PHYSICAL CONSTANTS & MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

Physical Constants electron charge electron mass proton mass neutron mass Plancks constant Diracs constant ( = h/2) Boltzmanns constant speed of light in free space permittivity of free space permeability of free space Avogadros constant gas constant ideal gas volume (STP) gravitational constant Rydberg constant Rydberg energy of hydrogen Bohr radius Bohr magneton ne structure constant Wien displacement law constant Stefans constant radiation density constant mass of the Sun radius of the Sun luminosity of the Sun mass of the Earth radius of the Earth Conversion Factors 1 1 1 1 u (atomic mass unit) = 1.661027 kg = 931.5 MeV c2 astronomical unit = 1.501011 m eV = 1.601019 J atmosphere = 1.01105 Pa 1 1 1 1 (angstrom) = 1010 m A g (gravity) = 9.81 m s2 parsec = 3.081016 m year = 3.16107 s e = 1.601019 C me = 9.111031 kg = 0.511 MeV c2 mp = 1.6731027 kg = 938.3 MeV c2 mn = 1.6751027 kg = 939.6 MeV c2 h = 6.631034 J s = 1.051034 J s kB = 1.381023 J K1 = 8.62105 eV K1 c = 299 792 458 m s1 3.00108 m s1 0 = 8.851012 F m1 0 = 4107 H m1 NA = 6.021023 (g-mol)1 R = 8.32 J (g-mol)1 K1 V0 = 22.4 l (g-mol)1 G = 6.671011 N m2 kg2 R = 1.10107 m1 RH = 13.6 eV a0 = 0.5291010 m B = 9.271024 J T1 1/137 b = 2.898103 m K = 5.67108 W m2 K4 a = 7.551016 J m3 K4 M = 1.991030 kg R = 6.96108 m L = 3.851026 W M = 6.01024 kg R = 6.4106 m

Polar Coordinates x = r cos

2

y = r sin r r + 1 2 r2 2

dA = r drd

1 r r

Spherical Coordinates x = r sin cos

2

y = r sin sin r + 1 2 sin r sin

z = r cos +

dV = r2 sin drdd

1 r2 r

r2

1 2 r2 sin2 2

Calculus f (x) xn ex ln x = loge x sin x cos x cosh x sinh x cosec x sec x f (x) nxn1 ex
1 x

f (x) tan x sin1

x a cos1 x a 1 x tan a 1 x sinh a 1 x cosh a tanh1 x a

f (x) sec2 x
1 a2 x2 a21x2 a a2 +x2 1 x2 +a2 1 x2 a2 a a2 x2

cos x sin x sinh x cosh x cosec x cot x sec x tan x

uv u/v

u v + uv
u vuv v2

Denite Integrals

xn eax dx =
0 + +

n! an+1 a 1 2 a3

(n 0 and a > 0)

eax dx = x2 eax dx =
2

Integration by Parts:
a

b dv(x) u(x) dx = u(x)v(x) dx a

b a

du(x) v(x) dx dx

Series Expansions Taylor expansion: f (a + x) = f (a) + xf (a) +

n

x f (a) + 2! and n k = n! (n k)!k!

Binomial expansion: (x + y) =
k=0

n nk k x y k (|x| < 1) x 3 x5 + 3! 5!

(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + ex = 1 + x +

n(n 1) 2 x + 2 sin x = x

x2 x3 + + , 2! 3!

and

cos x = 1

x2 x4 + 2! 4!

ln(1 + x) = loge (1 + x) = x
n

x2 x3 + 2 3

(|x| < 1)

Geometric series:
k=0

rk =

1 rn+1 1r or ln N ! = N ln N N

Stirlings formula:

loge N ! = N loge N N

Trigonometry sin(a b) = sin a cos b cos a sin b cos(a b) = cos a cos b tan(a b) = sin a sin b

tan a tan b 1 tan a tan b sin 2a = 2 sin a cos a cos 2a = cos2 a sin2 a = 2 cos2 1 = 1 2 sin2 a
1 sin a + sin b = 2 sin 2 (a + b) cos 1 (a b) 2

sin a sin b = 2 cos 1 (a + b) sin 1 (a b) 2 2 cos a + cos b = 2 cos 1 (a + b) cos 1 (a b) 2 2

1 cos a cos b = 2 sin 1 (a + b) sin 2 (a b) 2

ei = cos + i sin 1 i 1 i cos = e + ei and sin = e ei 2 2i 1 1 cosh = e + e and sinh = e e 2 2 sin a sin b sin c Spherical geometry: = = and cos a = cos b cos c + sin b sin c cos A sin A sin B sin C

Vector Calculus A B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz = Aj Bj AB = (Ay Bz Az By ) + (Az Bx Ax Bz ) + (Ax By Ay Bx ) k = i j A(BC) = (A C)B (A B)C A (BC) = B (CA) = C (AB) grad = div A = curl A = = = j = i+ j+ k x y z Ax Ay Az + + x y z = Az Ay y z + Ax Az i z x + Ay Ax j x y k
ijk Aj Bk

A = j Aj = A =
2 ijk j Ak

2 2 2 + + 2 x2 y 2 z and ( A) = 0
2

( ) = 0 ( A) = (

A)