Communication Lab1 2018

Experiment No.
(1) Signals Representation Using MATLAB SIMULINK
Experiment No. (1): Signals Representation Using

MATLAB SIMULINK
Simulink is a graphical extension to MATLAB for modeling and simulation

of systems. One of the main advantages of Simulink is the ability to model
a nonlinear system, which a transfer function is unable to do. Another advantage
of Simulink is the ability to take on initial conditions. When a transfer function is
built, the initial conditions are assumed to be zero.
 Starting Simulink
Simulink is started from the MATLAB command prompt by entering the

following command:
>> simulink
Alternatively, you can hit the Simulink button at the top of the MATLAB
window as shown in figure (1).
Figure (1) MATLAB Main Window
Analog Communication Lab. 1

Experiment No. (1) Signals Representation Using MATLAB SIMULINK
When it starts, Simulink brings up a single window, entitled Simulink

Library Browser, which can be seen in figure (2).
Figure (2) Simulink Library Browser
 Model Files (.mdl)
In Simulink, a model is a collection of blocks, which in general, represents a

system. To Creating a New Simulink Model, from the Simulink Library Browser
menu, select File > New > Model. A new model opens in the Simulink editor
window as shown in figure (3).

Figure (3) Blank Model File
 Basic Elements
There are two major classes of items in Simulink: blocks and lines. Blocks
are used to generate, modify, combine, output, and display signals. Lines are used
to transfer signals from one block to another.
1. Blocks
There are many libraries in Simulink Library Browser, in turn; each of them
contains many classes of blocks. One of the commonly used libraries is Simulink.

There are several general classes of blocks within the Simulink library such
that:
 Sources: used to generate various signals
 Sinks: used to output or display signals
 Continuous: continuous-time system elements (transfer functions, state-

space models, PID controllers, etc.)
 Discrete: linear, discrete-time system elements (discrete transfer

functions, discrete state-space models, etc.)
 Math Operations: contains many common math operations (gain, sum,

product, absolute value, etc.)
 Signal Routing: Route signals from one point in a block diagram to

another, such as the Mux and Switch blocks.
 Ports & Subsystems: contains useful blocks to build a system
Blocks have zero to several input terminals and zero to several output
terminals. Input terminals are indicated by a small open triangle. Output terminals
are indicated by a small triangular point. The block shown in figure (4) has one
input terminal on the left and one output terminal on the right.
Figure (4) Abs Block with one input terminal and one output terminal

2. Lines
Lines transmit signals in the direction indicated by the arrow. Lines must
always transmit signals from the output terminal of one block to the input terminal
of another block. On exception to this is a line can tap off of another line, splitting
the signal to each of two destination blocks.
Lines can never inject a signal into another line; lines must be combined
through the use of a block such as a summing junction.
A signal can be either a scalar signal or a vector signal. For Single-Input,

Single-Output (SISO) systems, scalar signals are generally used. For Multi-Input,
Multi-Output (MIMO) systems, vector signals are often used, consisting of two
or more scalar signals. The lines used to transmit scalar and vector signals are
identical. The type of signal carried by a line is determined by the blocks on either
end of the line.
 Creating Simple Model
The simple model shown in figure (5) consists of two blocks: Sine Wave,
and Scope blocks. The Sine Wave is a Source block from which a sine wave input
signal originates. This signal is transferred through the line in the direction
indicated by the arrow to the Scope block. The Scope is a Sink block used to
display a signal much like an oscilloscope.

Figure (5) Simple Simulink model
 Modifying Blocks
A block can be modified by double-clicking on it. For example, if you

double click on the Sine Wave block in the Simple model, you will see the dialog
box shown in figure (6).
The default parameters in this dialog box generate a sine wave,
x(t) =A sin(ωt + ϕ).
Where: A = 0, ω = 2*π*f = 1, ϕ = 0.
So, x(t) = sin(t).

Figure (6) Parameters Dialog Box of Sine Wave block
Double clicking on Scope Block brings up a blank oscilloscope screen as

shown in figure (7). When a simulation is performed, the signal, which feeds into
the scope, will be displayed in this window. The only function we will use is the
autoscale button, which appears as a pair of binoculars in the upper portion of the
window.

Figure (7) Scope Screen
 Running Simulation
To run a simulation of the above model select Start from the

Simulation menu, or click the Play button at the top of the screen. The simulation
should run very quickly and the scope window will appear as shown in figure (8).
Figure (8) Scope Screen after Running Model

Note that the simulation is at a very low level relative to the axes of the
scope. To fix this, hit the autoscale button (binoculars), which will rescale the
axes.
Simulink simulated the system for ten seconds even though the system had
not reached steady state. To correct this, you need to change the parameters of the
simulation itself. In the model window, select Configuration Parameters from
the Simulation menu. You will see the dialog box shown in figure (9).
Figure (9) Configuration Parameter Dialog Box

There are many simulation parameter options; we will only be concerned

with the start and stop times, which tell Simulink over what time period to perform
the simulation. Change Start time from 0.0 to 0.5. Change Stop time from 10.0
to 5.0. Close the dialog box and rerun the simulation.
 Simulink Library Blocks
Library Block Name Purpose
Constant Generate a constant value.
Pulse Generator Generate pulses at regular intervals.
Generate a constantly increasing or decreasing

Sources Ramp
signal.
Sine Wave Generate a sine wave.
Step Generate a step function.
Display Show the value of the input.
Scope Display signals generated during a simulation.
Sink To Workspace Write data to a matrix in the workspace.
Create an output port for a subsystem or an

Out
external output.
Signal Routing Mux Combine several input lines into a vector line.
Sum Adding signals together.

