SURVEYING LAB MANUAL

LABORATORIUM SURVEY DAN PEMETAAN

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
2016

DISUSUN OLEH:

Ir. Alan Marino, M.Sc.

Ir. R. Jachrizal Sumabrata, M.Sc (Eng)., Ph.D.
Mezky Matthew Yandito

Contents
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR FIELD EXERCISE........................................................................ 3
CHAINING A LINE BY DIRECT AND INDIRECT RANGING ...................................................... 4
OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................................... 4
INSTRUMENTS................................................................................................................. 4
PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................... 4
RESULT ............................................................................................................................ 6
TAKING OUT LEVELS OF VARIOUS POINTS AND BOOKING IN A LEVEL FIELD BOOK ........... 7
OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................................... 7
INSTRUMENTS................................................................................................................. 7
PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................... 7
RESULT ............................................................................................................................ 7
DIFFERENTIAL OR FLY LEVELING REDUCE LEVELS BY HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT METHOD.
............................................................................................................................................ 8
OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................................... 8
INSTRUMENTS................................................................................................................. 8
PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................... 8
RESULT ............................................................................................................................ 9
MEASUREMENT OF AREA BY CHAIN TRIANGULATION ..................................................... 10
OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................................................... 10
INSTRUMENTS............................................................................................................... 10
PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................. 10
RESULT .......................................................................................................................... 10
DETERMINING DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO INACCESSIBLE PONTS BY MEASURING
HORIZONTAL ANGLE ......................................................................................................... 11
OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................................................... 11
INSTRUMENTS............................................................................................................... 11
PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................. 11
RESULT .......................................................................................................................... 13
DETERMINING AN HEIGHT OF OBJECT BY MEASURING VERTICAL ANGLE ....................... 14
OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................................................... 14
INSTRUMENTS............................................................................................................... 14
PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................. 14
RESULT .......................................................................................................................... 15

STAKING OUT .................................................................................................................... 16

OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................................................... 16
INSTRUMENTS ............................................................................................................... 16
PROCEDURE................................................................................................................... 16
RESULT........................................................................................................................... 17
REFERENCE .................................................................................................................... 17
TRAVERSING ...................................................................................................................... 18
OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................................................... 18
INSTRUMENTS ............................................................................................................... 18
PROCEDURE................................................................................................................... 18
RESULT........................................................................................................................... 19
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP .......................................................................................................... 20
OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................................................... 20
INSTRUMENTS ............................................................................................................... 20
PROCEDURE................................................................................................................... 20
RESULT........................................................................................................................... 21
MAPPING ........................................................................................................................... 22
OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................................................... 22
INSTRUMENTS ............................................................................................................... 22
PROCEDURE................................................................................................................... 22
RESULT........................................................................................................................... 23

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR FIELD EXERCISE

Students must attend all field exercises.
This project will be carried out at FTUI Campus.
Work in full parties consisting of 4-5 peoples.
Each student must bring this manual when attending field exercise.
Do not:
a. Come late from the scheduled time and date.
b. Litter in the area of field practice.
c. Do anything unnecessary while in field exercise, for example loitering.
d. Leave the area of area of field exercise without permission from one of
the field assistants.
Write all data collected on each field exercise in A4 paper (handwritten) and
submit the data on the appendix of the field report.
Field report is to be submitted in five (5) work days after the field exercise.
Contents of Field Report:
a. Cover
b. Objective
c. Data Processing
d. Analysis
e. Result
f. Applications
g. Appendix
A minimum of two times assistance with the field assistants are required before
submitting the field report. Without assistance, the maximum score of a report
is 70, and will be scored 0 if any mistake are found in the report.
Plagiarism is not tolerated, including but not limited to copying materials
without citing the source.

EXPERIMENT NO. 01

CHAINING A LINE BY DIRECT AND INDIRECT RANGING

OBJECTIVE
To measure the distance between two points on a level ground by ranging.
INSTRUMENTS
Name

Quantity

Measuring Tape

Ranging Rods

Pegs

PROCEDURE
Direct Ranging
RANGING RODS

Figure 1. Illustration for Chaining a Line

1. Fix the ranging rods at the two given stations, where pegs are already driven
on the ground.
2. The follower stands behind station A and directs the leader, with ranging
rod to come in line with AB by signals of ranging. When the ranging rod
comes in the line of AB the follower directs the leader to fix the ranging rod
in position.
3. Let the intermediate point be C which should be less than 20-30m from point
A.

