TELEPHONY

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.

Telephony
Switching System
Subscribers Loop
Decibels and Noise Limits
Telephone Traffic
Numbering Concepts
Signaling
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
TELEPHONY
Lesson 1
Telephony is the art of projecting a sound wave into a given apparatus, transforming the
sound wave into an electrical wave, passing the electrical wave over a wire or channel
and then transforming the electrical wave back into sound wave.
Three Functional Parts:
1. Subscriber
2. Exchange
3. Interexchange
Telephone Set is an instrument used to transmit and receive information or calls
sequentially or simultaneously, thus permitting one party to communicate with another.
Main Functions of a Telephone Set:
1. to call the local exchange
2. to transmit the desired subscriber's number
3. to receive different tone signals
4. to transmit and receive speech
5. to order the clearing of the connection
Telephone Set Wires
1. Tip: green used to transmit the signal
2. Ring: Red used to receive the signals from the far end
3. Slave: yellow used as a spare or for special purpose applications
4. Ground: Black or White
Parts of a Telephone Set
1. Transmitter (mouthpiece) used to converts sound wave to electrical wave
2. Receiver (earpiece) used to converts the varying electric current that represents the
transmitted speech signal into an audible sound that will recreate the voice.
3. Ringer (bell) a signaling system from the telephone exchange to a called phone to
impart that a call should be answered.
4. Switch-hook (plunger) a part of telephone where the handset is place when not in
used and lifted up the phone when making a call.
Two switch hook conditions of a Telephone
1. On-hook when the telephone is idle, the switch is open and no dc current
flowing through the line.
2. Off-hook condition when the telephone handset is lifted up from the cradle,
the current is flowing through the line, the telephone resistance appears
between the tip and the ring causes the loop to close and alerts the central
office to supply current and the dial tone.

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
5. Dialpad (keypad) a part of telephone where a desire subscribers number can be
dialed.
Dialing referred to as addressing a telephone system.
Two Type of Dialing
1. Pulse Dialing is defined as a momentary on-hook condition that causes loop
making and breaking from the telephone set dialer toward the central office.
Rotary dialpad is marked from 0 to 9 with each number representing a
corresponding number of pulses that would be generated once the dial number
is rotated from a starting position towards the fixed point.
State of Pulses:
1. Make circuit closed/off hook, 4o %
2. Break circuit opened/on-hook condition, 60 %
(make and break time =0.1 sec)
3. Interdigit delay continuous make of 500 ms
2. Tone Dialing is a type of dialing employing two tones or two frequencies to
represent a single digit.
Also known as Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) dialing or touch tone
dialing.
1209 Hz
1336 Hz
1477 Hz
1633 Hz
697 Hz
1
2
3
A
770 Hz

852 Hz

941 Hz

6. Protection Circuits
1. Over-voltage Protection - it protects the circuit for over voltage supply
coming from the central office.
2. Polarity Reversal it protects the circuit from any reversed voltage polarity.
Problem Solving:
1. How long does it take to dial 765-8340 in second using pulse dialing?
2. How about if using a touch-tone dialing? How long does it take to dial the same
number in 1?

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
SWITCHING
Lesson 2
Switching a method of connecting the calling party to the called party.
Types of Switching:
1. Manual Control System a call is being carried out by an operator using
switchboards and wires with jack.
2. Progressive Control or Step by Step Switching also known as Strowger Switchig
System, named after the inventor Almon B. Strowger, 1889.
It is the oldest automatic switching system, electromechanical in nature, in which
intelligence is located in relays mounted on each switch.
It also known as direct control switch with three stages:
1. Line Equipment- includes the line finder
2. Switch Train consists of selectors arranged to operate in a sequence
connecting the calling line to the connector group of the called line.
3. Connectors are switches that complete the connection to the called party.
3. Common Control Switching
Also known as Crossbar Switching System.
It is a switching system, still mechanical in nature but the intelligence of the
system is separated from the actual switch.
It utilizes a switching matrix, which externally managed by common control, to route
telephone calls.
4. Stored Program Control (SPC) or Electronic Switching System (ESS)
Is the first generation ESS was employed in the year 1960.
It is a switching system control is in electronic circuit instead of mechanical
devices, and the network or matrix is replaced with tiny glasss-encapsulated reed
switches.
The final generation is known as digital switch.
Features of digital switches:
1. Call waiting
2. Caller ID
3. Call forwarding
4. Teleconferencing
5. Abbreviated Dialing
6. Malicious Call Trace
7. Video conferencing
8. Automatic Call back
9. Call hold

