Chapter 3 - Lec-2

Introduction to
Communication Systems
(EEEg3152)
Chapter III
Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation
Prepared by: Fisiha Abayneh

Email: fisiha.abayneh@aastu.edu.et
Chapter III
Amplitude Modulation and
Demodulation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basic Concepts of Amplitude Modulation

3.3 Frequency spectrum and Bandwidth of AM wave
3.4 Power Content of AM wave
3.5 Modified Forms of Amplitude Modulation

3.6 AM Transmitter and Receiver Circuits
3.7 Demodulation of AM wave

3.8 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
2
3.5 Modified Forms of Amplitude
Modulation
Outline:-
➢Multi-tone AM Modulation
➢Drawbacks of Conventional AM Modulation
➢DSB –SC (Double Side Band – Suppressed Carrier

Modulation)
➢SSB (Single Side Band Modulation)
➢VSB (Vestigial Side Band Modulation)
3
Multi-tone AM Modulation
➢So far, standard AM Modulation with a message signal

of single frequency is analyzed.
➢This type of modulation is known as single-tone

modulation.
➢But, in practice, modulation can be done with message

signals having multiple frequencies and a single
carrier.
➢In which case, it can be called Multi-tone

modulation.
4
Multi-tone AM Modulation . . .
➢Let’s analyze the case for modulating signal with two

frequency components. (NB:- Sometimes, each component is
treated as independent message signal)
➢Let the two components be:-

𝑺𝒎𝟏 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒎𝟏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎𝟏 𝒕
𝑺𝒎𝟐 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒎𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎𝟐 𝒕
➢Then, the modulating signal will have a form:-

𝑺𝒎 𝒕 = 𝑺𝒎𝟏 𝒕 + 𝑺𝒎𝟐 𝒕
𝑺𝒎 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒎𝟏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎𝟏 𝒕 + 𝑨𝒎𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎𝟐 𝒕
5
➢The same carrier signal will be used:-

𝑆𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
➢The equation for AM envelop will be:

𝐴𝐴𝑀 = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑆𝑚1 𝑡 + 𝑆𝑚2 𝑡
𝐴𝐴𝑀 = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝐴𝑚1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚1 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑚2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚2 𝑡
➢Then, the AM signal equation will be:-

𝑆𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝐴𝑀 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
6
𝑆𝐴𝑀 (𝑡) =[𝐴𝑐 + 𝐴𝑚1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚1 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑚2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚2 𝑡 ] 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝐴𝑚1 𝐴𝑚2
𝑆𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 [1 + 𝐴𝑐
𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚1 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐
𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚2 𝑡 ] 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
➢Multi-tone modulation has multiple modulation

indexes.
➢In this case:-

𝑨𝒎𝟏
❖𝒎𝟏 = (modulation index due to 𝑆𝑚1 𝑡 )
𝑨𝒄
𝑨𝒎𝟐
❖𝒎𝟐 = 𝑨𝒄
(modulation index due to 𝑆𝑚2 𝑡 )
7
➢Using the modulation indexes, the AM signal equation

will take a form:
𝑆𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 [1 + 𝑚1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚1 𝑡 + 𝑚2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚2 𝑡 ] 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝑆𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚1 𝐴𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚1 𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 +

𝑚2 𝐴𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚2 𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
➢Expanding the terms which contain multiples of sin

functions using trigonometric identity:
1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 = [𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 𝐵 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 + 𝐵 ]
2
8
𝑆𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 +
1 1
𝑚1 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑚1 )𝑡 − 𝑚1 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚1 )𝑡 +
2 2
1 1
𝑚2 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 −𝑓𝑚2 )𝑡 − 𝑚2 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 +𝑓𝑚2 )𝑡
2 2
➢So, the frequency spectrum has 5 components:-
❖The carrier component at 𝒇 = 𝒇𝒄
❖Two lower side bands at 𝒇 = 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎𝟏 & 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎𝟐
❖Two upper side bands at 𝒇 = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎𝟏 & 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎𝟐
9
➢Generally, for n frequency components in the message

