122

122

122

????

122

K
K

K

E
F

KE F

122

W
K

K
K

K
K

EBATTERYF

EBATTERYF

122

EBATTERYF

EBATTERYFW

WW
J

J
J
J
J

J
J

J
J

9590 W

6W

W
H

W
111

-1-

122

EBATTERYF

(BATTERY)

EIntroductionF

E11F

WE11F

(Battery Functions)

EF J1
KEF

J2

-2-

122

EBATTERYF

F J3

KE

J4
K

(Types of Batteries)

KE JHF

EFK

EF

K
W

(Lead-Acid Batteries)EF J1

(Pb)F??

E (H2SO4)F??E
KE2 1 F ? ?

6 (12 V) 12EF

E F
K(2 V)2

-3-

122

EBATTERYF

(Lead-acid Battery Construction)EF J1 J1

W EF

FEF

EFE

KE31F

EFWE21F

EFWE31F

-4-

122

EBATTERYF

W(Grids) J1 J1 J1

EFE 3 1F

E5F

W(Positive Plates)EHF J2 J1 J1

E 3 1FEHF

(PbO2) (Lead Peroxide) E F

K
W(Negative Plates)EF J3 J1 J1

E 3 1 F E F

K (Pb) (Sponge Lead)

W(Separators) J4 J1 J1

E 3 1 F

K
K

W(Elements and Cells) J5 J1 J1

E4 1 F E 3 1 F ??

F
-5-

122

EBATTERYF

KEKKKK
KE 31F(strap)

EFK??

(6 Cells)6 (12 V) 12 WK(2.1V) 2.1

K(12.6 V)12.6EF

W(Electrolyte) J6 J1 J1

EF

KEF
K(H2O)(H2SO4)

WE41F

E F

K
K

64 36

F(1.270 kg/l)L1.270(Specific Gravity)EF

KEL 1.285

KE51F0.0101.275
-6-

122

EBATTERYF

W(Specific Gravity)EF

EF

EFEFKELF
1.285 1.260

K( 26.7) 80 (1.260 -1.285 kg/l) ELF

K 1.285 1.260

F (Hydrometer)

KE

WE51F

W(Electrolyte Preparation)

EF

(H2O) (H2SO4)
F E F

KE

K 64 36

KE F


-7-

122

EBATTERYF

W(Battery Casing)EF J7 J1 J1

E 3 1F

W(Cell Covers and Vent Plugs) J8 J1 J1

KE3 1 F

E 3 1F

W(Terminals) J9 J1 J1

EFEHF

1FEF

KE6

WE61F
-8-

122

EBATTERYF

WE71F

WE F J1

E 17.46FK
E 15.88 F

KE71F

W J2
K

KE71F

(L) W(L) J3
K

KEF
KE71F

WE71F

E
K
-9-

122

EBATTERYF

W(Battery Cables) J10 J1 J1

KE8 1F

50 12 2 19 13

K60

WE81F

EF
K

(Chemical Actions) J2 J1

KE91F

- 10 -

122

EBATTERYF

(PbO2)

K(Pb)
K(H2O)(H2SO4)

WE91F
EWWF

W(Discharge Cycle) J1 J2 J1

E10 1 F E 9 1 F

KE F

- 11 -

122

EBATTERYF

WE101F

E10 1 9 1F

EF (PbO2) (O2)

(H2O) E F (H2)
(PbO2)(Pb)
K(PbSO4)

(Pb)

K(PbSO4)

EF
E F

KE
KE
1
W(Charge Cycle) J2 J2 J

9 1F

K E11 1FE
- 12 -

122

EBATTERYF

KE

WE111F

E11 1 9 1F

(SO4) (Pb)

K(O2)(H2)(H2O)

(H2SO4) (H2) (SO4)

(Pb) (O2)

K(PbO2)

Pb + 2H2SO4 + PbO2

PbSO4 + 2H2O + PbSO4

EFHHEFEFHHEF

- 13 -

122

EBATTERYF

(Advantages and Disadvantages) J3 J1

EF

J1

W(Disadvantages)

W(Advantages)

J2

J1

EF J3

J2

J4

(Electrical Characteristics) J4 J1
(Cell Electromotive Force) J1 J4 J1

EF

E F

EF

(Cell Internal Resistance) J2 J4 J1

- 14 -

122

EBATTERYF

J3 J4 J1

(Charging Voltage & Current and Fast Charging)

KEF

2.4

. 45
K

10

80
K

2.4

- 15 -

122

EBATTERYF

KE11F

E 1F

E2.7F
E2.4

WE11F

- 16 -

122

EBATTERYF

(Alkaline Batteries) J2

EF

EF
K

20

E F E F
K

KE21F

(NI-Cd)

(Ni-Fe)

(Ni-Zn)

J
(Ag-Zn)

J
(Ag-Cd)

WE21F

F 1.2K J

6 5E 2

K 3
K
- 17 -

122

EBATTERYF

(Nickel-Cadmium Batteries) J1 J2

(Ni-Cd Battery Construction) J J1 J1 J2

K J

K J

K J

K J

K
K

K J

(Charge & Discharge Cycles) J2 J1 J2

EF

EF

2Ni (OH) 2 + Cd (OH) 2

Cd + 2Ni (OH) 3

H H

- 18 -

122

EBATTERYF

(Electrical Characteristics) J3 J1 J2

(Cell Electromotive Force)

1.55

K
1.4

K1.11.4

W(Cell Internal Resistance)

W(Battery Capacity)

K 180 40

W(Battery Charging)

25

(Advantages and Disadvantages) J4 J1 J2

W(Advantages)

K J1

K J2

K J3
K J4

K J5

K J6

- 19 -

122

EBATTERYF

W(Disadvantages)

K1.2 J1

K J2

K J3

J3
(Low-Maintenance & Maintenance-Free Batteries)

KEF

KE121F1972

KK

WE121F
- 20 -

122

EBATTERYF

KW

3 (Sb)

(Ca)

K(Sr)

KE

30
K

K30 20

(separator envelopes)

KE13 1 12 1F

- 21 -

122

EBATTERYF

WE131F

E13 1 F
K

FK

E14 1 F (test indicator) E

E121F(built-in hydrometer)

KEF

WE141F

- 22 -

122

EBATTERYF

J1

J2
J3

J4

J5

J1

F J2
E

J3

EF J4
J5

(Recombination Batteries) J4

K??

K
K

- 23 -

122

EBATTERYF

KE

K

(Hybrid Batteries) J5

? ? ? ?

K1006

2.75

KE15 1 F
K

- 24 -

122

EBATTERYF

WE151F

E16 1FEF

EAB 16 1 F

F EB 16 1 F

WE161F

1F

KE15

K
K
- 25 -

122

EBATTERYF

(Battery Ratings)

(BCI)

Cold Cranking Amperes F J1

EERating(CCA
12

EFE17.7 JF 30

KE 1.2F 7.2
KEF

380 W

V 6

V 8 450

EEReserve Capacity Rating (RCF J2

10.2

80F 26.7 25E 1.7F

KKE

90 W

90

KEF

- 26 -

122

EBATTERYF

EAmpere-Hour RatingF J J3
(Ah)EKF J

E 80F 26.7 20
K10.51.75

F420W

K(80 Ah) J80E

EWatt RatingF J4
K

KE18 JF

(Activating a New Dry Charged Battery)

EF

K
80L1.285

K




- 27 -

122

EBATTERYF

W
EHF J1

KEF

K J2

J3
K

K J4

K J5

FE17 1F
KE

WE171F

- 28 -

122

EBATTERYF

(Battery Voltage and Capacity)

EBattery VoltageF J1
2.1 EF

2.2
KL 1.270

W
J1

J3

J2

J4

J5

11.5 26.7

KE17.8 JF12

EBattery CapacityF J2

(84 Ah) K 84K(Ah) (A.h) K

(4 4 (21 A) 21 (84 h) 84 (1 A) 1

Kh)
- 29 -

122

EBATTERYF

4536FK18036 12

KEK1807560

W
J1
J2

J3

J4
J5

F EF

F E

KE

KE18 1F

KE31F

% 100

E80F26.7

82

E50F10
- 30 -

122

EBATTERYF

64

E30F1.1 J

58

E20F6.7 J

50

E10F12.2 J

40

EF17.8 J

33

E10 JF23.3 J

WE31F

WE181F

KE19 1F

- 31 -

122

EBATTERYF

WE191F

- 32 -

122

EBATTERYF

(Battery Size & Capacity Selection)