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
Exchange Hierarchy
1. International Exchange/Center a center to which the tertiary centers are
connected to establish trunk connections and these center access the gateway facilities
for international trunk connections.
2. Quarternary Exchange/Center a center to which tertiary centers are connected to
establish trunks connections
3. Tertiary Exchange/Center a center to which secondary centers are connected to
establish trunk connections.
4. Secondary Exchange/Center a center to which the primary centers are connected
to established a trunk connections
5. Primary Exchange/Center a center to which local exchanges are connected and
via which trunk connections are established
6. Local Exchange an exchange of a local network to which the subscribers are
directly or indirectly connected
7. Tandem Exchange/Center an exchange used for connecting local exchange within
a multi-exchange network.
Two Major Groups of Exchange
1. Public Network anyone can be connected to it.
2. Private Network telephone network privately owned by a certain organization.

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
SUBSCRIBERS LOOP
Lesson 3
Subscriber Loop- the connection between the telephone set and the central office
switching equipment. Also known as local loop.
Basic Subscriber Loop Design Requirements:
1. Enough power or current
2. An adjustable gain or loss in the loop
3. Minimum power loss
4. Minimum amount of noise, echo, crosstalk and any form of interference.

Rtotal = R tel + R cable + R misc + R switch

I= 24 mA to 60 mA ( optimal value is 35 mA )
R tel = 150 (old)
= 600 to 900 ohms ( new)
Ohms Law:

V=IR

Where:
R misc resistance of the main distribution frame plus drop wire resistance
(neglected)
R tel resistance of the telephone set
R switch switching office equipment resistance
R cable cable resistance used and varies according to size

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
Three Types of Design
1. Normal Loop a simple design because there is no need to add any devices to
amplify or attenuate the transmitted signal or to boost up the current to meet the
design requirements.
Limitations: R switch is 1300 ohms; R L 1300
2. Long loop design a device has to be added to increase the amount of current in
the loop.
Limitations: R L 1300 , the current in the loop reduced to less than 24 mA.
Devices: Dial long lines, loop range extender and voice repeater
3. Special Services Design when R L exceeds the 2800 ohms limit, special
equipment to permit proper voice transmission and proper performance of the
circuit used.
Devices: foreign exchange, off-premises extensions, private line circuits and wide
area telephone service
Common Methods to attain longer loops without exceeding loss limits:
1. by increasing conductor diameter
2. by using special devices
3. use inductive loading
Loaded Cable vs. Non loaded Cable
Loading is a scheme to improve transmission of cable pairs by the addition of
inductive devices in series with the cable pair.
Loading Coil coil of wire around a magnetically permeable core constituting
inductances which can be inserted in a circuit at regular intervals to improve
transmission.
Loaded Cable a loop with loading coil to extend the cable length
Non-loaded Cable a loop or cable pair without loading coil
Subscriber loop length limits:
1. Attenuation limit (transmission design)
Attenuation refers to loop AC loss at reference frequency measured in decibels.
It is a function of the diameter and length of the wire pair.
Reference:

1000 Hz- North America

800 Hz- Europe

= 8 dB
=7 dB

2. Signaling limit (resistance design)

It is based on dc resistance. The function of IR drop and conductivity of the loop
conductor diameter and gauge.
Reference:

Imin= 20 mA North America

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal
ECE

TELEPHONY
Designing a subscribers loop:
Resistance Limits for Several Types of Exchanges
Exchange Type
Resistance,
No. 1 Step-by-step (USA)
1300
No. 1 Crossbar (USA)
1300
No. 5 Crossbar (USA)
1520
ESS (USA)
2000
Panel
785
Pentaconta Crossbar
1250
Rotary (Europe)
1200
Metaconta
2000
Pentaconta 2000
1250
Loop Resistance (/km)
Gauge Non-loaded Loaded
19
52.8
57.2
22
106.3
111.2
24
170.3
175.2
26
273.3
278.2

Power Losses (dB/km)

Non-loaded
Loaded
0.79
0.26
1.12
0.49
1.45
0.76
1.78
1.12

AWG Dimensions
Gauge
Diameter (mm)
19
0.91
22
0.644
24
0.511
26
0.405
Standard Code for load-coil
spacing
Code Letter
Spacing (m)
A
213.5
B
915
C
283.3
D
1372.6
E
1700.4
F
850
H
1830
X
207.4
Y
649.6