signal, the AM modulated wave will have 2n+1
components in it’s spectrum.
Source: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_pa/Scots_Guide/RadCom/part16/fig3.gif 10
Total Modulation Index:
➢The total modulation index of multi-tone AM

modulation is defined as:-
𝒎𝒕 = 𝒎𝟐𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐𝟑 + . . .
Where:
❖𝒎𝒕 is the total modulation index.
❖𝒎𝟏 , 𝒎𝟐 , . . . are modulation indexes due to individual
frequency components of the message signal.
11
Total Power:-
➢The total power for the case of two message frequency

components can be defined as:
𝑃𝐴𝑀(𝑡𝑜𝑡) = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏1 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏1 + 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏2 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏2
𝐴2𝑐 2𝑚12 𝐴2𝑐 2𝑚22 𝐴2𝑐

𝑃𝐴𝑀(𝑡𝑜𝑡) = + +
2𝑅 8𝑅 8𝑅
𝐴2𝑐 𝑚12 𝑚22

𝑃𝐴𝑀(𝑡𝑜𝑡) = 1+ +
2𝑅 2 2
12
𝒎𝟐𝟏 𝒎𝟐𝟐
𝑷𝑨𝑴(𝒕𝒐𝒕) = 𝑷𝒄 𝟏 + +
𝟐 𝟐
➢This equation can be generalized for multiple

modulating signals as:-
𝑚12 𝑚22 𝑚32

𝑃𝐴𝑀(𝑡𝑜𝑡) = 𝑃𝑐 1 + + + + ...
2 2 2
𝒎𝟐𝒕
𝑷𝑨𝑴(𝒕𝒐𝒕) = 𝑷𝒄 𝟏 +
𝟐
13
Example:-
A certain AM transmitter radiates 11.8kW power when a

carrier signal with 10kW power is sinusoidally
modulated.
i. Calculate the modulation index.
ii. If another signal with 30% modulation is
transmitted simultaneously, determine the total
radiated power?
14
Solution:-
Given:- 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑃𝐴𝑀 = 11.8𝑘𝑊 & 𝑃𝑐 = 10𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝐴𝑀 11.8
i. 𝑚= 2
𝑃𝑐
−1 = 2(
10
− 1) = 𝟎. 𝟔
ii. 𝑚2 = 30% = 0.3 ; 𝑚1 = 0.6
𝑚𝑡 = 𝑚12 + 𝑚22 = 0.62 + 0.32 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕
𝑚𝑡2 0.672
𝑃𝐴𝑀(𝑡𝑜𝑡) = 𝑃𝑐 1+ = 10𝑘𝑊 1 + = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝒌𝑾
2 2
15
Modulation
Outline:-

Modulation)
16
Drawbacks of Conventional AM
Modulation
➢The AM modulation discussed so far is known as a
conventional or standard AM modulation.
➢Conventional AM signal contains lower and upper

sidebands and a carrier component in its spectrum.
➢As a result, it is also called full AM, or sometimes,

DSB-FC (Double Side-Band Full Carrier) modulation.
17
Drawbacks of Standard AM
Modulation . . .
➢One way of comparing communication systems is based
on how they use the two primary resources of
communication, which are:-
❖Channel bandwidth, and
❖Transmitted power
➢In this regard, conventional AM modulation suffers two

main drawbacks.
18
Modulation . . .
i. Inefficient use of transmission power:-
✓Conventional AM signal spectrum includes a carrier
component which consumes high power for transmission but
do not contain any message element.
✓So, it is wasted power!
ii. Spectral inefficiency:-

