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Form 4 Physics Chapter 5 PDF
Form 4 Physics Chapter 5 PDF
5.1
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
Is a form energy. Light travel in a straight line and high speed about 300,000 km s-1.
What is the
Law of
Reflection ?
Draw the ray
diagram of the
plane mirror
AO = incident ray
OB = reflected ray
i = angle of incident
r = angle of reflected
5-1
What is meant
by virtual
image?
What is meant
by real image?
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
1 laterally inverted
2. same size as the object
3. virtual
4. upright
5.distance between image and mirror same
as distance between object and mirror.
Convex mirror
r
1.Light (diverged, converged)
2. (virtual,real) principal focus
3. PF= .Focal length
= Distance between the real principal focus
and the pole of the mirror.
State the
differences
between
concave mirror
and convex
mirror
Common
terminology of
reflection of
light on a
curved mirror
Refer to the diagrams above and give the names for the following:
1.Centre of curvature ,C = The geometric centre of a hollow sphere of which the concave or
convex mirror is a part.
2.Pole of mirror, P = The centre point on the curved mirror
3.Radius of curvature ,r = CP = radius of the curvature
4.Focal length, f = The distance between the principle focus, F and the pole of the mirror, P
5.Object distance, u = Distance of object from the pole of the mirror, P
6.Object distance , v = Distance of image from the pole of the mirror,P
Construction
Rules for
Concave
Mirror
Ray 1
Ray 2
5-2
Ray 3
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
A ray through C is reflected
back along its own path.
Using the principles of construction of ray diagram, complete the ray diagrams for each of the
cases shown below:
u = object distance; v = image distance ; f = focal length ; r = radius of curvature
Note: Point of intersection in the position of the image
A
Characteristics of
image:
1.virtual
2.upright
3.magnified
Application:
1.magnifying mirror
2.sharing mirror
3. make-up mirror
u = f ( Object, O is at F )
Characteristics of
image:
1.Image at infinity
Application:
A reflector to
produce parallel
beam of light
such as a reflector in
1. torchlight
2.spotlight
Characteristics of
image:
1.magnified
2.real
3.inverted
u = 2f or u = r ( Object ,O is at C)
5-3
Characteristics of
image:
1.same size
2.real
3.inverted
Application:
1.reflector in a
projector
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
Characteristics of
image:
1.diminished
2.real
3.inverted
Characteristics of
image:
1.diminished
2.real
3.inverted
Application:
Used to view distant
objects as in a
reflecting telescope
Construction
Rules for
Concave
Mirror
Ray 1
A ray parallel to the
principal axis is reflected as
if it came from F.
Image formed
by concave
mirror:
Ray 2
A ray towards F is reflected
parallel to the principal
axis.
Ray 3
A ray towards C is reflected
back along its own path.
Using the principles of construction of ray diagram, complete the ray diagrams for each of the
cases shown below:
u = object distance; v = image distance ; f = focal length ; r = radius of curvature
A u < f ( Object between F and P )
Characteristics of
image:
1.diminished
2.virtual
3.upright
5-4
Application:
1. Blind Conner
mirror
2.Wide side view
mirror
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
Check Yourself:
Objective Question:
1. Which of the following is true of the laws of
reflection f light?
A
The angle of incident is equal to the
angle of refraction
B
The incident ray and the reflected ray
are always perpendicular to each
other.
C
The incident ray , the reflected ray
and the normal line through the point
of incidence, all lie on the same plane.
4.
5.
2. The diagram shows a single ray of light being
directed at a plane mirror.
virtual
smaller
bigger
three times as far away
7.
5-5
4m
8m
6.
B
D
40
2m
6m
10 m
diminished
magnified
same size of object
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
Section A (Paper 2)
Structure Question:
1. Diagram 3.1 shows a mirror at the corner of a shop.
5 cm
10 cm
15 cm
20 cm
Answer:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
C
D
A
C
A
C
A
A
B
C
[3 marks]
(d) What is the advantage of using this type of
mirror in the shop?