EWF

E4 1F

KE 6F 12 (BCI)

E27F

E18 JF

EF

BCI

400310

222

173

208

21

500310

222

173

208

21R

90 J45

425220

211

175

241

22F

69
60 J50

400
325210

229
227

175
140

241
240

22HF
22NF

350290

211

175

229

22R

625165

225

173

260

24

585250

229

173

273

24F

70 J50
70 J50

90 J45
95 J50
95 J50

WE41F




- 33 -

122

EBATTERYF

FEF

KE

KE20 1 F E

EF
K

WE201F

- 34 -

122

EBATTERYF

J1
26.7 204.4

K1.75

105 J2
K1.526.720

E 17.8 JF J3
30 300

KE1F

- 35 -

122

EBATTERYF

(Factors Affecting Battery Life)

(Improper Electrolyte Levels) J1

E F

KEF

KE10 J1

ECorrosionFEF J2
EF

K
K

1 F

KE21

E F
- 36 -

122

EBATTERYF

WE211F

(Overcharging) J3
W

J2

J1

J1
K

K J2

J3
K

- 37 -

122

EBATTERYF

(Poor Mounting) J4

F
KE221F

K J1

K J3

K J2
K J4

WE221F

(Heavy Cycling) J5
K

- 38 -

122

EBATTERYF

(Sulfating) J6

KEF

W??

J1

J2

J3

2 1 F

WE

J1

J2

J3

K10

60

K 100
K

J1
K

J2
K

K J3



- 39 -

122

EBATTERYF

EBattery DrainsF

KW

(Shorts) J1

EF J1

EF J2

J3

J4

EParasitic LoadsF J2

K(off)
KEA231F

1F

KEB23

- 40 -

122

EBATTERYF

JAWE231F
JB

(Jump-Starting an Engine)EF

E F

? ?? ? ?

K?

1FK

E24

- 41 -

122

EBATTERYF

WE241F

F E25 1 F

E
K

KE25 1F
K

EFWE251F

- 42 -

122

EBATTERYF

EBattery Inspection and TestingF

J1

J3

J2

W
J1

J2

J1

EF J3

EF J2

(Visual Inspection) J1

K E26 1 F
W

K J1

F J2
- 43 -

122

EBATTERYF

KE

J3
K

E F J4
K

EF J5
K

J6
K

KEF J7

WE261F

(Electrolyte Test or Hydrometer Test) J2

J1 J2

? ? ? ?

E271F(Hydrometer)

- 44 -

122

EBATTERYF

WE271F

EF

1F

E28
KE291F

WE281F

0.050

KE291FE51F

- 45 -

122

EBATTERYF

E2F

E1F

1.225

1.260

KE37.5F100

KE6.5 JF20

0.008H

0.024 J

1.233

1.236

WE51F

WE291F

E291F

K E61F

KE5.5F100.004

E7 1F

20E7 1FK

- 46 -

122

EBATTERYF

1.2991.265

1.2651.235

1.2351.205

1.2051.170

1.1701.140

1.1401.110

WE61F

1.225

1.260

1.280

1.180

1.215

1.230

75

1.135

1.170

1.180

50

1.090

1.120

1.130

25

1.045

1.070

1.080

WE71F

J2 J2

K
K

EA 30 1F (Built-in hydrometer)
- 47 -

122

EBATTERYF

KEB 30 1 F (sight glass) E F

KEB 30 1F

EF

E F K

K

KW

JAWE301F
JB

EBattery VoltageF J3
W

EF J1

J2

(Open-Circuit Voltage Test) J1 J3

K?
?
- 48 -

122

EBATTERYF

KE311F

EFWE311F

E
F

W
KE37.715.5F10060 J1
F J2
E
K

J3
15
K

K E81F
75

K
- 49 -

122

EBATTERYF

100

12.6

10075

12.612.4

7550

12.412.2

5025

12.212.0

25

12.011.7

11.7

EF

WE81F

(Battery Load Test) J2 J3
K? ??
?

50

15E K
F

E F E
FE321F

E
FKE F
K

- 50 -

122

EBATTERYF

WE321F
F

50E331F

E1.225

K (CCR)

1F EF

KE9

E91F

E F

WE331F
E J2ELF


- 51 -

J 1F

122

EBATTERYF

EF

9.6

E21F70

9.5

E15.5F60

9.4

E10F50

9.3

E4.4F40

9.1

E1 JF30

8.9

E6.6 JF20

8.7

E12.2 JF10

8.5

17.7 JF
E

EFWE91F

W

EF
K

(Battery Chargers)

W
J1

J3

J2
J4

- 52 -

122

EBATTERYF

KE171F

EFWE341F

E34 1FEF

K
K
W

J1

J3

J2

J4

(High-Rate Fast Charging) J1

E9070F
K

- 53 -

122

EBATTERYF

E35 1F
K

1.225

12 60

K 30 60 40
W F

KE4549

WE351F

- 54 -

122

EBATTERYF

(Constant-Potential Charging) J2

F
KE

(Constant-Current Slow Charging) J3
K

K153
K

24

KE3F

(Trickle Charging) J4

E361F

- 55 -

122

EBATTERYF

WE361F

(Battery Troubles)

J1

J2

J3

J4

J5

F J6
E

- 56 -

122

EBATTERYF

WE371F

E JB JAF

(battery temperature sensor)

E37 1F

K
FE101F

KE

- 57 -

122

EBATTERYF

J1

J1

J2

J3

J32

E F

J1

J1

J2

J2

J1

F
E

J1

EF

J2 J2

J1

J3

EF

J3

J1

- 58 -

122

EBATTERYF

J1 J1

EF

J2 J2 F

J1 J1

J2 J2

J1 J1

J2 J2

J3 J3

E
- 59 -

122

EBATTERYF

WE101F
(Battery Maintenance)

F J1
E

EF J2

J3

J4

J5

- 60 -

122

EBATTERYF

E1F

WEXFEFW
KEF J1

J2
KEF

KEF?? J3

(BCI) J4
KEF

KEF J5

WW
J1
K
1212W (A)

K
W (B)
WEF
(A)

(B)(A)

(B)

(B)(A)

W J2
12

W J3

- 61 -

122

EBATTERYF

F10.2 J4

E80F26.725E1.7
W

W J5

WW

K J1

K J3

K J2

K J4

J5

- 62 -

122

EBATTERYF

E2F

WEXFEFW
KEF612 J1
KEFEF J2

J3
KEF

J4
KEF

KEFEF J5

WW
W J1

W J2

W J3

- 63 -

122

EBATTERYF

W J4

3012 J5

7.2EFE17.7 JF
W

WW
J1

K J2

J4

J3
K J5

- 64 -

122

EBATTERYF

E1F

W
EFX J1

EFX J2

J4

J3

EFX J5

W
J1

J2

J4

J3

J5

W J1
J

W J2

Pb + 2H2SO4 + PbO2

PbSO4 + 2H2O + PbSO4

EFHHEFEFHHEF

- 65 -

122

EBATTERYF

W J3
J

W J4

EF J

W J5

J
J
J

- 66 -

122

EBATTERYF

E2F

W
EFX J1

J2

EFX J4

EFX J3
J5

W
J1

J2

J4

J3

J5

W J1

EF J
KEF

F J

KE
- 67 -

122

EBATTERYF

J
K

W J2

(L) J

W J3

J
J

J
J

W J4

F J
E

W J5

EF J

J
- 68 -

 ESTARTING SYSTEMF

ESTARTING SYSTEMF


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

(STARTING SYSTEM)W

W W

J
J
J

J
J

J
J

9590 W

10W

W
H

W
111

- 69 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

(STARTING SYSTEM)

EIntroductionF

(Starting System)? ?