✓The two side bands in conventional AM signal spectrum
carry similar information.
✓So, the bandwidth could have been reduced by half if this
redundancy is removed.
19
Modulation . . .
➢To overcome the above drawbacks, some variants of AM
modulation have been developed.
➢These include:-
❖DSB-SC (Double Side-Band Suppressed Carrier)
modulation
❖SSB (Single Side-Band) modulation
❖VSB (Vestigial Side-Band) modulation
20
Modulation
Outline:-

Modulation)
21
DSB –SC (Double Side Band –
Suppressed Carrier Modulation)
➢In DSB-SC, as the name implies, the carrier is removed
(suppressed) from AM signal spectrum.
➢Only two sidebands are available for transmission.
➢This is achieved by using product modulator, also

known as balanced modulator.
➢Balanced modulator simply multiplies the message

signal with carrier signal.
22
Suppressed Carrier Modulation)…
➢Let, the modulating (message) signal be:
𝑆𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡
➢And, the carrier signal be:

𝑆𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
➢Then, using product modulator, the DSB-SC signal can

be developed as:-
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝑆𝑚 𝑡 𝑆𝑐 𝑡
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

23
…
Source: https://cnx.org/resources/9ab15008f1dcb0090fd6363078ddb423e2761562/graphics4.jpg 24
➢DSB-SC signal equation can be expanded using the
following trigonometric identity:-
1
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 = [𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 𝐵 ]
2
➢Let 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 & 𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
1 1
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑡
2 2
25
➢Replacing 𝐴𝑚 = 𝑚𝐴𝑐 .
1 1
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝑚𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑚𝐴2𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑡
2
2 2
➢As it is evident in the equation, the DSB-SC signal
spectrum has only two components:-
❖The lower side band at 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚
❖The upper side band at 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚
26
…
Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/15031602/91/images/6/Single+Tone+DSB-SC+Modulation+and+its+Spectrum.jpg 27
Bandwidth:-
𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑏 − 𝑓𝑙𝑠𝑏 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚
𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐 𝒇𝒎
Power and efficiency:
𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏
𝑚2 𝐴4𝑐 𝑚2 𝐴4𝑐 𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝟒𝒄

𝑷𝑫𝑺𝑩−𝑺𝑪 = + =
8𝑅 8𝑅 𝟒𝑹
𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 +𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏
𝜼𝑫𝑺𝑩−𝑺𝑪 = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶
28
➢Note that, for DSB-SC modulation:-
❖The DSB-SC signal shifts its phase at zero-crossings
of the message signal.
❖Overmodulation will not have the same effect as in
the case of conventional AM.
❖The bandwidth is still the same as the conventional
AM.
❖The power efficiency jumps up to 100%!
29
Modulation
Outline:-

Modulation)
30
SSB (Single Side Band
Modulation)
➢DSB-SC technique removes the carrier component from
the signal spectrum, which results in huge improvement
in transmission efficiency.
➢A simple observation in to the sidebands can reveal
that they are actually mirror images of each other and
carry similar information.
➢Therefore, transmitting one of the sidebands would be

enough, and this can highly improve the spectral
efficiency.
31
Modulation) . . .
➢SSB modulation, as its name imply, is a technique to
transmit only one of the sidebands.
➢This means, the signal spectrum of SSB wave will have

only one component:
❖Either lower sideband or upper sideband.
➢In order to achieve this, one of the sidebands has to be

suppressed in addition to the carrier component.
32
Modulation) . . .
➢There are several methods to carry out SSB
modulation, which include:
❖Filter method
❖Phase shift method
❖Weaver’s method
➢Each of them will be briefed below.
33
Modulation) . . .
Filter Method:-
➢This method involves:-

❖Suppressing the carrier. (doing DSB-SC modulation)
❖Filtering out one of the sidebands, using appropriate
band pass filter.
➢Commonly, the usb is retained and lsb is discarded,

but the choice may vary from service to service.
➢In any case, the choice should be known by the receiver.