To increase the field of vision
[1 mark]
5-6
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
Section B(Paper 2)
Essay Question(20 marks)
Diagram 7.1 shows two cars, P and Q , travelling in
the opposite directions, passing through a sharp band.
A mirror is placed at X .
DIAGRAM 4.1
(a) Name the type of the mirror used by the
dentist.
Concave mirror
.
[ 1 mark ]
DIAGAM 7.1
Reflection of light
..........
[ 1 mark ]
(c) State two characteristics of the image
formed.
Virtual, upright and magnified
.
[ 2 marks ]
(d) In the diagram below, the arrow represents
the teeth as the object of the mirror.
Complete the ray diagram by drawing the
required rays to locate
the position of
the image.
DIAGRAM 7.2
(i)
[ 3 marks]
5-7
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
[1 mark]
DIAGRAM 7.3
(i)
[1 mark]
5-8
5.2
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2010
The diagram shows the spoon bent when put inside the water.
State the
phenomenon
occurs.
Refraction of light
How the
phenomenon
occurs?
Light travel from less dense medium which is air to denser medium (water), light will be
deviated near to the normal. Thus the spoon seems like bending after putting inside the water.
Why light is
refracted?
It due to change in the velocity of light as it passes from one medium into another.
Light travel more slowly in water (or glass) than in air.
When a light beam passes from air into glass, one side of the beam is slowed before the other.
This makes the beam bend.
Three different
cases of refraction
Case 1:
Case 2:
Case 3:
i = 0 ,r = 0
i>r
i<r
5-9
Chapter 5 - Light
The angles of
incidence and
refraction are zero.
GCKL 2010
:The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant.
2. The incident ray, the normal and the refracted ray all lie in the same plane
Refractive Index
1. When light travels between two mediums with different optical densities, it changes speed
and bends.
2. The speed of light will decrease when it enters an optically denser medium and increases when
it enters an optically less dense medium.
3. The angle of bending of light depends on the refractive index of the mediums and the angle of
incidence ,i.
How to define
refractive index
Example:
The diagram shows a ray of light passing from
air to the block X.
n = Refractive index
i = the angle in medium less
dense
r = the angle in denser medium
A material with a higher
refractive index has a higher
density.
The value of refractive index , n
1
The refractive index has no units.
5 - 10
Chapter 5 - Light
2.
GCKL 2010
Example:
0r
n = 3 x 108 ms-1
2 x 108 ms-1
= 1.5
n = va
vm
Example:
A) The fish in the pond appears to be closer to
the surface than it actually is.
n = Real depth , H
Apparent depth, h
5 - 11
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2010
Explanation:
1.Rays of light from the object travel from
water to air.
2.Water is a denser medium compared to air.
3. Therefore, rays of light refract away from
the normal as they leave the water. The rays of
light then enter the eyes of the observer.
4. So the object appears to be nearer the
surface of the water.
Hypothesis:
Hypothesis:
5 - 12
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2010
5 - 13
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2010
Check Yourself:
Objective Question:
1
4
Figure shows a light ray travelling from
medium R to medium S.
A
B
C
Figure (a)
Figure (b)
The observer can see the coin in Figure (b) due to
A
B
C
D
3
5 - 14
Chapter 5 - Light
9
GCKL 2010
Which of the following formulae can be used to
determine the refractive index of a medium?
A
B
C
Angle of incidence
Angle of refraction
Apparent depth
Real depth
Speed of light in vacuum
Speed of light in the medium
Sin S
Sin Q
Sin Q
Sin R
Sin P
Sin R
44.4o
45.6o
54.5o
55.4o
58.9o
Sin R
Sin S
5 - 15
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2010
1.38
1.45
1.51
1.62
1.74
A
C
Answer:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.1 m
0.9 m
1.6 m
B
D
0.3 m
1.1 m
5 - 16
D
B
D
A
D
C
B
C
D
A
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
A
C
D
C
D
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2010
Section A
(Paper 2)
Structure Question:
(C ) (i) Draw a Diagram of the light ray shown on
diagram 3.1, meeting the water surface RS, and show
its path after meeting the surface.