Math Operation
Product Multiply signals together.
 Procedure:

1. Represent the following signal using MATLAB SIMULINK:
o x(t) = 3sin(50t) + 4cos(30t)
o x(t) = sin(t+20)*2.5cos(3t)
o x(t) = [1+sin(3t)]cos(40t)
o x(t) = 2+sin(2πt+40)
2. If x(t) = 3sin(4t), and y(t) = 4cos(40t), display both of signals on the same
axis of Scope block.
3. For the above question, change the sampling time of Sine Wave block to
0.001 and the stop time of simulation to 20. What is the effect of sampling
time on the speed of simulation and the shape of signals that are displayed
in Scope window.
4. If x(t) = 3sin(2πt), y(t) = -sin(t)
Z(t) = [5-abs(x(t))] y(t)+2x(t)
Represent this model using MATLAB SIMULINK.

Experiment No. (2) Amplitude Modulation (DSB-LC)
Experiment No. (2): Amplitude Modulation (DSB-LC)
 Object:
To study the principles and techniques of analog AM modulation (DSB – LC).
 Apparatus:
1. CM6 Panel.
2. XPO-COM Master Unit.
3. Oscilloscope.
 Theory:
In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying

one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal ( High
Frequency Signal), with a modulating signal (for example an analog audio signal)
which typically contains information to be transmitted. Modulation is used to
transform a baseband message signal into a passband signal.
A device that performs modulation is known as a modulator and a device that

performs the inverse operation of modulation is known as a demodulator
(sometimes is called detector or demod). A device that can do both operations is
called a modem (from "modulator–demodulator").

The high frequency sinusoidal signal that is used in the modulation is known
as the carrier signal, or simply "the carrier". The low frequency signal that is used
in modulating the carrier signal (or sinusoidal signal) is known as the "data signal"
or the "message signal" or “modulating signal” or “Baseband signal”. It is
important to notice that a simple sinusoidal carrier contains no information of its
own.
Modulation is important since it lets any portion of the radio frequency

spectrum used to transmit data. When we do not use modulation, the system is
called a "baseband communication" system. At that time, the baseband signal is
transmitted directly.
Modulation has been introduced in order to use reasonably sized antennas in

radio communication. As known, the physical size of an antenna is a fraction of
the wavelength. Therefore, if we want to transmit a baseband signal of 3 kHz by
radio, the required wavelength is 100 km. It is evident that it is very hard to build
an antenna having many kilometers of length. If we can transfer the information
to a bandpass signal with a carrier of 30 MHz, we obtain a wavelength of 10
meters. A quarter wave antenna will be 2.5 meters. This is much more reasonable.
Modulation is also used to make the information fit the communication channel
and to reduce interference.
A carrier sine wave represented as follow:
Xc (t) = Ac sin(ωc t + φc )
The symbols Ac, ωc and φc all represent parameters that can be modulated in
the carrier waveform in order to carry information. According to these parameters,
there are three types of modulation: Amplitude modulation, Frequency
modulation, and Phase modulation.

 Types of Modulation
1. Amplitude modulation
A type of modulation where the amplitude of the carrier signal (A c) is

modulated (changed) in proportion to the message signal while the frequency and
phase are kept constant.
2. Frequency modulation
A type of modulation where the frequency of the carrier signal (f c) is

modulated (changed) in proportion to the message signal while the amplitude and
phase are kept constant.
3. Phase modulation
A type of modulation where the phase of the carrier signal (φc) is varied
accordance to the message signal.
 Amplitude modulation (AM DSB-LC):
AM is the process of varying the amplitude of a carrier wave in proportion to

the amplitude of a baseband signal. The frequency of the carrier remains constant.
Amplitude modulation is the first modulation system put into practice. It was used
essentially because of the simplicity of the receiver structure.
The AM signal is:

XAM (t) = Ac [1 + m ∗ S(t)] cos(ωc t)
Where:
Ac cos(ωc*t) , the carrier.
S(t) , the message.