34
Modulation) . . .
Filter Method:- . . .
DSB-SC signal
35
Source: Louis Frenzel, p-142
Modulation) . . .
Filter Method:- . . .
➢The output of the Balanced Modulator is a DSB-SC

signal with an equation:
1 1
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝑚𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑚𝐴2𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑡
2
2 2
➢If the usb is chosen, the SSB signal will be:
𝟏
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑩 = 𝒎𝑨𝟐𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 𝒕
𝟐
36
Modulation) . . .
Phase shift method:-
➢This method involves two DSB-SC modulations

working in two branches parallelly:
❖In one branch, the message signal is product
modulated (DSB-SC) using a sin or cosine carrier
wave.
❖In the other branch, both the message and carrier
signals will be shifted by 90° and product modulation
is done.
37
Modulation) . . .
Phase shift method:- . . .
❖The outputs of both branch, which are both DSB-SC
signals, will be summed up.
❖The resulting signal will be SSB signal, and it’s
spectrum will contain only one component.
➢The following diagram illustrates the phase shift

method.
38
Modulation) . . .
39
Source: Louis Frenzel, p-144
Modulation) . . .
➢At modulator – 1:
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶1 = 𝑆𝑚 𝑡 𝑆𝑐 𝑡
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶1 = 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
➢So, using the following identity and considering 𝐴 =

2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 and 𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 :
1
Sin𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 = [𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 𝐵 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 + 𝐵 ]
2
40
Modulation) . . .
𝟏 𝟏
𝑺𝑫𝑺𝑩−𝑺𝑪𝟏 = 𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 𝒕 − 𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
➢At modulator – 2:
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶2 = 𝑆𝑚 𝑡 𝑆𝑐 𝑡
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶2 = 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝟏 𝟏
𝑺𝑫𝑺𝑩−𝑺𝑪𝟐 = 𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 𝒕 + 𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
41
Modulation) . . .
➢ Then, at the output of summer:
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐵 = 𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶1 + 𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶2

1 1
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋
2 𝑚 𝑐
𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑡 − 2 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 𝑡
1 1
+ 𝐴 𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 𝑡
2 𝑚 𝑐 2
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑩 = 𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 𝒕
➢Only the lower side component is left!
42
Modulation) . . .
Weaver’s method:-
➢This method involves the following steps:-

❖The side band of interest is frequency translated to be
centered at zero frequency, using quadrature mixers.
❖The resulting signal is applied to a low pass filter. (other
frequency components will get filtered out)
❖Then, the SSB signal, which was centered at zero in step-
1, will be upconverted to appropriate center frequency.
➢This method is common in digital applications.

43
Modulation) . . .
Bandwidth:-
➢The bandwidth of SSB signal is just a bandwidth of a

single side band:
𝑩𝑾 = 𝒇𝒎
Power:
➢The total power is also the power of a single side band.
➢But, the formula for SSB signal power depends on

which method is used to generate the SSB signal.
44
Modulation) . . .
Case – I: Filter Method:
➢In this case, the SSB signal is just one of the sidebands
of a DSB-SC signal. As a result:
𝑃𝑆𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 = 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏
𝑨𝟐𝒎 𝑨𝟐𝒄 𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝟒𝒄

𝑷𝑺𝑺𝑩 = =
𝟖𝑹 𝟖𝑹
45
Modulation) . . .
Case – II: Phase Shift Method:
➢Recall the SSB signal equation of this method:

𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑩 = 𝑨𝒎 𝑨𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒎 𝒕
➢So, the signal power shall be calculated as:
2
𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐
2 𝐴2𝑚 𝐴2𝑐 𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝟒𝒄
𝑷𝑺𝑺𝑩 = = =
𝑅 2𝑅 𝟐𝑹
➢Note the difference in the signal power!
46
Modulation
Outline:-

