Activities

1 Reaction of Acids with Metals

2 Electrolytes & Non electrolytes

‘H’
3 H2O & O2 are essential for corrosion

Precautions
 Corrosion of different Metals

Brown coating on Iron

Tarnishing of Silver
Ferric Oxide Fe2O3
Silver sulphate
Fe2O3. XH2O
Ag2SO4. XH2O
Green Rusting on Copper
Copper carbonate CuCO3. XH2O
 4 Water of Crystallisation

CuSO4. 5 H2O
Blue
Precautions

CuSO4
Colourless
5 precautions
Acids should be added to Zinc Granules slowly (exothermic)

Delivery tube should be dipped in soap solution

Care should be taken while handling burning splinter because Hydrogen

is combustible gas(burns in the presence of oxygen)
 Met
Str
Acid/ stren Litmu phono h Litmu Pheno Methoran Salt Nam Natur
Base eng pH
base gth s lpth ora s lpth g e e
th
ng

HCl NaOH

H2CO3 NaOH

HNO3 Ca(OH)2

H2SO4 Mg(OH)2

HCl NH4OH

CH3CO
NaOH
OH

H2CO3 Ca(OH)2
From Which Acids and Bases
The following
Salts were formed
Salts Acids Bases

NaCl

MgSO4

Ca(NO3)2

CH3COONa

Na2CO3

CaCO3

K2CO3
From Which Acids and Bases
The following
Salts were formed
 Mention the PH of the following substances

Substance Battery Gastric Acid rain Tooth Milk of Blood Saliva

acid Juice decay magnesia

PH
 Mention the PH of the following Salts

Salts NaCl Na2CO3 Na2SO4 NH4Cl CaCO3 MgSO4 K2CO3

PH
 Testing Acids Bases and Salts

Substance Litmus Phenolphthalein Methyl Orange

Acid

Base

Acidic Salt

Basic Salt
 White Wash Equation

Corrosive nature of Acids or Bases

White Wash Equation

 Dry HCl gas does not turn blue litmus to red
Where as aqueous HCl does? why

H3O +
Hydronium Ion
Uses of Calcium Oxy Chloride
Bleaching powder
CaOCl2
Uses of Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Baking soda
NaHCO3
Uses of Sodium carbonate
Washing Soda
Na2CO3
BASE DISSOLVED IN WATER
BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION
Periodic Law Basis
Dobereiners Law of Triads

Newlands concept of octaves

Mendeleeffs periodic law

Moseley periodic law

Modern periodic law

DRAWBACKS OF MENDELEEFS PERIODIC LAW
Angstrom 1oA = 10-8cm
 Compare the Ionization Energies of
Elements On the basis of Hund's Rule
 Factors Increases Decreases
IP
Nuclear Charge IP
Increases
Stable
Increases
Configuration
Shielding Effect Decreases
Atomic size decreases
Penetration
Increases
power
 Cl -------- Cl-

17e + 17P 18e + 17P

Periodic Laws and Basis
For
classification
Periodic Law Basis
Dobereiner Atomic weight
Newlands concept of octaves Atomic weight
Mendeleefs periodic law Atomic weight
Moseley periodic law Atomic Number
Modern periodic law Electronic Configuration
Mole Concept
 Calculate the number of molecules in 3.6 g of water

Calculate the number of atoms in 0.5 moles of carbon

Which has greater number of atoms, 100g of sodium or 100g of iron?

How many atoms of oxygen are present in 300 grams of CaCO3?

Electronic Configurations from 1-30
 Covalent Bond:
Mutual sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms
Electron deficient Molecules
109*28’ 107*48’ 104*31’
Sp3 hybridization
Bond angle decreases because of increase in the
Number of lone pairs in accordance with
Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory
 Complete the following table
Molecules Formula Hybridization Shape Bond angle
Methane CH4

Beryllium dichloride BeCl2

Acetylene/Ethyne C2H2

Ammonia NH3

Boron Trifluoride BF3

Ethene/ethylene C2H4

Water H2O
Principles of Metallurgy
Paraffin's/Alkanes/saturated hydrocarbons

CnH2n+2
Chlorination of Methane(CH4)

Substitution
Reactions of

Alkanes/saturated hydrocarbons
Cleansing Action of Soap
 Allotropy & Different types

S,P,O
Allotropy & Different types
1. Why pickles and sour substances are not stored
in brass and copper vessel?
2. What type of reaction takes place in stomach
when an antacid is consumed?
3. Dry HCl gas does not turn blue litmus to red
where as aqueous HCl does?
4. Presence of H+ ions does not make a substance
to behave as an acid?
5. PH of a solution is 7. what does it mean?
1. Distilled water does not conduct
electricity.
2. What are the different substances
formed from NaCl
3. Plaster of paris should be store in
moist proof container.
4. Acid should be added to water but
not vice verse.
5. Why does milkman makes milk
slightly basic
1. Why does above milk takes long time to set
as curd?
2. Why two electrons in an orbital have
opposite spins
3. The 2nd ionization energy is always greater
than first ionization energy.
4. Why should atoms combine to form
molecules/Octet configuration
5. What is co-ordination number
1. The melting point and boiling point of ionic
compounds is higher than covalent
compounds
2. Do you agree with the statement”all ores
are minerals but all minerals are not ores”.
why?
3. What is polar covalent bond? Give an
example, why their BP and mp are high
4. CH3-CH2-OH _------------> ……………………..
--------------> CH3COOH
5. Use of catalyst in hydrogenation of oils?
Mention its advantage.
1. Why iron or sodium gives different colors
on heating?
2. Why s and p block elements are called
representative elements?
3. All substances containing hydrogen does
not behave as acids
4. acid rain pH and tooth decay pH
5. When our stomach is upset we take
antacid(name two antacids)? Nature and
type of reaction
1. Ekaboron, ekasilicon, ekaaluminium
2. Factors affecting cation formation
3. Though CH4,NH3,H2O are in sp3
hybridization why there is change in their
bond angles
4. Why do the various Michelle present in
water do not come together to form a
precipitate? Guess the reason?
5. Two uses of graphite/fullerene/nanotube
1. How do you test the nature of the solution
formed by dissolving CaO in water? What is
the nature of solution?
2. Mention the precautions to take while
conducting an experiment to prove acids
produce ions only in aqueous solutions
3. Explain why bond angle HOH in water is
104*31’ instead of 109*28’
4. Difference between roasting and calcination
5. If n = 3 mention the orbitals present in the
shell and write maximum number of
electrons in the shell
 1. S,p,d,f orbitals
2. Moellers diagram
3. Froth flotation tank
4. Magnetic separation
5. Reverboratory furnace
6. Blast furnace
7. Reaction of metals with acids
8. Electrolytes and non electrolytes
9. Water of crystallisation
10.Three test tubes-corrosion
1. Oxygen double bond
2. Nitrogen triple bond
3. Methane-tetrahedral-sp3
4. Ethene/ethylene/sp2
5. Acetylene/ethyne/sp hybridization
6. BeCl2/sp hybridization
7. BF3/sp2 hybridization
8. Cleansing action of soap-micelle
9. Electrolytic refining
10.Lewis dot and cross structures
 1. Periodic table rough diagram based on blocks
2. Diamond
3. Graphite
4. Fullerene
5. Benzene/C6H6
6. Corrosive nature of acids and bases/warning sign