gram +

Catalase +
coagulase +

legionella pneumophila 2
special test
BCYE, silver stain

virus has DNA, RNA,

or both?

DNA or RNA only

growth on chocolate agar

and not on blood agar
h. flu

thick peptidoglycan
wall

gram +

painful chancroid

thin peptidoglycan wall gram -

major virulence factor

for carbuncles
coagulase
staph aureus
3 bugs with beta
N. gonorrhea
lactamase
pseudomondas

filamentous hemagglutin bordetella pertusis

fungi and parasites are

eukaryotic or
prokaryotic
eukaryotic

MecA.. go

MOA of pertusis toxin

pertusis vaccine

acellular vaccine

endogenous infection

disease produced by organism part of

normal flora

stages of pertusis

exogenous infection

lives in air conditioners

and gives pna

little girl wiping back to

front

h. ducreyi

increases cAMP
catarrhal - most bacteria
paroxysmal - has whooping cough
convalescent - recovery

diseases that arise when a person is

exposed to an organism from an
external source, ex tetanus (note this
does not cause pregnancy generally)

microorganisms that colonize the host

for hours to weeks not causing disease
or harm but do not establish themselves
permanently; do not become resident
flora
define transient flora
Occurs when the interaction between
microbe and human leads to a
pathologic process characterized by
damage to the human host

legionella

define disease
procedures for identifying types and
strains of bacteria by analyzing growth
in different media and their microbial
products

e. coli uti

what is biotyping?

staph aureus

codes for NPBP2' on staph aureus which

makes hospital acquired MRSA
s. aureus enterotoxin A causes rapid
onset N/V/ nonbloody D

custard, potato salad

catalase +
coagulase novobiocin sensitive

S. epidermidis

UTI in hospitalized
patient with foley
catheter, gram + ,
catalase - and
virulence factor

s. epidermidis
biofilm

UTI in sexually active

female not
hospitalized, gram +

s. saprohyticus

catalase +
coagulase novobiocin resistant

s. saprohyticus

what has protein A

s. aureus

what has protein M

s. pyogens

test for Rhuematic

fever

ASO test
Spes; streptocococcal pyrogenic exotoxin,
aka pyrogenic exotoxin; acts as
superantigen

particular strain can be distinguished

using antibodies to detect characteristic
antigens

franscisella tularemis
reservoir and vector;
growth requires what

rabbit and ticks; BYCE with cysteine

name reservoir
1. B. melitenis:
2. B. abortus
3. B. suis
4. B. Canis

1. goat
2. cattle
3. swine
4. dog

what is serotyping?

large buttery colonies with

musty odor on blood agar pasteurlla multocida

has teichoic and

lipteichoic acid; be
general
gram +
exotoxin, in which type
of bacteria and what
part be specific
gram -, lipid A part of LPS

cat bite

o antigen is part of
what

LPS in gram -

virulence factor for

sandpaper rash s/p
sore throat

PBPs... go

gram +, transpeptidases and

carboxypeptidases, killed by PCN or
cephalosporins

meningitis in neonate,
gram +
s. agalactiae

cat scratch

pasteurlla multocida

bartonella hensalae

dog bite

capnocytophaga

scwartzmann
reaction.. just in case

rat bite fever in US

streptobacillus monoliformis

DIC.... go

reaction following large release of

endotoxin (after bacteria is killed),
results in DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation,
seen in n. meningitis

virulence factor for

staphylococcal scaled
skin syndrome
exfolitative toxin - splits desomosomes
gram +
catalase diplococci
s. penumonae

rash starts on hands and

feet and has fever; name R. rickettsii; rocky mountain spotted
ds, bug, vector, reservoir fever; wild rodents, tick

site of beta lactamases

in gram periplasmic space

virulence factor for

MCC of pna in adults, secretory IgA protease - blocks secretory
gram +
IgA

two obligate intracellular

organism

rickettsia and chlamydia

when spore is stimulated by disruption

of outer coat by mechanical stress, pH,
heat, requires water and triggering
nutrient (alanine) will then convert back
what is germination of to normal bacterial form
spores?

