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4.4 Air Standard Otto Cycle
4.4 Air Standard Otto Cycle
2
4
Volume
2
4
1
Entropy
Fig.4.4. Otto cycle on p-v and T-s diagrams
Net workdone
Net heat added
Since processes 1-2 and 3-4 are adiabatic processes, the heat transfer during the cycle
takes place only during processes 2-3 and 4-1 respectively. Therefore, thermal
efficiency can be written as,
th =
mCV ( T3 - T2 ) - mCV ( T4 - T1 )
mCV ( T3 - T2 )
=1-
T4 - T1
T3 - T2
For the reversible adiabatic processes 3-4 and 1-2, we can write,
v
T4
= 3
T3
v4
-1
V
T
and 1 = 2
T2
V1
-1
v 2 = v3 and v 4 = v1
V
T4
T
T -T
= 1 = 4 1 = 2
T3
T2
T3 - T2
V1
th
The ratio
V
T1
= 1- 2
= 1 T2
V1
-1
V1
is called as compression ratio, r.
V2
th
1
=1-
r
-1
From the above equation, it can be observed that the efficiency of the Otto cycle is
mainly the function of compression ratio for the given ratio of Cp and Cv. If we plot the
variations of the thermal efficiency with increase in compression ratio for different
gases, the curves are obtained as shown in Fig.4.4.1. Beyond certain values of
compression ratios, the increase in the thermal efficiency is very small, because the
curve tends to be asymptotic. However, practically the compression ratio of petrol
engines is restricted to maximum of 9 or 10 due to the phenomenon of knocking at high
compression ratios.
=1.67
=1.40
=1.30
Compression ratio,r
( V1
- V2 )
m R T1 r - 1
1
= V1 1 - =
r
P1
since, R = Cv ( - 1)
m C v ( - 1) T1 r - 1
P1
r
mep =
m C v ( T3 - T2 )
m C v ( -1) T1
P1
1 p1 r
- 1 T1 r - 1
Now,
T2 = T1 ( r )
Let,
rp =
T4
- T2 ) - ( T4 - T1
-1
P3
T2 = rp T2 = rp r -1 T1
P2
1
= T3
r
mep =
-1
= rp r
-1
1
T1
r
P1 r
( r - 1) ( - 1)
{( r
(for V = C)
-1
= rp T1
r -1 - r -1
) - ( rp - 1)}
) (
)(
r -1 r - 1 - r - 1
p
p
= P1 r
( - 1) ( r - 1)
r -1 - 1 r - 1
p
mep = P1 r
( r - 1) ( - 1)
)}
P3 T3
=
= Pressure ratio
P2 T2
T3 =
So,
{( T3
- ( T4 - T1 )
r - 1