m , the depth of modulation or modulation index which represents

the relationship between the maximum value Vmax and the minimum Value Vmin
of the amplitude-modulated waveform as shown in figure (1).
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚=
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
It is e asily verified that AM is not linear since it does not satisfy the
superposition principle. However, it is incrementally linear, i.e. an increment of
the input is linearly related to an increment of the output.
𝐴𝑚
If S(t) = Am cos(ωm t) then m=
𝐴𝑐
And
XAM (t) = Ac [1 + m ∗ cos(ωm t)] cos(ωc t)
XAM (t) = Ac cos(ωc t) + Ac ∗ m ∗ cos(ωm t) cos(ωc t)
1
XAM (t) = Ac cos(ωc t) + Ac ∗ m ∗ [ cos(ωc + ωm ) + cos(ωc − ωm )]
2
1 1
XAM (t) = Ac cos(ωc t) + Ac ∗ m ∗ cos(ωc + ωm ) + Ac ∗ m ∗ cos(ωc − ωm )
2 2
The first term of the above equation has no information to transmit, and
represent the carrier signal only. The second and third term represent the upper
and lower sideband respectively. The upper and lower sideband have the same
information.
Figure (2) show the spectrum of the XAM signal. It is apparent that the
bandwidth B of the modulated signal is twice the bandwidth of the baseband
signal.
B = 2*fm

The block diagram reproduces the defining equation of AM shown in

figure (3). This block diagram is essentially theoretical. In practice, radically
different methods are used. In this experiment, Balanced Modulator module is
used. This Module uses IC 1496, which acts as a frequency multiplier. In
DSB-LC, carrier also gets transmitted with the information. DSB _LC consists of
carrier, upper side band & lower side band.
Multiplier can act as balanced (Suppressed Carrier) or standard AM (Large

Carrier). This is achieved by switch closed (LC) & open (SC). This module
contains an integrated circuit, type LM 1496 and has an amplifier connected to
the input of one channel so that the impedance of the two channels is the same.
 Procedure:
Part-A: DSB-LC Generation (Using CM6 Module):
Wiring sequence: +12V-1, -12V-3, GND-2,

Audio o/p-12, FG o/p-16,
CRO (+)-11, CRO (GND)-32
1. Connect +12V, -12V & GND from master unit to banana socket 1, 3 & 2
respectively.
2. Ensure that all switch faults are in OFF position.
3. Apply audio input 1 kHz, 200 mVp.p. Sinewave from audio generator to
socket 12 from DTFFG III.
4. Apply carrier input 500 kHz, (keep Time/div. = 2 µs and set 1 div.), 2 Vp.p.
sinewave from DTFFG III function generator to socket 16.
5. Keep switch SW1 at TC (Transmitted Carrier) position.
6. Connect CRO between socket 11 & 32 (i.e. GND) & draw the modulated
output (DSB-LC).
7. Take measurements & determine the modulation index.

Part-B (DSB-LC Generation Using MATLAB SIMULINK)
1. Connect the block diagram shown in figure (4).
2. Use sine wave generator for message signal with the following information:
Am = 0.5 Vp, ωm = 2π*(2000) rad/sec and zero for other parameters.
3. Use sine wave generator for carrier signal with the following information:
AC =1 Vp, ωC = 2π*(50000) rad/sec and zero for other parameters.
4. Set stop time = 0.001, and Max step size = 0.001 / 2048.
5. Set modulation index (m = 0.67) by making "Constant" block = 0.75.
6. Draw the waveforms of the message and the DSB_LC signal.

7. Repeat steps 5, 6 for m = 2.
 Graphs and Calculation:
1. Calculate the total power of AM signal (part-A).

2. Calculate the bandwidth of AM signal (part-A).
3. Draw the spectrum of AM signal (part-A).
 Discussion:
1. Define modulation.
2. Explain why modulation is necessary or desirable.
3. Define:
a) The circuit that causes one signal to modulate another, and give the
names of the two signals applied to this circuit.

b) What is the name given to the new signals generated by the modulation
process.
4. Are these statements true or false. Explain your answer
a) The carrier frequency is usually lower than the modulating frequency.

b) The carrier frequency remains constant during AM.
c) The carrier of an AM signal contains information.
5. Explain why the modulation is linear in amplitude modulation system.
6. Explain the reason for making the modulation index (m) less than unity in
DSB_LC modulation.
7. What percentage of the total power in an AM signal is in the carrier,

one sideband, and both sidebands.
8. Write the trigonometric expression for a sine wave carrier signal.

Am
Vmax Vmin Ac
Figure (1) Amplitude Modulated Signal.
Xm(f)
f
-fm fm
XAM(f)
f
-fc fc - fm fc fc + fm
Figure (2) Spectrum of DSB-LC Signal.

S(t)
XAM(t)
DC Ac cos(ωc t)
Figure (3) AM (DSB-LC) Modulator.
Scope1
message
multiply Scope
0.75
Constant
carrier
Figure (4) DSB-LC Modulator Using MATLAB SIMULINK

Experiment No. (3) Amplitude Demodulation (Envelope Detector)
Experiment No. (3): Amplitude Demodulation (Envelope

Detector)
 Object:
To study the operation of a non-coherent amplitude demodulator.
 Apparatus:
1. CM6 Panel.
2. XPO-COM, Master Unit.
3. Signal Generator.
4. Oscilloscope.
 Theory:
There exist several techniques for AM demodulation. They fall into two
different classes: Synchronous (Coherent) demodulation and Non Coherent
demodulation.
A. Coherent demodulation:
In this technique, the received AM signal multiplied by a carrier generated

at the receiver. The local carrier at the receiver must have the same frequency and
same phase as the one of the AM signal. This Type of demodulation will be
discussed in detail in the next experiments.

