W

? ? ? ?

K {

KW

{

{

K{

{
{
W

K W

(Digital Economy)

EFK

????

GPS

K
K

(Sensors)

K{

? ?
K??

{
K

K EF

K

K

K K

Introduction to Electronic Communications

KJ

K
W

J
J

10:

--

Introduction-

K
KEFEF

Historical Review

K
KAM
KFM

KFM

{
{

Analog Communications System

K

W
K+5V

{
W

{E
F{EF

K1-1KEF

--

1-1

-

E F

KE

W(AM) J
(Amplitude

KModulation)

(FM) J

K(Frequency Modulation)

(PM) J

K(Phase Modulation)

KEF

(modulated wave)
--

K
PMFMAM

KK(Demodulated Signal)
1-2

J
Ease of Radiation

E
FK
K

{ 3000100

10F 3000100

KE 300
K

{ 300100 K

K1-2
--

K30

WKEF

{{

Simultaneous Transmission of many Signals

J
K

{
Frequency K

Division Multiplexing (FDM)

K

Electromagnetic Spectrum-

{ 1-1K
W

c
f

[m]

(1-1)
W

L300000000ZWC
KW

--

W-

(VLF)

100km-10km

3kHz-30kHz

10km-1km

30kHz-300kHz

(LF)

1000m-1km

300kHz-3MHz

(MF)

1000m-10m

3MHz-30MHz

(HF)

100m-10m

30MHz-300MHz

10m-1m

300MHz-3GHz

10cm-1cm

3GHz-30GHz

1cm-1mm

30GHz-300GHz

(VHF)
(UHF)
(SHF)

(EHF)

,M: medium ,F: Frequency ,H: High , L: Low ,V: very

.E: Extremely, S: Super, U: Ultra

EFK

(1 KHz)1

(100 KHz)100
(10 MHz)10

K
W

(1-1)K

= 1000Hz :

= 10 H

c
3 10 8
=
= 300 Km
f
1000

c
3 10 8
=
=
= 3 Km
f
10 5
c
3 10 8
=
=
= 30 m
f
10 6

=10 Hz :
--

{ K

EF
1-1

(LF){(VLF)J

KW(MF)J

{
W(HF)J

{
W(VHF)J

K{{

{ W(UHF)J

K{

W(SHF)

K{

K{W(EHF)J
{
{

K1-2

300-3400{Voice Frequency VF

--

K2 -1

C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
J
J
K
K

VHF
L
S
S
C
C
X
X
Ku
K
K
Ka

500 MHG - 1GHz
1GHz - 2GHz
2GHz - 3GHz
3GHz - 4GHz
4GHz - 6GHz
6GHz - 8GHz
8GHz - 10GHz
10GHz - 12.4GHz
12.4GHz - 18GHz
18GHz - 20GHz
20GHz - 26.5GHz
26.5GHz - 40GHz

EHF, SHF , UHF

K(300MHz 300GHz)

WEHF

{1016Hz1012Hz J

{Visible{infraredW
Kultraviolet

K1018HzX-rays J

Gama rays J
K1020Hz

( cosmic photons) J
K1032Hz

LaserFiber Optics

E4.285C1014HzF
14

KE7.5C10 HzF

K1-3
--

1-3

Bandwidth -

(BWlnf){

K(BWch )

Bw inf Bw ch

K
(1-2)

WBWinf

KWBWch

1-2

500

K5000

K(BWch)K

K
Bwch = 5000 - 500 = 4500 KHz
(Bwinformation)K
Bwinf = 3400 - 300 = 3100 KHz

--

K
BWinf = 30 MHz - 3 MHz = 27 MHz

Transmission Modes
-
W
KSimplex (SX)K

Half Duplex K

KEF(HDX)

Full Duplex K

K{(FDX)

KFull/Full Duplex(F/FDX)

Noise -

K
K
W

Uncorrelated Noise--

W{

External NoiseK

{
W

K{{
- -

(Internal Noise) K

K {
Johnson Noise
K

K
K
{White Noise

KPartition noiseShot noiseK

K
transit noise

{
K

Correlated Noise --

K
{

KAmplitude Modulation: AMthunderstorms

K
K100MHz
FMWFrequency Modulation
K[88MHz 108 MHz]

- -

K Thermal noise

Johnson

WK
N = KTB

(1-3)
:

(Watts)WN

(Hertz)WB

(Kelvin)WT

WKelvin
T = C + 273

1.38 10 23

Joules
ZWK
Kelvin

{dBDecibel

WK10(1 3)10
NdB = 10 Log ( KTB )
[ dB]
(1-4)
W
KWNdB

1-3

K1017

KJ

KJ
W

N = KTB =1.38 X 10-23 X (17+273) X 10 X 103 =4 X10 -17Watts

NdB = 10 Log ( KTB ) = 10 Log (4 X10-17 ) -164 dB

- -

Signal to Noise ration --

K
WK

P
S
= s
N
Pn

(1-5)

