vtVICfl' S~~'OOD

95

/r

w(,,~ltI

QJ()O

= 1-

bec.Jrose", t-o en$VI'e od'!f.VQ-/-e.. spillway CDf''#f/. OHrer

met1torls, eo.g. P!rtPanduni'l-lryd. 1YD1l1f/ ()/Sotit!. e6Iployed.

. v..

17

ao to

10

(1--Ioot

(0.9101) -=

0.0199

~~%

44

9.11 ccnt'd

9.11 Using the data listed in 9.4, determine by use of the log Pearson III dis.
tribution, the maximum annual mean daily discharge, with a return period of
50 years.

..-jf:: (36:;95 - (3.m)")] 0./42

List- l-he dofa, one, mOK"imllm peryeor /912-191-8.

Yeo/"

Q.

1'141'

I.?'04t.3D5

1933

191..8
/9321917

/947

/92./

/917

193f
1931.
1922.
/9/~

1925
1924-

/9/b

1918

/91.9

1943
19/9

ZIJ4-1.
2.041.
1997
19fO

1974-

1943
119l.
1790

LogQ

j.ur
3.363
3.310
3.310

3.300
3.~97

3.2.96
3.t.w
3.25"43.253

1767
/753

3.2.47
.3.2H
3.2.1..9

1')94

1'''8
IS'I6

1'195
/491-

147'1
11-7~

3.22.1.

3.tIXJ
3.175
$.174
3.170
3.168

n=37

OX" a

368.095

(:!xi = 1,5$15,242.3

= r.37YI,Ib4.134) -

Yeo,.

Q.

Lt1gQ.

(7

191.3

14D5

.1.1-1-5'
.3.119
3. !II/3.D99

G:

1'139
1934
1945
1935
1920
1914193/

19 13

1940
1941194-l.

191.'

J9j7
/944-

/930
194/
/9 15

Let X= 'OJ{l

13141300
1257
lUI,
11..~5

3.09'

.3.077
0.063

1~5"1

3.()~~

1119

1051

1/J37
11J17
971

r(t, 593,l. 99. 'f) -(4,764,106.3)-1-(3, '7, 4-r4.{,) ]

[

3.09~

1195
/155

135./96'

(;, =.I!:L

135.198

.3.019

S,r

L09 Q,. = Xay. r J(' OX

2.943

tlrer,

fIJJR50 = J.lSJ + (2. fl84 x 0.142)

t903

X:z

k'= 2.01'4-

~.98'b

~913

799

(J.575

blJ inhrpolofion

2.9f7

I'll'

From Tobie. 9.5, at t%proDaIJ1/t1!f (,.e.l;: .. 50 9)

3.02/l.
3.01'

3.0/J7

969

fII{368. 095X 1/6. ,) +2{fSfS,~4t.3

37(.!I.'X}sXO.0029)

= 3.447

11'0111 Which

1If,. bDD

XQy.=3.1S1

iX3 = 1,1'4.13445

QSo ::. :2, 799

mrs

9.12 (a) Using the small catchment equation

Q = 0.015 AREA0.882

9.,~

RSMD 1462 SOIL1.904

c;o,pffl

Tp = -1-'.' (4.5)' ({,.o)

(6)

estimate the magnitude of 10 year, 100 year and 500 year floods from a catch
ment in Region 6 of

II

-D.!8

=."t..' (1.23 K().5/

1l

-D,.I

(SO)

0.2.1)

a"t/

~p=UO/'JI= &S.99-/- /DOk"'~ So/rn-2okJ,,:I. .. 7-,2.,s/s

2.52.~'.11 =IS.4Jt.
So MaKe 7;:= b. 01., Qe = 7.2 m~ anti T8=15J,.

AREA =20km2
RSMD =SOmm
SOIL =0.3

anti 7B =

using figure 9.8.