uti in patient with foley

on broad spectrum
cephalosporins
enterococcus facealis

rash in prisoner that

spares hands and feet

r. prowazekii; humans and flying

squirrel, human body louse; epidemic
typhus

1. lag phase
2. exponential phase (log phase)
four phases of bacterial 3. stationary phase
growth curve
4. decline phase

gram +, bile resistant

enterococcus facealis

circular - FYI the structure is maintained

by polyamines (spermine and
sperminidine) as opposed to histones in
people

gram + and grows on

manitol salt agar,
catalase +

staph aureus

A section of a DNA or RNA molecule

that codes for a specific polypeptide in
protein synthesis.

patient with pna, gram

+, green rings around
growth on culture, bile
sensitive,
s. pneumonae

operon with many structural genes

grows in broth but not

when subcultured,
gram +, requires
vitamin b6
Abriotrophia

catalase beta hemolytic

bacitracin senstive

s. pyogens

gram + rod, spore

forming, aerobic,
encapsulated,
nonmotile

b. antrhacis

poly-d gulatmic acid

capsule

b. antrhacis

bacterial DNA:
circular or linear?
parrots and pna

chlamydophila psittaci

giemsa staining +,
intracytoplasmic inclusion chlamydia

erythema chronicum
migrans

lyme borreliosis

nontreponemal test - VDRL/RPR; tests

screening test for syphilis for antibodies agaisnts cardiolipin

define cistron

define polycistronic

treponemal tests

FTA-ABS, specific antigen

define transformation

process by which bacteria take up

fragments of NAKED DNA and
incorporate them into their genomes

bell's palsy, spirochete

borrelia burgdorgei

define transduction

transfer of genetic info from one

bacterium to another by a bacteriophage

widened mediastinum b anthracis

generalized: if the selection of the

sequence is random because of
accidental packaging of host DNA
specialized: transfer particular genes
close to their integration sites
mating exchange of genetic info from on
bacterium to another

necrotic black eschar,

farmer
b. antracis
2 families that form
spores
bacillus and clostridum

animal urine

leptospirosis

generalized vs
specialized
transduction

hooked ends ice tongs

leptospira

conjugation

white footed mouse and

white tailed deer

lyme borreliosis

transformation,
conjugation,
transduction: which
requires cell to cell
contact?

conjugation

what method kills

spores

sterilization (autoclave) steam the crap

out of it

acid fast

transformation,
conjugation,
transduction: which
requires antecedent
phage infection

transduction

patient who eats heat

stable toxin from b
cereus has what sx?

emetic form, vomiting

Myocbacteria leprae

transformation,
conjugation,
transduction: which
requires competency

transformation

reheated rice toxin and

bug
b. cereus, heat stable

mycobacteria

transformation,
conjugation,
transduction: which
requires naked DNA

transformation

heat labile toxin of b.

cereus

mulberry shaped

mycoplasma pneumonia

transformation,
conjugation,
transduction: which
transformation and transduction yes
requires recombination conjugation: no for F+ x F-, yes for Hfr x
to stabilize DNA?
F-

fried egg appearance

mycoplasma

lytic infection

cold agglutinins

mycoplasma pneumonia

lysogenic infection

first stain red and then

stain blue

armadillos

has lots of mycolic acid

walking pna

mycoplasma pneumonia

atherosclerosis/atypical
pna

chlamydophila pneumonia

herpesvirus
rna/dna?
single/double?
capsid type?
enveloped?
symmetrical?

dsDNA, enveloped, symmetrical,

iscosadeltahedral

Herpes 6 causes?

roseola, exanthem subitum

herpes 7 causes?

roseola, exanthem subitum

herpes 8 causes?