B. Non-Coherent demodulation:
The envelop detector is commonly use in AM receivers and is in fact the

first demodulator in the history of radio communication. As can be readily seen
the envelope of an amplitude-modulated signal follows the wave shape of the
modulating signal. An envelope detector circuit whose output follows the peak of
the carrier will therefore reproduce the modulating signal. It is essentially a peak
detector.
As shown in figure (1), the envelop detector is composed of a diode, a

resistor and a capacitor. Since the diode is operated in linear region, the output
voltage is proportional to the input signal voltage during the positive half cycle.
During the negative half cycle, there is no conduction in the diode but the
output voltages is maintained by the capacitor which discharge of the capacitor
depends upon the time constant (RC). This means that the time constant of the
circuit must be much larger than the period of the carrier (1/fc). On the other hand,
the circuit should not distort the information signal S(t). This implies that the time
constant must be smaller than the period of the highest frequency present in the
signal (BW).
1 1
> RC ≫
Bw fc
If the above condition is satisfied, the signal obtained at the output will be
proportional to the envelop of the AM signal XAM(t). Here again, a dc blocking
capacitor is needed to eliminate the dc value present in the demodulated signal.
Such a diode is available on the Detector Module CM-6. The module

contains a Silicon diode, which needs 0.7V to conduct, any incoming wave at

socket 30 will have to be amplified using amplifier hence an inverting op-amp is

used at socket 30 before applying its o/p to diode anode (1N4148).
 Procedure:
Wiring sequence (mod): +12V-1, -12V-3, GND-2,

CRO (+)-11, CRO (GND)-32.
Wiring sequence (demod): Do not disconnect above wiring, except

(CRO):
11-30,
CRO (+)-31, CRO (GND)-32
respectively.
2. Make connections as per wiring sequences as shown in fig. (2).
4. Keep TC/SC switch i.e.sw1 @ TC position.
5. Apply audio input (sinewave @ 1 kHz, 200 mVp.p.) to socket 12 from
DTFFG III (audio frequency generator) from master unit.
6. Apply carrier input (500 kHz, sin 6 Vp.p. - Time/div = 2 µs and set 1 div), to
socket 16 from master unit function generator (DTFFG III).
7. Draw demodulated output at socket 31.
8. Vary applied audio around 1 kHz & confirm its being received at
demodulated output.
 Discussion:
1. Explain the operation of envelope detector shown in figure (1).

2. Derive a relationship between the time constant RC, and modulation index.
3. State the advantages & disadvantages of the envelope detector.
4. What will happen to the output voltage of the envelope, if a capacitor is

connected in series with the combination of the RC.
Figure (1) Envelope Detector.

Figure (2) DSB-LC Demodulation Schematic Diagram.

Experiment No. (4) Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)
Experiment No. (4): Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier

(DSB-SC)
 Object:
In this assignment, we will see that it is possible to generate the sidebands

in a transmitter without having to generate the carrier signal. You will see also
that there is a considerable power saving in so doing.
 Apparatus:
1. CM6 Panel.

3. Oscilloscope.
 Theory:
In AM, we spend more than half of the total power transmitting a carrier
that conveys no information. When cost is not of prime importance, but making
the best use of a limited transmitter power is, for example when a single
transmitter serves only a few receivers, suppressed carrier modulation is
preferred. Examples occur in military, industrial, and amateur radio
communication systems. The DSB-SC transmits just the sidebands without
transmitting the carrier, but demodulation is more difficult.
The DSB-SC signal is then:

XDSB−SC (t) = Ac cos(ωc t) ∗ s(t)
If s(t) = Am cos(ωmt), then:
XDSB−SC (t) = Ac cos(ωc t) ∗ Am cos(ωm t)
Ac Am
XDSB−SC (t) = [cos(ωc + ωm ) + cos(ωc − ωm )]
2
As seen in the above equation, the DSB-SC signal contains only the upper
and lower sidebands and there is no carrier.
This method is a linear modulation scheme. Furthermore, from the

defining equation, the DSB-SC modulated signal is a bandpass signal written in
quadrature form.
a(t) = AC s(t), and b(t) = 0.
Except for a missing impulse, the spectrum of DSB-SC and the one of AM
look alike, however, in the time domain, this is a fundamental difference. The
DSB-SC envelope and phase are given by:
0 s(t) > 0
r(t) = AC |s(t)| φ(t) = {
π s(t) < 0
As shown in figure (1), every time the message signal s(t) changes sign, the
modulated signal Undergoes a phase reversal. Therefore, the DSB-SC signal
cannot be demodulated with a simple envelope detector.
The CM-6 module uses an integrated circuit modulator in a mode, which

causes the output to be simply the product (result of multiplying together) of its
two input signals. One input being the carrier, and the other a message signal, then
the resultant output signal will represents just the two sidebands of the composite
modulated signal without the carrier signal.