Modulation)
47
VSB (Vestigial Side Band
Modulation)
➢Due to imperfections if filters, SSB modulation loses
some data at edge frequencies near fc.
➢This may not affect radio broadcasting, but TV signals

have broader bandwidth and may contain rich
information of color and intensity at around fc.
➢As a result, if SSB modulation is to be used for TV

broadcasting (AM TV), the information loss will
significantly affect the TV broadcast quality.
48
Modulation) . . .
➢This leads to another variant of AM, called Vestigial
Side Band Modulation (VSB).
➢In VSB modulation:

❖The carrier is totally suppressed.
❖One of the side band is partially suppressed.
➢So, the VSB signal contains one sideband and part of

the other sideband.
49
Modulation) . . .
fc -fv fc+fm
𝒇𝒗 < 𝒇𝒎
𝑩𝑾 = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝒎 − 𝒇𝒄 − 𝒇𝒗 = 𝒇𝒎 + 𝒇𝒗
50
Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/principles_of_communication/images/vsb.jpg
Comparison of AM Variants.
➢But, note that SSB needs less power for transmission

than DSB and VSB.
51
Examples:-
1. In an AM system, the transmitter emits an output

power of 5KW when modulated to a depth of 95%.
a) Determine the average output power if the carrier is
suppressed.
b) Determine the average output power if the carrier is
suppressed and the modulation depth is reduced to 50%.
c) Calculate the percentage power savings in both cases.
52
Examples:- …
Solution:-
a) Average output power of DSB-SC:-
For the case DSB-FC:- 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 5𝐾𝑊 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = 95% = 0.95
The carrier power can be calculated from this as:
𝑚2 0.952
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 5𝐾𝑊 = 𝑃𝑐 1+ = 𝑃𝑐 1 + = 𝑃𝑐 (1.45)
2 2
5𝐾𝑊
⇒ 𝑃𝑐 = = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟓𝑲𝑾
1.45
53
Examples:- …
Recall:-
𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏 = 𝑃𝑐 1+ = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑐
2 2
𝑚2
⇒ 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏 = 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶
2
𝑚2 0.952
⇒ 𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝑃𝑐 = 3.45𝐾𝑊 ∗ = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟕𝑲𝑾
2 2
54
Examples:- …
b) Average output power of DSB-SC with m=0.5:-
𝑚2
𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏 = 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶
2
But in this case m = 0.5
𝑚2 0.52
⇒ 𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝑃𝑐 = 3.45𝐾𝑊 ∗ = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝑲𝑾
2 2
55
Examples:- …
c) Percentage Power savings:-
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 −𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶
%𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ∗ 100%
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡
Case I (m=0.95):-
5𝐾𝑊−1.557𝐾𝑊
%𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ∗ 100% = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟖𝟔%
5𝐾𝑊
Case II (m=0.5):-
5𝐾𝑊−0.43𝐾𝑊
%𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ∗ 100% = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟒%
5𝐾𝑊
56
Examples:- …
2. An old radio broadcaster transmits it’s signals at a

power level of 10KW using standard AM Modulation
with a modulation depth of 75%. However, It decided
to reduce the transmission power by 90%, using other
power efficient AM modulation techniques. Calculate
the required modulation index if:-
a) DSB-SC technique is used.
b) SSB modulation is used.
57
Examples:- …
Solution:-
For the standard modulation:-
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 10𝐾𝑊 & 𝑚 = 75% = 0.75
The carrier power shall be calculated 1st as follows:
𝑚2 0.752
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 10𝐾𝑊 = 𝑃𝑐 1+ = 𝑃𝑐 1+ = 𝑃𝑐 (1.28)
2 2
10𝐾𝑊
⇒ 𝑃𝑐 = = 𝟕. 𝟖𝑲𝑾
1.28
58
Examples:- …
a) Modulation index when DSB-SC is used:-
90% Power reduction,

⇒ 𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 10𝐾𝑊 − 0.9 ∗ 10 𝐾𝑊 = 1𝐾𝑊
𝑚2 𝑚2
2 2
𝑚2
𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏 = 𝑃𝑐
2
2 ∗ 𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 2 ∗ 1𝐾𝑊
𝑚= = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏
𝑃𝑐 7.8𝐾𝑊
59
Examples:- …
b) Modulation index when SSB is used:-
90% Power reduction,