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
Some Properties of Cable Conductors
Mutual
Loop
Diameter AWG Capacitance
Type of
Resistance
(mm)
No.
(nF/km)
Loading
(/km)
0.32
28
40
None
433
50
None
0.4
40
None
277
50
H66
50
H88
0.405
26
40
None
270
50
None
40
H66
273
50
H66
40
H88
274
50
H88
0.5
40
None
177
50
H66
180
50
H88
181
0.511
24
40
None
170
50
None
40
H66
173
50
H66
40
H88
174
50
H88
0.6
40
None
123
50
None
40
H66
126
50
H88
127
0.644
22
40
None
107
50
None
40
H66
110
50
H66
40
H88
111
0.7
40
None
90
50
H66
40
H88
94
0.8
40
None
69
50
H66
72
40
H88
73
0.9
40
None
55
0.91
19
40
None
53
50
None
40
H44
55
50
H66
56
50
H88
57

Attenuation at
1000Hz
(dB/km)
2.03
2.27
1.62
1.42
1.24
1.61
1.79
1.25
1.39
1.09
1.21
1.3
0.92
0.8
1.27
1.42
0.79
0.88
0.69
0.77
1.08
1.21
0.58
0.56
1.01
1.12
0.5
0.56
0.44
0.92
0.48
0.37
0.81
0.38
0.29
0.72
0.71
0.79
0.31
0.29
0.26

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
Problem Solving:
1. If the central office supply is -48 volts, the total resistance is 2400 ohms, the
switching office and the telephone set resistances has 400 ohms and 300 ohms
respectively. Considering a North American standard will the subscriber have dial
tone? What is the maximum loop resistance in order to maintain the dial tone or
other signaling element on the cable pair?
2. From the table, using 19 H 44 for the design of a subscriber loop for an 8 dB loss
limit, determine the loop limit for this specification. How many inductive coil
should be added and what is the resistance equivalent of each loading coil.

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
DECIBELS & NOISE LIMITS
Lesson 4
dB

- decibel is a ratio of two power or voltage values and is a standard unit of

measurement in the communications industry.
- is a one-tenth of a bel and was named in honor of Alexander Graham Bell
-dB as a unit is not a definite or absolute unit of measurement.
-used to express transmission gains and losses

Mathematically:
dB=10 log (P1/P2)
if P1 > P2, power gain
if P1 < P2, power loss
dB=20 log (V1/V2)
if V1 > V2, voltage gain
if V1 < V2, voltage loss
dB=20 log (I1/I2)
if I1 > I2, current gain
if I1 < I2, current loss
Properties of logarithm
log (AxB)= log A + log B
log (A/B)= log A - log B
log (Ax)=x log A
log (1)= 0
log (A-1)= log (1/A) =0-log A= - log A
Power Levels (an actual or definite amount of power)
dBm -means that the 0-dB point reference in 1 mW or dB above or below the reference
power of one milliwatt.
dBm=10 log (P1/P2)
where: P2 is one milliwatt
dBw -reference with one watt.
dBw=10 log (P1/P2)
where: P2 is one watt
dBk -dB in reference (above or below) one kilowatt.
dBk=10 log (P1/P2)
where: P2 is one kilowatt
dBv -represents the voltage level in dB with reference to 1 volt
dBv=20 log (V1/V2)
where: v2 is one volt
Power Levels (an actual or definite amount of power)
Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal
ECE

TELEPHONY
dBc

-dB with reference to the nominal carrier value.

dBc=10 log (P1/Pc); dBc=20 log (V1/Vc)=20 log (I1/Ic)
where: Pc ,Vc & Ic -Carrier power, voltage & current respectively

dBa -dB above an adjusted reference noise; Noise level that has same interfering
effect in a F1A handset as a -85 dBm, 1000 Hz tone
dBa= pure test tone (in dBm) +85
dBa= F1A weighted noise (in dBm) + 82
dBa= 601A/F1A weighted (in dBm) + 77
dBaO -dB adjusted at 0 dBm level point. The dBa0 value state the noise would be test
point level had been 0 dBm.
dBaO=dBa- TPL
where: TPL- test point level
dBrn -dB above or below reference noise. Noise level that has same interfering effect in
a 144 Handset as a -90 dBm, 1000 Hz tone, 144 weighted.
dBrn= 10 log (Po/1pWp)
where: 1pWp= 1 picowatt
dBrnC -dB above reference noise, C-message weighted. Noise level that has same
interfering effect with C-weighting as a -90 dBm, 1000 Hz tone
dBrnC= pure test tone (in dBm)+90
dBrnC= F1A weighted noise (in dBa)+6
dBrnC= 601A/F1A weighted (in dBa)+6
dBrnC=10 log pWp
where: pwp= picowatt
dBrnCO-dBrnC at 0 dBm level point. The dBrnC value states what the noise would be if
test level had been 0 dBm
dBrnCO=dBrnC- TPL
where: TPL- test point level