 Procedure
Part-A: DSB-SC Generation (Using CM-6 Module)

CRO (+)-11, CRO (GND)-32
1. Connect +12V, -12V & GND from master unit to banana Socket 1, 3 & 2
respectively.
3. Apply audio input 1 kHz, 1.5 Vp.p. sinewave from audio generator to socket
12 from DTFFG III.
4. Apply carrier input 600 kHz, (keep Time/div.= 0.5 µs and set 3.3 div.),
1.5 Vp.p. sinewave from DTFFG III function generator to socket 16.
5. Keep switch SW1 at SC (Suppressed Carrier) position.
6. Connect CRO between socket 11 & 32 i.e. GND & draw the modulated
output (DSB-SC).
Part-B: DSB-SC Generation (Using MATLAB SIMULINK)
1. Connect the block diagram shown in figure (2).
Am = 1 Vp, ωm = 2π*(2000) rad/sec and zero for other parameters.
AC =3 Vp, ωC = 2π*(50000) rad/sec and zero for other parameters.
4. Set stop time = 0.001, and Max step size = 0.001/2048.
5. Draw the waveforms of the message and the DSB-SC signal.
 Graphs and Calculations
1. Calculate the total power of DSB-SC signal (part-A).
2. Calculate the bandwidth of DSB-SC signal (part-A).
3. Draw the spectrum of DSB-SC signal (part-A).
 Discussion:
1. State the advantages and disadvantages of the DSB-SC modulation.
2. Compare between DSB-SC and DSB-LC modulation, considering total

power and bandwidth.
3. If a message signal xm(t) = 3*cos(8000πt) is modulated by a carrier

signal xc(t) = 4*cos(100000πt), then find:
a. Modulation index.
b. Carrier frequency.
c. Message frequency.
d. Bandwidth of the modulated signal.

e. Total power of the modulated signal.
Hint: Solve for DSB-LC and DSB-SC AM modulation.
15
10
-5
-10
-15
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Figure (1) DSB-SC Signal

Figure (2) DSB-SC Modulation (MATLAB SIMULINK)

Experiment No. (5) Super Heterodyne Receiver
Experiment No. (5): Super Heterodyne Receiver
 Object:
To be familiar with the operation of a homodyne and super heterodyne

coherent receivers.
 Apparatus:
1. CM6 Panel.
2. Master Unit.
4. Oscilloscope.
 Theory:
In coherent detection or synchronous demodulation, both the phase and

frequency of carrier must be known at the detector. The carrier recovery circuit at
the receiver recovers carrier. Amplitude of carrier is not important since it
inﬂuences only the demodulated signal level which may be changed by a simple
ampliﬁer. Key element of coherent detector is an analog multiplier.
Noise performance of a coherent detector is always better than that of non-

coherent detector.

Techniques for providing the carrier signal:
1. Carrier is transmitted.
2. A pilot signal is transmitted outside the pass-band of modulated signal

spectrum of an AM signal.
3. Carrier is recovered from the received signal using phase looked loop
(PLL).
A direct-conversion receiver (DCR), also known as homodyne, or zero-IF

receiver, is a radio receiver design that demodulates the incoming radio signal
using synchronous detection driven by a local oscillator whose frequency is
identical to, or very close to the carrier frequency of the intended signal. This is
in contrast to the standard super heterodyne receiver where this is accomplished
only after an initial conversion to an intermediate frequency.
The simplification of performing only a single frequency conversion

reduces the basic circuit complexity but other issues arise, for instance, regarding
dynamic range. In its original form, it was unsuited to receiving AM and FM
signals without implementing an elaborate phase locked loop. Although these and
other technical challenges made this technique rather impractical around the time
of its invention (1930's), current technology and software radio in particular have
revived its use in certain areas including some consumer products.
The direct-conversion receiver feeds the radio frequency signal into

a frequency mixer, just as in a super heterodyne receiver. However, unlike the
super heterodyne, the frequency of the local oscillator is not offset from but right
at the received signal's frequency. The result is a demodulated output just as you
would obtain from a super heterodyne receiver using synchronous detection
(a product detector) following an intermediate frequency (IF) stage. In other
words, the conversion to baseband is done in a single frequency conversion. This

avoids the complexity of the super-heterodyne's two (or more) frequency
conversions, IF stage(s), and image rejection issues.
In electronics, a super heterodyne receiver (often shortened to superhet),

uses frequency mixing to convert a received signal to a fixed intermediate
frequency (IF), which can be more conveniently processed than the
original radio carrier frequency. Virtually all modern radio receivers use the
super heterodyne principle. At the cost of an extra frequency converter stage, the
super heterodyne receiver provides superior selectivity and sensitivity compared
with simpler designs.
 Procedure:
Part-A: Homodyne Receiver (Using CM-6 Module)
Wiring sequence (mod): +12V-1, -12V-3, GND-2,

CRO (+)-11, CRO (GND)-32
Wiring sequence (demod): Do not disconnect above wiring, except:
16-14,11-19
CRO (+)-15, CRO (GND)-32
respectively.
2. Make connections as per wiring sequence & set up as shown in fig. (1).
4. Keep TC/SC switches i.e. sw1 & sw2 @ SC position.