K(Starter)????

E
F

K
KEF

EStarting-system FunctionF

E F EF

W K

(60-90 rpm)L9060

300E1HPF

20080E
F(300 A)

E F(80-200 rpm)L
K(8-10 HP)10 J8

- 70 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

F J1

KE

F J2
KE

EStarting-system ComponentsF

E12F

? ?
F(low-current control circuit) J1

E12

F(high-current motor circuit) J2

E12

WE12F

- 71 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

E12F

(Battery) J1

(Ignition/Starter Switch)EF

J2

(Electro-magnetic Switch (solenoid) or Relay) J3

(Starting Motor) J4

(Pinion Gear)EF J5

(Flywheel Ring Gear)

J6

(Safety Switch) J7

22F

EF J8

(High-current Motor Circuit Cables)

EF J9

(Low-current Control Circuit wiring)

EA
EB22F

WE22F

- 72 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

JB JA

22F J1

EA
K

E F J2

EB22F
K

K

K

2FE F J3
KE17

F E
EFKE

K
- 73 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

EStarting-motor Principles & OperationF

K(twisting force)(torque)

F E
F

KE32F
KE32AF

WE32F

(Armature Winding) J1

FE42F

F(Armature Winding or Loop)E

K
E
K

WE42F
- 74 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

E52F

WE52F

F J2
(Commutator Segments)E

KE62FEF

(carbon brushes)K(commutator segment)? ?

K

WE62F

KE72F EF

- 75 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WE72F

(Simple DC Motor) J3
E82F

(pole shoes)(armature winding)

(split ring)K(field winding)

(brushes)K(commutator)

E FK

WE82F

- 76 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

K
K

EE F EF

K
K

K EF
K

E F
K

(Field Pole Shoes) J4

??

(armature housing)? ?(field frame)??

(starter frame)??

KE92F
? ?K

E92F(field windings or coils)

K

K

- 77 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

EFEFWE92F

EStarter ConstructionF

K??

WE102F

102F(Electric Starter Motor) J1

E1

(solenoid switch)EF J2

F(electrical connections)

E2102FErelay

2F(pinion-engaging drive) J3
E310

- 78 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WE102F

E J3 J2 J1F

(starter frames)

WKE112F

W(center frame) J1
K(field frame)

W(drive end frame) J2

W(brush end frame) J3

K E
F

- 79 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WE112F

(Electric Starter Motor) J1

WE122F

(armature shaft)E1FF(armature) J1

E3F (armature winding)E2F

E(commutator)E4FEF(armature stack)

(excitation winding)E6FEF(pole shoes)E5F J2

(brush E8FE7F J3
springs)

F J4
(field frame or armature housing)E

WE122F


- 80 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

EF J3 J2 J1F
J4

J8 J7EF J6 J5
E

(Starter Electrical Circuits) J1 J1

(series ? ?

?motor)

K(shunt motor)?

? EF
KE132F(compound motor)?

WE132F

EWWWF
K

K
K
- 81 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

(field windings or field coils)(pole)

KE142F

K

EA142F

EB142F

EC142F

EC142F
K

ED142F

KEE142F

E142F

15
K

- 82 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WE142F

(Solenoid Switch and Relay)EF J2

(Magnetic Switches)

EF

KEF

(Solenoid Switch) J1

(Starter Relay) J2

(Solenoid Switch) J1 J2

EF

? ?K

KE152F

EF

E102FK
KEF

- 83 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

EFWE152F

J5 J4 J3 J2 J1F
J9 J8 J7 J6
E J10EF

F J1
E

J2

KEF

EF

WK
(pull-in windings) J1
(hold-in windings) J2

(Solenoid Switch Operation) 11

J2

KE162F
- 84 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WE162F

EEF JEF JF
W

J1
K

J2

K
- 85 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

K J3

K


K

J2 J2
(Starter Relay)

F(positive engagement starter)K

K
K

KE172F

K E172F
K (ballast resistance or resistance wire)

KE172F

- 86 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WE172F

(Pinion-engaging Drive) J3
E182F

WE182F

J4 J3 J2 J1F
E J7 J6 J5
- 87 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

W
J1

J2

J3
EF

(Flywheel Ring Gear) J1 J3

KE192F(shrink fit)(welding)

EF

K200150

WE192F

- 88 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

(Starter Pinion Gear) J2 J3

1510

3015

K
KE202F

EFWE202F

(Overrunning Clutch) J3 J3

K
2F

KE21

- 89 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WE212F
E222F

(roller race)(clutch shell)

K(spiral spline)K

(rollers)

WE222F

J4 J3 J2 J1F
J5

E Ja J7 J6
- 90 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

KE222F(a)

F
E

K
(pinion collar)

(Armature Braking) J4 J3

KK(brake disc)(friction washer)

(permanent magnet)

J5 J3

(Gear Ratio between Pinion and Ring Gear)

15

K 15

(3000 rpm)L3000

(200 rpm)L200

- 91 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

L 3000

K(3000 rpm)

K(45000 rpm)L 45000

110

KE1:151:10F115

(Bendix Drive) J6 J3

?

?(inertia drive)?

K(self-engaging drive)?
K

EFWE232F
KE
FE232F

KEA232F
KEB232F

- 92 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

KK

KKEC232

KE242F

WE242F

EStarter OperationF

E252F

K (pre-engaging drive)

KE252F

K(helical travel)(axial travel)

KE262F

(Axial Travel) J1
2F(ignition/starter switch)

(hold-in windings)(pull-in windings)E1126

E21262F(solenoid)

K

- 93 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

262F(engaging lever)EF

KE31262F(return spring)E51

E71262F(pinion)EF

F


1262F(armature)KE

E9
KE41262F(excitation windings)EF

E2262F
F

KE F

WE252F

E3262F

- 94 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

KE4262F

WE262F

J2EF J1F
EF

E J4EF J3

- 95 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

(Helical Travel) J2

(Pinion Disengagement) J3

(overrunning clutch)
K
K

E
F

(Starting Neutral Safety Switch)

KE?

- 96 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

E
F

KE272FEF

WE272F

JD JC JBEF JA

J1
F

KE

J2
F
KE

K

(N)(P)

E282F

F(N)(P)
KE

- 97 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WE282F

E F
KE292F

WE292F

ERelays and SwitchesF

W
J1

J3

J2
- 98 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

E

K

ESeries-parallel SwitchF J J1

E302F

2412F(hybrid systems 12/24 V)24L12

KE

WE302F

K(50 a)

24 12

F
KE12


- 99 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

EElectromechanical Start-locking RelayF J2

I ) E312F

( III )

WE312F


(

II )

( I ) K

( III )

( II )

E F

- 100 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

EElectronic Start-locking RelayF J3

E322F

WE322F

(50)
K (30)

EStarter Designs & TypesF

(Starter Designs) J1

KE FE

K
W

K J1

K J2
- 101 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

F J3
KE

W J4

K J5

K J6

F J1
KE

F J2
KE1

K1 J3

K J4

K J5

KEF J6

F J7
KE

KEF J8

KK
- 102 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

2WE1F

EaFKE332F
KE23FEbF

EF2WE332F

E(a) (b)ntF

E342FWE2F

KE
CF

E2FK
E1F

FE

FE3FK
E

FE4FKE

(B)(A)K
K

- 103 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WE342F
ECF

EMnF

E352FWE3F

E2518 10F3

K(MS)(MM)
K(55 Ah) J55

W K

(24 V)24(12 V)12(12 V)12

(24 V)24

K
K

12 12

24K24
K

- 104 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

3WE352F
EF

EMnMF

E8F

K
K

(Starter Types) J2

K
K
2F

KE36

- 105 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WE362F

W
W J1
FEF
KE142132FE

W J2
2F
KE1721621322

F J3

WE

K

J4

W

- 106 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WEF J5

KEE21F362F

W J6
K

J7
FW
KE

(Positive Engagement Starter) J1

(Solenoid-actuated Starter) J2
(Permanent Magnet Starter) J3

(Positive Engagement Starter) J1 J2

E372F

(plunger lever)(movable pole shoe)

K


F

KE

K(field coils)

K(pivot pin)K

- 107 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WE372F

(Solenoid-actuated Starter) J2 J2

?
?

