TEXN H/Y & MHXA

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

A 1.1

)
)

.
.
V=I*R
: V Volts
I Ampres
R Ohms

t, .
: I=q/t
I Ampres
Q coulombs
T seconds
A.2.1
.
.

.

.
() (F)
(q) .
E=F/Q
() (Vm)
(). ()
().
H=Vm/I=B/
=
= +
.2.2
)

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

)
)
Q
V .
: C=Q/V
Coulomb/volt= Farad
,
.


.

.
.2.3
;

.
() (>>>1).
300.000 .
, , ...

.
.
.

.
.2.4
;
Foucault ,
,
.

.

(f), () .


.
= .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.2.5
)
)
;
) :

. . (
).
:
L
.

.
.
.


.
) :
OFF (
)
.
(

).
:

.
(F)
.
(
.2.6
) C1
C2. O C2
C1 ; ;
) L1
L2. To L2
L1 ; ;

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

) C1
C2
C.
C1+ C2=C
(V).
: Q=Q1+Q2=C*V
Q1=V*C1
Q2=V*C2
C*V=C1*V+C2*V
C1+C2=C.

) L1
L2 L2.

L1+L2=L=LAB

A.3.1
hm
)
R=V/I, Ohm=Volt/Ampere

. I=V/R U=I R
)

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

R=/
R=R+r

E=I*R+IrE=I*(R+r)E=I*RI=E/R=E/R+r

(Ro) .
.3.2
;
; ;
.
.
.
R1 1
2

(2-1)R1.
H 2 :
R2=R1+(2-1)R1
: .
A.3.3
() ;
12Volts
16Volts . :
)
).

.
)

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

=1+2=28V

)

.


.

Kirchhoff .

.
.3.4
Thevenin . Thevenin
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

RL

. .

Thevenin .

.3.5
kirchhoff
. .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

:
:,,.
:,

.
.. , .
Kirchhoff:
AB: -E1+I1*R3-I2=0
: -2+3*R1+I2*R2=0
I1+I2-I3=0
2 :
2=R3*E2-R1*E1/R1*R2+R2*R3+R3*R1
A.3.6
()
RL =5. : 1 = 12V , 2 =
10V, R1 = 2, R 2=1

1 :

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

1 R1,1=1 2
:
=2/R1,1+RL+R2=10V/7=1,42A
.3.7
To L.
R=10/m

% L .

R* 2
Kirchhoff :
E=I.L.R*=0
I=E/L.R*(1)U=I.Rx=I.R*(2)a=X/L.100%(3)
X=a.L/100(4)
U=I.aL/100.R*=E/L.R*.aL/100.R*U=Ea/100 0<<100
.4.1
;
: , ,
, , , .


,
Im

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

,
. .
.
: I=Im t
ac
.
ac .
ac
. , .
=1/f
(sec) .

.
H f=1/T
Hertz.
F=1/T=1/sec sec-1
=*t.
.

,
,
: =Im2 =0,707*Im
.4.2

; 1, 1 ,
1;
(P)
.
.
=V*I*cos
:V=
=
=
. Watt.
cos
.
cos=1
.
cos1
. .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.

.
.4.3
:
) R-L
) R-C
) R-L-C
f
) = R2 + XL2 L=
L=*L=2fL
L Henry
) = R2 + Xc2 Xc= \
c=1/C=1/2fC
C Farad
) = V/ I = R2 + (L 1/C)2
A.4.4
L-C .

L Xc (L = Xc ).

.
:
Fo=1/2 L*C
:L = Henry
C = Farad
F0 = Hertz
.5.1
.
.
:
) ,
. ,
.
) () .
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

, , ,
, n
, .

.
i
. ,

e .
e u .

.
e1/ez = n1/n2 = u1/u2 = * * = n1/n2 .

1/2 = n1/n2 = V1/V2 = I2/I1
: u1,u2 = .
: n1,n2 =
:e1,e2 = .
* =
:1,2 = .
:V1,V2 = .
1,2= , .
.5.2
.
.
AC DC.
.
Laplace <<
laplace
.5.3

;
( , , ...)
;

. .

.
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

( , ,
.. ) . .
.5.4
; .

( .. ).

-.

.
.
A.5.5
( Watt)
=1rad/sec
=1m. n=0,90.
=*

=1m rad/sec = joule/sec = watt.

*m=joule joule/sec=Watt.
P = 1Watt.
0,90

P=0,90*1=0,9 Watt h 900 mw

A.6.1

12V 120V ( ).
200 ,
; ;
V1/V2 = h1 / h2 =>

h2 = h1 * V2/V1 = 200* 120/12=> n2=24000/12=2000

: h1/h2=200/2000=1/10
A.6.2
T .
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.

, .


. (
)
.

.

, .
.
, ,
, .

.
, ,
.
(n1) .
(n2) (i)
.

n2 =

n1
i

1400rpm. 3000rpm
.
1.1
( )
.
.

(Ge,Si) ( )-.
:
) : (P), (s).
) : (in), (B).
( )

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

, ( Ge
Si , , )
.
.
Si Ge ()
n (negative).

.
-------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -

=
- =
=
- ( )
Ge Si ,
.
, ,
.
Si Ge
p (positive).

.

=
- =
=

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.2.1
:
)
)
) , ,
.
ID>IO
(=Average
Rectified Forward Current) .
) ,
(. ).

VRRM VRWM VR.
(Peak Repetitive Reverse Voltage)
(Working Peak Reverse Voltage)
(DC Blocking Voltage)

B.2.2
O 14001
=1. 10V
.
,
.

RS :
=VB/RS+R
R= :
=VB/RS=>RS=VB/Io=10V/1A=10
RS>=10

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

2.3
10.605 VRMS
10 .
:
) MAX .
) R .
) .

) VRMS :
VP=VRMS/0,707=10,605V/0,707=>V=15 V
H
:
=Vp/RL=15V/10 =1,5 mA.
) R
.

:
VR=VIN-Vout=15V-0V=15V
Vmax()=15 V
B 2.4
( )

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

:
) /=12V
)Rs=1K
( ):
) dc .
) dc .
)o dc .
) dc Zener.
V=12V/0,707=17 V
) Rs :
(RS)=(17V-6,8V)/1K=10 mA
) dc :
Vout=Vz=6,8V
) dc :
L=Vout/RL=6,8V/1,2K=5,67 ma.
) (dc) Zener :
=S-IL=10 mA-5,67mA=4,33 mA.
.2.5
Schottky;
;( -, , ).
Schottky


.
,
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

R
. F .

To R .
Trr
0,1 F.
10
.
Schottky :
(,
) n .

=f(Vo)

To
.

300 MHz.

low-power Schottky TTL.
0,25 V
0,7V.
.2.6
Zener :
)
)
, Zener.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

) :
o=s=Vin-Vout/Rs ()

(Rs= ) () Rs
V .
) Zener
[=(Vin-VZ)/RS]
) .
: L=Vout/RL.
.
.
=S-IL=>IL=IS-IZ
To .

