Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus

Department 1, Institute of Mathematics

Chair for Numerical Mathematics an Scientific Computing
Prof. Dr. G. Bader, Dr. A. Pawell

Problem Session to the Course: Mathematics I

Environmental and Resource Management WS 2002/03
Solutions to Sheet No. 13 (Deadline: January, 27/28 2002)

Homework
H 13.1: Eigenvalues of A: 1 = 1, 2/3 = 1
Eigenvectors:
1 = 1:

2
0
0

0
1
1

0
1 ~x = 0,
1

~x = (0, 1, 1)T ,

1
~c1 = (0, 1, 1)T
2

2/3 = 1:
1
~c2 = (0, 1, 1)T ,
2

C=

0
1
2
12

~c3 = (1, 0, 0)T

0 1
0 .
0

1
2
1
2

q(~x) = ~xT A~x = x21 + 2x2 x3 .

B = C,

C T AC = diag(1, 1, 1)

q(C~y ) = (C~y )T A(C~y ) = ~y T C T AC~y = ~y T diag(1, 1, 1)~y = y12 y22 y32 .

H 13.2:

1
det(A E) = det 0
0

1
1
1

1
=
5
1

(1 )[(1 )(1 ) + 5] = (1 )[4 + 2 ] = 0

2/3 = 2i

1 = 1,

Eigenvectors:

1
0
0

1
1
1

1
~x = ~0
5
1

1 = 1:

0
1
1
0
0
5 ,
0 1 2

~x = t(1, 0, 0)T

1 = 2i:

1 2i
1
1

~x = ~0
0
1 2i
5
0
1
1 2i


T
1 2i 1
1
2i

0
1 1 2i ~x = ~0, ~x =
, 1 2i, 1
1 2i
0
0
0
1 = 2i:

1 + 2i
1
1

~x = ~0
0
1 + 2i
5
0
1
1 + 2i

T

1 + 2i 1
1
2i
~

0
1 1 + 2i
~x = 0, ~x =
, 1 + 2i, 1
1 + 2i
0
0
0

det(A E) = det

H 13.3:

1
1

1
3

= (1 )(3 ) 1 = 2 4 + 2.

Eigenvalues:
1/2 = 2

Eigenvectors: = 2 +


=2


2
1

1
1 2

2
1

1
1+ 2

~x = ~0,

~x = p

~x = ~0,

~x = p

(1 +
42 2

2, 1)T

1 +

(1
4+2 2

2, 1)T

1+

42 2
1
42 2

B 1 = B T ,

1 2

4+2 2
1

4+2 2

B 1 AB =

2+ 2
0

0
2 2

Additional Problems

5
2
det(A E) = det
0

P 13.1:

2
0
5
0 =
0 3

(3 ) (5 )2 4 = 2 10 + 21 = 0

1 = 7,

2,3 = 3.

1
1
1
~x1 =
2
0

2
2
0
2 2
0 ~x = ~0,
0
0 4

2
2
0

2
2
0

0
0 ~x = ~0,
0

1
1
1 ,
~x2 =
2
0

0
~x3 = 0
1

1
1
0
1
1 1 0
C=
2
0
0
2

1
1
0
5
1
C T AC = 1 1 0 2
2
0
0
0
2

14 0 0
7
1
0 6 0 = 0
2
0 0 6
0

0
3
0

2
5
0

1
1
0
0
0 1 1 0 =
3
0
0
2

0
1
0
0
0 = 0 2
0
6
0
0 3

b)
q(~x) = ~xT A~x = 5x21 + 4x1 x2 + 5x22 + x23

7 0 0
q(~y ) := q(C~y ) = q(~x) = ~y T 0 3 0 ~y = 7y12 + 3y22 + 3y32
0 0 6
The transformation ~x = C~y is an orthogonal transformation of the coordinate system. det C = 1
the transformation is a rotation of the
coordinate system.

1 1
0
1
1
0
0 1 0
1
1
1 0 =
1 1 0 = 1 0 0 1
C=
2
2
0
0
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
3

0
1
0

1 0
cos
0 0 sin
0 1

4

sin
cos

4

0
0
1

Reflection about x2 = x1 and a rotation by 4 around the origin.


0, i 6= j
T
P 13.2:
C = (~c1 , . . . , ~cn ), ~ci ~cj =
, A~ci = i~ci .
1, i = j
C T AC = C T (A~c1 , . . . , A~cn ) = C T (1~c1 , . . . , n~cn ) =

1~cT1 ~c1
1~cTn ~c1

...
...
...

n~cT1 ~cn
n~cTn ~cn

= diag(1 , . . . , n ).

P 13.3: The quadratic form q is given by

q(~x) = x21 2x1 x2 + 2x22 = ~xT A~x = ~xT

1 1
1 2


~x

Eigenvalues of A
(1 )(2 ) 1 = 1 3 + 2 = 0
1/2

5
3
=
2
2

Eigenvectors:

3
5
= +
2
2

~c1 = q

3
5
=
2
2

~c1 = q

1
10
4

5
2

1
10
4

5
2

!T

5
1
,1

2
2
!T

1
5
+
,1
2
2

C = (~c1 , ~c2 )
C T AC = diag

5
5 3
3
,
+
2
2 2
2

q(C~y ) = (C~y ) AC~y = ~y C AC~y =

!
5
3
y12 +
+
2
2

!
5
3
y22

2
2

Problems can be downloaded from the internet site:

http://www.math.tu-cottbus.de/pawell/education/erm/erm.html