5. Apply audio input (sinwave @ 1kHz, 1.5 Vp.p.) to socket 12 from DTFFG
III (audio frequency generator)
6. Apply carrier input (600 kHz, sin 1.5 Vp.p.- keep Time/div.= 0.5 µs & set
3.3 div.) to socket 16 from master unit function generator (DTFFG III).
7. Draw the demodulated o/p at socket 15.
Part-B: Homodyne Receiver (Using MATLAB SIMULINK)
1. Connect the circuit shown in figure (2) using MATLAB SIMULINK.
Am = 1, fm = 2*pi*3000 rad/sec and zero for other parameters.
Ac = 1, fc = 2*pi*40000 rad/sec and zero for other parameters.
4. Use sine wave generator for synchronous carrier with the following
information: AS=1, fS = 2*pi*40000 rad/sec and zero for other parameters.
5. Set the filter extracted message signal parameters as:
Order = 2, passband edge frequency = 2*pi*3000 rad/sec.
6. Set the simulation parameters as (N=2048, Max step size =0.003/N, stop
simulation time=0.003)
7. Draw the message, and received signals.
 Discussion:
1. Explain why there is a difference between message and received signal of

(Part-A).

2. With the aid of equations, Explain the effect of phase shift (ΔΦ) of the local
oscillator at homodyne receiver for DSC-SC demodulation.
3. What are the differences between homodyne and super heterodyne

receivers.
4. Explain the benefit of using IF stage in super heterodyne receivers.
5. Derive the equation to get the message from DSB-SC signal using
homodyne receiver.
6. What is the relation between carrier frequency of received signal and the
intermediate frequency of super-heterodyne receiver.
Figure (1) DSB-SC Demodulation System.

message Scope4
butter
1 Scope7
Analog
carrier synch. carrier Filter Design
Figure (2) Homodyne Receiver (MATLAB SIMULINK)

Experiment No. (6) Single Sideband Modulation
Experiment No. (6): Single Sideband Modulation
 Object:
To Study single sideband modulation which is another type of amplitude

modulation.
 Apparatus:
1. CM6 Panel.
4. Oscilloscope.
 Theory:
Single sideband (SSB) is a common analog modulation scheme for voice

communications. When we are transmitting real signals in DSB-SC, the two
sidebands are related and if we know one, we can deduce the other. Therefore,
with SSB only one sideband (either the upper or the lower) is present in the
modulated carrier. That is acceptable because the two sidebands contain the same
information, so the elimination of one sideband does not cause a loss of
information. SSB uses radio spectrum efficiently. We can observe from the above
sketch that the bandwidth of the SSB signal is the same as the one of the baseband
signal. So, for the same information, the SSB modulated signal uses half the
bandwidth of the DSB modulated signal. This is why SSB is used in crowded

spectrum environment such Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) systems to

transmit different voice band signals.
There is more than one way to generate SSB carriers. One method is to use
a DSB-SC modulator and then eliminate one sideband (either the lower or the
upper) with a filter as shown in figure (1) and it is called "filter method". That
method is conceptually simple but has a significant drawback. The filter can be
challenging to design: it must have a quite sharp roll - off that will pass the one
sideband but reject the other sideband that is just the other side of the carrier
frequency. SSB modulated signal can be generated by a different method. This
method is known as the "phasing method", and it incorporates a Hilbert
transform as shown in figure (2).
 Procedure:
Part-A: SSB Modulation Using Phasing Method (CM-6 Module)

Audio o/p-4 & 20, FG o/p –9 & 24,
10-16, 5-12,17-18,
CRO (+)-13-FC (+), CRO (GND)-32,
FC (-)-28
respectively.
4. Keep TC/SC switches i.e. sw1 & sw2 @ SC position.

5. Keep SW 4 switch at up position.
6. Apply audio input (sin wave @ 1 kHz, 1.5 Vp.p.) to socket 4 & 20 i.e. audio
output from DTFFG III (audio frequency generator).
7. Apply carrier input (600 kHz, sine 1.5 Vp.p. - keep Time/div =0.5 µs and set
3.3 div.) to socket 9, 24 from master unit function generator (DTFFG III).
8. Draw SSB SC output at socket 13 on CRO.
9. You will get sinewave which frequency = carrier-audio (i.e. lower side
band).
10.Fmod = Fcarrier-Faudio (SSB down).
Part-B: SSB Demodulation Using Phasing method (CM-6 Module)
Wiring sequence for SSB DOWN (Mod):

+12V-1, -12V-3, GND-2,
Audio O/P- 4 & 20, FG o/p -9& 24,
10-16, 5-12, 17-18
CRO (+)-13, CRO (GND)-32
Wiring sequence for SSB DOWN (Demod):
Do not disconnect above wiring,
16-14,13-19
CRO (+)-15, CRO (GND)-32
respectively.
4. Keep TC/SC switches i.e.sw1 & sw2 @ SC position.
5. Keep SW4 (phase control for audio/carrier) in upward direction.