⇒ 𝑃𝑆𝑆𝐵 = 10𝐾𝑊 − 0.9 ∗ 10 𝐾𝑊 = 1𝐾𝑊
𝑚2 𝑚2
2 2
𝑚2
𝑃𝑆𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 = 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏 = 𝑃𝑐
4
4 ∗ 𝑃𝑆𝑆𝐵 4 ∗ 1𝐾𝑊
𝑚= = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟔
𝑃𝑐 7.8𝐾𝑊
60

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Chapter 3 - Lec-2

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Introduction to

Prepared by: Fisiha Abayneh

3.2 Basic Concepts of Amplitude Modulation

3.4 Power Content of AM wave

3.5 Modified Forms of Amplitude Modulation

3.7 Demodulation of AM wave

➢Drawbacks of Conventional AM Modulation

➢DSB –SC (Double Side Band – Suppressed Carrier

➢SSB (Single Side Band Modulation)

➢VSB (Vestigial Side Band Modulation)

➢So far, standard AM Modulation with a message signal

➢This type of modulation is known as single-tone

➢But, in practice, modulation can be done with message

➢In which case, it can be called Multi-tone

➢Let’s analyze the case for modulating signal with two

➢Let the two components be:-

➢Then, the modulating signal will have a form:-

➢The same carrier signal will be used:-

➢The equation for AM envelop will be:

➢Then, the AM signal equation will be:-

➢Multi-tone modulation has multiple modulation

➢In this case:-

➢Using the modulation indexes, the AM signal equation

𝑆𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚1 𝐴𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑚1 𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 +

➢Expanding the terms which contain multiples of sin

𝑆𝐴𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 +

➢Generally, for n frequency components in the message

Total Modulation Index:

➢The total modulation index of multi-tone AM

𝒎𝒕 = 𝒎𝟐𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐𝟑 + . . .

➢The total power for the case of two message frequency

𝑃𝐴𝑀(𝑡𝑜𝑡) = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏1 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏1 + 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏2 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏2

𝐴2𝑐 2𝑚12 𝐴2𝑐 2𝑚22 𝐴2𝑐

𝐴2𝑐 𝑚12 𝑚22

➢This equation can be generalized for multiple

𝑚12 𝑚22 𝑚32

A certain AM transmitter radiates 11.8kW power when a

ii. 𝑚2 = 30% = 0.3 ; 𝑚1 = 0.6

𝑚𝑡 = 𝑚12 + 𝑚22 = 0.62 + 0.32 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕

➢Drawbacks of Conventional AM Modulation

➢DSB –SC (Double Side Band – Suppressed Carrier

➢SSB (Single Side Band Modulation)

➢VSB (Vestigial Side Band Modulation)

➢Conventional AM signal contains lower and upper

➢As a result, it is also called full AM, or sometimes,

➢In this regard, conventional AM modulation suffers two

ii. Spectral inefficiency:-

➢Drawbacks of Conventional AM Modulation

➢DSB –SC (Double Side Band – Suppressed Carrier

➢SSB (Single Side Band Modulation)

➢VSB (Vestigial Side Band Modulation)

➢Only two sidebands are available for transmission.

➢This is achieved by using product modulator, also

➢Balanced modulator simply multiplies the message

➢And, the carrier signal be:

➢Then, using product modulator, the DSB-SC signal can

𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

➢Let 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 & 𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡

𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

Power and efficiency:

𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏

𝑚2 𝐴4𝑐 𝑚2 𝐴4𝑐 𝒎𝟐 𝑨𝟒𝒄

➢Drawbacks of Conventional AM Modulation

➢DSB –SC (Double Side Band – Suppressed Carrier