[1 mark]
Water
40o
40o
R
40
Water
Aquarium
Light
ray
Light ray
U
U
DIAGRAM 3.1
(a)
ii. Calculate the angle that this new path makes with
RS and label the angle.
[2 ma
[1 mark]
Angle = 40o
(d)
The lamp is then placed outside underneath
the aquarium with the light striking to the bottom of
the aquarium as shown in Diagram 3.2. Draw the light
ray on Diagram 3.2, after striking the aquarium.
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[ 2 marks]
Light ray
Lamp
5 - 17
Chapter 5 - Light
3.
GCKL 2010
[
2
m
a
r
k
s
]
Figure(a)
(ii)
[1 mark]
n
1.33
(b)
[2 marks]
(c)
H decreases
= Real depth , H
Apparent depth, h
=
4.5 m
H
H = 3.38 m
5 - 18
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2010
Section B (Paper 2)
Essay Question
ii. Observe Figure 4(a) and Figure 4(b) carefully.
Compare the common characteristics of the pencil
and the print before and after they are removed
from the water and the glass block respectively.
Use a physics concept to explain the appearance
of the pencil and the print in water and under the
glass block respectively.
[5 marks]
Glass block
Answer:
1. The pencil appears bent when placed in water
and the print appears raised when a thick block of
glass is placed over it.
water
Figure 4(a)
Figure 4(b)
Answer:
We can see the pencil and the print because the rays
of light from the two objects reach our eyes.
5 - 19
5.3
What is meant by
total internal
reflection?
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
Total internal reflection is the complete reflection of light ray travelling from a denser medium to
a less dense medium.
Total: because 100% of light is reflected
Internal: because it happens inside the glass or denser medium.
What is meant by
critical angle ,c?
The critical angle, c, is defined as the angle of incidence (in the denser medium) when the angle
of refraction (in the denser medium), r is 90.
5 - 20
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
If the angle of
incidence is
increased is
increased further so
that it is greater than
the critical angle,
(i > c):
- no refraction
- all the light is
totally in the
glass
This phenomenon is
called total internal
reflection.
1. light ray enters from a denser medium towards a less dense medium.
2. the angle of incidence in the denser medium is greater then the critical angle of the medium
( i > c)
1. Mirage
5 - 21
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
will refracted away from the normal.
2. Rainbow
5 - 22
Chapter 5 - Light
2. Periscope
GCKL 2011
5 - 23
Chapter 5 - Light
3. Prism Binocular
GCKL 2011
4. Optical Fibres
5 - 24
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
Check Yourself:
Objective Question:
1
2
One of the diagram below shows the path of a
beam of
light that is incident on a water-air surface with
angle of incidence greater than the critical angle.
Which one is it?
Chapter 5 - Light
OQ
OR
OS
OT
GCKL 2011
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
C
D
B
B
C
13
A
B
Chapter 5 - Light
A 40o
C 60o
E 80o
B 50o
D 70o
GCKL 2011
5
12
12
13
13
12
5
13
13
5
Answer:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
OE
OC
B
D
OD
OB
Prism binocular
Mirror periscope
Optical fibre
Road mirage
5 - 28
A
D
D
D
B
C
B
D
A
C
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
C
B
C
C
D
B
C
D
C
A
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
(c)
Section A
(Paper 2)
Structure Question:
Figure 4
DIAGRAM 1
(a) (i) Name the light phenomenon observed in
optical fibre?
( 1 mark )
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Compare the refractive index of outer
layer X and inner core Y.