6. Apply audio input (sinewave @ 1 kHz, 800 mVp.p.) to socket 4, 19 from

DTFFG III (audio frequency generator).
7. Apply carrier input (600 kHz, sin 1.5 Vp.p. - keep Time/div =0.5 µs & set
3.3 div.) to socket 9 & 24 from master unit function generator (DTFFG III).
8. Draw the audio output at socket 15.
Part-C SSB Generation Using Phasing method (MATLAB SIMULINK)
1. Connect the circuit shown in figure (4) using MATLAB SIMULINK.
Am=3, ωm = 3 rad/sec and zero for other parameters.
Ac=4, ωc = 40 rad/sec and zero for other parameters.
4. Set sampling time = 0.001
5. Draw the SSB modulated signal.
 Discussion:
1. Compare between Phase method and Filter method that are used in SSB
modulation.
2. Comment on the condition that must be satisfied by the SSB filter in filter
method and the phase changer in phase method.
3. Show with the aid of equations and block diagram the generation of (USB)
signal by using phase shift method.

4. State the advantages and disadvantages of the three types of amplitude

modulation.
5. What is the type of demodulation we used to demodulate SSB signal

(part-A). Explain your answer.
6. Explain what Hilbert Transform is, and how we use it to generate SSB
signal.
S(t)
AC cos(ωct)
Figure (1) Single Sideband Modulator Using Filter Method.

Figure (2) SSB Modulation Using Phase Shift Method.
Figure (3) SSB Demodulation Using CM-6 Module.

Figure (2) Single Sideband Modulator Using Phasing Method

Experiment No. (7) Frequency Modulation & Demodulation
Experiment No. (7): Frequency Modulation
 Object:
To study the operation of Frequency Modulator and Demodulator.
 Apparatus:
1. CM-7 panel.
3. Function Generator.
4. Oscilloscope.
 Theory:
Frequency modulation (FM) is the standard technique for high-fidelity

communications as is evident in the received signals of the FM band (88-108
MHz) vs. the AM band (450-1650 KHz). The main reason for the improved
fidelity is that FM detectors, when properly designed, are not sensitive to random
amplitude variations, which are the dominant part of electrical noise (heard as
static on the AM radio). Frequency modulation is not only used in commercial
radio broadcasts, but also in police and hospital communications, emergency
channels, TV sound, wireless (cellular) telephone systems, and radio amateur
bands above 30 MHz.

The basic idea of an FM signal vs. an AM signal is shown in figure (1). In

an FM signal, the frequency of the signal is changed by the modulation (baseband)
signal while its amplitude remains the same. In an AM signal, we now know that
it is the amplitude (or the envelope) of the signal that is changed by the modulation
signal. The FM signal can be expressed by:
Xfm = Ac cos[ωc t + k f ∫ m(t) dt]
If: m(t) = Am cos(ωm t), then:
Am
Xfm = Ac cos[ωc t + k f sin(ω𝑚 t)]
ω𝑚
= Ac cos[ωc t + mf sin(ω𝑚 t)] = Ac cos(Ɵ(t))
Where,
k f = frequency modulation constant (Hz/v)
𝜃(𝑡) = ωc 𝑡 + mf ∗ sin(ω𝑚 𝑡 )
ωc = 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
ω𝑚 = 𝑀𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑚𝑓 = 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = k f ∗ 𝐴𝑚 /f𝑚 = ∆f /fm
∆f = Maximum frequency deviation.
The instantaneous frequency of the FM signal may be expressed as:
1 𝑑Ɵ(𝑡) 1 𝑑
𝐹𝐼𝑛𝑠 = ∗ = ∗ [2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑓 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)]
2𝜋 𝑑𝑡 2𝜋 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 ∗ 𝑚𝑓 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)

From the above equation we can see that the frequency of the FM signal
causes frequency deviation (∆f) from the center frequency of the carrier when the
message amplitude is varied.
The spectrum of an FM signal is quite complicated and is dependent on mf.

Actually, it follows a Bessel function and is given by:
Where 𝐽𝑜 (𝑚𝑓 ), 𝐽1 (𝑚𝑓 ) etc. are in volts, and are the levels of the
frequency components of the FM signal for 𝐴𝑐 = 1 V.
The spectrum is dependent on mf, the modulation index, and Table (1) gives
the values of the Bessel-functions J0, J1, J2, etc... for mf = 0 to 15. The bandwidth
of an FM signal depends on the modulation index (mf), and the well-known
Carson’s Rule approximates it:
BW = 2 (∆f + fm)
The factor (2) in the equation is to account for both the upper and lower
sidebands (left and right of the carrier). This equation gives the bandwidth, which
contains 98% of the signal power.