Ps
S
= 10 Log
N dB
Pn

(1-6)
W
S

N
dB

KW
W

KW

Ps
PN

Vs
S

=
Log
20

N
dB
Vn

(1-7)

I
S
= 20 Log s
N dB
In

(1-8)

1-4

{0.01W10W

S
K

dB

- -

10
S
P
= s =
= 1000 K
0 . 01
N
Pn

Ps
S
= 10 Log
N dB
Pn

= 10 Log (1000) = 30dB K

Spectral Analysis-

K
{
K

{ {

{
K

Fourier Expansion --

V(t)

{ K
K{

{T{ V(t)

WK

v ( t ) = A 0 + A1 cos( wt ) + A 2 cos( 2 wt ) + ... + A n cos( nwt ) +

B 0 + B1 Sin ( wt ) + A2 sin( 2 wt ) + ... + An sin( nwt )

(1-9)

W(1 9)

V(t) = A 0 + fundamenta l + 2 nd harmonic +

3 rd harmonic + . + n th harmonic

(1-10)
W

K(DC value)WA0
- -

WFundamental

K(f1)

W2nd harmonic
K

f =2.f1

Bn . B2, B1, An . , A1 , A0

1
A0 =
T

v ( t ) dt

2
An =
T

2
B
=
n

(1-11)

v ( t ) cos( nwt ) dt

(1-12)

v ( t ) sin( nwt ) dt

(1-13)

(1-9) V(t)(1-7)

V(t) = A0 + A1 cos wt + A2 cos 2 wt + .. t An cos nwt

(1-14)

W(1-9)V(t)
V(t) = A0 + B1 sinwt + B2 sin 2 wt + .. t Bn sin nwt

(1-15)

1-5

KEF

v(t)

+2V

T/4

3T/4 T

2V
0.5 m s

- -

K K

KEF K
K K

WEF K
v ( t ) = A 0 + A1 cos( wt ) + A 2 cos( 2 wt ) + ... + A n cos( nwt )

1
=
T

Ao

1
v ( t ) dt =
T

2
T

T
4

1
2 dt +
T

v ( t ) cos(

t ) dt

3T
4

T
4

1
2 dt +
T

2 dt

= 0

3T
4

3T
T4
T
4
2
A1 =
2 cos( wt ) dt + 2 cos( wt ) dt + 2 cos( wt ) dt
T 0
3T
T

4
4

A2= 0

A3 =

&

8
3

v (t ) =

cos( t )

8
cos( 3 t )
3

W K

f =

1
1
=
= 2000 Hz
3
T
0 . 5 10

f=2KHz
fs = 3f = 3x2K = 6KHz

- -

W K

V(f)
8

8
3

2KHz

6KHz

- -

F (Hz)

K K

K
K

K K

K{{{W K

K K

K K

K
K

K K

K K

K K

W
K K

K K

K K

K K

K K
- -

K K

Amplitude K

KFrequency ModulationModulation

K527

K K

{ K
K K

K K

W
K(1-6)(1-5)

0.02 20

K K

K K

K K

KV(t) K
K K

- -

T K
K K

K K

KK

K K
K K

- -

EF

E F

EF

 EFW

Amplitude Modulation (AM) Transmission

K K

KEF K

K K
K AM K

K K
W
K
K

K
K

J
J
J

KAM

12W

- -

EF

-

{

(information)

(Carrier)

Km(t) {{
K(PM){(FM){(AM)

{
{
{

AM K
K(demodulation)

{
K(AM)
Amplitude Modulation

-
(AM)J

Km(t)

AM Modulator J

2-1K(Modulated wave){

KW2-1
- -

EF

Generation of AM SignalsEFJ

Amplitude Modulation Double Sideband Full Carrier (AM SBFC)

KAM"AM DSBFC"

{Vm(t)=Em Sin(2 fmt)2-2

VAM(t)Vc(t)=Ec Sin(2 fct)

{AM 2-2

2-2K

K
{

AM
K

KAM{{2-2

(Modulated Wave Characteristics)J

WEF

K(fc)

- -

EF

KEF

KEF
KEF

AM Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth-

AM Frequency SpectrumJ

E10F{

K
K2-3(fc)
Carrier
Lower Sideband

Upper Sideband

Lower Side Frequencies

Upper Side Frequencies

F (Hz)

fc fm(max)

fc

fc fm(max)

AM2-3

Wfc2-3

Upper Sideband (USB)