The refractive index of Y is higher than
the refractive index of X// Vice versa
( 1 mark )
[ 1 mark ]
1
1
=
= 0.4762
n 2 .1
ii)
c = 28.44o // 280 26
( 1 mark )
[2 marks]
5 - 29
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
( 2 marks )
e) Name one optical instrument that uses the
phenomenon in (d)
Optical fibre
( 1 mark )
Answer:
Glass prism
Object
45o
object
tctct
Glass
prism
Total internal
reflection takes
place because
angle of incident >
critical angle
Eye
Eye
e
5 - 30
5.4
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
U N D E R S T A N D I N G
L E N S E S
Introduction
Lenses are made of transparent material such as glass or clear plastics.
They have two faces, of which at least one is curved.
Types of lenses
State the
differences
between convex
lens and concave
lens
Convex lens
Concave lens
1. The focal point, F is a point on the principle axis where all rays are close and parallel to the
axis that converge to it after passing through a convex lens, or appear to diverge from it after
passing through a concave lens.
2. The focal length, f is the distance between the focal point and the optical centre.
3. The optical centre, C is the geometric centre of the lens. It is the point through which light
rays pass through without deviation.
4. The principle axis is the line passing through the optical centre, C.
5 - 31
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
Construction rules
of convex lens
Rule 1:
A ray parallel to the principle axis is
refracted through the focal point, f.
Rule 2:
A ray passing through the focal point is
refracted parallel to the principle axis.
Rule 3:
A ray passing through the optical
centre, C travels straight without
bending.
The point of intersection is the position
of the image.
The images formed by a convex lens
depend on the object distance, u.
Images form by
convex lens
Using the principles of construction of ray diagram, complete the ray diagrams for each of the
cases shown below:
u = object distance; v = image distance ; f = focal length
Note: Point of intersection in the position of the image
A
Characteristics of
image:
1.virtual
2.upright
3.magnified
4.Same side as the
object
Application:
1.magnifying glass
spectacle
2.lens for longsightedness.
u = f ( Object, O is at F )
Characteristics of
image:
1.virtual
2.upright
3.magnified
4. Same side as the
object
Application:
1. to produce a
parallel a parallel
beam of light , as in a
spotlight,
astronomical
telescope
5 - 32
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
C
f < u < 2f or f < u < r ( Object O is
between F and C
Characteristics of
image:
1.real
2.inverted
3.magnified
4. On apposite side
of the object.
Application:
1.projector lens
2.photograph
3. enlarger
4.objective lens of
microscope
Characteristics of
image:
1.real
2.inverted
3.same size as the
object
4. On the opposite
side of the object
Application:
1.photocopying
machine
Characteristics of
image:
1.real
2.inverted
3.magnified
Application:
1.magnifying mirror
2.sharing mirror
3. make-up mirror
Characteristics of
image:
1.virtual
2.upright
3.magnified
Application:
1.magnifying mirror
2.sharing mirror
3. make-up mirror
u = 2f or u = r ( Object ,O is at C)
5 - 33
Chapter 5 - Light
Construction rules
of concave lens
GCKL 2011
Ray 1:
A ray parallel to the principle axis is refracted
as if it appears coming from the focal point, F
which is located at the same side of the
incident ray.
Ray 2:
A ray passing through the focal point is
refracted parallel to the principle axis.
Ray 3:
A ray passing through the optical centre, C
travels straight without bending.
The point of intersection is the position of the
image .
The image formed by a concave lens are
always :
Virtual, upright and diminished.
Image formed by
convex mirror:
Using the principles of construction of ray diagram, complete the ray diagrams for each of the
cases shown below:
u = object distance; v = image distance ; f = focal length
A u < f ( Object between F and P )
Characteristics of
image:
1.diminished
2.virtual
3.upright
Application:
1. Blind Conner
mirror
2.Wide side view
mirror
Characteristics of
image:
1.diminished
2.virtual
3.upright
Application:
1. Blind Conner
mirror
2.Wide side view
mirror
5 - 34
Chapter 5 - Light
Power of a lens =
or
P =
1
f
1
.