'I----------~.--------------

(b) Compute an FSR synthetic unit hydrograph for the catchment if

If two successive l-h periods of nett rain at an intensity of 3 mm/h separated by

a l-h dry period, fall on the catchment, what peak surface runoff would you
expect? Ignore baseflow.
lit)

t--+--+... -.- .... _-

.s

h()l/rs

/0

"'1dl'O!'1t is as aDDre,
and "'YL(:-tJ!JrapII is 1/.

J_~~ ~

Co

9.1 Refton b
o/Q. /or Q,o .. /. "''''d, ';II~ Q,o=65xl.I,S= IO-lJts

9 4 "ours

Men, opplyillJ thi$ rain I:D the. h!ldmgmph,

'5

Q'D'=.3~"
~ =4.Y5"

~-------=-~+_1~f'-C--

then Ih.

'Q: :=. O.OIS(2IJj-882(5oj-461.(o.SjgD4

Q (0_Ol51C/4.04SX.304l'SX.0.lol). ".4i{s6y) ' 5.w8#
tJn.I /frJ", AJ

~ ~ ~-....._r:;._+_

MSL =4.Skm
S108S =6.0 m/km
there is no urban development

11~1f1tn

Q,oo=651{j.2=20.t"

(em)

!J.3

"~sOD=/J5x4.f5... j/.!i .,

tJ.~

46

15

9.13 If Tp = 46.6 (MSL)14 (SI0S5)-0.38 (1 + URBAN)-1.99 (RSMD)-0.4 us;

an FSR synthetic unit hydrograph to estimate the peak outflow of a 50 Ian
catchment where

no urban
development

MSL =Skm
SlOS5 = 5.0 m/km
RSMD=75mm

nee

when the catchment is subjected to a 7 h net rainfall of following intenSity

Hour 1 and 7
2 and 6
3 and 5
4

f'Ilin

0.2 cm/h
0.4 cm/h
O.S cmlh
1.5 cm/h

-038

0.1,

0.4-

()/I

"5

f).,

-O.,f.

7p =4/,.6 (f) (5') (75)

D.~

"'*

/0

12 15 I, It. 14 11

ID

7 f' 9 /0 "

hOdrs

12 13 14 ,~

47

(.

.,.

'.,

D~J

'4 10 1.6 U 1' 1-4 f.() /.(, 1-1, 0.4 0

ff 24 3.4 4.j II.D 7-1. 6-4 5.6 I.' #./J g.~ 1--4 I., /).1 0
()N 4.' 1.2. 9, It", 1404 It' 11.2 '1.& ,.~ 61- I.' U /.,
014.5 IJ.D S.5 'If./, 2J.5 14.J 1M} I~ 'F.IJ ~.Q ~'D
Of.4 4.' 17-2 9' "UI '404
/.f 9.6 '.1) ~'4 4.'

t.,.,

0 12 1-1. a.6
0 ~ If

Pet/lellow

5 ,

",

h4 UT'S
12 13 14 15-1/6

f1. f.'

4.'
,.,

"'0719

IS

2 3 4-

"

f' 9

I,.,

&.0

11.9nr/s

..

'.0

72 ~-4 5., ~ 1.0 1-2

~4 1.0 3.&

"'.5U~U.,

then fit. U./r.

o /

D./'

4 5

roin
I
I
",sefIDit' 3,5 4.04.S5.o ~ s.S 5'0'" .

Qp = 2'lo/rp U"7ltfo/.s ~/()()IC"I.

5o./i,,. So/c"" Qp =1~3
(~/8'",3/s)
Ts = :2'S'2 Tp = 15.12 Gs'' :r 151,)

-r

fJ

Z 3

0.1.