Wfc+fm fc

f c USB f c + f m

(2-1)
Upper Side Frequency (USF)USB

WUSF

f usf = f c + f m
- -

(2-2)

EF

WfUSF
Wfc

KEFWfm

Lower Sideband (LSB)

W
f c f m LSB f c
(2-3)
Lower Side Frequency LSB

WLSF(LSF)

(2-4)
AM Bandwidth J
Lsf

W2-3EF

BW

AM

(fc

+ fm

BW

AM

) ( f c

= 2 fm

fm

)=

2 fm

WAM
[Hz]
(2-5)
W

K(Hz)AMWBWAM

K(Hz)EFWfm
2-1

{EAMDSBFC modulatorF

Kfm= 5kHzfc=100kHz
W

KLSBUSB K
BWAM K

KfmZ3kHz(USF) K

KfmZ3kHz(LSF) K
K K

- -

EF

2-1

W(2-1)K

f c USB f c + f m

100 kHz USB

f

AM

LSB

LSB

95 KHz
BW

105 KHz

(2-3)
f

100 KHz
(2-5)K

= 2 f m = 2 5 KHz

= 10 KHz

f usf = f c + f m

(2-2)K
= 100 KHz + 3 KHz = 103 KHz
f

Lsf

fc fm

2-4K

= 100 KHz - 3 KHz = 97 KHz

- -

EF

-
Coefficient of Modulation and Percent Modulation
Coefficient of ModulationJ
AM

WK

m =

Em
Ec

(2-6)

EFWm

EFWEm

KEFWEc

Percent Modulation (M)

W{

Em
100 %
Ec

(2-7)

2-4Ec , Em , m

K EmEc {2-4

V max
V min

W2-4
= Ec + Em
(2-8)
= Ec Em
(2-9)

- -

EF

(2-9) , (2-8)

Ec =

1
(Vmax Vmin )
2

(2-10)

2-92-8

1
2

E m = (Vmax + Vmin )

(2-11)

AMWVmax

AMWVmin

{
EAMF

Em

Em = EUSF + ELSF
(2-12)

(2-12)

EUSF=ELSF
(2-13)
(2-12)(2-13)

E USF = E LSF =

Em
2

(2-14)

W(2-14)(2-10)
1
4

E USF = E LSF = (V max V min )

(2-15)
W

[Volts]WEUSF

[Volts]WELSF

- -

EF

K(2-7)Em=Ec100%

K(2-9)100%Vmin=0

W

K100%AM2-5

AM2-2

K J

K J

AM J

K J

KJ

- -

EF

2-2

W(2-15) J
E USF = E LSF =

1
(V max V min ) = 1 (18 2 ) = 8V
4
2

(2-10)

Ec =

1
(Vmax + Vmin ) = 1 (18 + 2 ) = 10V
2
2
Ec=10V

Em =

(2-11)

(2-6)

1
(Vmax Vmin ) = 1 (18 2) = 8V
2
2

M =

Em
8
=
= 0 .8
Ec
10

E m
100
Ec

(2-7)J
% = 0 . 8 100

% = 80 %

AM-
AM Voltage Distribution (AM) Vam(t)
{ { {

{
KAM
V c (t ) = E c

W
sin( 2 f c t )
(2-16)

(Volts)WVc(t)
(Volts)WEc
Wfc

AM(repetation rate) J
KEF

- -

EF

KAM

{Em+EcAM J

WAM
V am ( t ) = [Ec + E m sin( 2 f m t ) ]sin 2 f c t
(2-17)

W [Ec + Em sin(2f mt )]

(Volts)WEm
(Hz)Wfm

am

(t ) =

[Ec

+ mE

sin(

(2.6)
Em = mEc
(2-18)
W(2.15)(2.8)
2 f m t ) ]sin( 2 f c t )
(2-19)

V am ( t ) = [1 + m sin( 2 f m t ) ]E c sin( 2 f c t )

V am ( t ) = E c sin( 2 f c t ) + mE c sin( 2 f m t )( E c sin( 2 f c t ))

(2-20)
G
1
2

sin sin = [cos( ) cos( + ) ]

(2-21)

W(2-20)(2-21)

V am ( t ) = E c sin 2 f c t

mE c
mE c
cos 2 ( f c + f m ) t +
cos 2 ( f c f m ) t
2
2

(2-22)

(Volts)WEc Sin(2fct)

(Volts)W mEc cos 2 ( f c + f m )t

2
mE
(Volts)W c cos 2 ( f c f m )t
2

- -

EF

W(2-22)