Focal length
@
= 100
f( cm)
GCKL 2011
Lens Formula
Sign Conventions
Type of lenses
Object distance ,u
Image distance, v
Convex lens
Always +
Object is always placed to the
left of the lens
+ if the image is real ( image
is formed on the right side of
the lens.
- if the image is virtual
( image is formed on the left
side of the lens).
Concave lens
Always +
Object is always placed to the
left of the lens
+ if the image is real ( image
is formed on the right side of
the lens
- if the image is virtual
( image is formed on the left
side of the lens).
Always +
Always +
Always Always -
Focal length, f
Power of length, P
Linear magnification, m
Size of image
ImI =1
ImI >1
Enlarged image
ImI <1
Diminished image
5 - 35
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
A virtual imge is one which cannot be cast on a
screen.
Check Yourself:
Objective Question:
1
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
Image distance
Object distance
Focal length
Optical length
-0.2 D
-2.0 D
4.0 D
B
D
0.2 D
2.0 D
Type of length
A
Concave lens
Focal length
2
-2.5 x 10 m
Concave lens
-2.5 x 10 m
C
D
E
Convex lens
Convex lens
Concave lens
-2.5 x 10 m
-2.5 x 10-2 m
-4.0 x 10-2 m
-2
2
A
B
C
less than f
between f and 2f
same as 2f
more than 2f
5 - 37
Chapter 5 - Light
u<f
f < u < 2f
B
D
GCKL 2011
u >f
u > 2f
A
C
E
15.0 cm
25.0 cm
50.0 cm
B
D
20.0 cm
40.0 cm
10
15
35
45
magnified,virtual,upright
diminished,virtual,upright
magnified,real,inverted
diminished,real,inverted
A
B
C
D
A inverted
B smaller than object
C formed on the same side as the object
18 The diagram shows an object ,O is placed in front
of a convex lens produced an image , I.
A
B
C
D
Which of the following is not true?
A The focal length of the lens is 60 cm
B The linear magnification is 1
C The image I is a real image
5 - 38
Type of lens
Convex lens
Convex lens
Concave lens
Concave lens
Focal length
30 cm
15 cm
30 cm
15 cm
Chapter 5 - Light
A
B
C
D
24
Image distance
10.0 cm
10.0 cm
20.0 cm
20.0 cm
A
C
E
C 26.7 cm
D 26.7 cm
A
B
C
B
D
5 cm
15 cm
25 cm
B
D
10 cm
20 cm
15.0 cm
40.0 cm
A
C
E
B
D
B 16.0 cm
10.0 cm
30.0 cm
60.0 cm
GCKL 2011
1.0
4.0
2
4
6
B
D
3
5
A
C
E
5 - 39
5 cm
20 cm
80 cm
B
D
10 cm
40 cm
Chapter 5 - Light
(1 mark)
(b) What is the change size of the image if the
water is replaced with a transparent liquid of
a greater density?
Size of image increases/bigger
(1 mark)
14.0 cm
16.0 cm
18.0 cm
C
D
C
B
D
C
D
C
D
D
B
D
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
GCKL 2011
15.0 cm
17.0 cm
D
B
A
B
A
D
A
A
D
B
(i)
(1 mark)
(ii) Calculate the distance of the image from
lens M.
1 =1+1
f
u v
Section A
(Paper 2)
Structure Question:
1=1+1
10 8 v
v = -40 cm
(a) (i)
5 - 40
(ii)
Chapter 5 - Light
(i)
m= v = 65 = 2.75
u 20
(ii)
(2 marks)
(c) The object height is 2.5 cm,calculate the
image height.
(2 marks)
Determine,
(i)
the focal length of the lens
(1 mark)
f = 20 cm
(ii)
m = hi
ho
2.75 = hi
2.5
hi = 6.9 cm
GCKL 2011
5.5
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
Introduction
There are many types of optical devices used lenses such as magnifying glass, microscope,
telescope, camera and slide projector etc. For every types of the devices we must learn about the
uses of the instruments, lens characteristics is used, normal adjustment of the instruments , ray
diagrams and the characteristics of the final image which are formed .