= 46.b(,.31-)(O.54)(p.II') = (..f)
II

(UII.) 0 I

and baseflow rises from 2 m3 Is at the beginning of rainfall to 5.s m3 Is at its end,
thereafter declining at the same rate. Assume response runoff starts simul
taneously with rainfall.
M~

't'

'.2 It. ~-4 tt)

9.14 The maximum annual discharges for a river are listed below for thirty-three
years of observation_ The mean and standard deviation for the period are
131.5 m 3 /s and 83_0 m 3 /s respectively. Rank the data, compute probability and
plot the data on log-normal probability or semi-log paper.
Year

1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945

m
'f

2.9

:1.1

3D

20

1-

25
I~

"-r

'2.S
b
'2.~

10

It

~,

'I

Qpeak
(m 3 /s)

104
48
95
46
101
311

T,. P%
/-f, '1-5

21
72
127 1-1

"

4Y

47.0

203
,,7
50
89
181 44- 1:2-7
88 1-5
"'7
81
160 ~-S ~.~
143 29 34.5
57
IN
229

Year

Qpeak .
(m 3 /s)

1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960

15

129
153
137
54
102
137
196
114
161
294
360
20
32
226
40

II

14

~l
13
7

13,

~
~

~,

9./4

40D
300

TY' Pj.
~-3
3.,

./3-5

S'2-3

,-, -'5-'

2-~

41-'

100

11- 3i6
5

100

2-0

500

"7

II-?J

$9

Cf)"t'd.

....-'

~,

'1J 9' 95 90

77

(0) FJTJ1I1//()t-

./

"' 70 liD 50 10 3D 10
Probablnty

r-

'21

(""

(a) Plot the line of best fit to the data and predict the 100-year and 400-year
flood discharges.
(b) Given Gumbel's equation QT = Q.v + u(0.78y - 0.45) and thaty =4.60
for T = 100 year and y = 5.99 for T = 400 year, compare the results from
Gumbel's theory with your plot.
(c) What probability is there of a flow equalling or exceeding 300 m3 /s in the
next five years?

10

131.S+fJ.()[~J811'~'~-O.I5)

39t.M/.s

f3.o[(rJ.7rJC5-9J)-()~]

="F1. ";/.5

(f') 300nlls hIlS rdllml'uioti fmb.-5J. .'.

r,.=,:

P(pq300)s= 1-[t-lojS=1- O774-=()21.~

:::~.6~_

11I-o.~

48

.&

mrs

(Q4bD- 1$/5 +

Use. Tr = .p to.2

~/OO" 105

(b) From Gv",/Jel

y- 1'"
."

17

I'

=20y

T, - n+o.2.,

9.15 The following table lists annual peak floods for a river gauging station.
Order the events, compute probabilities and plot the results on log-normal
probability paper.
n + 0.2
Use Tr= -.
m - 0.4
Year

Flood flow

Year

Flood flow

1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956

1150
780
530
1200
3300
1100
720
900
600
420
1300
1800

1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968

445
2600
300
870
2100
2000
700
580
3010
1100
850
800

(m 3 /s)

r -

Q ~/S

Pro

3300

1..5

",

3
4
5

,
7

~olO

{'b

tloo

'49

2600

23./

1300

1200

//

1/00
900

11

'9. 0

2000
/800

8
9

10

~9

~7-3

31.4-

35'.5

//50

/100

397
43.f

479

Qnf/s

13
14

8'70
'65'0

16
17

7flo

15

YOO

720

Ii

700

20
'1.1

S'frO

530

~f.

4'2.0
300

19

2f.
2.3

boo

445

60.3
64.5
(,t.6

72.7
769

gl.O
1'5./

m-O.4-

n'1'o.2.

ITI-O4'24.'2.

/.

./

2400

2/00

./

I~O

1500

IZOO

900
600

/'
./

/
./

/.

./

10 70 6D ~ 40 30 20
Probobilit!J (%)

]>/0
52./
56'Z

3000
2700

(m 3 /s)

ank

p=_1
TY

noo

What is the probability of a flood equal to or greater than 2900 m 2 /s occurring

in any year, and in any period of four consecutive years?

Rank

m-o ..,.

~900

=5/0

P(X~2900)4

II

Ii

II

9'9.3

J 97' S

49

2.

in an'} one. year

p-o.osJl-

{-

1- OJjS4-

:: 0/9

fJ4

10

0.,.

::

f - O.'i'l

19;% in alJtj 4 'I ears .