4. Now the leader takes another ranging rod and stands between A and B about
2/3 distance from A.
5. The follower directs the leader to come in line of AB by using signals of
ranging.
6. As and when the point is located in the line of AB, the follower instructs to
fix the ranging rod in position.
7. Let the other intermediate position be D which is less than 20-30m from B
8. Now A, B, C and D are in one line.
9. Measure the distance of AB by measuring along A, C, D, B.
Indirect Ranging

D
C
B
A
A

C
C2

D3
D2

C1

D1

Figure 2. Illustration on Indirect Ranging

1. Fix the two ranging rods at the given stations A and B which are indivisible
due to raising ground.
2. Select two intermediate points C1 and D1 such that from each point both A
and B are visible.
3. The person at C1 directs the person at D1 to move to a new position D2 in
line with C1B.
4. The person at D2 then directs the person at C1 to move to a new position C2
in line with D2A.
5. The person at C2 directs the person at D2 to a new position D3 in line with
C2B.
6. The process is repeated until the points C and D are located in a way that C
finds the person at D in line with AB and the person at D finds the person
at C in line with AB.
5

7. After fixing the points C and D, other points are also fixed by direct ranging
and the length of the line is measured.

RESULT

Length of AC = ____ meter.

Length of CD = ____ meter.
Length of DB = ____ meter.

The distance of AB = __________ meter.

EXPERIMENT NO. 02

TAKING OUT LEVELS OF VARIOUS POINTS AND

BOOKING IN A LEVEL FIELD BOOK
OBJECTIVE
Taking the levels of various points with single setup, booking in a level field
book.
INSTRUMENTS
Name

Quantity

Dumpy Level + Tripod

Levelling Staff

Pegs

PROCEDURE
1. Set the level at a convenient point.
2. Perform the temporary adjustments.
3. Hold the staff vertically over the Benchmark, Observe the staff reading and
write in the B.S. (Back Sight) column of the field book.
4. Hold the staff at other points and note the staff reading in the I.S.
(Intermediate Sight) column of the field book.
5. Hold the staff on the last point and enter the staff reading in the F.S. (Fore
Sight) column of the field book.
6. Place the staff in the inverted position at the required staff stations, which
are lying above the line of collimation.
7. Take the reading on the staff and note it in the field book with a negative
sign.
8. Find R.L. (Reduced Level) of all the points.
9. Apply arithmetical check.
RESULT
Table 1. Example of Field Booking

Point B.S. (cm)

A
B
C
D

F.S. (cm)

H.I. (cm)

R.L. (cm)

Remark

EXPERIMENT NO. 03

DIFFERENTIAL OR FLY LEVELING REDUCE LEVELS BY

HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT METHOD.
OBJECTIVE
To find the difference in elevation between two points.
INSTRUMENTS
Name

Quantity

Dumpy Level + Tripod

Levelling Staff

Pegs

PROCEDURE

FS

BS

FS
B
A

FS

BS

BS

O2

O3
D

O1
Figure 3. Levelling Method

1. Let A and B be the two given points whose difference is elevation is to be

found.
2. Set the level at a convenient point O1 carryout temporary adjustments and
take B.S. on A
3. Take F.S. on the Point C
4. Shift the instrument to point O2 and perform temporary adjustments.
5. Take B.S. on C and F.S. on D.
6. Shift the instrument to point O3 and perform temporary adjustments.
7. Take B.S. on D and F.S. on B.
8. Take Find the difference in elevation between all points for both methods.

RESULT
Table 2. Example for Height of Instrument (H.I.) Method Booking

Point

Backsight Foresight
(cm)
(cm)

Height of
Instrument (cm)

Reduced
Level (cm)

Remarks

A
B
C
D

Draw the profile using AutoCAD.