Table (1): Values of Bessel functions.
FM Generation:
The frequency modulated signal can be generate simply by using the

Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO), which give an output frequency, related to the
input voltage thus if we applied an sinusoidal signal to the input of the VCO then
we will get an FM signal as shown in figure (2).
FM Demodulation:
There are many methods to detect the message signal from FM signal. In
our experiment, we will use the Slop detector. In this method the FM signal
converted to AM signal by using a tuned circuit and then the message signal can
be detected from the obtained AM signal by using envelop detector circuit as
shown in figure (3).

 Procedure:
Part-A: FM Generation
1- Connect the circuit shown in figure (4).
2- Set the manual frequency control C to 465 kHz.
3- Set the variable attenuator to 0 dB.
4- Set the sensitivity control B to maximum (X0.1).
5- Set the function generator signal to sine wave with frequency of (8 kHz)
and amplitude of (5 Vp.p).
6- Draw the output signal.

Hint: Frequency deviation constant = 10 KHz/v.
7- Set the frequency deviation equal to (100 kHz) and then draw the output
signal.
8- Set the modulation index to (10) for the same input message amplitude
and then draw the output signal.
Part-B FM Detection
1- Connect the circuit shown in figure (4) and figure (5).
2- Set the manual frequency control C to 465 kHz.
3- Set the variable attenuator to 0 dB.
4- Set the sensitivity control B to maximum (X0.1).
5- Set the function generator signal to sine wave with frequency of (4 kHz)
and amplitude of (1 Vp.p).
6- Draw the output signal.

 Discussion:
1- Explain the principle of direct method generation of FM signal.
2- What is the difference between narrowband FM and wideband FM refer to

the spectral component of the two signals.
3- Compare the S/N ratio of:
a) AM DSB-LC
b) AM SSB-SC
c) FM
4- Draw and explain the operation of frequency demodulation.
5- Find the value of the FM modulation index when the input message
frequency equal to (5 kHz) and maximum frequency deviation equal to
(5 kHz).
6- Explain what Carson's rule is.

Figure (1) FM signal vs. AM signal.
Figure (2) FM Generation using VCO.

Figure (3) FM Detection using Slop Detector.


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Experiment No.

(1) Signals Representation Using MATLAB SIMULINK

Experiment No. (1): Signals Representation Using

Simulink is a graphical extension to MATLAB for modeling and simulation

Simulink is started from the MATLAB command prompt by entering the

Figure (1) MATLAB Main Window

Analog Communication Lab. 1

When it starts, Simulink brings up a single window, entitled Simulink

Figure (2) Simulink Library Browser

 Model Files (.mdl)

In Simulink, a model is a collection of blocks, which in general, represents a

Analog Communication Lab. 2

Figure (3) Blank Model File

Analog Communication Lab. 3

 Sources: used to generate various signals

 Sinks: used to output or display signals

 Continuous: continuous-time system elements (transfer functions, state-

 Discrete: linear, discrete-time system elements (discrete transfer

 Math Operations: contains many common math operations (gain, sum,

 Signal Routing: Route signals from one point in a block diagram to

 Ports & Subsystems: contains useful blocks to build a system

Analog Communication Lab. 4

A signal can be either a scalar signal or a vector signal. For Single-Input,

 Creating Simple Model

Analog Communication Lab. 5

Figure (5) Simple Simulink model

A block can be modified by double-clicking on it. For example, if you

The default parameters in this dialog box generate a sine wave,

x(t) =A sin(ωt + ϕ).

So, x(t) = sin(t).

Analog Communication Lab. 6

Figure (6) Parameters Dialog Box of Sine Wave block

Double clicking on Scope Block brings up a blank oscilloscope screen as

Analog Communication Lab. 7

Figure (7) Scope Screen

To run a simulation of the above model select Start from the

Figure (8) Scope Screen after Running Model

Analog Communication Lab. 8

Figure (9) Configuration Parameter Dialog Box

Analog Communication Lab. 9

There are many simulation parameter options; we will only be concerned

 Simulink Library Blocks

Library Block Name Purpose

Constant Generate a constant value.

Pulse Generator Generate pulses at regular intervals.

Generate a constantly increasing or decreasing

Sine Wave Generate a sine wave.

Step Generate a step function.

Display Show the value of the input.

Scope Display signals generated during a simulation.

Sink To Workspace Write data to a matrix in the workspace.

Create an output port for a subsystem or an

Sum Adding signals together.

Analog Communication Lab. 10

1. Represent the following signal using MATLAB SIMULINK:

o x(t) = 3sin(50t) + 4cos(30t)

4. If x(t) = 3sin(2πt), y(t) = -sin(t)

Z(t) = [5-abs(x(t))] y(t)+2x(t)

Represent this model using MATLAB SIMULINK.

Analog Communication Lab. 11

Experiment No. (2): Amplitude Modulation (DSB-LC)

To study the principles and techniques of analog AM modulation (DSB – LC).

2. XPO-COM Master Unit.