.2.7

V =10Vp-p
R=220
: Schottky 0,25 V

;
0V-0,25V
0V-(-5V)

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

<< >>

<< >>

( R=220)

.2.8
E LED.
LED (, , , ).

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

(Light Emiting Diodes) P-N

,
.
VD ,
.

.


LED.

( ).
Ga , As, P ...
, , .
(Ga=, As=, =)
Ga,As,P
Ga,P

LED

1,5-2,6V
}5mm
10mA-20mA

.2.9

Vmax=10V :

()

()

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

()

()

()

()
.2.10
M (
)
;
) (P=I*V)
,.
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

) ,
.

.
. 14001
surge=30 A =1
(= ).

.3.1

(BJT) ;
.

.3.2
(BJT).

;

V=4V
sat=800

.3.3
BJT h=100 , =1000 nA. C.
:

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

(dc)=hFE=IC/IB
C=hfe*Ib=100*1000nA=
100*0,001mA=0,1 mA=>IC=0,1mA
.3.4
(BJT) CE Vbe=0V.
;
To .
Vbe=0.
A .
e=0
Ic=Ico
Ib= -Ic= -Ico
.3.5

(Vb,Ve,Vc).
V=0,7V.

Vb=R2*Vcc/(R1+R2)=10*30V/10+20=>V=10V
Ve=Vb-Vbbe=10V-0,7V=9,3V
9,3V Re .
:
e=Ve/Re=9,3V/560=16,6 mA
Ic=Ie :
Vc=Vcc-Ic*Rc=30V-[(16,6mA)*(1)]=13,4 V

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

H Rc :
.3.6

VRC=(16,6mA)*(1K)=16,6V

CE DMAX=300mW
VCE=14V IC=10mA
( ); .
:
PD=VCE*IC=14V*10mA=140mW.
H 140 mW
PD=300mW
.
( =2*)
.3.7
CE
:
)
)
)
;

)
Q.
) Pmax=VCE*IC
) ( ) c=f(Vce) =0

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

) , , max
: <c/
Vce> Volt >0
CB=
=
c=*

) CE,EB .
:>c/

Vce= .

sat=
Si:Vbe=0,8V
Ge:Vbe=0,3V
: .

) <0
, .
.3.8
JFET ( ) .
;
To FET
, (Field Effect
Transistor): .
FET:
)FET (JFET)
)FET (SFET)


( ).
1 JFET .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

(-).
FET (S) , (G) , (D).
(channel) n

( ).
(Gate)-G.
V
(source)-S (drain)-D.
M G(-) 1
,
,
(D).

, . D.
Vds .

.
-
, JFET .
JFET .
JFET
.
2 IDS=f(VDS) JFET
V. V ( 2)
() -.
V JFET .
.3.9
MOSFET ( )
. ;
MOSFET .

.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

n-
++.
S D .
SiO2 ( )
G .X
S D .

.
G
++++ ----
. . .
G
.

S D .

,
D .

VT (2-4V).

FET ,.FET - .

MOSFET (-) .

.3.10
JFET ( ) .
FET

.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

-
.
.3.11
FET V>1V V=0V ;
.
, .
.
D
(
).

DSS= .
.
IDSS .
Vp
ID .

.4.1
(SCR)
. ( ).

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)

4 ---
=f(V) 1.

4 2
(gate)
SCR.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

2
SCR
VBO . .
G VBO (
J2).
To SCR ( 3).

G
Q2.
Q2 .2 =0
.
( ) Q2
Q1. SCR
- VH
.
SCR
100 V (1-5V).
B.4.2
SCR
=900.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

V , SCR
. C R
. V SCR
SCR .

SCR , .
SCR , ( +) ) V
SCR.
U SCR
.
t1 VG, SCR
VH.

SCR t3.
H SCR R.
t1-t2 SCR
.
=900.
.4.3
DIAC
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

DIAC 4
---.
H 4
.
, ,
.

VBO.
diac (
)
.
, diac TRIAC
G ().
.4.4
TRIAC
.
TRIAC 4
---.

(G).
.
TRIAC
.
, TRIAC
. 1 2
1 2 .
2
2 .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

(+)
, ,
.
.4.5
,
.


.. .
.
-
. .
( )
.


.
,
.
D=f(V).

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

S=f()
.
S==/
= .

.. 12 m 800 nm, 500 nm 4,8 mA.

B.5.1
;
.
1) : 300MHz-30GHz
2) :
1. (avalanche)
2. varactor ()
3. PIN
4. Gunn ()
5. IMPATT
6. TRAPATT
7. BARITT
8. ()
9.MOS FET

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

3)M :
1.Cyclotron
2.
3.
4.Gyrotron
5.TWA (Travelling
Hz
1400 MHz
6.Maser

Wave
Gs
2GHz

Amplifier)
Rb
6,8GHz

B.5.2
Klystron.
H Klystron -
, .
.

Klystron ()

+Vo.
H .
.

.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

Fourrier

.

.
,
.


.

( )
.
,

.

: ,
.
:
.
.6.1
CE.
, C
;
1) ac ac .
=Vout/Vin
2)To :
=RC/(Re+re) ()
re=ac
re=25/Ie

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

:
=Re/re ()
() () ()

(r=10).
:
ac ()
Re.
. Vbe Ib c .
C RC
, .
.6.2
:
1. ( ac re rL hfe ,
hie).
2.H ac .
: r=25mv/Ie.
:hif=1K ,hef=200 ,Vbe=0,7V

1.V2=R2*VCC/(R1+R2)=3,9K*24V/(18K+3,9)=4,27V
VE=V2-VBE=4,27-0,7=3,57V
IE=VE/RE=3,57/560=6,375mA
r =25mV/IE=25mV/6,375mA=3,9

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

:
=rL/rE=RC//RL/rE=1//22/3,9=245
2. ac :
VOUT=A*V IN=245*10mV=2,45V

hie hfe ( ) :
hie=Zin=R1//R2//*rE
hie=1 ,hfe==200 rE.
.
B.6.3
R .
;
;
1.M () R () .
() R () .
=rL/rE=(RC*RL)/(RC+RL)/rE=(RC*RL)/(RC+RL)*rE
2.
R.


,.RL=RS=> ().

( )

.
R=R
PRL=Z2*RL=RL*e/(RS+RL)
RL=RS

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

B.6.4
db;
1W 0,1W db.
1.Ap=Pout/Pin
Ndb=10log(Pout/Pin)
2. out=1Watt Pin=0,1Watt db :
db=10log(1Watt/0,1Watt)=10log10=10 ( log10=1).
Ndb=10log10=10.

B.6.5

;
()
.

.

.
,
( 1).

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

( (C=f(IB)
).

.

.
.

(. :C=f(IB))

.

.

Q.
.
, Q
.
.6.6
.
C
A,B,C,AB.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

B.6.7
T .

