Green House Gases:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Water Vapour
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Ozone
CFCs

My favourite gases:
1) Methane
2) Ethane
3) Propane
4) Butane

Name Gases:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Laughing gas: N2O

Water gas: H2 + CO
Coal gas: Mixture of many hydrocarbons
Tear gas: Chloropicrin, CN, CR, CS, Pepper-spray etc.
Acid rain: Oxides of Sulfur or Nitrogen + Water = HNO3 + H2SO4
Gobar gas (bio gas): CH4 + CO + H2 + CO2 + SO2
Bhopal Gas Tragedy : Methyl Isocynate

Atomic Structure
Proton:

Charge (+ve)
Mass
Element

Neutron: Mass
Electron: Charge (-ve)

Isotopes:

C-14 is radioactive
Half-life = 5730 years
Used in radioactive dating (carbon dating)
Undergoes Beta decay

C-12
C-13
C-14
N-14

Atomic
Number (p)
6
6
6
7
Isotopes

Isotopes of Hydrogen
1) Protium
2) Deuterium
3) Tritium

Mass Number
(p+n)
12
13
14
14
Isobars

Neutron
Number (n)
6
7
8
7
Isotones

Atomic number Mass number

radioactivity
-2
-4
radioactivity
+1
0
radioactivity
0
0

H2O

D 2O

T2O

Light Water
Heavy Water
Tritiated Water
Heavy water is used in nuclear reactors as moderator and coolant. India is the largest
producer of Heavy Water in the world.
Metals lose electrons
Non-metals either gain electrons, or exist as noble gases
Every atom has tendency to fill its outermost orbit with 8 electrons
Metalloids are between metals and non-metals. Examples: Si and Ge
Property
pH
Physical nature

Acid
Less than 7.0.
Taste sour.
depends on concentration of
Strength
H+ ions
Phenolphthalein
remains colorless
Other
Electrolytes, conduct
Properties
electricity
Acids free hydrogen ions (H+)
Dissociation
when mixed with water.
Made of
Oxides of non-metals
Examples
Acetic acid, Sulfuric acid
Acids change litmus paper
Litmus test
red.

pH + pOH = 14
Acids + Base = Salt + Water

Base
Greater than 7.0
Bases feel slippery. Taste bitter.
depends on concentration of OHMakes it pink
Electrolytes, conduct electricity
Bases free hydroxide ions (OH-) when mixed with
water.
Oxides of metals
Sodium Hydroxide, Ammonia
Bases change litmus paper blue.

Oxydation: Loss of electrons

Reduction: Gain of electrons

Nuclear reactions:
1) Fission
2) Fusion

Fission (Top)
Fusion (Left)