KE252F(pre-engaged-drive starter)? ?
K

KEF

(intermediate transmission)E252F

E462FE382F

E382F

- 108 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

(Permanent Magnet Starter) J3 J2

E
FK

KE392F

WE382F

K

(ball bearing) K

(roller bearing)

WE392F

J3 J2 J1F

J8 J7 J6 J5 J4
- 109 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

E J12 J11 J10 J9

(Starter Labelling) J3
E

F

WE402F





- 110 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WW

G F (R) 12V 0.8 kW

WE402F

KE 109100F(mm)WG

EB, D, E, G, M, WFWF
WL WRFW(R)
E

EFW12 V
EFW0.8 kW

EStarting Motor with Planetary GearsetF

E412F

F(pre-engaging

drive)

(permanent-magnet excitation)
E
F
(intermediate

(planetary gearset)E422Ftransmission)

KEF

- 111 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WE412F

J4 J3 J2

J1F

J7 J6 J5

J10 J9 J8

J13 J12EF J11

EF

K
35

E6F
K16

WE422F

J3EF J2 J1F

E J6 J5 J4
- 112 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

1W3.5 J2

E432F

WE432F

E J2(H)(E) J1F

E442F

- 113 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WE442F

J3 J2 J1F

J7 J6 J5 J4
J9 J8

E J11 J10

- 114 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

EStarter Characteristic CurvesF

KW

KE

K

(U - I Curve) J1

(I)(U)WE452F

E F

WE452F(I)(U)

K J1

K

E
F J2
K

J3
KKE2F

(n - I Curve) J2

WE462F(I)(n)
- 115 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

K J1

F J2
KE

J3

E
F
KEF

(I)(n)WE462F

ELF

(M - I Curve) J3

(I)(M)WE472F

EKF

- 116 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WE472F(I)(M)
K J1

J2

(n - M Curve) J4

(M)(n)WE482F

J2 J1F

E J4 J3

E482F(M)(n)

J1
K

- 117 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

F J2
KE

J3
K

F J4

J5
(n, M, Peff, - I Curves)

(M)(n)WE492F
(I)()(Peff)

EF

(Peff)(M)(n)

WE492F(I)()

EF J1
K
- 118 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

J2
KEF

J3
K

K J4

KEF J5
KEF J6

EStarting-System TestsF

KE
F
F

WE

EF J1

F J2
KEE F

F
KE

- 119 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

EOn-car TestsF J1

KE502F

WE502F

(Voltage-Drop (Excessive Resistance) Test)EF J1 J1

K(insulated circuit resistance test)??

E
F

KE512F
E4321FK

E522F(Test)E512F

- 120 -

K0.60.2


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WE512F

KEF

WE522F
- 121 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

(Amperage Draw Test (Load Test))EF J2 J1

? ?E F

K
K

(inductive pick-up or

E532F
clamp)

EF

KE542F

WE532F

K15K

WE542F
- 122 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

9.6

J1

J2
K

J1
K

J2

WE12F

FE12F

K E
250150

EBench TestsF J2

K
- 123 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

E552F

EF
K?Growler?

WE552F

(No-load Test) J1 J2

(Free Speed Test)

EFE562F

KEF

K
E
F

KKE F
2F

KE56

- 124 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

WE562F

60007550F

KEL11500

K
K

J2 J2
(Armature and Field Open Circuit Tests)

K
KEF
W

E572F110 J1
(jumper

lead)EF

KE

K
- 125 -

J2


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

110 WE572F

J3 J2
(Armature and Field Grounded Circuit Tests)

E582F

KEF110

FE F

KKE

K EF

- 126 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

110WE582F
110

E592F

K
K

110WE592F

- 127 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

(Installing the Starting System)

(Installing the Starter) J1

(flywheel)

K(transmission)
(crankcase)
K

J1
W(Flange-mounted)
K
E602F

K


(additional support)
KE612F

(Flange-mounted)
WE602F

WE612F
E J2
J1F
- 128 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

W(Cradle-mounted) J2
K E612F

KE6121F(hold-down

clamps)

(Cradle-mounted)WE622F

E J1F

(horizontally)

K
(terminals)(solenoid switch)

(Main Starter Cable) J2

K
K(cross section)

- 129 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

(1 1K

12F(0.5 V)0.5m)

KE24 V24F(1 V)1E12 V

EF J1

F J2
E

J3

J4

(Starter Switch)EF J3

(Single-purpose Starter Switch)13

?(pushbutton)

F KEon/offF?
KE
- 130 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

(Ignition/Starter Switches)L23

E FL

KE F

F
KE

K(off on start)W

K(radio)(parking lights)

(start)

KEonF

EStarting-system TroublesF

K J1
K J2

F J3

KE

KEF

- 131 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

E22F

J1 J1
K

J2 J2
J3
EF

J4
K

K J3

J4

J1

K J1

J2

KEF J2

F
E

J3 J3

J4 J4
K

K J1 J1
- 132 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

J2 J2

F
E

J1 J1

F
E

K J1

J2

KEF J1
K J2

K J1

J1
K

J2 J2

J3 J3
K

J4 J4
K J5 J5

K J6 J6
- 133 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

J1
K

K J1

J2 K J2
K

J3 J3
E
F

J4
KKKK

K J4

J1

K J1

KEF

EF

K J2

J2
K

K J3

K J3

EF

K J1 EF J1

J2 J2
K

K J3

K J3

K J4 J4
KEF

J1 J1
K

F
- 134 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

J2 J2
K

K J3 J3

K J4 J4

WE22F

- 135 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

EStarter MaintenanceF

F
KE

WE

W J1

K J

J
K

K J

F J2
KE

K J3

J4
K

FEF J5

KE

15
- 136 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

- 137 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

E1F


WEXFEFW
J1
KEF

KEF J2

J3
KEF

J4
KEF

J5
KEF

WW
W J1

W J2

- 138 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

W J3

J4
W

EF

J5
W

L3000

L45000
L25

L200

WW

J1

K J3

J2

J4
J5
- 139 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

E2F

WEXFEFW
J1
KEF

J2
KEF

KEF J3

J4
KEF

J5
KEF

WW
W J1

W J2

W J3
9.6

- 140 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

10.5
11

12.65

W J4

E F

W J5

WW
J1

K J2

K J4

J3
J5

- 141 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

E1F

W
J1

EFX J2

J4

J3

EFX J5

W
J1

J2

J4

J3
J5

W J1

J
K

KEF

W J2
J

- 142 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

EF J

W J3
J

W J4
J

W J5
K J

K J

- 143 -

K J


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

E2F

W
J1

J2

EFX J4

EFX J3

J5

W
J1

J2

J4

J3
J5

W J1
J

EF J

EF J

EF J

EF J

- 144 -


ESTARTING SYSTEMF

122

W J2

J3
W

J
J

W J4
J

W J5
J

EF J

- 145 -

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

-146-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(CHARGING SYSTEM)W

W W

J
J

J
J
J

9590 W

12W

W
H

W
111
-146-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

EIntroductionF

E13F

K
K

WE13F

E J4EF J3 J2 J1F

-147-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

EImportance of Automotive Charging SystemF

E13F

K

K

K
K

E F

KEF J1

E F J2
K

J3
K

281214F J4
KE24

K J5

ECharging System ComponentsF

WE23F

-148-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

E FK(electrical output)
K

WE23F
WE23F

W(Electrical Generator) J1
K(Direct-current (DC) Generator)? ?
?? ?

K(Alternating-current (AC) Generator)?

K

W(Voltage Regulator) J2
W(Generator

Belt)

-149-

J3

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(voltmeter)(ammeter)W(Charge Indicator) J4

(indicator or warning light)

K

W(Charging System Harness) J5

F

KE

W(Battery) J6
W(Ignition

Switch)

J7

ETypes of Electrical GeneratorsF

(electricity-generating plant)

KE F

F
KE

(Direct-current (DC) Generators) J1

(conventional) ?
K E F

K
K
-150-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(Alternating-current (AC) Generator) J2

F?