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
Definition of Terms
pWp -picowatt, psophometrically weighted. A definite amount of
noise power as
measured with psophometric weighted
network.
-Actual amount of power (similar to dBm) as measured on a VU meter
VU
specifically damped to give meaningful
readings of voice and music.
Test Tone-pure signal at a single frequency. Standard Test tone is 0dBm, 1000 Hz.
Relative Level-difference between two powers. Power at one
point compared to
power at some reference point, not a definite
amount of power.

Important Points to Remember

dBm -is a symbol used to indicate the level of a signal in the system, relative to 1 mW.
dB -is the symbol used to indicate the gain or the loss in the system.
dB and dBm can be added and subtracted as one unit from the other.
dBm= dBm dB
INVALID!!!
dBm + dBmdB
Problem Solving:
1. What is the level of the signal at the output of the amplifier if the input signal
value is 1mW and if the gain of the amplifier is 3dB?
2. What is the noise level in dBm at the output of the amplifier if the noise power is
given by 10-3 W?
3. Convert 13mW to (a) dBm (b) dBrn.
4. If the attenuation in a telephone cable is 1dB/mile and the transmitted voltage is 1
volt, calculate the voltage received 1000 miles away.
5. The loss of a cable is measured by applying a signal at one end and measuring the
result at the other end. Calculate the loss in dB. Impedance of the two cable ends
are equal.
Signal applied
Signal measured
(a) 10 W
0.3 x 10 -5 W
(b) 160 mV
1mV
(c) 3mA
0.1 x 10 -4 A

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
TELEPHONE TRAFFIC
Lesson 5
Traffic

The total occupied time of circuit, switch or other paths.

Traffic Intensity

The product of all calls and the average holding time of all calls.

Mathematically:
Where:

A= C x T

A=Traffic flow, Erlang

C=Calling rate per hour
T=The average holding time per call.

Traffic Units:
Erlang Preferred unit named after the Danish Mathematician, Agner Krakup Erlang
Call Hour (Ch)-One Ch is the quantity represented by one or more calling having an
aggregate duration of 1 hour.
Call Second (Cs)-One Cs is the quantity represented by one or more calls having an
aggregate duration of 1 second.
Cent Call Second (CCs)-One CCs is the quantity represented by one 100s call or by
aggregate of 100 Cs of traffic.
Call Second (Cm)- One Cm is the quantity represented by one or more call aggregate of
1 minute.
Equated Busy Hour Call (EBHC)-One EBHC is the average intensity in one or more
traffic paths occupied in the busy hour by one 2 minute call or for an
aggregate duration of 2 minutes.
Conversion:
1 Erlang=1 Ch=3600 Cs=36 CCs=60 Cm=30 EBHC
Traffic Density
Traffic per unit time.
Mathematically:
Unit:

Td= A/t

CCs/BH or Erlang/BH

Grade of service- A measure of the probability, that, during a specified period of peak
traffic, a call offered to a group of trunks or circuits will fail to find an idle
circuit at the first attempt.
Typical GOS: P=0.01
An average of one call out of 100 will be blocked or lost during busy hour.
Call Congestion:
P=number of lost calls/total number of offered calls.

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
Definition of Terms
Attempt

Any effort on the part of a traffic source to seize a circuit, switch or other
traffic channel, whether or not the attempt is successful.

Call

Any actual engagement or seizure of a circuit, switch or other traffic

channel.

Calling Rate The number of calls per unit time.

Calls per traffic source.
Traffic

Refers to the average of all user requests being serviced by the network.

Traffic Rate The busy hour traffic density per traffic source.
Density per traffic source.
Lost calls or blocked calls-refers to calls that fail at the first trial.
Busy Hour

The continuous 60 minute period in a day during which the highest usage
occurs.

Call Concentration-The ratio of the busy hour to the total day calls. It is the reciprocal
of length of day.
Holding time Length of time during which call engages a traffic path or channel.
Full availability-Each inlet has access to any outlet. Every free inlet is at all times able
to test every outlet.
Limited Availability-When not all the free outlets in a switching system can be reached
by inlets.
Carried Traffic

The volume of traffic actually carried by the switch.

