ejarah Development Test DAP

Test DAP (Draw A Person) or also commonly called DAM (Draw A Man) is one form
of assay Psychology frequently encountered in the process of psychological
assessment.DAP
or
DAM
tests
including
a
test
individual. In
1926,
developing Goodenough Draw-A-Man (DAM) Test to predict a child's cognitive ability is
reflected on the quality of the picture.The assumption: the accuracy and detail of the image
produced shows the level of intellectual maturity of the child. DAM This test is used for
children aged 3-10 years.
In 1948, Buck developed the House-Tree-Person (HTP) Test picture house and a
tree that has a closeness with one's life that also included projection test.
In 1949, Machover developed the Draw-A-Person (DAP) Test as a technique to
measure personality. Machover developed a number of hypotheses based on clinical
observation and intuitive judgments. For example, the size of the image related to the level
of self -esteem, placement of images in the paper reflect the mood and social orientation of
a person.
Subsequently in 1951, Hulse developed the Draw-A-Family (DAF) Test, DAP widely
later developed by Hammer (1958), Headler (1985), Urban (1963), Koppitz (1968, 1984).
In 1963, Harris made a revision DAM Test by adding two new forms (children not
only asked to draw a man, but also a woman, and a picture of himself, more detailed scoring
system, and broader standardization.
A figure of psychological tests, Levy suggests several possibilities in the use of tests
DAM (Draw A Man) or test DAP (Draw A Person), including the following:
1. Images of the individual is a projection of the self concept
2. Projection of individual attitudes toward the environment
3. Proyeks of his ideal self Image4. DAM as a result of individual observations on the environment
5. As an expression of habitual patterns (habit pattern)
6. The expression of his emotional state (emotional tone)
7. As the attitude of the subject of the tester and the test situation
8. As an expression of individual attitude towards life / society in general
9. Expression of conscious and unconscious.

Reliablitas and Validity Test DAP

Test-retest reliability of DAP by the scoring quantitatively using DAP guide created by
Harris (1963) obtained the reliability of the content that is being (median r = 0.74). While the
interrater reliability is much better, namely median 0.90 to pictures of men and 0.94 for
women images.

Clinical Basics
The body as a means of self-expression
The drawing process by the individual involves the identification through projection and
introproyeksi which entered into. Body (self) is a reference point that is most intimate in

any activity that involves the projection of images of the shadow of the body is a natural
tool to express the needs of the body and conflicts someone

Mood figure
Based on the experience Machover, "expression" drawn figures reflect "feeling tones"

Presentation Test DAP

DAP principle is individual in its presentation. DAP is a battery test to test other
projections (eg BAUM, Wartegg, etc.).
a. Test Administration DAP
o Material Tests
1. Paper HVS folio
2. Pencil HP
3. The table surface is flat
4. Information sufficient
o time
In clinical psychology is not restricted 20 minutes)
o instructions
1. Write your identity on the upper right side. (name, gender, age, education level).
2. Have you drawing people.
3. The tester should not be done: provide answers that could provoke tension, direct
or answer normative and evaluative.
4. If there is a subject that says: "I can not draw." Answer tester: "Draw as much as
you"
5. If reappears comment: "I can not draw well". Answer tester: "It's okay, not good
and bad seen from the picture"
o Completed drawing, testee asked to write:
1. How old is he and what kind of sex
2. What is he doing
3. What are the ideals / desires, hidden from the people
4. Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the person's personal
b. Observations in Test DAP
o orientative behavior
How to draw / focus on the task.
o Verbal behavior
For example: doodling / murmur
o Motor behavior
Gestures, facial expressions

Interpretation Test DAP

There are three basic principles:
o Motion: Generally represents vitality
o Space: How the subject in the social environment
o Form: Expressing himself / something that is shown to the outside
1. Motion (Pressure, Directions graffiti)
2. Space (Top, Bottom, Center, Left, Right)
3. Shape
Gender:
- 87%: Drawing their own sex
- Some individuals who draw upside down.
- Indications: confusion in the identification of sexual experience and their closeness to
the figures drawn. Characteristics: will the question arises, "Can not draw both men
because I can not draw a girl?" Or "Is this a dancer / gymnast big muscles (not clear
laki2 or female).
Expressive level:
- Reflects something alive (living pictures).
Principle Shape:
a.
When the image is blurry / faint / fade indication actualization encouragement vague
and unclear, appear less bold, hesitant, less passionate and do not get along with the
environment.
b.

If the picture in the form of sketches indication of anxiety, fear, feeling uncomfortable.

c.
Basic sketch lines and broken lines indicative of feelings of isolation from the
environment.
Principle Shading:

3 Dimensions: Creative

2 Dimensions: Overcome by feelings and emotions and fantasies that are emotional /

fantasy
Another thing that needs to be considered in the interpretation of test DAP:
Initial impression
o Do drawn old or young
o Sad or happy
o Strong or Weak
o Aggressive or passive

Critical areas in test interpretation DAP

1. Head
a. Points appreciation of the self or ego.
b. Bgm find a picture of someone describe his interactions with other people / the
environment according to the concept.

c. The parts of the head (eyes, ears, mouth, nose, chin and hair)
2. Arm, arm, shoulder and chest
a. The size, shape, strength, ability to achieve, the degree of aggression and signs of
other conflicts.
b. Impressions that occur when the subject observes this area:
o What is the subject withdrew from the environment
o Trying to achieve environmental
o Feeling unsafe or threatened or weak
3. Torso (body) / trunk of the body
a. This area represents exactly how one wants to look and what things he emphasized in
its efforts to show themselves in the neighborhood.
b. If the nude figure drawing and the sexual parts highlighted: the subject states of
rebellion against society (figure parent) or consciously aware of sexual conflict.
c. Other things of clothing:
o Ties often associated with attachment / barriers
o Snap need for attention / security
o Watch less confident. If the earrings are great indications: attract attention.
o Saku placed on the chest indication of infantile / dependent.
o Belts often associated with discipline or stiffness / pressure
4. The legs / thighs and legs
a. An area that is heavily linked with independence, direction, movement and balance.
b. In the men's legs describe masculinity.
c. Ex: Figure legs are too long demonstrated a strong desire to be independent.
d. If the drawn first (to get more attention) an indication of people who do not dare to
express themselves.
5. Activity / passivity
Image Passive:

takes less energy so it looks energetic

Dependent
Less competent
Feeling small
Image Passive:

takes less energy so it looks energetic

Dependent
Less competent
Feeling small
6. completeness
Are there any parts that are not drawn:

Each of missing / corrupted it can mean "the subject has a problem related to a part
that is damaged / missing.

Usually describes the conflict of interest.

Their shading or deletion should be explored further.