K1963(Three-phase generator)?E

K? ?? ?(Alternator)

(Conventional DC Generators)

(DC Generator Construction) J1

WE33F

W(stationary stator frame) J1

K

(rotating armature)W(armature) J2

KEF

KW(terminals) J3

W(commutator)EF J4

W(commutator end shield) J5

KEF
-151-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

W(drive end shield) J6

K

W(pole shoe) J7
K

W(excitation windings) J8
K

WE33F

J4 J3 J2 J1F
J5

J9 J8 J7 J6
E

W(brush holder and carbon brushes) J9

K

W(pulley with fan) J10

-152-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

W(regulator) J11
K

KE FE F

K(stationary stator)

(DC Generator Operating principle) J2

KEFK

K

K

E43F

E(I) (n)F

E1F J1

K
-153-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

KEF

E2F J2
K

E3F
J3
E F
K

WE43F
J2F J1F
E J3

(DC Generator Disadvantages) J3

K
K J1

F J2
KE

J3
K
-154-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

J4

KE F
F
KE

K J5

K J6

-155-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

W
EALTERNATORSF

K(Alternators)? ?

(Importance of Alternators)

E53F

E63FK 20001950

E F

50

1950 WE53F

-156-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

1950WE63F

(semi-conductors)

(fixed rectifier diodes)

(alternator)

EloadsF(battery)
-157-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

KE73F

(3-phase current)E F

K
K

WE73F
(alternator)

WK

K J1

J2
K

K J3
K J4

J5
KEF

K J6
K J7

K J8

EPrinciples of Alternator OperationF

(alternator)
-158-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(coil)K(electromagnetic induction)
K(induced voltage)(magnetic field)

W
K J1

K J2

(DC generator)

KEFEF

(AC generator or Alternator)

(rotor)

K(stator)

E83F

K
K
K(magnetic flux lines)

E83F
EF K

E FE F
K

WE83F
EF

K


-159-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

K E93F

WE93F

K J1

J2
K

K J3

E F J4
K

E103F

(S)E103FK

(N)

KE103FKE103F

E103F

-160-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

WE103F

EA, BF

E
F

K J1

K J2
K J3

(Alternator)
K

K E113F

(Rotor)? ?(Alternator)
?(Stator)??

(S)(N)K(Stator Windings)?
F

(two brushes)
FEAC

EFKE(two slip rings)

-161-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(rectification)K(DC)

K(Diodes)EF

WE113F

EConstruction of an AlternatorF

K

E133FE123FK

(claw-pole alternator)

(compact diode assembly)

W KE F

W(Collector-ring end shield) J1

K(slip rings)

J2
W(Rectifier)

KE F
9KEF

E F3E3FE F6EF
K E4F

-162-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

WE123F
J5 J4 J3 J2
J1F

EEF J10 J9 J8 J7 J6

WE133F
E123F
-163-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

E
F6W(Power diode)EF
J3

FKE2F

E
K

E
F3W(Exciter diode)E F J4
KE2F

(Regulator, Brushes holder, and Carbon J5

WBrushes)

(stator windings)W(Stator) J6
KE F(rectifier) (three-phase)

EF W(Rotor) J7
(two

(claw poles)

Kcollector rings)
K(excitation winding)
KE143F

E
64F

153F

(N)F161412KE
E(S)

(S)(N)

KE153F

-164-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

EWWFWE143F

W(Fan) J8

E F
KE163F

W(Pulley) J9

K(belt drive)

W(Drive end shield) J10

K

WWE153F

W

-165-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

WWE163F



W

ETypes of Stator Windings ConnectionsF

E(WYE)(star)FY J1

F J2
E

(small air

Kgap)

-166-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(Star (Wye) - connected Stator Windings)EYF J1

E173F(Y)

KK
K (Y)

(Y)K

193F

K(neutral junction)E FKE

(Y)WE173F

(Delta - connected Stator Windings)EF J2

3FEF

E18

-167-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

KE 193F

73EF

32EYFFEYF

KEFEE1.73 X32F55EF

EFWE183F

WE193F

EWYWF

-168-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(U-I Relationship) J3

W(Y) J1 J3

Ephase voltageFEF(U)(alternator voltage)

E 203F1.73E

3 FE
F(Up)

K(Ip)EphaseF(I)(alternator current)
W

U = U p . 3

I = Ip

-169-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

EFZUpEF ZU
EFZIpEF ZI

(phase)p

WE203F

EEFu, v, w YWWF

W() J2 J3

Ephase currentF(U)(alternator current)

(Ip)Ephase currentFEF(I)(alternator current) K(Up)

KE
203F1.73E

3 F

U = U p

I = I p. 3

EFZUpEF ZU
EFZIpEF ZI

(phase)p

-170-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

EERectifying Alternating Current (ACF

(positive pulse)

(wave form)
K(negative pulse)

K(sine wave)??

K
K

(N)

(negative voltage) K(positive voltage)

K

(S)

K(single-phase voltage)

KE213F

WE213F
(three-phase voltage)EF

K(DC)(AC)

F(AC)(rectification)

KE223F(diodes)E
-171-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

WWWE223F
EWbEFWaF

EF3EF3EF6W(power diodes) J1

54F? ?

K 25KE243

EF3W(exciter diodes) J2
KE2436F

KE223F(diode trio)??

KEF

(Half-wave Rectification) J1

EFE
233F

KEF
-172-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

E
F
KE233FEF

(half-wave rectification)

KE243FEF

WE233F
EWWF

(Full-wave Rectification) J2

243F

E
243FE

FK

K(full-wave rectification)??E
E243F

EF6(Y)

K
EB+FEF

(positive half-waves)KEBF

(negative half-waves)EF

E F
KE243F
-173-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(Y)WE243F

EWWF

J5 J4 J3 J2 J1F
E

EE FWUGWUpWUwF

WE253F

J2 J1F
-174-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

Eu, v, wE2F J3

E253F

E1253F(Y)

K E2253F

KE3253F

K(slightly rippled rectified voltage)

K(Ueff)E F K

(Reverse-current Block) J3

K(reversed-current block)

E F

K K

EThe Circuits of the AlternatorsF

(Excitation or Self-excitation Circuit) J2

EFW(Pre-excitation Circuit) J1
(Alternator or Main Circuit) J3

K (Y)

-175-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(Pre-excitation Circuit) J1

E263FE4F

(d)E3F(IB)
263F(G) KE2F

K(d)E2FE
K

WK W

(a) (c)EF

K E1.4Z0.7X2F

K E3F

WE263F

E W WF

J2WdWcWbWa J1F
J3

E J5 J4
-176-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(Alternator Warning Lamp) J1 J1

E3F

KE4F

E5F(G)

K

K

243122W

WE273F

E W WF

J2WdWcWbWa J1F
J3

E J5 J4
-177-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(Excitation (Self-excitation) Circuit)EF J2

(d)E273F

(u, v, w)

EDFF

EDFK

KE273F(1c)

(D+)KE 273F

K(DF)

KE F

EF K

K
K

(Alternator Circuit (Main Circuit))EF J3

EF KE243F
KE283F

30W

KE293F(u)(w) (v)
(v)WE283F
-178-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

E FEBF (B+) (1b)

KEF(w)(1c)

E293F30W

(v, w)KE(u)(v, w)F

(1b)

K(1c)EF

E FWE283F

E W WF

J2WdWcWbWa J1F
J3

E J5 J4

(u, v, w)WE293F

-179-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

E15B+FK
K

14

28 12

K24

EAlternator DriveF

KE303F

(V-belt)(V)(drive belt)
K(flexible coupling)

WE303F

-180-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

K J1

K J2

(V)

(two pulleys) K

EF

KE303F

(open flank)(V)

(transverse rigidity)E313F

(V-belt tension)K

(alternator bearings)

KE 313F
K

WE313F

J4 J3 J2 J1F
E J5

3F

-181-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

KE32

(transmission ratio)