F=F2-F1
X., 1/2m 0,707 m ( db 3 db).
20log(1/2)db=3db
H :
F2=
F1
f=BW=F2-F1
B.6.8
T .
. CMMR( ).

V1,V2.
Vout=A*(V2-V1)
T :

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

1.
2. .
VC
:
VC=(V1+V2)/2
Vd :
Vd=V1-V2

.
.
.
CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio)
(d)
(m)
CMRR= / =d/Am

.
CMRR
.
B
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
: (
).
.6.9

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

1/2

) fL fH.
) ,
.
3
, -- .
Am=1.
, ()
.

f=0.
,
.
3
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

. :

L/Am=1/1+(fL/f)2 FL=1/2R1C1 (1)

F=FL==> L=1/2=0,707

(.) (f>>fL)=>AC=>1
fL 0,707m
(0,707 ..)
20log(1/2)db 3db.
(1) fL R1
1/2fLC1
R1=1/2fLC1

rton
. :
/m=1/1+(f/fH)2
fH=1/2R2C2
H fH 3 db
/2

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.7.1
741 :RF=1K
,Ri=100 -15V.
) ;
)
Vm=5mV;

) :
=RF/Ri=1000/100=10
) VP 5mV :
=Vout/Vin=>Vout=A*Vin=10*5mV=50mV ()
V=50 mV
.

.7.2

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

Vin=4Vp-p.
+-15V
Vsat=+14V
Schmitt-trigger.


- ,
.
, .
R1 R2
.
1. :


:UTP=VMAX*R2/(R1+R2)=>
14*1K/10K+1=+1,27V ( )

2.
: LUP=VMIN*R2/(R1+R2)=> -14V*(1K/10+1)= -1,27 (
)
Schmitt
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

,
+1,27V. H -14V.

-1,27V.
B.7.3
.
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.8.1
; ;(
).
( , , IC)

( , ,) .

1.
2.
3.
4.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.8.2
;
(AF);
;N
100Hz,200Hz,800Hz,2KHz,5KHz,50KHz.
:
F=1/2ck.Vo/Vin=AF.(F/F)/1-(F/F)2

1. 1 .
:

2. :
F=1+(RF/R1)=>AF=1+(10K/10)=1+1=2=>F=2

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

3.H
0,707.F.
F()=1/2CR :
F()=1/2.3,14.7,96.103.0,01.106=2

4. :
:Vout/Vin=A=AF.(F/F)/1+(F/F)2
100z ,200z ,800z ,5KHz , 50KHz
=2 :
F=100Hz: =0,1/1+0,0025=0,1/1,0025=0,1
F=200Hz: =0,2/1+0,01=0,2/1=0,2
F=800Hz: =0,8/1+0,16=0,74
F=2KHz: =2,1/1+1=2/1,41=1,41
F=5KHz: =1,78
F=50KHz:=1,92
:

F=2KHz=>0,707AF
A ( ) db :
F
A
Log
20logA (db)
100 Hz
0,1
-1
-20
200 Hz
0,2
-0,698
-14
800 Hz
0,74
-0,130
-2,6
2 KHz
1,41
-0,149
3

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

5 KHz
50 KHZ

1,86
2

-0,269
0,301

5,38
6,02

.9.1
,, .
;
) Wien
) RC
) .
.9.2
(VCO).
) ;
) V=12V,R1=10K,R2=2,2K,R3=10K,C1=1nF,C2=10nF
, VC
9,5V 10,5V.( Fo=2,4.(VVC)/R1.C1.V).

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

) F=2,4.(V-VC)/R1.C1.V
F R1,C1 (Pin 6,7) VC (Pin 5).
) 9,5V-10,5V :
1. 9,5V
F01=2,4.(12V-9,5V)/10K.1nF.12V=
2,4.2,5V/(10.103).(1.10-9F).12=6.106/120=50 KHz
2. 10,5V
F02=2,4.(12V-10,5V)/10K.1nF.12V=30 KHZ
:
F=F01-F02=50KHz-30KHz=20KHz.
B.10.1
(PLL)
.

Phase comparator

Low pass filter

LPF

Fin
p

Fout

VCO
(Voltage
controlled
oscillator

.

VCO.
VCO dc
. dc
( ).

VCO.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

VCO ,
.
VCO
.
dc .
PLL :
) .
VCO
( ).
.
) VCO.
VCO
. dc
VCO.
dc VCO

VCO . , VCO
. PLL
.
) VCO .
dc ,
VCO .
) .
VCO
.
PLL .
VCO
, .
.10.2
(FM) 7 5 KHz
PLL.
PLL ;
= PLL
.
PLL .(Fout=Fin).
H .

FM +-75z
150 z +-25 z.

150 z FM
+-75 z.

.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

B.10.3
block PLL
.

Fin

Fout

PLL
/

().

.
:
1.
2.
3.
.
.11.1
.
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

/:) .
)

.
: ac .
: . ac
dc .
: .
:
1. Zener

2. Zener ( Zener
)

3.voltage regulator

4.CS

5. .
.11.2
( )
.

.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

V
E

switching
,
.

dc . dc
.
() ,
.

, (
10 z-50KHz).

.

.
, Q1
.
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

PWM.

Zener , R2,R3.

()
Q1.
C
, .
.
.11.3
.

15 V ,1A.

220V/50HZ

20C1200

C1=C2=1000-1500
F
50 V

REGULATOR
78XX=7815
(+15V)

2X15V
1A

C3=C4=10-100F
25 V

79XX=7915
(-15V)

/F
LED
FUSE

B12.1
, ;

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

. , b , d , e
. .
(

1 0.)
( 1
).
c .
.13.1
.2
.
:
(1101011011)2
)
0011 / 0101 / 1011
)
0011 / 0101 / 1011
3
5

(35)16

.
001 / 101 / 011 / 011
1
5
3
3
(1533)8
.13.2
.
:
)
)

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

)
(25)10
) 25:2=12 1
12:2=6 0
6:2=3 0
3:2=1 1
1:2=0 1
(25)10=(11001)2
)25:8=3 1
3:8=0 3
(25)10=(31)8
)25:16=1 9
1:16=0 1
(25)10=(19)16
.13.3
..16
, .
(2DB)
)
, 16 , 16 , 16 .


11 D 13 2 2.

.
11*16 + 13*16 + 2*16 = 11*1 + 13*16 +
2*256= 11 + 208 + 512 = 731
(731).
)
4bits.
.

2
D
B
0010
1101
1011
(001011011011).
.13.4
12 : 1110110010111.
() 4 BCD .
()

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

). 1110110010111
0001 1101/1001/0111
1
13 9
7
) 1101
1001
D
9

11397 BCD.
0111
7

1D97
.13.5
.
) ( 1001001,011)2
) (715)8
) (03FF)16
) 1*26 + 0*25 + 0*24 + 1*23 + 0*22 + 0*21 + 1*20 , 0*2-1 + 1*2-2 + 1*2-3 =
64 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1, 0 + 0.25 + 0.12 = (73,375)10.
) 7*82 + 1*81 + 5*80 = 448 + 8 + 5 = (461)10.
) 0*163 + 3*162 + F*161 + F*160 = 0 + 3*256 + 15*16 + 15*1 = 768 +240 + 15 =
(1023)10
13.6
(manual)
:
(0200)16 (03FF)16
(4000)16 (7FDD)16.
.

