Computers and Systems: The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software & Networking

CHAPTER 1:
Computers and Systems

The Architecture of Computer Hardware,
Systems Software & Networking:
An Information Technology Approach
4th Edition, Irv Englander
John Wiley and Sons 2010
PowerPoint slides authored by Wilson Wong, Bentley University
PowerPoint slides for the 3rd edition were co-authored with Lynne Senne,
Bentley University
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Typical Computer Ad
Is the computer fast enough to run necessary programs?

Is the computer cost-effective?
Will it be obsolete in 6 months?
1-2
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Why Study Computer System

Architecture?
User
Understand system capabilities and limitations
Make informed decisions
Improve communications with information technology
professionals
Programmer
Create efficient application software for specific processing
needs
Systems Architect or Systems Analyst

Specify computer systems and architecture to meet
application requirements
Make intelligent decisions about system strategy
1-3


Architecture?
System Administrator / Manager
Install, configure, maintain, and upgrade computer
systems
Maximize system availability and efficiency
Optimize system performance
Ensure system security
Web Services Designer
Optimize customer accessibility to Web services
Optimize web system configurations
Select appropriate data formats, page designs and
scripting languages
Design efficient Web pages
1-4


Architecture?
Electronics Engineers
Involve in the design, development and
implementation computer systems,
including software and hardware.
1-5

Example:
Web Browser Application Use
1-6

Simplified IT Computer System

Layout
1-7

Basic Computer System Organization
1-8

A Detailed Computer System
1-9

Reading the hello command from the

keyboard
1-10

Loading the executable from disk into

main memory
1-11

Writing the output string from memory

to the display
1-12

Block Diagram & Process Flow using DMA
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9ABCDE
5CDA

Computer System Components

Hardware
Processes data by executing instructions
Provides input and output
Control input, output and storage components
Software
Applications and system software
Instructions tell hardware exactly what tasks to perform and
in what order
Data
Fundamental representation of facts and observations
Communications
Sharing data and processing among different systems
1-14

Typical Personal Computer System
1-15

Hardware Component
Input/Output devices
Storage Devices
CPU Central Processing Unit
ALU: arithmetic/logic unit
CU: control unit
Interface unit
Memory
Short-term storage for CPU calculations
1-16

CPU: Central Processing Unit

ALU: arithmetic/logic unit
Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical
calculations
CU: control unit

Controls processing of instructions
Controls movement of data within the CPU
Interface unit
Moves instructions and data between the CPU
and other hardware components
Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power
between different components
1-17

Memory
Also known as primary storage, working
storage, working storage, and RAM (random
access memory)
Consists of bits, each of which hold a value of
either 0 or 1 (8 bits = 1 byte)
Holds both instructions and data of a
computer program (stored program concept)
1-18

Software Component
Applications
Operating System
API: application program
interface
File management
I/O
Kernel
p
p
p
p
Memory management
Resource scheduling
Program communication
Security
Network Module
1-19

Communications Component
Hardware
Communication channels
p
p
Physical connections between computer systems

Examples: wire cable, phone lines, fiber optic cable, infrared
light, radio waves
Interface hardware
p
Handles communication between the computer and the

communication channel
Modem or network interface card (NIC)
Software
Establish connections
Control flow of data
Directs data to the proper applications for use
1-20

Computer Systems
All computer systems, no matter how complex,
consists of the following:
At least one CPU
Memory to hold programs and data
I/O devices
Long-term storage
1-21

Computer Categories

Computers For Individual

Use
Desktop computers
The most common type

of computer
Sits on the desk or floor
Performs a variety of
tasks
Workstations
Specialized computers
More powerful than a
1A-23 desktop

Use
Notebook computers
Small portable
computers
Weighs between 3
and 8 pounds
About 8 by 11
inches
1A-24


Use
Tablet computers
Newest
development in
portable computers
Input is through
a pen
Run specialized
versions of office
products
1A-25


Use
Handheld computers
Very small computers

Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)
Note taking or contact
management
Data can synchronize with a
desktop
Smart phones
1A-26
Hybrid of cell phone and PDA

Web surfing, e-mail access

Use
Video game console
an interactive entertainment
computer
1A-27


Use
Handheld computers
Very small computers

Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)
Note taking or contact
management
Data can synchronize with a
desktop
Smart phones
1A-28
Hybrid of cell phone and PDA

Web surfing, e-mail access
Computers For
Organizations
Network servers
Centralized computer
All other computers connect
Provides access to network
resources
Multiple servers are called server
farms
Often simply a powerful desktop

Computers For Organizations

Mainframes
(often colloquially referred
to as Big Iron[1]) are
computers used mainly by
large organizations for
critical applications
Handle thousands
of users
Users access through a
terminal
1A-30

Mainframes
Ex. An IBM
zSeries 800
90% of IBM's
mainframes have
transaction
processing
software installed

Computers For
Organizations
Supercomputers
1A-32
The most powerful

computers made
Handle large and
complex calculations
Process trillions of
operations per second
Found in research
organizations
Categories of Computers
Supercomputers
Ex. The Cray-2, the
world's fastest
computer from
1985 to 1989

Supercomputers
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Protocols
Common ground rules of communication
between computers, I/O devices, and many
software programs
Examples
HTTP: between Web servers and Web
browsers
TCP/IP: between computers on the
Internet and local area networks
SATA: between storage devices and
computers
XML,RSS, SIP: new protocols
1-35

Standards
Created to ensure universal compatibility of
data formats and protocols
May be created by committee or may become
a de facto standard through popular use
Examples:
Computer languages: Java, SQL, C, JavaScript

Display standards: Postscript, MPEG-2, JPEG, GIF
Character set standards: ASCII, Unicode, EBCDIC
Multimedia standards: MPEG-2, MPEG-4, DivX, MP3
1-36

Assignment #1
1-37


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CHAPTER 1:

Computers and Systems

This PDF file is Created by trial version of 123File AllToPDF.

Is the computer fast enough to run necessary programs?

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Why Study Computer System

Systems Architect or Systems Analyst

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Why Study Computer System

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Why Study Computer System

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Simplified IT Computer System

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Basic Computer System Organization

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A Detailed Computer System

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Reading the hello command from the

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Loading the executable from disk into

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Writing the output string from memory

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Block Diagram & Process Flow using DMA

This PDF file is Created by trial version of 123File AllToPDF.

Computer System Components

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Typical Personal Computer System

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

CPU: Central Processing Unit

CU: control unit

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Physical connections between computer systems

Handles communication between the computer and the

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Computers For Individual

The most common type

Computers For Individual

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Computers For Individual

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Computers For Individual

Very small computers

Hybrid of cell phone and PDA

Computers For Individual

Video game console

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Computers For Individual

Very small computers

Hybrid of cell phone and PDA

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Computers For Organizations

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The most powerful

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