WE323F

J3 J2 J1WF
E

E J5 J4WF

EAlternator CoolingF

(radiation)

(conduction)
K

8070 K

W
(internally ventilated alternators) J1
(externally cooled alternators) J2

(Internally Ventilated Alternators) J1

K

FE
333F

KE
333
-182-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(claw-pole alternators)

K(salient-pole alternators)

WE333F

W WF

W
E

333F(claw-pole alternators)

K E


K

333F(salient-pole alternators)

K E
KEF

(Externally Cooled Alternators) J2

E 333F

-183-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

K(convection)

(Diodes Cooling) J3

(Water-cooled Alternators) J4

FK

F K

KE
K

ETypes of AlternatorsF

W
K J1

K J2

K J3

K J4

KW J5
-184-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

K J6

K J7

K
K

8540W J1
16010512090E F
K

K161412 W J2

F W J3
K E

KW J4

W J5

K J6

J7
W
K(diode trio)

K W J8

E
FE
FE
FK

K
-185-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

WE FE
E2814F J1

J2

EXF J3

J1

(Claw-pole Alternators with Collector Rings)

J2

(Salient-pole Alternators with Collector Rings)

E
F J3

(Alternators with Winding less rotor (without collector rings))

J1
(Claw-pole Alternators with Collector Rings)

K K

E343F

K
E353F N1 K1G1

E353FT1
K

E 33F6K161412
K3K

-186-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

WE343F

J5 J4 J3 J2 J1F

J6

E J8
J7

WE353F

J2

(Salient-pole Alternators with Collector Rings)

E363F

E
24F
E 100F K
-187-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(T2)
WE363F

J5 J4 J3 J2
J1F

J10 J9 J8 J7 J6
J11

J14 J13 J12

J15

E J19 J18 J17 J16

(T2, U2)
WE373F

-188-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

363F

K E
F

(B+, B-)KE12

KE373F(T2)EFE363F

3F
(U2)

K E37

E F J3

(Alternators with Winding less rotor (without collector rings))

K(Brushless Alternators)? ?

K(worm-gear transmission)

393F(N3)E383F

KE

-189-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(N3) WE383F

J4 J3 J2 J1F

J8 J7 J6 J5
J9

E J11 J10

KE393F

K
KK

-190-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(N3) WWE393F

J3 J2 J1F
E J4

-191-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

EAlternators Characteristic CurvesF

E F
K

(n)(I)(P)

KE403F

K K

WE403F
N1

(Current Characteristic Curve (I))( I ) J1

(Minimum speed)Wno

EL 1000FEnoF

K K
-192-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(Speed when engine idling) WnL

KnL

(Current when engine idling)nL WIL

EILF K E403F

KEF

K 1.41.1EILF
(Speed at 2/3 rated current)3L2WN2/3

3L2KE2500Z25
F

FK (IN)
KE

(n2/3)(nL)

(Speed at rated current)WnN

K(2/3IN)(IL)
(Rated current)WIN

K(IN) (nN)

(IN)

(Maximum speed)Wnmax
(Maximum current)WImax

KEnmaxF EImaxF

L1500010000K

(Characteristic Curve of Power Input (P))( P ) J2

E F

KE F
-193-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(Explanation of Alternator Type-Code) EF J3

F28 E413F

E F E
24
12F14 E423F

K KE

24 WWE413F
W

WE413F

FE 139130FEF WN
E

W W1

W1
-194-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

W2

WWEF

F W3
E
WEFERF

WEFELF

WEFERLF

55W55 A

28W28 V

EL2500F3L2EFW25

-195-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

12 WE423F


E413FE423F

KE2412F

E413F

3L2 FL 1500
KE

-196-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

EMajor Differences between DC & AC GeneratorsF

K
K

E13F

EF

EF

EF
EF

E
E

-197-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

EF

WE13F

E433F

KEF

(I)WE433F
(n)

E J2 J1F

K
K

ECurrent Calculation and Determining Correct AlternatorF

WE
-198-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

J1
K(Pw1)

J2
K(Pw2)

E2FE1F J3
Pw = Pw1 + Pw2K(Pw)

J4
K(Pw)(IN)

(IN) J5
K

(IL)

(Pw1) J1
K(Iw1)(Pw1)

F1.3(Iw1) J2
K(I1)(Pw1)E

(nL) (IL) J3
KEIL = 2/3 INF

(IL I1) J4
K

-199-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

K1-14 V 55 A 20 W

KE F

E1F J

WEF
8

E1ZF

E1ZF

WEF
20

10

70

10

100

10

12
110

E2F J

WEF

40

0.5

WEF
80

60

0.5

120

15

0.25

60

4.2

0.1

42

4.2

0.1

42

0.1

70

3.5

0.1

35

E12F E3F J
800 675 550 450 350 250

950
800
675
550
450 350
90
75 65
55
45
35
-200-

250

Pw (W)

28

IN (A)

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

Pw1 = 350 (W)WE1F J1

Pw2 = 134 (W)WE2F J2

Pw = Pw1 + Pw2 = 350 + 134 = 484 (W)W J3

IN = 55 (A)WE3F J4

W J5
Iw1 = Pw1/14 = 350/14 = 25 (A)
W(Pw1) J6

I1 = 1.3 x Iw1 = 1.3 x 25 = 33 (A)

IL = 2/3 IN = 2/3 x 55 = 36 (A)WE443F J7

IL > I1 J8

55F

E F

KEL2000

K
K

WE443F

-201-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(Alternator Accessories)

(Alternator Vacuum Pump) EF J1

(vane pump) EF

KE453F

EF EF
K

E F

(throttle valve)
K

WE453F

( Alternator Capacitors) J2

EF

EAlternators AdvantagesF

K
K

-202-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

EF J1
J2

J3
K

K J4

E F
J5

K J6

K J7
K J8

K J9

-203-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

W
(VOLTAGE REGULATORS)

EVoltage Regulators FunctionF

(Voltage Regulator)
KE463F

WE463F

EF
K

-204-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

J1
KEF

K J2

K J3

K J4

EVoltage Regulation and Over-voltage ProtectionF

(Voltage Regulation) J1

K
FKE F

E F E

K3 K
K

E F

E FK
KE473F

E
14.614.2FE473F

KE1513F15.514.5
K(sensing voltage)??K

-205-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

WE473F

K E F
K(trickle charge)

ETemperature CompensationF J2

EF

??K(temperature-sensitive resistor)EF
K(thermistor)

-206-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

EF

EField CircuitsF J3

WK

W(Field B-circuit)A J1

K
KE483F (B+)

BWAWWE483F

W(Field A-circuit)B J2

KE 483F K
K(B)

W(isolated field circuit) J3

K (B+)

E493F

KE493F(B+)

-207-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

WE493F

WWF
EB+

EOver-voltage ProtectionF J4

E503F

WE503F

KE
K

K350

-208-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

KE

(zener diode ZD)KE503

K(decay diode)

12

KE1513F

KE513F(B+)
K(Iz)

12WE513F

J2 J1FW E1FWF
EE J4 J3

EVoltage Regulators TypesF

(electromechanical regulators)

K Eelectromagnetic F

(transistorized/electronic regulators)L
K

(ECM)

K(computer-controlled)

-209-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

F700010KE523F

KE

K(ON-OFF cycle)

WE523F
K 400

K90(OFF)10(ON)

K10(OFF)90(ON)
KE533FE F

WE533F
EWWF

(temperature compensation)

-210-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

EF J1
(Electromechanical or electromagnetic Voltage Regulators)
L J2
(Transistorized/Electronic Voltage Regulators)
F J3
(Engine Computer Control System) KE

EF J1
(Electromechanical (electromagnetic) Voltage Regulators)
???

?E543F?

KE553F

K

EFWE543F

WE FWF
E F

J1 J1

E543F

(current Regulator)(cutout relay) W

K(voltage regulator)
K
-211-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

EF

(regulating resistance)E4F
K E
553F

??

?
?

