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DOL Schemes PDF
DOL Schemes PDF
PRESENTED BY:
PSW/SPE-D/TVP
Date: -18.06.05
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RDOL
STAR-DELTA
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Contacts / Push Buttons: The push buttons are the switches, which can close or
open the circuit whenever it is pressed. The contact is a part which is actually
responsible for opening or closing of the circuit. The contacts are basically of two types
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viz. power contacts & the auxiliary contacts. The power contacts act in the power
circuit, whereas the auxiliary contacts act in the control circuit.
NO/NC contacts: The auxiliary contacts are further classified into two parts, namely
NO (Normally Open) & NC (Normally Closed). This implies that these contacts are
opened or closed respectively when the coil is de-energised or is in the OFF condition.
Stay-put Push Button: This type is a special version of push buttons. As its name
suggests these buttons once pressed stay or remain in the same position. Turning the
button in the clockwise direction can open these buttons. Another version of this button
can be turned to open only by using its own specific key to prevent any unauthorized
use of it.
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NO (13,14) contact of the SCPD (Q1) is connected in series with the coil of the power
contactor to ensure that unless the fuse switch is closed, the contactor will not pick up.
NC (95,96) contact of the overload relay (K1) is connected in series of the power
contactor coil so that during an overload when the relay operates, the contact opens
cutting off the supply to the contactor coil. Therefore, power contactor opens thus
disconnecting the supply to the motor.
The stop push button (S1:11,12) is also in series with the contactor coil so as to cut-off
the supply when the stop button is pressed.
NO contact of the power contactor is connected across the momentary start push
button. This is to ensure the continuity of supply even after the start command to the
P.B. is relieved. This contact is called as a hold-on contact.
INDICATION CIRCUIT: Red colour LED is used for 'ON' indication. NO contact of
power contactor is connected in series with the red LED. Therefore, the red LED
illuminates on energizing of the contactor coil. Green colour LED is used for 'OFF'
indication. Hence, a NC contact of power contactor is connected in series with the
green LED. Therefore, the LED illuminates on de-energizing of the contactor coil.
Amber colour LED is used for 'AUTO TRIP' indication. NO contact of thermal overload
relay is connected in series with the amber LED. Therefore, the LED illuminates on
operation of the relay.
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Both start commands are connected in parallel connection since on operation of any of
the start commands, the coil should get supply.
The local and remote stop P.B. contacts are in series with the contactor coil. This
ensures that, if any of the stop command is given, the supply to contactor coils cuts off.
Also, both local as well as remote stop commands are independent of the start
commands.
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This selector switch is used to select from the options of local start and remote start.
This ensures that if the user wants the start command to be given only from one
location in a particular situation, the other start command will not operate the feeder.
In such case, two separate hold-on contacts are required for each of the start
commands since the two paths are totally separate from each other.
Both remote as well as local stop commands are independent of the selector switch
position. This is to ensure that irrespective of the local/remote position of the switch,
operator at any location should be able to stop the feeder.
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In this case, the remote start/stop command is maintained type. This may be also a
combined start/stop command. Therefore, the remote start circuit does not need any
hold on contact across it to maintain the continuity of the circuit.
Since the start command itself acts as stop command (once start is withdrawn), it is
connected in the circuit such that it is independent of the selector switch position.
There is no separate start command required in such case.
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In auto mode, only the auto start command (coming from central control room through
PLC/DCS, etc.) will be able to start the motor. This command is generally combined
start/stop type and hence, separate auto-stop command is not required.
In such cases, the contact coming in the circuit should be capable to carry the pick-up
current of the power contactor coil. This needs special attention since the contact
comes from an electronic circuit. In case the contact is not rated for that much current,
we have to use an auxiliary relay to multiply this command. The contact of the auxiliary
relay is then used in the circuit of the power contactor coil. The auxiliary relay in such
cases is known as Interposing relay.
Also, the surge coming at the time of switching the coil may harm the circuitry
connected to the DCS/PLC contact. To avoid any such situation, a surge suppressor is
used across the coil of the power/auxiliary contactor. This is an R-C circuit through
which the voltage of surge is circulated at the time of switching. Thus, the damage to
the
electronic
circuit
is
avoided.
(Same
practice
is
followed
in
case
of
In manual mode, the remote and local start commands can start the motor. The localremote selector switch is used further to differentiate between the two starts (local and
remote).
The local and remote stop commands will be independent of the type of start
command. The auto-stop command since combined with start command should not
depend on position of any selector switch.
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Power circuit: There is one more power contactor connected across the power
contactor in the power circuit with two of the phases interchanged to achieve reversal
of rotation. The two contactors are mechanically interlocked to ensure that both of
them do not operate simultaneously. The shorting of two different phases is avoided
through this arrangement.
Control circuit: The control circuit obviously consists of two start push buttons, one for
FORWARD START and another for REVERSE START. Each of them controls the
supply to the respective contactor coils responsible for the supply to the motor in
forward and reverse modes. The stop command is common for both modes since it is
independent of type of operation. The NC contact of forward contactor is connected in
series with reverse contactor coil and that of reverse contactor is connected in series
with forward contactor coil. This is the electrical interlock, which ensures that only one
contactor will pick up at a time avoiding any mal-operation and consequent damage to
the feeder and problems to the dependant processes.
Indication circuit: One more Red LED is required to indicate the Reverse ON mode.
One NO contact of the reverse contactor is connected in series with it.
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A special timer is used along with three power contactors. One contactor connects one
end of motor windings to the busbar (known as main contactor). Other two contactors
decide the star/delta connection of the motor.
The timer is used to control the time duration for which the motor runs in star mode
and then automatic changeover to delta. The timer coil gets supply as soon as the start
command is given. There are two types of contacts, which are operated on giving
supply to the timer coil. One is immediate changeover contact and another is delayed
changeover contact. The immediate changeover contact is connected in series with
the star contactor coil, while the delayed changeover contact is connected in series
with the delta contactor coil.
Since instantaneous contact of the timer is connected in series with the star contactor
coil, the contactor picks up as soon as start command is given. After this, the main
contactor also picks up immediately. The star contactor is closed before main
contactor to avoid arcing at the contacts while shorting the other end of motor
windings.
After set time delay in the timer according to load characteristics, the instantaneous
contact of the timer drops down. Therefore star contactor also drops down. The
delayed contact closes after the instantaneous contact has opened. The delta
contactor therefore closes after the star contactor drops down. This is again ensured
by putting NC contact of the star contactor in series with the delta contactor coil.
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The first time delay can be set in the timer according to the load characteristics. The range
generally available with timer is upto 30s or upto 60s. The second time delay is selectable
between 60ms or 120ms. Depending on the circuit condition during transition from star to
delta, there are two types of star-delta starters:
1. Open transition: The circuit of the motor remains open in this case during the star to
delta transition. The disadvantage of this type of starter is that if the timing between
star-delta transition is not selected appropriately then the delta phase becomes
equivalent to DOL starter. The motor while changing over from star to delta draws a
large current. The advantage of using this starter is its simplicity and lesser space
requirement. The sketch STDL01 shows open transition type of starter.
2. Closed transition: The circuit of the motor remains closed in this case during the star
to delta transition. The advantage of using this starter is that the motor keeps on
getting supply even during the transition time. A resistance of suitable rating is inserted
at the other end of the windings. Thus, the windings of motor are actually connected in
star during the transition time, only the resistance is added in series with the windings.
The disadvantage of this type of starter is larger space requirement since it requires an
additional contactor for connection of resistance and the space required for the
resistors itself. This type of starter is very rarely used since most of the motors/loads
are suitable for open transition type of starter.
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