.

.

.
.( ,)

03FF(16)
0200 (16)

03FF=(1023)10
0200=(512)10

163
0

162
1

161
F

160
F

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

01FF(16)

(511)10 (I)

1*256

15*16 15*1

0*163+1*162+15*161+15*160=0+256+240+15=(511)10 =01FF

7FDD (16)
4000 (16)

7FDD=(32733)10
4000 =(16384)10
(16349)10

3FDD(16)
163

162

161

160

13*16

13*1

3*4096 15*256

3*163+15*162+13*161+13*160=12228+3840+208+13=
=(16349)=3FDD
B 14.1

karnaugh
:
= (C+D)+ A*C*D+A* B* C+ A*B*C*D+A*C* D
Y= C*D+A*C* D+A*B* C+A*B*C*D+A*C* D
Y=(A+A)*C D+A*C*D*(B+B)+A*B*C*(D+D)+A*B*C*D+
A*C* D*(B+ B)
Y=A* C*D+A* C*D+A*B*C* D+A*B*C* D+A* B*C*D+
A*B*C*D+ A*B*C*D+A*B*C*D+A*B*C* D

Y=A* C*D*(B+B)+A*C*D*(B+B)+ A*B*C* D+A*B*C* D+

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

A*B* C* D+A* B* C* D+ A*B* C*D+A*B*C* D+A*B*C*D

Y=A* B*C*D+ A*B*C*D+ A*B*C*D+ A*B*C*D+ A*B*C*D+
A*B*C*D+ A*B* C*D+ A* B*C*D+ A*B*C*D+ A*B*C* D+
A* B*C*D
A* B*C*D
A* B*C*D
.
= A*B*C*D+ A*B* C*D+ A*B*C*D+ A*B*C*D+
A*B*C* D+A*B* C*D+ A*B*C*D+ A*B*C* D+ A* B*C*D
+ A* B*C*D.

AB
CD 00

01

11

10

00

01

11

10

F=C*D+ A*B*C+A* B*C+ C* D

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.14.2
BOOLE
() ()
:
() x * y * z + x * y * z + x * y *z + x * y * z

() [(c * d)+ a ]+ a + c d + a*b

I) x*y + y (x+z)
II) c*d+a
)x*y*z+ x*y*z+ x*y*z+ x*y* z=
y*z*(x+x)+ x * y * (z+z)= y * z + x * y

() [(c*d)+a]+a+c*d+a*b=

c*d * a+a+c*d+a*b=
c*d * a+a+ c*d+a*b
c*d*(a+1)+a+a*b=
c*d+a+a*b=
c*d+a(1+b)=
c*d+a

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

B 14.3
Karnaugh
:
F=X**+**+**+**
XY
Z 00 01 11 10
0

F=X * Z + Y * Z
15.1
BOOLLE
:

A+B. B C

f= A+B* B*C

F= A+B + B*C

F=A+B+ B*C

F=A+B+ B+C

A=A , AB= A+B

A+A=A

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

F=A+B+ C
B 15.2

.

( minterm Boolean ).

F= A* B + C * D + A * D
4 .
D C

A B D

CD AD F

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1

F= A B C D + AB C D +AB CD + ABCD + A B C D + AB CD
+ A BCD + ABCD + ABCD
15.3

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

block

.
A,B,C.

1 (HIGH)

.
.

A:
:
C:
D: 1 C=1 B=1
=1 =1
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .

2) Y = A * B * C + A * B * C + A * B * C + A * B * C

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

3) AB
C 00
0
1

01

11

10

1
1

F=AB+BC

B 15.4
:
=(*+*C)+B *D
) .
) NAND
A) Y=(A*B +B*C)+B*D

B)Y=A*B+B*C+B*D

Y =A*B + B*C+ B*D

Y= A*B*B*C*B*D

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

F =A B. B C. B DF=A B+B C +B DF=AB+BC+BD.

B 15.5
1
1.
.
x,y,z.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .

1.

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1

2.F=A*B*C+*C+A**C+A*B*C

3.
C

AB
00 01

11

10

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

0
1

1
1

F=AB+BC+AC

4.

16.1
DM 74LS00P
. ;
DM
74 TLL
LS Schottky
00 4 Nand 2
P
B 16.2

:
1.TTL
2.CMOS

) TTL 5 V+-5%
) CMOS +3V +18V
16.3
LED ;

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

LED . pin 1 IC 74LS0 0

NAND (+) (+5 V).
1 (High). pin 2
(Low).
(Pin 3) 1 (+5V).
T +5V R TR PN
LED .
( LED Vcc).
17.1
(multiplexer) (demultiplexer) ;

.

.
1 bit 21=2 .
2 bit 22=4 .
3 bit 23=8 .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

. 2
bit 4
bit .
17.2
block ( , , )
4 .

=
1,2,3,4 =
1,2,3 =



.
1,2,3,4
( )1,2,3 = .
3 bit 23=8

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

18.1
,,C :
) , C .
) 1( HIGH) ,C .

f=A*B*C+A*B*C+A*B*C+A*B*C+A*B*C+A*B*C
AB
f= A + B * C + B * C
f= A+ (B
C)

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1

00

0
1

01
1

11

10

19.1

R-S flipflop

NAND.

;

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

S
0
0
1
1

R
0
1
0
1

Q
1
1
0
Q

Q
1
0
1
Q

19.2
J-K F/F.
J=K=1 clock ,
clock .
clock;

J=K=1 J-K F/F Toggle , bit

bit .
f
.
F/F .
f= * fclk

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

CLK

19.3
.
Q f=1khz;

D F/F Q D
. Q Q .
Q D , F/F F/F
.
Clk f = 1 KHz f = 500 Hz.
(1 CLK) F/F Q = 0 Q
= 1 ( Q D ) Q
= 1 Q = 0.
CLK .
6 CLK 3 .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

Q
19.4
J, K , preset, reset
Q
clock (GT).

J = K = 1 toggle
Preset = 1
Clear = 1
J-k F/F .
(Preset clear) .

Preset = 1
Clear = 1

t0
t2
t3
t5
t7
t9
t11

Preset
1
0
1
1
1
1

Clear
1
1
1
1
0
1

J
1
1
1
1
1
1

K
1
1
1
1
1
1

Q
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

Toggle

Toggle
Toggle

Toggle

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

19.5
:
=1 , =0 , C=0 , D=1 ( {LSB} ).