Offered Traffic

The volume of traffic offered by the switch.

Occupation Time

The total amount of time that a circuit is occupied.

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
NUMBERING CONCEPT
Lesson 6
Definition Terms:
Subscriber Number number to be dialed or called to reach a subscriber in the same
local network or numbering area.
Numbering Area area which any two subscribers use the same dialing procedure to
reach another subscriber in the telephone network.
Trunk Prefix or Toll access Code digit or combination of digits to be dialed by a
calling subscriber in his own country but outside his own numbering area.
Trunk Code or Area Code digit or combination of digits (not including the trunk
prefix) characterizing the called numbering area with a country.
Country Code combination of one to three digits characterizing the called country.
Numbering Functions:
1. Call routing
2. Addressing of called and calling party
3. activates necessary apparatus for charging
If the numbering is 6 digits, it would start from 000000 to 999999.
If the numbering is 7 digits, it would start from 0000000 to 9999999.
Numbering Concepts:
1. Uniform Numbering a scheme in which the length of the subscriber numbers
are uniform inside a given numbering area.
2. Non-uniform Numbering a scheme in which the subscriber numbers vary
within a given numbering area.
International Telephone Number
CCITT Recommendation E161 recommends that not more than 12 digits make up an
international number. This excludes the international prefix that switches the call to the
transmit exchange for international calls.
5 Elements:
1. International access code
2. Country Code
3. Area Code
4. Telephone Number

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
Charging of call:
1. Flat Rate fixed fee for unlimited number of calls.
2. Message number calls is counted on a call meter.
Charging Long Distance Calls dependent upon duration and distance.
Two Ways of time Zone Metering
1. Bulk Billing (Multi-metering) a call meter counts how many rate pulses are
received during the call.
2. Toll Ticketing accounts for individual calls; a computer or an operator notes
which subscriber has called to whom, where and for how long.
Channel and Circuits:
Types:
1. Simplex one way communication
2. Half-duplex two way communication but one at the time.
3. Full-duplex simultaneously two way communication.
4. Full- full duplex more than a half duplex but less than a full duplex.
Types:
1. Switched Circuit a call is automatically switched through to its destination
after dialing has been completed.
2. Leased (dedicated) Circuit a permanent circuit for private use within a
communication network, with the line directly between the two locations or
routed through a serving central office.

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
SIGNALING
Lesson 7
Signaling
*Refers to specific signals on the transmission line that are used for controlling
the connection from the calling telephone to the called telephone and signals that are used
to indicate the status of a call as it is being interconnected
*provides a means for operating and supervising a telephone communication
system
*established connections, announces incoming calls and reports the fact that a line
is busy
Signaling Functions
1. Ringing Signals
*used to operate a visible or audible alarm to alert someone of an incoming call
2. Supervisory Signals
*used to convey information regarding switchboards conditions
3. Address Signals
*used dialing or digital information which is necessary to establish the desire
connections
Subscriber Loop Signaling- 3 Methods
1. Wet-Dry
*signaling information is indicated by the presence (wet) and the absence (dry) of
a battery and ground condition on the line at the called end of the trunk.
2. Reverse Battery
*loop signaling is accomplished by reversing the polarity of the battery on the line
to indicate supervisory conditions
3. High-Low Method
*by representing the on-hook and off-hook condition in terms of resistance values
Other Signaling Method
1. E & M Signaling
*employs 2 leads to connect the signaling equipment to trunk circuit, M lead
transmit battery or ground to the distant end of the circuits and while incoming signals
are received on the E lead as either a ground or open condition
2. Out Band Signaling
*make use of one or more AC tones which lie within the passband of the
transmission facility but just outside the voice band
Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal
ECE

TELEPHONY
3. In-band Signaling
*Signaling tones are transmitted within the speech band, usually 1600, 2400 or
2600 Hz
4. Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
*All signaling for a number of voice path is carried over one channel, instead of
within each individual channel
5. Alternate Channel Signaling
*2 channels are used, one carries the signaling signal while other carriers the
voice signal. An error detector monitors error rate in the signaling channel. If error is
tolerable, the system is normal; if more than 3 errors occur for a period of 10 second, a
line switch unit automatically switches the signaling channel information to the alternate
voice channel switches, the signaling and the alternate-channel information to the signal
element.
Telephone Audible Tone Signaling

Dial Tone

Frequency (Hz)
350
440
480
X
X

Busy Tone
Ringing Tone

X
X

620

Cadence
continous

0.5 Sec-ON/
0.5 Sec-OFF
2 Sec- ON/
4 Sec- OFF

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
MULTIPLEXING
FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
Lesson 8
Multiplexing
The process of transmitting two or more signals over the same communication
channel.
Multiplexer
The device that accepts many inputs but will only give one output.
Demultiplexer
The device that accepts one input but separate the signals into many outputs.