MC - kaposi sarcoma (cancer like purple

growth in AIDs patients), also: primary
effusion lymphoma and multicentric
castleman disease

vaccine for vzv?

live attenuated

bacteriophages replicate in large

numbers and lyse bacterial cell
bacteriophage integrate into host
genome without killing the host

statement: viruses are

obligate intracellular
parasites
it was statement
just like mRNA, does not need to carry
positive strand RNA
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (b/c it
virus means what
can make it)

negative strand RNA

virus means what
enveloped or
noneveloped virus is
stable to drying,
detergents, temp,
acids, proteases?
type of virus released
via cell lysis only
generally

nonmotile, spore
forming gram + rod,
strict anaerobe

diarrhea form, onset in > 6 hours,

ingesting

strict anaerobes

c. perfringes
Actinomyces
Bacteroids
Clostridium

positive CAMP test

s. agalactiae, listeria

gas gangrene
adult presents with
flaccid paralysis, bug
and toxin

c. perfringes
c. botulinum, AB toxin, inhibits ACh
release

can not begin translation until being

TRANSCRIBED into + strand, must
CARRY RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase

3 toxin mediated s.
aureus diseases

non enveloped, i.e. capsid

diff between adult and

infant botulism
adults ingest the neurotoxin with rapid
(regarding ingestion
onset
and onset)
babies ingest spores with slow onset

capsid

floppy baby

type of virus that can

survive our gut
capsid
type of virus spread in
secretions and blood
transfusions
enveloped

1. scaled skin
2. food poisoning
3. toxic shock

ingests honey with c. botulinum spores in

it

spastic paralysis, bug c. tetani, tetanospasmin: travels to soma

and toxin and how it
and blocks glycine and GABA release
works
(inhibitory NTs)
antibitoic associated
diarrhea

c. difficle

tzanck smear +

hsv

genital herpes bug

HSV 2
virus that lives in
trigeminal ggl and causes
mouth sx
HSV -1
virus that lives in sacral
ganglia

HSV 2
tznack smear shows multinucleated
giant cells
Cowdry type A inclusion bodies

type of virus that elicits

immunopathogensis
(hypersensitivty and
inflammation)
enveloped

type of virus protected

against with only
antibodies
capsid
viral RNA dependent
RNA polymerases is
required for what
initiate virus replication
negatvie strand RNA with segmented
what type of virus is
genome, 8 unique segements,
influenza A
enveloped

HSV 1 or 2 lab findings

Cancer is associated with
which herpes virus and
which one?
EBV, Burkiit's B cell lymphoma

order of viral
attachment, penetration, uncoating, viral
replications
replication, assembly, release
drugs that block
uncoating step of viral
replication
amantadine, rimantadine

Heterophile -

CMV

drugs that block

neuramindase

Heterophile +

EBV

define tissue tropsim

type of virus that
enters cell via
endocytsosis
fusion

Owl eyes

CMV

zanamivir and oseltamivir

certain virus targets certain type of
target cells... like all neural tissue, b
cells, t cells

endocytosis: capsid
fusion: eveloped

negri bodies

rabies

what phase is
extracellular infectious
virus not detected
latent period

virus that loves B cells

and epithelial cells

EBV

define viropexis

virus that loves

monocytes, lymphocytes
and epithelial cells
CMV

influenza is rna or dna

RNA - strand

binding of virus to a cell and subsequent

absorption of virus particles by that cell

fever rises during day

and goes down at
night, name of bug and undulant fever, burcella, meat packers,
how its acquired
unpast. milk

pseudomembranous
colitis

toxin of c. diff
gram + with tumbling
end over end
movement

goat cheese
granulomatosis
infanticeptica - mom
ate soft cheese

c. difficle

enterotoxin - toxin A: disrupts tight cell

cell jxn
cytotoxin (toxin B) actin to depolymerize
killing cell

listeria

listeria

listeria

2 bugs that grow in

cold
listeria, yersina enterocolitica
raised violaceous rash
on fingers or hands in
a farmer
erysipelothrix rhospathrae
cysteine tellurite blood
agar
cornyebacterium diptheriae