7447; ;

7 IC 7447 LOW .
High LOW .
A = 1 , B = 0 , C = 0 , D = 1
:
= LOW
b = LOW
c = LOW
d = LOW
e = HIGH
f = LOWg = LOW
9 ()

19.6
J-K flip-flop .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

J
Hold 0
Set
1
Reset 0
toggle 1

K
0
0
1
1

Q

1
0
Q

Q

0
1

19.7
J-K flip-flop
0,4,2,1,6.

0
4
2
1
6

=1

C B A
0 0
0
1 0
0
0 1
0
0 0
1
1 1
0

C B A
1 0
0
0 1
0
0 0
1
1 1
0
0 0
0

JC KC JB KB JA KA

1
X
0
1
X

X
1
X
X
1

JA=BC

0
1
X
1
X

X
X
1
X
1

0
0
1
X
0

X
X
X
1
X

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

KC=AC

JB=A+C

JB=B

20.1
:
F1 = xy xyz
F2 = x + y
F3 = xy + xy
(decoder)
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

21.1
; ;
.

.
,
.
F/F
.
:
) ( ).
) ( PIPO , SISO , SIPO , PISO).
21.2
D flip-flop 4bits
- .
1010.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

0 , clear
LOW.
1 4 Data
,,C,D.
4 ,
:
SB
LSB
D
C
B
A
1
0
1
0
preset

clear

data

1
1
1
1
1

0
1
1
1
1

0
1
0
1
0

Clock
pulse
0
1
2
3
4

0
1
0
1
0

0
0
1
0
1

0
0
0
1
0

0
0
0
0
1

21.3
4bits D flip-flop.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

Q f/f1 D F/F2, F/F2

D F/F3 ...
clock f/f
. clear.
clear
Q F/F (0000) (0)
clear.
22.1
.
=1 =1
;
A
0
0
1
1

B
0
1
0
1

F
0
1
1
0

F
0
0
0
1

F=+
F=

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

=1 =1 <<0>> <<1>>

22.2
.
f = A * B + A * B
C= A * B

23.1
J-K flip-flop
() Mod(4 3 8).

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

23.2
:
) modulo.
) (D C )
160KHz.

4 F/F.
Modulo 24 = 16 (Mod 16).

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

160 kHz.
D F/F 160/16=10 kHz.
C F/F 160/8=20 kHz
F/F 160/4=40 kHz

24.1
NOT Schmitt trigger.
.

25.1
TTL CMOS ;

TTL

CMOS

26-1
(ADC)
8 bits , 10V.
1,755V
ADC;

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

/D
1/ (28 1) =1/255 (28= bit)
H
1 * 10 / 255 = 0,0392 V = 0,04V
1,755 :
1,755 / 0,04 = 43,875 = 44.
1,755V /D
00101100
44 / 2 = 22
0
22 / 2 = 11
0
11 / 2 = 5
1
5/2=2
1
2/2=1
0
1/2=0
1
26.2

.

.

.
26.3
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

IC (ADC 0801) (A/D

converter).
8 Bits.
IC (DAC 0808) 8 bits .
741

DAC 0808.

26.4
A/D 8bits 40.
) ;
) bit;
) 10011010.
A/D
1 / (28 1) = 1 / 255 (28= bit)
) : 1*40 / 255V = 0,157V.
) 0,157 1 bit.
) (10011010)2 154
1 * 27 + 0 * 26 + 0 * 25 + 1 * 24 + 1 * 23 + 0 * 22 + 1 * 21 + 0 * 20 = 154
Vin / 0,157 = 154 Vin = 0,157 * 154 = 24,18 V.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

(10011010)2 Vin=24,18 Volts

.1.1

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

1.2. data sheet BC107, BC108, BC109

:V(BR) CBO, VBE, VCE (sat).
BC108

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

V(BR) CBO= -( ) (e=0)=30V

VBE= -=650mv,700mv

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

1.3. data sheet .. 74LS74A f

CLK,tSU.
;

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

)Signal Voltage Gain:

:
= / =Vo/Vid
Vid=V1-V2
E
, (Large).
741C R>2K Vo=+-10V
200.000
.2.1
.

.
( ).

) () Voltage Regulator>17V
2*13,4V
13,4*2=13,4*1,41=18,8V
) D1,D3 D2,D4
37,7V.
D1,D3.
H MDA 200 VRRM . 50 V
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

2 .
) Ampere 1500F/;( ).
) 7815,7915=>
Pd=(Vin-Vo)*I=(18,8V-15V)*0,5A=1,9Watt
K 7805,7905=>
Pd=(Vin-Vo)*I=(8,9V-5V)*1A=3,9Watt.

.3.1

) ISA-EISA
;
) (Local Bus) ;
) simms 4 ,
/;
) -;

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.5+2
.2
.16
.
3.2. :
) BIOS
) cache
) ;
) ;

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.AMI BIOS
.256K
.
.70nsec
3.3.
) 1280x1024
) ;

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.Model SVGAX3,)SVGAX3,)SXVGA5,)VGA-BASIC 2
3.4.
modems MR34S MR34P
:
) 1) modem 2)fax
) ;
) MR34S MR34P;

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

14. Specifications
Modem Operation
Line Rate 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 7200, 9600, 12000, 14400, 16800,
19200, 21600, 24000, 26400, 28800 bps.
DTE Rate 115200 bps maximum
Operation Half of full-duplex over 2-wire dial-up line
MR34S(SV) Asynchronous and synchronous
MR34P(PV) Asynchronous
Linking Auto dial/answer, auto bauding, MNP10 auto fall-back/forward
Flow Control RTS/CTS, XON/XOFF (software selectable)
Compatibility Bell 103; 212A, ITU-T V.21; V.22; V.23; V.22bis, V.32;
V.32bis; V.34; V.FC
Error Correction
ITU-T V.42, MNP4 (auto-match)
Data Compression
ITU-T V.42bis, MNP5 (auto-match)
Receive Sensitivity
-43dBm
Command Set AT command and Escape sequence
Memory 2 configuration profiles, 4 sets by 45 digit telephone number
Command Buffer
55 characters
Diagnostics Power on self-test, v.54 loop test
Fax Operatin
Speed 14400bps
Compatibility Group 3 with T.30 protocol over ITU-T V.17; V.21 ch2; V.27ter;
V.29
Command Set TR-29 Class 1 and 2 (EIA CL2)
General
Indicator 8 LEDs(MR34S, SV only)
Switch/Jumper COM1/2/3/4, IRQ2/3/4/5/7 (MR34P, PV only)
Line Interface
2xRJ-11 for line and telephone
DTE Interface
MR34S(SV) DB-25S EIA-RS232C(V.24)
MR34P(PV) 16550/A compatible UART with 16 byte doule-buffered FIFO;
PC, PC/XT bus
Voice Interface 2 x mini phone jacks from microphone input and audio output
(MR34SV, PV only).
Ambient Temp. 0 to 50C
Relative Humidity
10 to 95% non-condensing
Power 110/220 Volt, 50/60 Hz(MR34S, SV only)
Dimensions
MR34S(SV) 16.0w x 3.2h x 13.0d cm
MR34P(PV) 2.0w x 10.5h x 16.0d cm

)Modem:28800bps
FAX:14400bps
)
ITV-T V17,V21,V27 ter:V.29 ()

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

R-29 class 1 and 2 (EIA CL2)

)MRS34S
MR34P
.1.1

(CPU) .
(CPU)
. :
1. (LU)
( ,, /, ,
).
2. (CU)

.
CU :
.
.
.
ALU .