E553F0(single-unit electromagnetic vibrating-type regulators)

FWE553F
E

J4 J3 J2 J1FWF
J1FWEG J6 J5
J4 J3 J2
-212-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

EE J5

J2 J1

543F

KE 553

KEF

E
F

KE563F

E 563F
K

WE563F

WEFWF
E

E F

WE563F

J1
K
-213-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

J2

EF
KE2F(voltage Regulator)

J3

K4L32

J4
(resistor) 4L3

K4L3

(regulator armature)
K

J5

J6
K

K4L3

(Transistorized/Electronic Voltage Regulators)L J2

(electronic voltage regulators)(transistorized voltage regulators)

Eintegrated circuit voltage regulators JF

K

K
-214-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(diodes)(integrated circuits)(power transistors)

K(solid state parts)

3F K

KE57
KE583F

WE573F

WE583F

J4 J3 J2 J1F
J8 J7 J6 J5
E J9

-215-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

7000 (on/off)L

EF

K
K

2F E593F

593F E

(break-down KE

Fpoint)

KE

KK

WE593F

EWWF

3F(regulator)

3FEdiode trio JF E58

-216-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

K E2FKE60


E1FWTR1
E2FWTR2
E3FWTR3
E1FWC1
WD1
WD2
(thermistor)WR2
WR1, R3, R4, R5

WE603F

(diode trio)(stator)

(indicator light)

K(R3)

(stator)

(D1)(R3)

(off)(TR1, TR3)(on)(TR2)
K(TR1)

(D1)(R3)

(TR1, TR3)(off)(TR2)

K (on)
K

(R4)(R3) (C1)

K(TR1)
-217-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(D2)(TR1)

K(off) (TR1)

K(R2)(thermistor)

EF J3

(Computer-Controlled Voltage Regulation or Engine Computer Control System)

(ECUs)

F(electronic control units (ECUs))

Eengine computer J

E F

(logic module)

KE613F(power module)

WE613F

-218-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

K (the duty cycle)? ?

K
KE623F50

Eon-time/off-timeLFWE623F

E FK 400
K

K10(on-time)

75
K

K J1

K J2

(magnetic drag) J3
K(horsepower)

J4
FEF
E633FE

K
-219-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

WE633F

EHybrid RegulatorsF J4

(hybrid techniques)

E FEF

K(film techniques)(ceramic plate)

KEF

643F

(control stage) KE
(integrated circuit (IC))K(power stage)

F
-220-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

E
KE643F K

J2EF J1F WWE643F

WE J5 J4 J3
E J3 J2 J1F

E643F

E FK

E FK

-221-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

KE F

F
E

-222-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

W
ECharging System Maintenance and TestingF

(Charging System Inspection and Maintenance)

KK

J1

K J2

K J3

J4
K

J5
K

J6
K

K J7

J8
KE F
-223-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

E 13
F J9
KE6F

K J10

K J11

(Charging System Testing)

E653FK

W K

F(Area Tests) J1
KEFE

F(Bench Tests) J2
KE

WE653F

J2 J1F

J4EF J3
J
E
-224-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

ECharging-system Area TestsF J1

(Testing the Drive Belt Tension) J1 J1

E
663FK
E 673FK
K

WWWE663F

E673F

KK

WE673F
-225-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(Charging-system Output Test) J2 J1

J1
KE683F

K J2

KL2300 J3

J4
K

K13 J5

K(off) J6

K15 J7

WE683F
15

KEF

-226-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

15K

(Full-field Test) J3 J1

F
K

K(regulator by-pass test)??K

(test hole)K
KE693F

WE693F

E683F

KEF J1

-227-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

15 J2
K

E18F16 J3
K(off) J4

K J5

(Oscilloscope Checks)EF J4 J1

E703FKEF

K KE

EF WE703F

WC WB WAF

EWD
-228-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(Alternator Bench Tests) J2

K
K

(Check Brushes) J1 J2

KKE

(Rotor Tests) J2 J2

(open circuit)

K (test lamp)
K

EFWWE713F
EFW

3F(short to ground circuit)

-229-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

E71

(ohmmeter)
KKE713F

(Stator Tests) J3 J2

(open circuit)

KE F

KE723F

(short to ground circuit)

E F

KK

K KE723F

EFWWE723F
EFW

-230-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

(Diodes Tests) J4 J2

KK

KE
733F

K
EF

KK

(diode trio)

KE733F

WWE733F
W

-231-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

W
ECharging System TroublesF

E23F

K
W

W J1
K
K

W J2

K
K

W J3

K1613
K

J4
EFW

-232-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

J1

J2

J1

J2

J3 J3

J4

J4

J5

J5

J6 J6

J1

J1

J2 EF J2

J3

J3

J4

J4

J1

J1

J2

J2

J3

J3

J1

J1

J2

J2

J3 J3

-233-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

J4

J4

J5 J5

J1

J1

J2 J2

J3

J3

J4

J4

J1

J1

J2 F J2

J3 J3

J4

J4

J5

J5

J6

J6

J7 J7

WE23F

-234-

??

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

E1F

WEXFEFW
KEF J1

J2
KEF

KEF EF J3

KEF J4

KEF J5

WW
W J1

W J2

W J3

W J4

-235-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

W J5

WW

J1

J3

K J2

J4

J5

-236-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

E2F

WEXFEFW
KEF J1

KEF

J2

KEF J3

? ? J4
KEF

KEF J5

WW
W

J1

W J2

(ECM)

W J3

(L)

(F)

(BAT)

(P)EF

J4
-237-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

W J5

(ECM)

WW

K J1

J3

J2

K J4

K J5

-238-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

E1F

W
J1

E FX J2

J4

EFX J3

EFX J5

W
J1

J2

J4

J3

J5

J1
W
K

W J2

K J

F J
KE

J
-239-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

KE F
F
KE

K J

K J

W J3

J
KEF

K J

K J
K J

J4
K

W J5
J

EF J

-240-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

E2F

W
EFX J1

EFX J2

J4

J3

EFX J5

W
J1

J2

J4

J3

J5

W
W J1
J
J

W J2

EF J

J
K

K J

E F

J
-241-

122

ECHARGING SYSTEMF

K J

K J
K J

K J

K J3
W J4

EF J

F J

L J
KE

W J5

-242-

122

1985?? J1

ISBN 3 88301 009 - X

1985?? J2

?? J

K
ISBN 3 88301 012 - X

1- Auto Electricity and Electronics Technology - 1998

James E. Duffy
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., Tinley Park, Illinois
ISBN 1-56637-441-3
2- Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical, Electronic, and Computer
Systems - 1997
James D. Halderman
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Columbus, Ohio
ISBN 0-13-520578-6
3- Automotive Electric/Electronic Systems - 1988
Robert Bosch GmbH
ISBN 3-18-419110-9 / 0-89883-509-7
4- Battery Ignition Systems
Bosch Technical Instruction
ISBN 1-85-226003-3
5- Starting Systems
Bosch Technical Instruction
ISBN 1-85-226016-5
6- Alternators
- 243 -

122

Bosch Technical Instruction

ISBN 1-85-226005-X
7- Automotive Symbols and Circuit Diagrams
Bosch Technical Instruction
ISBN 1-85-226015-7
8- "Auto Fundamentals" - 2000
Martin W. Stockel, Martin T. Stockel, and Chris Johanson
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., Tinley Park, Illinois
ISBN 1-56637-577-0
9- Automotive Encyclopedia - 1995
William K. Toboldt, Larry Johnson, and W. Scott Gauthier
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., Tinley Park, Illinois
ISBN 1-56637-150-3
10- Automotive Technology - 2000
Jack Erjavec
Delmar, Thomson Learning
ISBN 0-7668-0673-1
11- Auto Diagnosis, Service, and Repair - 2003
Martin W. Stockel, Martin T. Stockel, and Chris Johanson
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., Tinley Park, Illinois
ISBN 1-56637-910-5
12- Auto Service & Repair - 1996
Martin W. Stockel, Martin T. Stockel, and Chris Johanson
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., Tinley Park, Illinois
ISBN 1-56637-144-9
13- Automotive Mechanics
Crouse Anglin - 10th Edition
The McGraw-Hill Book Company
14- The Auto Book" 3rd Edition
William H. Crouse and Donald L. Anglin
The McGraw-Hill Book Company
15- Automobile Electrical & Electronic Systems"
Tom Denton
ISBN 0-340-73795-8
16- Auto Mechanics Fundamentals - 1996
Martin W. Stockel and Martin
- 244 -