MOA diptheriae toxin

A/B toxin that disrupts elongation factor 2

which inhibtis protein synthesis

filamentous gram +
acid fast

nocardia

aerial hypahe and acid

fast
nocardia
patient with gray
pseudomembrane in
throat, bleeds when
removed, name
bacteria

corynebacterium diptheriae

actinomyces

define synctia

virus promotes cell cell fusion and forms

multinucleated giant cells

patient with gross

yellow leaking sinus
tracts along jaw with
gram + bug

parovirus
papovavirus
hepadnavirus
adenovirus
herpesvirus
poxvirus

listeria is intra or extra

cellular?
intra

M protein in virus is
intracellular or
extracellular?

intracellular

list DNA viruses

antigenic drift

minor antigenic changes, influenza A or

B

antigenic shift

major change, new virus, flu A only

most common sites of

viral disease
oropharnyx and respiratory tract
side effects caused by
host repsonses to
fever, malaise, anorexia, HA, body
infection
aches

patient with meningitis

and petechiae
n. meningitis
grows on thayer-martin
vcn
n. gonorrheoa

pandemic

influenza A, antigenic shift

epidemic

influenza A or B, antigenic drift

inhibit an uncoating step of influenza A
ONLY
target is M2 protein

MOA of amantadine or
timantdaine

MOA of zanamivir and

oseltamivir

hemagglutinin does
what?

weaken, making less virulent

MC route of viral
infection

inhalation

glucose oxidizer only,

gram - diplococci
n. gonorrheoa

MCC of UTI in sexually

active F
e. coli

binds to salic acid and sticks to cells

three potential
outcomes of viral
infection - slightly
dumb list

2 gram - lactose
fermenters

e. coli
klebsiella

green metaliic sheen

on EMB

e. coli

define this host cell

outcome of a viral
infection:
transformation
define this host cell
outcome of a viral
infection: latent
infection

failed infection, cell death, replication

without cell death
Immortalizing; changes cell to become
indestructible

virus can survive in sleeping state,

surviving but not producing clinicaly
overt infections
MC HSV, also subacute sclerosing
panencepthalitis (measles) virus

salmonella enteritidis

intranuclear basophilic adenovirus

e. coli UTI virulence

factor
pili
e. coli pna and
meningitis virulence
factor
capsule
e. coli shock virulence
factor
LPS

salmonella enteritidis

intracytoplasmic
acidophilic

rice water diarrhea in a

traveler from mexico
who hates seafood
ETEC

diarrhea common in MSM

and children
shigella
AB toxin, inhibits proteins synthesis via
shiga toxin mechanism
60S

shiga diarrhea bloody or

nonbloody?
lactose nonfermenter,
nonmotile and not H2S
producing

define attenuation

inhibit neuraminidase of A and B

red macules on tum tum,

constipation, other
countries
salmonella typhi
carrier state of salmonella
typhi, bug lives in what
organ
gallbladder

raw chicken, nonbloody

diarrhea, produces H2S

herpes

which gram diplococci can we treat

with PCN?
n. meningitis
maltose and glucose
oxidizer
n. meningitis

acquisition, initiation, activation of innate

protections, incubation period,
replication, immune response,
contagion, resolution or persistent
steps of viral infection infection and chronic ds

neuramindase does what

pet turtle

vesicular rash on
erythamtous base

cowdry type A
(intranuclear)

poxvirus

perinuclear
cytoplasmic acitophilic reovirus
type of virus spread via
fecal oral route
capsid

bloody

some details about

capsules

can be in gram +/poorly antigenic

antiphagocytic
major virulence factor

shigella

define bacterial
colonization

does not interfere with normal body fxn

kideny stones, 2 bugs

proteus (MC) and ureaplasma

define sterilization

blue green colonies and

grape like odor

p. aeruginosa

high level disinfection

use of physical procedures or chemical

agents to destroy all microbial forms
including bacterial spores; autoclave steaming
critical level; items involved in invasive
procedures that can not be sterilized;
H2O2

virbiro

intermediate level
disinfection

semi-critical level: clean stuff where

spores and highly resilient organism are
unlikely; example alcohols

TCBS agar

ETEC toxin
EHEC toxin

Heat labile: similar to cholera - increases

cAMP
heat stable: similar to Y. enterocolitica:
increase cGMP decreases reabsortion
shiga-like toxin aka verotoxin - inhibits
protein synthesis via 60S

hamburger meat
EHEC
grossly bloody diarrhea
followed by renal
failure
EHEC 0157:H7