.

.

.
.1.2
:Program counter,instruction register
stack pointer .
1.Program counter: 16 bits

.
2.Stack pointer: 16bits
.
RAM
.
, .
3.Instuction register: 16 bits
5
byte CPU .
program counter.

byte CPU ,
() .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

CPU bytes
.
byte CPU ,

1 bytes. bytes
.
.2.1
(address bus) 8 bit.
;( ).
8 bit
( ) 28=256.
.2.2
( ) RAM
1021*1.
1024 bytes;
8 IC. 1 0
1024 IC 3
.
.2.3
RAM 512 bytes ROM 512
bytes.

(
)
RAM

1288bits.)
;) ;
) ROM 4 RAM.
) 16 bits address bus 3 bits
5 IC 23=8 9 bits
512 IC.T 4 bits
.
.3.1
;(direct access-DMA)
;
-
DMA
CPU.
.
DMA.
To DMA ,
CPU.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

DMA ,
. CPU .
.3.2
(bus);
;

(buses) .
:
1. (data bus).
To ,.
.
2. (address bus).
8 bits , 16 bits.
Port
.
3. (Control bus).
Me ,
.
.3.3

(interrupts)
(program driver I/O polling).
/ , CPU

.
,

.
/

.

.
.

CPU .
.
.3.4


;

. ,

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

CPU . .
.4.1
() ;

.
(clock).
To CPU
, ,
CPU
.
.5.1
:
1.PUSH
2.POP
3.MOV
4.JMP
5.CMP 8086.
1.PUSH: .
. PUSH_7
PUSH_AX
2.POP:
, .
.. POP_BX
3.MOV: .
. OV_AH[0200]
MOV_ESI_1234
MOV_DS,AX
4.JMP:
(). .
.. JMP_SHORT
5.CMP:
, .
.
.. ,CX
CMP AL,S2
.5.2

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

Assembly
$20,$21
$40,$41 $40.
.

ACC.
INC_HL
HL 1
CP_A,(HL)

-(L).
JR_NC,ALFA
.
LD_A,(HL)
ACC .
ALFA_LD_($40),A $40.
LD_A,(HL)
HL
LD_($41),A
ACC $41
HALT

LD_HL,$20H
LD_A,(HL)

.5.3
$30,$31,$32 A,B,.
Assembly ,
*+
$33.

MOV_AL,A
MOV_B
MOV_B,
ADD_AX,BX

AL

.


.

MOV_($33)AX
RET
E.1.1
A :
1. (PC).
2. (workstation)
3.Main frame.
PC
, .
.

.

PC

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

..
Windows NT.
main fraim -
.
-
80*10
/sec (80 MIPS=Mega Instruction Per Second).
E.2.1
/.
block diagram.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

CPU

DB

CB

=Address bus
DB=Data
bus
CB=control bus
E.3.1
bit byte;T ;
Bit 0
1.
Byte 8 bits.
E.3.2
( )
;
.
/.

.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

/.
.3.3
ASCII ;
(alfarithmitic standard code for international interchancies)
O ASCII
/.
.
7bits
128 (2 ).
, 26 ,26
,25 , 0-9 ...
.3.4
;
(.) /
.
,
(resourses) .
. (interface)
.
. .
/
/ .
.:
1. /
.
2. .
3. CPU.
4.
.
5. .
6.
.
7. (multiprocessing)

.
8. .
9. / (
, , , ;)
E.4.1
N (FLOW-CHART)
(10) .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.4.2

.
1. , .
, , =15.
2. 1. ,
.
1 .
3.
3.1 .
,
: 1, 2.... ... 15.
3.2 I+1,
.
. , 15 .
( ) ,
=16,
.
:

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

,
.
,
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

/
4. ,


.
MAX,
,
1.
,
,
2, '



1.
5.
,

,


. ,

5.1 MAX
. ,
,
.

"" ,
=2, 2 MAX.
5.2 ,
. .
5.3 +1 5 .
, =16,
.
6. .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.4.3
)
[(*19+82)/38]mod100
W .) 1100 <<>> W.

, W.T
W.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.5.1
.


.


.
.
.5.2

.

/.

.5.3
(
Pascal C), Assembly.
Assembly .
Assembly :
software .

assembly
hardware.

Assembly
Hardware.
A .
PC
. Assembly
1000 BASIC.
O (compilers) . Pascal,C ..

Assembly.
Assempler .
assembly
.
( assembler Assembly
).
.5.4
Assembly
. .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

Assembly
.
(assembly)
/. /
CPUS.
assembly
assembly
().
assembler
.
/. .
CPU /.
.5.5
ANSI C
80386.

) 80486
) 68020.
.
ANCI C .
.
.
compiler
().
/
(CPU). 80486 /
.. . 68020.
.5.6
(compiler) (interpreter).
(compilers)
(object program)
.

.

.
(interpreaters)
.


. /
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

E.5.7
T source code ( ),object code ( )
executable code ( .
E

.
.
.6.1
Pascal C
.
.6.2

(. 5!=1*2*3*4*5)
Program local_variables;
Var
num : Byte;
Procedure factor(value : Byte);
Var
factorial : Real;
count : Byte;
Begin
factorial := 1.0;
For count := 1 To value Do
factorial := factorial * count;
Write(' ', value,' : ' );
Writeln(factorial);
End; { Factor }
Begin { }
Write(' 34 : ');
Readln(num);
Factor(num);
End. { }
.1.1
.
:

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.
:
1. ()
&
2. ()
.
:
1. . 8
4 .
2. (, ...)
3.

(,,, ...) .
.1.2
.

-
,



.

.1.3
PULSE/TONE
.
Pulse
TONE &
R & FLASH.
.1.4
Fax .

()&

.
,,
() .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.1.5
Fax.

/



FAX

/ (/OFF)
( )
( )

FAX .


FAX
FAX start.
T.1.6
(fax).

(/ )

.
( )
.1.7

.
. :

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

RING 2
4
.
TS

.
INCOMING MESSAGES :
1.(1min): 1 .
2.(NO LIMIT): .
7 second .(
).
3.( LY): .(
).

.1.8
.




TS . .


.
.2.1
.









(data)

, ,FAX,MODEM ..

.2.2

.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

()


,
-
,,
display

.2.3
, ,
.
TELEFAX

MODEM

Display
.3.1
.

,
.
.

3.
.3.2
.








.3.3

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

. .

.
.

( ,,
, .

.3.4
, .

,
.
.
.
0-5% .
.
53 gr/m2, ,
, .
.

.3.5
,
.