122

The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., Tinley Park, Illinois

17- Automotive Technicians Handbook
William H. Crouse and Donald L. Anglin
The McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 0-0701-475

- 245 -

122

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
1 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EBATTERYFW
2 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EIntroductionF
2 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Battery Functions)
3 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Types of Batteries)
3 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Lead-Acid Batteries)EF J1
11 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W(Discharge Cycle) J1 J2 J1
12 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W(Charge Cycle) J2 J2 J1
14 K K K K K K K K (Advantages and Disadvantages) J3 J1
14 K K K K K K K K K K (Cell Electromotive Force) J1 J4 J1
15 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J3 J4 J1

15 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Charging Voltage & Current and Fast Charging)

17 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Alkaline Batteries) J2
20 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J3
23 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J1
23 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J2
23 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Recombination Batteries) J4
24 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Hybrid Batteries) J5
26 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Battery Ratings)
26 EECold Cranking Amperes Rating(CCAF J1
26 K K K K K K K K K K K EEReserve Capacity Rating (RCF J2
27 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EAmpere-Hour RatingF J J3
27 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EWatt RatingF J4
27 K K K K K K K (Activating a New Dry Charged Battery)EF
29 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Battery Voltage and Capacity)
29 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EBattery VoltageF J1
29 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EBattery CapacityF J2
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33 K K K K K K K (Battery Size & Capacity Selection)

36 K K K K K K K K K K K (Factors Affecting Battery Life)
36 K K K K K K K K K (Improper Electrolyte Levels) J1
36 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ECorrosionFEF J2
37 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Overcharging) J3
38 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Poor Mounting) J4
38 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Heavy Cycling) J5
39 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Sulfating) J6
40 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EBattery DrainsF
40 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Shorts) J1
40 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EParasitic LoadsF J2
41 K K K K K K K K K K (Jump-Starting an Engine)EF
43 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EBattery Inspection and TestingF
43 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Visual Inspection) J1
44 K K K K K K K K (Electrolyte Test or Hydrometer Test) J2
48 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EBattery VoltageF J3
52 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Battery Chargers)
53 K K K K K K K K K K K K K (High-Rate Fast Charging) J1
55 K K K K K K K K K K K K (Constant-Potential Charging) J2
55 K K K K K K K K (Constant-Current Slow Charging) J3
55 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Trickle Charging) J4
56 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Battery Troubles)
60 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Battery Maintenance)
61 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E1F
63 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E2F
65 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E1F
66 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J
66 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J
67 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E2F
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68 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W J2
68 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W J3
69 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (STARTING SYSTEM)W
70 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EIntroductionF
70 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EStarting-system FunctionF
71 K K K K K K K K K K K K EStarting-system ComponentsF
74 K K K K K EStarting-motor Principles & OperationF
74 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Armature Winding) J1
75 K K K K K K K K K K K K (Commutator Segments)E F J2
76 K K K K K K K K K K K K (Simple DC Motor) J3
77 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Field Pole Shoes) J4
78 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EStarter ConstructionF
80 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Electric Starter Motor) J1
83 K K K K K (Solenoid Switch and Relay) EF J2
87 K K K K K K K K K K K (Pinion-engaging Drive) J3
93 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EStarter OperationF
93 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Axial Travel) J1
96 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Helical Travel) J2
96 K K K K K K (Pinion Disengagement) J3
96 K K K K K K K K K K K K (Starting Neutral Safety Switch)
98 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ERelays and SwitchesF
99 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ESeries-parallel SwitchF J J1
100 K K K EElectromechanical Start-locking RelayF J2
101 K K K K K K K K EElectronic Start-locking RelayF J3
101 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EStarter Designs & TypesF
101 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Starter Designs) J1
105 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Starter Types) J2
110 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Starter Labelling) J3
111 K K K K K K K EStarting Motor with Planetary GearsetF
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115 K K K K K K K K K K K K EStarter Characteristic CurvesF

115 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (U - I Curve) J1
115 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (n - I Curve) J2
116 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (M - I Curve) J3
117 K K K K K K K K K K K K (n - M Curve) J4
118 K K K K K J5
119 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EStarting-System TestsF
120 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EOn-car TestsF J1
123 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EBench TestsF J2
128 K K K K K K K K K K K K (Installing the Starting System)
128 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Installing the Starter) J1
129 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Main Starter Cable) J2
130 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Starter Switch)EF J3
131 K K K K K K K K K K K K K EStarting-system TroublesF
136 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EStarter MaintenanceF
138 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E1F
140 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E2F
142 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E1F
144 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E2F
146 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (CHARGING SYSTEM)W
147 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EIntroductionF
148 K K K K K K K EImportance of Automotive Charging SystemF
148 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ECharging System ComponentsF
150 K K K K K K K K K K ETypes of Electrical GeneratorsF
150 K K K K K K K K K K K K (Direct-current (DC) Generators) J1
151 K K K K K K K K K K (Alternating-current (AC) Generator) J2
151 K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Conventional DC Generators)
151 K K K K K K K K K K K K (DC Generator Construction) J1
153 K K K K K K K K (DC Generator Operating principle) J2
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154 K K K K K K K K K K K (DC Generator Disadvantages) J3

156 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
156 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Importance of Alternators)
158 K K K K K K K K K K K EPrinciples of Alternator OperationF
162 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EConstruction of an AlternatorF
166 K K K K K K K K ETypes of Stator Windings ConnectionsF
167

(Star (Wye) - connected Stator Windings)EYF J1

167 K K K (Delta - connected Stator Windings)EF J2

169 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (U-I Relationship) J3
171 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EERectifying Alternating Current (ACF
172 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Half-wave Rectification) J1
173 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Full-wave Rectification) J2
175 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Reverse-current Block) J3
175 K K K K K K K K K K EThe Circuits of the AlternatorsF
176 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Pre-excitation Circuit) J1
178 K K K K K K (Excitation (Self-excitation) Circuit)EF J2
178 K K K K K K K K K (Alternator Circuit (Main Circuit))EF J3
180 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EAlternator DriveF
182 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EAlternator CoolingF
182 K K K K K K K K K K (Internally Ventilated Alternators) J1
183 K K K K K K K K K K K (Externally Cooled Alternators) J2
184 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Diodes Cooling) J3
184 K K K K K K K K K (Water-cooled Alternators) J4
184 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ETypes of AlternatorsF
186 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J1
187 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J2
189 K K K K K K K K K K E F J3
192 K K K K K EAlternators Characteristic CurvesF
192 K K K K K K K K K (Current Characteristic Curve (I))( I ) J1
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193 K K K (Characteristic Curve of Power Input (P))( P ) J2

194 K K K (Explanation of Alternator Type-Code) EF J3
197 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
198 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
202 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Alternator Accessories)
202 K K K K K K K K K(Alternator Vacuum Pump) EF J1
202 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ( Alternator Capacitors) J2
202 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EAlternators AdvantagesF
204 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
204 K K K K K K K K K K K K K EVoltage Regulators FunctionF
205 K K K KEVoltage Regulation and Over-voltage ProtectionF
205 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Voltage Regulation) J1
206 K K K K K K K K K K K K K ETemperature CompensationF J2
207 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

EField CircuitsF J3

208 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EOver-voltage ProtectionF J4

209 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EVoltage Regulators TypesF
211 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EF J1
214 (Transistorized/Electronic Voltage Regulators)L J2
218 K K EF J3
220 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EHybrid RegulatorsF J4
223 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
223 K K K K K K K (Charging System Inspection and Maintenance)
224 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K (Charging System Testing)
225 K K K K K K K K K ECharging-system Area TestsF J1
229 K K K K K K K K K K K (Alternator Bench Tests) J2
232 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
235 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E1F
237 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E2F
239 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E1F
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241 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E2F
243 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

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