Information that might be helpful:

Universal gas constant: R = 8.314 J/mol.K Conversion factors: = 0.08205 atm.m3/kmol.K = 1.987 cal/mol.K (Btu/ lbmol.R) K = C + 273.14 1 bar (abs) = 100 kPa (abs) 1 atm (abs) = 1.01325x105 Pa (abs)

Mathematical equations: Differential equations, where y and z are both functions of x:

d ( y z) dz dy =y +z dx dx dx
d ( y / z) y dz 1 dy = 2 + dx z dx z dx

ln (xn) = n ln (x) Indefinite integrals:

(ax + b )
dx

dx =

(ax + b )n +1 [n 1] a (n + 1)
xn

(ax + b ) = a ln (ax + b )
dx 1

x(ax n + b) = an ln (ax n + b)
e ax a dx ln (b + ax ) ln (f + cx ) (b + ax )(f + cx ) = bc + af + bc af

(ax + b ) = b b 2 ln (ax + b )
x dx x a

ax

dx =

xe
[bc af ]

ax

dx =

e ax (ax 1) a2

Definite integrals:
x 0 x2
x1

(1 x ) = ln 1 x
(1 x )2
dx 1 1 = 1 x 1 x 2 1

dx

(1 + x ) = ln(1 + x )
dx 1
0 x 0

(1 x )2
x 0

dx

x = 1 x

(1 + x ) 1 (1 x ) dx = (1 + ) ln 1 x x 0 2 X (1 + X ) (1 + )2 X 2 (1 X )2 dX = 2..(1 + ) ln(1 X) + X + 1 X 0
x W 0

(1 + x ) (1 )x 1 (1 x )2 dx = 1 x ln 1 x

(1 W )

1/ 2

dW =

2 3/ 2 1 (1 W ) 3

Ergun equation: Pore radius:

dp G = gc dp dz

1 150 (1 ) + 1.75 G dp

Characteristic length Prandtl number: Pr = C p

kt
Sc = DAB

Dimensionless numbers: Nusselt number: Nu = h d p

kt
Re = U d p Schmidt number:

Particle Reynolds number: Sherwood number:

Sh = kc dp

DAB

n 1 Thiele modulus (simplistic): = R k v C A s De

Effectiveness factor (1st order rxn): = 3

tanh ()

1 1 s,1 tanh s ,1 s ,1

Thiele modulus (generalized): = l c Frssling correlation: Kramer-Thoenes correlation: with Sh ' = Sh

(n + 1)k v C n ,s1 Effectiveness factor A

2D A ,eff

Sh = 2 + 0 .6 Re 1 / 2 Sc 1 / 3 Sh ' = Re'1/ 2 Sc1/ 3

Re' =

[1 ]

[1 ]

Re

Chapman-Enskog:

DAB

1 1 T1.5 M + M B A = 0.0018583 2 p AB AB

0.5

in.cm 2 / s

Fuller-Schettler-Giddings correlation:

DAB =

[( )

0.001 T 1.75 M 1 / 2 AB
1/ 3 A

+ ( )B1 / 3

Knudsen diffusivity: Effective diffusivity:

DK = 9.7 105 a D A,eff = D A ,p ( r ) p

T in.cm 2 / s MA

(a in m)

Shrinking core model (spherical particles): Rate limiting step (non-shrinking particles) 3 External mass transfer t rc Ash diffusion Chemical reaction Shrinking particles External mass transfer (small particles) External mass transfer (large particles) Chemical reaction

=
=

= 1 = XB R t = 1 3(1 X B )2 / 3 + 2(1 X B )

B R 3 b k c C A ,g

B R 2 6 b D e C A ,g

t r 1/ 3 = 1 c = 1 (1 X B ) R

B R b k s C A ,g
B R 2 0 2 b D C A ,g 2 B R 0 3 f ( U ) b C A ,g
3/ 2

R t 2/3 = 1 R = 1 (1 X B ) 0 R t = 1 R 0
3/ 2

= 1 (1 X B )

1/ 2

t r 1/ 3 = 1 c = 1 (1 X B ) R
t X B = 1 e t

B R b k s C A ,g

Conversion of solids in mixed flow reactor: External mass transfer limiting

2 3

Ash diffusion limiting Chemical reaction limiting

1 19 41 XB = 1 + + ... 5 t 420 t 4620 t 2 3 t t t X B = 3 6 + 6 1 e t