Magmatic Deposits

Magmatic/Hydrothermal Deposits

Elements concentrated by magmatic processes:

- PGM, Ni, Cu, Ti, V, Cr, diamonds, minor Fe
- REE, Nb, Zr, Li, Be, B, U, W, Sn, and Ta

Types of orthomagmatic ores:

1. Chromite
2. Platinum Group Metals
3. Cu-Fe-Ni sulfides
4. Fe-Ti ( V) oxides
5. Diamond in kimberlites
6. REE, and Zr in carbonatites
7. Pegmatites and Greisens

Types of orthomagmatic ores:

1. Chromite
2. Platinum Group Metals (PGM)
3. Cu-Fe-Ni sulfides
Various tectonic settings:
- continental rifts
- continental rifted margins
- continental large igneous
provinces
- mid-ocean ridges
- mid-continent anorogenic
provinces

http://www.ga.gov.au/

Mode of formation of orthomagmatic ores:

1 - Fractional crystallization from melt
2 - Liquid immiscibility between a sulfide liquid and the silicate melt.
3 - Liquid immiscibility between an oxide liquid and the silicate melt
4 - Liquid immiscibility between a carbonate liquid and the silicate melt
5 - Dissemination
6 - End stages of magmatic crystallization.

Chromite and PGE Deposits

Types:
1. Stratiform (Bushveld type; stable cratons)
2. Podiform (Alpine type; orogenic; associated with ophiolites, or with
Archean greenstone belts).

Uses of Chromite: (Cr/Fe ratio and Mg and Al contents are import ant; cf. Evans).
1. Source of Cr, necessary for the steel industry
2. Refractory
3. Chemical industries

Chromite: (Mg,Fe 2+)(Cr,Al,Fe 3+)2O4

1. Stratiform-type Chromite Deposits (Bushveld type)

Age of Intrusion: 2.1 Ga

Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC), South Africa

(65,000 km 2, max thickness 7 km)
Catatan: Luas Bandung hanya 1,676 km2

Orthomagmatic deposit formation is a function of interaction of

chemical process (eg. partition coefficients or ore elements) and
physical processes (eg. physical behaviour of magma pulses).

Orthomagmatic deposit formation is a function of interaction of

chemical process (eg. partition coefficients or ore elements) and
physical processes (eg. physical behaviour of magma pulses).

Schouwstra and Kinloch (2000)

Not all the chromitites are enriched in PGE.

PGE accumulation correlate closely with sulphide
concentrations
PGE content in the Bushveld and Stillwater complexes
above or below the level of intrusion at which plagioclase
first enters a cumulus phase: only those chromitites close to
or above this level are enriched in PGEs (and sulphides).

Platinum Group Elements (PGE)

Platinum Group Metals or Minerals (PGM)

Platinum group elements: Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt and Pd are referred
collectively as PGEs.
The VIIIA transition elements with strong siderophiles and
chalcophile character

Platinum Group Elements (PGE)

Platinum Group Metals or Minerals (PGM)

(British Geological Survey, 2009)

2. Podiform-type Chromite Deposits (Alpin - type)

Josephine Peridotite, Northwest California

Peridotite with a layer of blackish pyroxenite

2. Podiform-type Chromite Deposits (Alpin - type)

Sorowako, Sulawesi

Komatiite-hosted Ni-Cu Deposits (Kambalda-type)

Kambalda Ni-Cu, PGE Deposit

Komatiite lava flow facies (Hill et al., 1989)

Core in komatiite lava with adcumulate texture.

Photo courtesy of Rob Hill, CSIRO

Schematic cross
section of
Komatiite lava flow
(Hill et al., 1989)

10

(Dowling and Hill, 1998)

Komatiite showing spinifex texture

PPL

XPL

Schematic cross section

of Komatiite lava flow
(Hill et al., 1989)

11