.
Ready.
A .
1.
,
.
2. ,
.
(print).

(self test).A
,
.
:
1. ,
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

2. 1
1:1.
3. print ,
.
4. ,
.
5. ,
.
6.
1:1
7. (1 )
1:1, ,
.
8.

.
9. ,
, .
10. ,
.
11.
, Developer
.
12. , toner

.
13.
14.
15. ,
.
16.
, .
17.

.
18. ,
.
19. ,

.
20. , ,
.
21. , ,
.
.3.6

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

, ,. TONER

. .


90C-190oC.
toner ( )
.
.3.7
.
(focus) Resolution.
.
.
.3.8
.
(photoreceptor). . . (D.P.C.)
.3.9
.
To :
1. .

.
2. .
,

.
3. .
. .

(). ,
.
.3.10

.
O.P.C (spray)
.
. .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.3.11

; ; .

:
() .





.

( ).
.

( ) .
.
.3.12
, .
:
.
toner
K .
.



.
.3.13

;
1. .(
,,,, )
2. . .

.
toner

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.
.

.
3. . .
4.1.1

/;
:
1.
2.
3. o
.
4.
5.
.
6. .
7.
8. RAM
9.
10. chip ROM
BIOS
11. .
12.
13. .
4.1.2
CPU486 SX 486DX;
486 DX . 32bit.
O 486 SX .
486 DX
.
486 DX
486 SX.
.4.1.3
/ 1-1-1980. ;
;
E BIOS reset
BIOS.
. software hardware.
BIOS .
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.4.1.4
BIOS CHIP
BIOS SETUP;
CLEAR CMOS

DEL BIOS

BIOS SETUP
.4.1.5
BIOS /
, ,
BIOS (Basic Input-Output System -).
BIOS ROM.

.
BIOS POST (Power-On Self Test
)
,
. , BIOS
(CMOS setup). , BIOS

.
.4.1.6

.
1. .
2. .
.4.1.7
(CPU)
CISC RISC;
CPU
. CPU
(CISC) (RISC).
CISC:Complete Instruction Set Computer
RISC:Reduced Instruction Set Computer
RISC .
RISC:
1. 50-60 CISC 100-300

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

2. .
3. LOAD/STORE .
4. .
5. .
RISC
.
, ... . CISC
RISC
.
.4.1.8
(clock) /
;

.
CPU .
,
RC.
.
,

.
.

.
5
100 MHz, 10 ns,
5*10 ns=50 ns .
20.000.000
.

. (benchmarks)
.
MIPS (Million
Instructions Per Second), .
100 MHz ,
5 ,
100.000.000/5=20.000.000 = 20 MIPS.


.
.
.4.1.9.

(CPU);
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.4.2.1
/ (ISA Vesa Local
Bus);
ISA
16 bit 8-12 MHZ.
386, 386 SX 16 HZ.
386DX .
386 DX 32 bit ,
16 bit 16
32 .
386SX.
IBM AT. 16
bps ,
.
T.4.2.2
(Local bus);
;


.
(local bus).
To , bits
.

.


.
.4.2.3

/.
.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. /.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.4.3.1
IDE controller SCSI HDD controller;
(CD-ROM, ,DVD) /
-
. IDE SCSI.
IDE
2 . DE (enhanced IDE)
IDE 4 .
SCSI 7
(. ).
SCSI
/.
.4.3.2
FDD
FDD,
FDD. ;
To drive .
.4.3.3
/ 80486DX 2/66 (HDDs) 80 bytes
340Mbytes 15 ms 9 ms , HDD
slave;
slave HDD 80 bytes 9 msec.
.4.3.4
8-bit 16bit;

.

.
16bit ( ).
8bit 22 16bit 44 .
16bit
.
.4.3.5
(track) (sector) ;

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

(tracks) (sectors).

.
17 50.
.4.3.6
(partitioning). ;
.
,
.
.

(
).
.
.4.3.7
(format)
;
To .
, ,
.
.

.
.
.
2
16. (0,1).
.4.3.8
(controller) ;

(controllers).
.

.
controllers buffer


.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

,
.
controllers
.
.4.3.9
:723 ,14 ,51
. 0,5
. .
Byte

=0,55172314=258111 258 M.

.4.3.10
IDE;
SCSI;
IDE 2 2
.
SCSI 8
, ,CD-ROM,scanners ..
.
.4.3.11
(access time);
20 ms ;
X ,
CPU.

.
8-20 ms.

,. 3 ms ,
.
:


CD-ROM
8-10 nsec
1 msec
75msec
.4.3.12
/
.
1.
2.serial mouse
Modem
/.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

1. : LPT1
2.serial mouse: COM 1
3.Modem:COM2
.4.3.13
, ,
( ) (graphics
accelerators);

. DRAM
VRAM.
. ,
,
.

,
KME. ,

.
.
.4.3.14
/;
;
/

(pixel).
O pixel
(resolution) .
/3
.
PC 640-480.
800-600,1024-768,1280- 960,1600-1200.
1280-1024
/=/3.
= pixels ,y.
pixel .
.4.3.15

;
1.N .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

2. .
3. .
4.

.
.
.

.
,

.

.
.4.3.16
22,05
. ;

;
1.323.000 /min.

.
.
.4.4.1
RAM ROM /;
RAM: .


.
.

.
ROM:
. .

.
.4.4.2
cashe ;
Cach e /,
Cache (Level 1 cache),

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

,
Cache ( Level 2 cache).


.
. , /.
. ,
,
. ,

.
.
, o bit
flip- flop. RAM
.
/.

.4.4.3

(parity)
;
To ,
.

.
0 1.
1
( 0) ( 0)
.
.4.4.4
ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM;
ROM
.
, .
,
.
ROM
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory).
,
. PROM ,
.

EPROM
(Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

Programmable Read Only Memory). EPROM

EEPROM RAM. EPROM EEPROM

, RAM.
EPROM EEPROM .
EPROM ,
EEPROM . ,
FLASH
EEPROM. , EEPROM
, FLASH
.

ROM

RAM
-

EPROM

EEPROM

Flash

ROM

PROM

.4.4.5
RAM;
;
RAM
. RAM
, .
Flip-Flop
.

SRAM RAM.
, SRAM ,
. ,
, SRAM
.
, SRAM
.

.
DRAM
, .
MBytes . SRAM
. ,
DRAM .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.4.5.1
cetronics
RS232;
;
/
(plotter,mouse...)
Parallel/Cetronics
/
.
.
(serial/RS232)
/.
.

.
.

RS232
.
/ Modems.

2 transmit, 3 receive 7
.4.5.2
D9 ;
9 Pin. .
RS232.
.4.6.1
/ ;

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

data switcher /.
O data switcher ,.

.
.4.6.2
/ ( );
/ data
switcher /.
.4.6.3
videorecorder /;
videorecorder /
/ Video Video IN udio
.
.4.6.4

/ ;
;
8bit ,
.