EXPERIMENT NO. 04

MEASUREMENT OF AREA BY CHAIN TRIANGULATION

OBJECTIVE
To measure the area of the given field by chain triangulation.
INSTRUMENTS
Name

Quantity

Measuring Tape

Pegs

PROCEDURE

D
C
E

Figure 4. Illustration of Dividing the Area into Three Triangles

1. Let ABCDE be the given field whose area is to be measured, fix the pegs at
A, B, C, D & E.
2. Divide ABCDE into three triangles consisting of ADE, ABD and BCD by
joining AD and BD.
3. Measure the lengths AB, BC, CD, DE, EA, AD and BD.
4. Calculate the area of the triangles.
5. The sum of the areas of the three triangles is the area of the given field.
RESULT
The area of the given field

10

= _______ square meter.

EXPERIMENT NO. 05

DETERMINING DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO

INACCESSIBLE PONTS BY MEASURING HORIZONTAL
ANGLE
OBJECTIVE
Determining distance between two inaccessible points by measuring horizontal
angle with repetition and reiteration method.
INSTRUMENTS
Name

Quantity

Theodolite + Tripod

Ranging Rod / Levelling Staff

Pegs

PROCEDURE
Repetition Method

Q
O
Figure 5. Illustration of POQ positioning

1.
2.
3.
4.

Set up the instrument over O and level it accurately.

Direct the telescope towards the point P.
Set the horizontal angle to 0
Turn the instrument clock-wise towards Q. Note the horizontal angle to get
the values of the angle POQ.
5. Turn the telescope clockwise to sight P again.
6. Turn the telescope clockwise and sight Q. Note the horizontal angle
readings.

11

7. Repeat the process until the angle is measured three times. The average
angle with face left will be equal to final reading divided by three.
8. Change face and make three more repetitions as described above. Find the
average angle with face right, by dividing the final reading by three.
9. The average horizontal angle is then obtained by taking the average of the
two angles with face left and face right.
Reiteration Method

A
O

C
D
Figure 6. Illustration of OABCD Positioning

1. Set the instrument over O and level it accurately.

2. Bisect point A accurately, reset the horizontal readings to 0.
3. Turn the telescope clockwise to point B. Bisect B and read the horizontal
angle, which is the angle of AOB.
4. Similarly, bisect successively C and D, thus closing the circle. Read both
horizontal angles at each bisection.
5. Finally set back the sight to A. The reading of the horizontal angle should
be the same as the original setting reading (0).

12

Measuring Distance of Inaccessible Points

B
A

D
Figure 7. Illustration of Points ABCD

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Select a base line CD and measure CD accurately.

Set the theodolite at C and level it accurately.
Measure the horizontal angles DCA and ACB.
Set the theodolite at D and level it accurately.
Measure the horizontal angles ADB and BDC.
Using the angles DCA, ACB, ADB and BDC and combining the data with
the distance CD, the distance AB can be calculated.

RESULT
Make a drawing of ABCD using AutoCAD.
AB = meter

13

EXPERIMENT NO. 06

DETERMINING AN HEIGHT OF OBJECT BY MEASURING

VERTICAL ANGLE
OBJECTIVE
Determining a height of object by measuring vertical angle and horizontal
distance between the instrument and the object.
INSTRUMENTS
Name

Quantity

Transit Theodolite + Tripod

Ranging Rod / Levelling Staff

Pegs

PROCEDURE

Figure 8. Illustration of Vertical Angle Measurement

1.
2.
3.
4.

14

Set the instrument at station P.

Perform all temporary adjustments.
Turn the telescope and take staff reading over the given B.M.
Turn the telescope towards the object.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Release the vertical clamp screw, sight the corner top of the object.
Note the vertical angle readings.
Release the vertical clamp screw, sight the corner bottom of the object.
Note the vertical angle readings.
Measure the horizontal distance (d) between the instrument station and the
object.
10. Move the instrument to another station and repeat steps 2-9.
11. Calculate the height of the top point from horizontal line (h1) and height of
the bottom point from horizontal line (h2) by using formula h = d tan
RESULT
Make a drawing of the instrument and object positions using AutoCAD.
Height of object = h1 + h2 = meter.

15

EXPERIMENT NO. 07

STAKING OUT
OBJECTIVE
To stake points given on a map/building plan to the field.
INSTRUMENTS
Name

Quantity

Theodolite + Tripod

Levelling Staff

Measuring Tape

Pegs

PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.

