MARKING & SETTING OUT

This is very important work in the field. This is done by experienced surveyors. This
should be more accurate because the hall building is located by this work and it is very
difficult to adjust if anything done wrongly. And also repairing is very expensive.

4.1

MARKING 1000 OFF LINES

Fig No 4.1 marking 1000mm off line

Marking 1000 off lines are very important because all the setting outs were done
from this off lines. Normally in the field 1000 off lines were used instead to grid lines.
These are 1000mm apart from the grid lines. We have to go for this off lines instead of
grid lines because the most of the grid lines were goes through the columns & it is
difficult to draw.

4.2

SETTINGOUT FLOATING COLUMN & DROP AREAS

Reinf or c ement

Column out line

mar k ing
t ape &
aer r ow mar k

Fig No 4.1 marking floating column

To providing starter bars for a floating column or marking drop areas this method
were used in our site. This is an easy method to mark the out lines of columns or drop
areas in the reinforcement. First locate the out lines from the off lines then paste the
marking tape & draw an arrow to locate the out line as shown in the fig above.

In our site the concrete thickness was varied. Normal concrete thickness
was 150mm but for the shower areas concrete thickness was 125mm these were
marked and provide stop board with 2 2 wooden block. We called this as drop
area marking. Like wise the catch pits, water line voids also provided.
4.3

MARKING COLUMN OUTLINE

Fig No 4.3 marking column outline

Marking column outline is very useful in making column formwork & aligns
the formwork vertically. Supports were adjusted according to coincide the plump
pop with this out lines in all sides.
4.4

TRANSFERING GRID POINTS ON TO A NEW FLOOR

4.4.1

USING THEODOLITE ONLY

This is very simplest method but accuracy of this is less compare to the next

method. We have used this method in our site.

Theodolite was set on one point of the base grid line in the reference floor as
shown in the figure. Align the theodolite to another point in the same grid line.
Horizontal clamps of the theodolite were clamped. Turn the telescope in the vertical
plane and mark the point in the corner of the upper floor slap by a pencil. Likewise the
first point of the grid was transferred from lower floor to upper floor.

Fig No 4.4 transferring grid points using theodolite only

Set scaffolding in a place as far as from the previous point which could be seen
from theodolite telescope. Set a plumb pop in the scaffolding and align the plumb pop
by observing through the telescope crosswire. These two points were jointed with the
marking string. The same procedure was carried out to transfer the perpendicular grid
line also. Then the instrument was set on the intersection point of the transferred grid
lines. The theodolite was Aligned along the first grid line and turned by 90 and checked
whether the second line was in aligned or not. If it was not in align the procedure
should be repeated.

4.4.2

TRANSFERING GRID LINES USING HOLE

Theodolite is set over the hole that has been kept through the concreted slab and

center over the secondary grid point on the previous floor level at that location by
looking through the optical plumb as shown in the Figure.
After centering the theodolite, a piece of timber plank is placed across the hole and
nailed to slab and then a nail is driven to the plank looking through the optical plumb

such that a point marked at the center of the head of the nail coincide with the center of
the optical plumb. In this process grate care must be taken to not disturb the instrument
in fixing the plank and driving the nails because after placing the plank across the hole
we will not be able to see the reference point through the optical plumb and therefore
any change in instrument position cannot be found until the process ends up with a
failure.

Fig No 4.5 transferring grid points using theodolite & hole

After transferring the first secondary grid point onto the new floor successfully,
the theodolite is moved to the next points to be transferred and they are transferred
one after the other, employing the above procedure.
After transferring all the required grid points, the next step is to check whether those points are in
line. This is simply done by using the theodolite set over one point and bisecting the other points.
If the points are found to be not inline we have to repeat the above process and retransfer the
secondary grid points.
After obtaining the correct points the secondary grid lines are marked on the
floor. For that the theodolite is set over one grid point and the telescope is directed
along the grid line by bisecting a nail at another grid point and then by looking through
the telescope, points were marked with a pencil on the floor. In the same way the grid

line perpendicular to the base grid line is also marked by turning the theodolite that has
been set over the required grid point, by 90angle from the direction of the basic grid
line.