.
1,8m.
25m.
.4.6.5
:
1)
2)
)
) (FDD)
) CD-ROM
) (tape streamer)
1. :
)
)
2. :
)
) (FDD)

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

) CD-ROM
) (tape streamer)
3.T :
)
) (FDD)
) CD-ROM
) (tape streamer)
.4.6.6
;
) , 300dpi
)Inkjet printer
)Laser printer
.
Laser.
laser
.
laser
,,.
laser
.
.4.6.7
UPS;
UPS= .
UPS /
.
/.
UPS
.
.4.6.8
(driver)
;
(driver)
hardware .
.4.6.9
(inject);
E .,
.
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

(nozzles)
(ink chamber).
.
.

.

.

.
.
,
.
(quartz)
.
.4.6.10
laser;
laser
.
laser .
laser
.
.
laser .
laser
. ()
(toner).
T .

.
.
laser
.
laser / (ppm).
(print engine)
.

.
.
laser
8 .
laser :
.

.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.4.6.11

/ .()
.
1.videocamera
2. scanner
3. digitizer
4.cd-rom
5. plotter
CD-ROM ,
.
.4.6.12
CD-ROM;
CD-ROM.
CD-ROM

.
(pits) (lands)
. laser

.

laser.
.
CD-ROM
laser .
.

.
.

.
CD-ROM
,, .
.1.1
;
:

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

. , ,
.
.
, .
:

. .
, .

.1.2

F=1/T

1/sec sec-1= Hertz

C=.f=>=C/f
.1.3
. ;

.
.
1.
2.
3.
:
1. TR,IC ...
2.
3.
4.
.
:
: , , .
: .
: , .
.
: .
1.4

1.
2.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

(. )

.1.5
)))

1.

(+) (-)
.
2.

3.=.t
=2f
=

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.1.6
)simple)half-duplex)full-duplex
1. SIMPLEX (A)

.
simplex .
.

2.HALF DUPLEX()

.
half duplex .


.
.
.

3.FULL DUPLEX
.

.

.
full duplex
.

() .
. , .
(-) , .
, .
. ,
.
( ) , .
, ,
. .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.1.7
; ;
BW f2 ( )
f1 ( ) .
BW=F2-F1

.

BW.
BW
.
.1.8
(FDM)
(TDM)
FDM ( )
BW.
,SSB,FM,PM.

.
.
FDM .
TDM ( )
.
TDM
.
TDM .
TDM
. PAM.
Z.2.1
.
; ;

,,.

.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

0-1 0%-100%.
100%.
m=Vmax-Vmin/Vmax+Vmin
.2.2
100 3
, ;

.

.
fc .
Fm .
f2=fc+fm
& f1=fc-fm
: fc=100 KHz
Fm=3 KHz

F2=100KHZ+3KHZ=103 KHZ
F1=100KHZ-3KHZ=97 KHZ
BW=F2-F1=103-97=6 KHZ
.2.3
:)DSB ,)SSB
DSB.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

A
.
.
.(DSB).
.
DSB .

.
SSB ( )



.
.2.4
.
;

(FM)

, (Fc) .
. .
.
f
. +- 100 . .
100 100
.
.

.
..
100 1000 /sec.
.
.2.5

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

;
1. (
)
2. ,

.
3. C
.
4. FM

5 .
.2.6
FM
;
75
15 .

.
m=fd/fm fd=75 KHZ

.2.7

Fm=15 KHZ

m=75/15=5

FM ;
FM C.
O C

.
60%-70%.
.3.1
;
1. ( ).
2. .
3. .
.3.2

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

;
,FM C
.
SSB ,,.
FM
.
.3.3
;

.
Q .

Q BW .
BW
.
.3.4
;
.
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

10 db
.
.3.5
RF ;
RF:

/


.
.3.6
;

. .
(FIF) (
)
FIF=FTT-FC (1)
.
. .
(F)
(1).
fC=1000KHZ.
T 1455 ,. .
455 .. . 1455
.
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

:
FIF=FTT-FC=1455KHZ-1000KHZ=455KHZ
FC:
FIF:
FTT: .
.3.7

; ,
.

:
1. .
2. .

.

(-).
.
.4.1
;

,
.
,.
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.4.2

)
) ;

.
=276.log (2S/D)
S D
.
:
=138.log (D/d)
D: .
d:
.4.3

;
H
. .

.
.
( R)

. (
)
().
R
.

.
.

,. R
.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.4.4
, ;
H
.

.
=c/f
=
C=
F= ()

. /2,/4
/2 /2
. /4.
.

.
=c/f
/2=c/2f=3.108/f

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
.4.5
;
1. /2 Hertz
2. Levy zeppelin
3. /4 marconi

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Yagi
V
,

(,,)..

.4.6
;

(1 GHZ-300GHZ)
.. .
, .
.

.

.
Fco .
:
Fco=300/(2.) = .


.
.4.7
;

()

db
()

.4.8
/
;
1.
2.
3.
4.
.4.9

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

, ,
;
0 0, 0 m
7 m1.00mm. .
.

.

:
multimode
single mode
multimode graded
.4.10

; ;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. .
:
1Mbits/sec
10Mbits/sec
40Mbits/sec-100Mbits/sec
.4.11

(parity check) ;

.
0 1.
1 ( 0 )
( 1) .
. , ,
.
.

. .

, .

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.4.12
Modem;
modem;
modem ()
,
.
, modem (modulate) (demodulate)
.
modem ,
modem ( USB)
. , modem
.
.4.13
modem;
modem ,.
.
,.
.
modems ,
..
.
.4.14
5
/
. :
1.
2. .

/
/
/

modem

/
KENT
/

modem
TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.1.1
OSI
T :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. .
.1.2
(LAN)
(WAN);
LAN (Local area network)
/
.

.

.
WAN 100 Km,
100 /
.

(LAN: Local Area Networks)

<100 km

(MAN: Metropolitan Area
Networks)

(WAN: Wide Area Networks)
.2.1
.

1 Gbps

100-200 km

100 Mbps

>200 km

>622 Mbps

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

.2.2
/
(Star topology)
(bus topology)
(ring topology)
H.2.3
A (3) .
1. (star topology)
2. (bus topology)
3. (ring topology)

.2.4

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

Token-Ring
bus.
T token ring :
.
.
10 bs Ethernet bus .

.
.
.
.
, . .
. ,
. .
.
.3.1
(communication protocol).

.3.2
TCP-IP ISO/OSI
.
TCP/IP
.
TCP/IP 4 :
(network access
layer) OSI.
(internet layer) .
(transport layer) .
(application layer .
OSI TCP/IP.

TEXN H/Y & MHXA

H.3.3
ISO/OSI :
1.P
2.CSMA/CD
3.RS 232
4.TCP
.
1.IP

.
2.CSMA/CD

.
.
.


.


.
3.RS 232
.
/ Modem.
RS

.
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TEXN H/Y & MHXA

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TEXN H/Y & MHXA

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TEXN H/Y & MHXA

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