Different Types of Multiplexing

1. FDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing
2. TDM
Time Division Multiplexing
3. WDM
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Analog scheme for multiplexing (input is analog and the output is still analog)
A method of multiplexing in which the total frequency spectrum available is divided
into channels, each which occupies a particular frequency range all of the time.
Introduce in the telephone networks in 1930s.
Applications: Frequency Modulation and Telemetry.
Message Channel
Basic building block of the FDM hierarchy.
For voice transmission utilizing voice band frequencies.
Voice band frequency: 300-3400 Hz; 0-4000 Hz
Basic Group
Next higher level in the FDM hierarchy.
Composed of 12 voice band channels
60-108 kHz

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
Basic Supergroup
The third level in the FDM hierarchy
Composed of 60 Voice channels.
From 312-552 kHz
Basic Mastergroup
The fourth level in the FDM hierarchy
Composed of 6000 Voice band channels.
Jumbogroup
The fifth level in the FDM hierarchy
Consists of 3600 Voice channels
Superjumbogroup
The sixth in the FDM hierarchy
Consists of 10800 voice channels
For CCITT
Level
Basic Group
Basic Supergroup
Basic Mastergroup
Jumbogroup
Superjumbogroup

No. of Voiceband channels

12
60
600
3600
10800

For AT&T:
Level
Group
Supergroup
Mastergroup
Supermastergroup

No. of Voiceband Channels

12
60
300
900

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE

TELEPHONY
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
Lesson 9
Time Division Multiplexing
A type of multiplexing wherein each signal can occupy the entire bandwidth of
the channel but transmitted for only a brief period of time.
It is used for both digital and analog signal inputs but the output is digital.
Operation:
To transmit multiple digital signals, the data to be transmitted is formatted into serial data
words. One byte may be transmitted during the time interval assigned to a particular
channel. Each timeslot might contain 1 byte from each channel. One channel transmit 8
bits and then halts while the next channel transmits 8 bits, and then the third channel as
well transmits 8 bits and so on. This process is known as interleaving.
A frame is one complete cycle of operation.
TDM-PCM 24
1

b7

b6

b5

b4

b3

b2

b1

b0

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

Note:
No. of channel/frame : 24
No. of bits/channel : 8
Total no. of bits: 193
Sampling rate : 8000 Hz
Total bitrate/frame: 1.544 Mbps
Period/channel: 5.18 sec
Period/frame: 125 sec
TDM-PCM 30
0

b7

b6

b5

b4

b3

b2

b1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

.....

25

26

27

28

29

b0

Note:
No. of channel/frame : 32
No. of bits/channel : 8
Total no. of bits: 256
Sampling rate : 8000 Hz
Total bitrate/frame: 2.048 Mbps
Period/channel: 3.9065 sec
Period/frame: 125 sec
Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal
ECE

30

31

TELEPHONY
TDM Hierarchy:
North American/Japan
Digital Signal Number
DS-1
DS-1C
DS-2
DS-3
DS-4

No. of Voice Channels

24
48
96
672
4032

International (CCITT)
Level Number
No. of Voice Channels
1
30
2
120
3
480
4
1920
5
7640
Transmission Medium
Twisted Pair
Coaxial Cable

Optical Fiber
Microwave

Satellite

Designation
N3
T1
T2
L1
L4
L5
T4
FT3
TD3
TH1
TN1
11 GHz
18 GHz
Intetsat V

Transmission
Analog
Digital
Digital
Analog
Analog
Analog
Digital
Digital
Analog
Analog
Analog
Digital
Digital
Analog

Data Rate (Mbps)

1.544
3.152
6.312
44.736
274.176

Data Rate (Mbps)

2.048
8.448
34.368
139.264
565.148
No. VB
24
24
96
600
3600
10,800
4032
672
1200
1800
1800
672
4032
~24,000

Operating Freq. Data Rate(Mbps)

0.172-0.268 MHz
1.544
6.312
0.006-2.79 MHz
0.564-17.55 MHz
3.112-60.5 MHz
274.176
44.736
3700-4200
5925-6425
10,700-11,700
44.736
274.176
6/4 GHz Band and
14/11 GHz

Engr. Marlyn Quiambao-Camingal

ECE