1. Compound Microscope
Draw a diagram to
describe the
formation of
image formed by
microscope.
1. It consist of two powerful convex lenses of short focal length (5.0 cm-10.0 cm)
2. The lens which receives light rays from the objects is called the objective lens. The lens which
is used for viewing the final image is called the eyepiece lens.
3. The focal length of the objective lens is fo whereas the focal length of the eyepiece lens is fe.
4. The object is placed at a distance between fe and 2fe so that the imaged formed is inverted,
magnified and real in front of the eyepiece lens.
5. The position of the eyepiece lens is adjusted until the position of the first image is less than fo
from the eyepiece lens.
Define the
characteristics of
the image formed
by objective lens o
microscope.
5 - 42
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
2. Magnifying glass
Give the use of a
compound
microscope.
Draw a diagram to
describe the
formation of
image formed by
microscope.
3. Astronomical Telescope
Give the use of a
compound
microscope.
Draw a diagram to
describe the
formation of
image formed by
microscope.
5 - 43
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
The first image formed is at focal point of the objective lens Fo.It is real, inverted and
diminised.
The final image formed is at infinity.
4. Slide Projector
What is the
function of each
component of a
slide projector?
Component
Functions
Slide
Projector Lens
Acts as an object
The lens has to be placed far away from the
screen in order to get a large image.
Acts as a heat filter to protect slide from
getting over heated.
Condenser Lens
Draw a diagram to
describe the
formation of
image formed by
microscope.
1. It uses a convex lens to form a real, inverted and magnified image of the slide or film on a
screen.
2. The slide being the object is placed between f and 2f from the projector lens
The lamp is placed at the focal point of the concave mirror to reflect all light from the lamp
back to the condenser.
3. The movable projector lens focuses a sharp, inverted and magnified image onto a screen.
4. The slide should be placed upside-down(inverted) in order to form an upright image on the
screen.
5 - 44
Chapter 5 - Light
GCKL 2011
5. Camera
Draw a diagram to
describe the
formation of
image formed by
microscope.
1. The convex lens is used to produce a real, inverted and diminished image on a light sensitive
film at the camera.
2. The diaphragm is used to adjust the size of the exposure time when taking photographs.
3. The shutter speed is used to control the exposure time when taking photographs.
Check Yourself:
Objective Question:
1
5
8
10
20
10
5
5
8
C
D
A
B
C
D
magnified,upright,virtual
magnified,upright,real
magnified,inverted,virtual
magnified,inverted,real
5 - 45
11
0.05
100
500
12
17.5 cm
45.0 cm
B
D
virtual,upright ,enlarged
real,inverted,diminished
virtual,inverted,diminished
real,upright,enlarged
Linear
Distance between the
magnification lens /cm
5
24.0
5
30.0
4
30.0
4
24.0
0.2
16.0
8.0 cm
22.5 cm
50.0 cm
GCKL 2011
A
B
C
D
E
virtual,diminished,upright
real,magnified,inverted
virtual,magnified,inverted
real,magnified,upright
A
C
E
8
Chapter 5 - Light
enlarged,real,upright
enlarged,real,inverted
diminished,virtual,upright
diminished,real,inverted
20
105
A Telescope
C Microscope
5 - 46
B Magnifying glass
D Slide projector
A
A
D
B
B
A
D
B
B
C
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Chapter 5 - Light
B
A
D
Section A
(Paper 2)
Structure Question:
1
GCKL 2011
Microscope
fo > fe
fe > fo
lens B
(2 marks)
P = 1 , fe= 1 = 0.2 cm
fe
5
(c) What is the distance between lens A and lens
B?
(2marks)
fo + fe = 2.0 + 0.2
= 2.2 m
5 - 47
Chapter 5 - Light
(a)
GCKL 2011