HUS

EHEC 0157:H7

EIEC toxin

hemoylsin A and Shiga like

EPEC virulence

disrupts normal microvilli structure

therefore malabsorption

low level disinfection

non critical - for BP cuffs, ekg stuffs,

stuffs that dont penetrate mucosal
surfaces; example quaternary
ammonium

diarrhea in kids with

gram - lactose
fermenter +

EPEC

pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin a disrupts protein synthesis via

toxin
EF2

antiseptics

chemicals used on skin/living tissue to

inhibit or eliminate mircobes; no
sporicidal action; alcohols and
chlorhexidine

alcoholic with pna

klebsiella

burkolderia cepacica
patient

know the chart in

chapter 18 objective 1 do u know it yet?

currant jelly sputum

klebsiella

pna in cystic fibrosis

patient

acinetobacter stuff to
know

pseudomonas aeruginosa

cystic fibrosis and chronic

granulomatous disease

grows on moist and dry surfaces,

normal flora of oropharyngeal region, at
risk: on broad spectrum abx, recovering
from surgery

y. enterocolitica toxin
unpasterized milk - 4
buggers
bipolar staining

increases cGMP
campylobacter, y. enterocolitica,
burcella, listeria (?)
y. pestis, pasterulla

urea breath test

h. pylori

gastric ulcer

h. pylori

neutralizes the acid with acid inhibitory

how h pylori does its thing protein, breaks down urease to
(does not involve actual ammonia which neutralizes acid, passes
through mucus and then kills the cells
helicopters)

DNA virus properties:

not transient or labile
many establish persistent
infections
genomes reside in
nucleus
resembles host DNA
early genes encode for
DNA binding proteins and
enzymes
late genes encode for
structural and other
proteins

RNA virus properties:

labile and transiet
most replicate in ctyoplasm
must encode RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase in order to replicate
prone to mutations
all negative strand RNA viruses are
enveloped

adherence
mechanisms of
e. coli
n. gonorrhoeae
virbrio cholera

superantigen
special growth of
campylobacter
bile esculin agar
mcc of intrabd
infections
only gram - with no
endotoxin

h. flu vaccine

List the areas of the

human body that are
sterile

e. coli - P fimbriae - p blood group

glycolipd (also: type 1 fimbriae, and
colonization factor antigen)
n. gonorrhoeae: fimbriae oligosaccharide on epithelial cells
vibrio cholerae: type 4 pili - fucose and
mannose
mycoplasma pna: protien P1 - sialic
acid receptor

nonspecific activation of T cells - life

threatening
42C, microaerophilic, thin, curved, gram
- rod
bacteroides fragilis

painless
granulomatous disease
of genitalia and
inguinal region
k. granulomatis, donovanosis
lactose nonfermenter,
motile and H2S
producing
Salmonella

bacteroids fragilis
b. fragilis

purified PRP

Sinuses
Middle ear
Brain
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchioles
Lower airways
Uterus and cervix
Genitourinary system (except anterior
urethra, vagina, bladder can be
transiently colonized with bacteria)
Most internal compartments that do not
have openings to the outside (blood,
muscles, spaces between pleura,
bones)

MCC of gastroenteritis
in US
campylobacter

define plamsid,
replicon, episome

plasmid: small genetic elements that

replicate independently of bacterial
chromosome
replicon: autonomously replicated plasmid
episome: plasmids that can be integrated
into the host chromosome