Search for the location of point O in the field. Use benchmarks to help.
Set the theodolite on O and apply temporary adjustments.
Set vertical angle to 90.
Turn the telescope approximately towards point A and reset horizontal angle
to 0.

Figure 9. Illustration of Theodolite Diaphragm

5. The observer directs the holder of the levelling staff to stand along the
telescope line of sight so that the staff is observable through the telescope.
6. The observer directs the holder of the levelling staff to go forward or
backward until the readings shows that the measured distance of OA is
exactly as long as the distance in the map/building plan.
Measured Distance Formula (Stadia):
= ( ) 100
d
UL

16

= Distance
= Upper Diaphragm Line Reading

BL
ML

= Bottom Diaphragm Line Reading

= Middle Diaphragm Line Reading

Make sure that UL ML = ML BL.

7. Stake the point in front of the staff as point A and check the distance with a
measuring tape.
8. Turn the telescope until the horizontal angle reading is exactly the same as
the AOB angle pictured in the map/building plan.
9. Repeat steps 5-7 to stake point B.
10. Repeat Steps 8-9 to stake point C, D, and E.
RESULT

Draw OABCDE in AutoCAD.

Calculate the area of ABCDE.
Compare the results with Experiment 13.

REFERENCE
C. B. Breed and G. L. Hosmer, The Principles and Practice of Surveying, 11th ed.
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1977). pp. 100-108.

17

EXPERIMENT NO. 08

TRAVERSING
OBJECTIVE
To plot a closed traverse using theodolite.
INSTRUMENTS
Name

Quantity

Theodolite + Tripod

Ranging Rod / Levelling Staff

Pegs

PROCEDURE
Use the same ABCDE points as in experiment Staking Out.
C

E
A
Figure 10. ABCDE Traverse

1. In running a traverse ABCDE as shown in the figure above, set the

theodolite at the station A and level it accurately.
2. Measure angle EAB and the distance EA and AB.
3. Move the theodolite to each of the successive stations B, C, D, E. and repeat
the process to measure each of the angles ABC, BCD, CDE, DEA, and the
length of lines AB, BC, CD and DE.

18

RESULT

Draw ABCDE in AutoCAD.

Apply angle and distance corrections if ABCDE is not closed.
Draw the corrected version of ABCDE.
Calculate the area of ABCDE.
Compare the results with Experiment 12.

19

EXPERIMENT NO. 09

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
OBJECTIVE
To draw a topographic map containing contour lines.
INSTRUMENTS
Name

Quantity

Theodolite + Tripod

Ranging Rod / Levelling Staff

Measuring Tape

Pegs

25

PROCEDURE

B
Figure 11. Topographic Map Layout

1. Set the theodolite on A and do temporary adjustments.

2. Create a square in the designated place with the help of theodolite and
measuring tape and stake the points ABCD.
3. Divide the square into uniformly sized squares as shown in Figure 11.
4. Stake each intersections.
5. Measure the level of each intersection.

20

RESULT

Draw the topographic map in AutoCAD.

o Write the level of each intersection relative to the level of point A
on the map.
o Interpolate the level on each line and put a mark on every
2/4/5/6/8/10cm (will be assigned by assistants) difference in level
starting from 0cm.
o Connect same-levelled marks to create contour lines.

21

EXPERIMENT NO. 10

MAPPING
OBJECTIVE
To draw the situation on field and plotting it into a map.
INSTRUMENTS
Name

Quantity

Theodolite + Tripod

Ranging Rod / Levelling Staff

Pegs

PROCEDURE

O2

O1
Figure 11. Mapping of ABCD

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

22

Set the theodolite on station O1.

Take notes of the angle DO1A, AO1B, and BO1O2.
Measure the distance of O1D, O1A, O1B, and O1O2.
Measure the levels of D, A, B, and O2.
Set the theodolite on O2.
Take notes of the angle CO2B, BO2A, and AO2O1.
Measure the distance of O2C, O2B, O2A, and O2O1.

8. Measure the levels of O1, A, B, and C.

Also take notes of distance and horizontal angles of any landmarks (ex.
trees) or benchmarks from both stations and include them when drawing the
map.
RESULT

Draw ABCD and the landmarks in AutoCAD.

Calculate the area of ABCD.
Compare the measurements of ABCD by using a measuring tape.

23