Hexagonal Close Packing

In hexagonal close packing, layers of spheres are packed so that spheres in alternating
layers overlie one another. As in cubic close packing, each sphere is surrounded by 12
other spheres. Taking a collection of 13 such spheres gives the cluster illustrated
above. Connecting the centers of the external 12 spheres gives Johnson solid
known as the triangular orthobicupola (Steinhaus 1999, pp. 203-205; Wells 1991,
p. 237).
Hexagonal close packing must give the same packing density as cubic close packing,
since sliding one sheet of spheres cannot affect the volume they occupy. To verify
this, construct a three-dimensional diagram containing a hexagonal unit cell with three
layers (Steinhaus 1999, pp. 203-204). Both the top and the bottom contain six
spheres and one hemisphere. The total number of spheres in these two rows is
therefore
(1)
The volume of spheres in the middle row cannot be simply computed using geometry.
However, symmetry requires that the piece of the sphere which is cut off is exactly
balanced by an extra piece on the other side. There are therefore three spheres in the
middle layer, for a total of six, and a total volume
(2)
The base of the unit cell is a regular hexagon made up of six equilateral triangles with
side lengths
. The unit cell base area is therefore
(3)
The height is the same as that of two tetrahedra length

on a side, so
(4)

giving

(5)

(Conway and Sloane 1993, pp. 7 and 9). Now that the Kepler conjecture has been
established, hexagonal close packing and cubic close packing, both of which have the
same packing density of
possible packings of equal spheres.

, are known to be the densest

If we had actually wanted to compute the volume of sphere inside and outside the
hexagonal prism, we could use the spherical cap equation to obtain
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)

If spheres packed in a cubic lattice, face-centered cubic lattice, and hexagonal lattice
are allowed to expand uniformly until running into each other, they form cubes,
hexagonal prisms, and rhombic dodecahedra, respectively. In particular, if the spheres
of cubic close packing are expanded until they fill up the gaps, they form a solid
rhombic dodecahedron (left figure above), and if the spheres of hexagonal close
packing are expanded, they form a second irregular dodecahedron consisting of six
rhombi and six trapezoids (right figure above; Steinhaus 1999, p. 206). The latter can
be obtained from the former by slicing in half and rotating the two halves
with
respect to each other. The lengths of the short and long edges of the rotated
dodecahedron have lengths 2/3 and 4/3 times the length of the rhombic faces. Both
the rhombic dodecahedron and squashed dodecahedron are space-filling polyhedra.
SEE ALSO: Circle Packing, Cubic Close Packing, Kepler Conjecture,
Kepler Problem, Sphere Packing REFERENCES:
Conway, J. H. and Sloane, N. J. A. Sphere Packings, Lattices, and Groups, 2nd ed.
New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993.
Steinhaus, H. Mathematical Snapshots, 3rd ed. New York: Dover, 1999.
Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry. London:
Penguin, pp. 53-54, 1991.

Referenced on Wolfram|Alpha: Hexagonal Close Packing CITE THIS AS:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Hexagonal Close Packing." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web
Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HexagonalClosePacking.html