K K
Ec(mod ulated ) = Ec(un mod ulated ) (2-23)
K K

{100% K
KE

Ec
2

F
W

E m = E usf + E Lsf
Em =

Ec
E
+ c = Ec
2
2

Vmax = Ec + Em = Ec + Ec = 2 Ec

Vmin = Ec Em = Ec Ec = 0

Em=1F
{

K2-5 .{Vmin=0Vmax= 2 Ec

2-6K
(2-22)(AM DSBFC)

AM DSBFC2-6

(cycle)W(2-22)
K

90180

E-F

K(2-22)

- -

EF

2-3

K20Vp500KHz AM

10kHz

WK7.5Vp

K J

K J

K J
K J

KJ
K J

K J

K J

2-3

(2-4) , (2-2)J

f usf = f c + f m = 500 K + 10 K = 510 KHz

f Lsf = f c f m = 500 K 10 K = 490 KHz

W(2-7), (2-6)WJ
m=
M =

E m 7.5
=
= 0.375
Ec
20

Em
7 .5
100 % =
100 % = 37 . 5 %
20
Ec

Ec(modulated) = Ec(un modulated) = 20V

(2-23)J

W(2-22)J

E USF = E LSF =

Vmax

mE c 0.375 20
=
= 3.75V
2
2

W(2-9) , (2-8)J
= E c + E m = 20 + 7.5 = 27.5V

Vmin = Ec Em = 20 7.5 = 12.5V

- -

EF

W(2-22)J

Vam (t ) = Ec sin 2f c t

mEc
mEc
cos 2 ( f c + f m )t +
cos 2 ( f c f m )t
2
2

V am ( t ) = 20 sin( 2 500 Kt ) 3 . 75 cos( 2 510 Kt ) + 3 . 75 cos( 2 490 Kt )

WJ

AM Power DistributionAM-
W

V2
P=
R

(2-24)
W

P av

2
V rms
=
R

V rms =

(2-25)

(2-26)
2
(2-25)(2-26)

Pav =

V2
2R

- -

(2-27)

EF

.R (2-27)

E C2
PC =
2R

(2-28)
W

(Volts)WPc

(Volts)WEc

(Ohms)WR

K
2

mEC

m 2 EC2
2
R

=
Pusf = PLsf =
(2-29)
2R
8R
W(2-29)(2-28)

1 2
m PC
(2-30)
4
AM

PUsf = PLsf =

PT = PC + PUsf + PLsf
1 2
1 2
=
+
+
P
P
m
P
m PC
C
C
T
4
4

m2
PT = 1 + 2 PC

(2-31)
(2-32)

{(2-31)

W(2-32)

W2-7(2-31)

- -

EF

KAM DSBFC2-7

W100%

PUsf = P Lsf =

PC
4

(2-33)

(2-30)m=1

PC
P TUsf =
(2-34)
2
100%W
(2-34)(2-33)

AM BSBFC

KAM DSBFC

2-4

WAM DSBFC

W100%10w{10Vp
W

K K

K K

K K
- -

EF

K K
2-4

(2-28)K

10 2
E C2
=
5W
PC =
2R
2 10
(2-30)K
PUsf = PLsf =

1 2
1
m PC = (12 )5 = 1.25W
4
4
K100% m=1

PTUsf

5
PC
=
= 2 . 5W
2
2
(2-30)K

m2
12
PT = 1 + 2 PC = (1 + 2 ) 5 = 7 . 5W

- -

EF

AM Current CalculationsAM-

K
K

Pt
I t2 R
I t2
= 2 = 2
PC
IC R
IC

(2-35)

m2
1 +
PC
2
Pt
m2

=
=1+
2
PC
PC

(2-36)

It
m2
=1+
2
IC

(2-37)
(2-35)

IT = IC

m2
1+
2

(2-38)
W

(A)WIt

(A)WIc
W2-5

100%10w10w

(AM DSBFC)

2-5

(2-38)
IT = IC

m2
1+
2
- -

EF

ITIc

PC = I C R I C =

IT

PC
=
R

10
= 1A
10

12
= (1 ) (1 +
) = 1 . 225 A
2

Modulation by a Complex information-

{{
{

K{

(fm1, fm2)

2-8K

Kfm1, fm2

fc fm2

fc fm1

fc

fc+fm1

fc+fm2

KK2-8

2-8E22-2F

K fm1, fm2AM

- -

EF

m1 E c
cos 2 ( f c + f m 1 ) t +
2
m1 E c
m E
cos 2 ( f c f m 1 ) t 2 c cos 2 ( f c + f m 2 ) t +

2
2
m2 Ec
cos 2 ( f c f m 2 ) t
2

V am ( t ) = E c sin 2 f c t

(2-39)

2
2
2
mt = m1 + m2 + ... + mn

(2-40)

Wmt

KWm1, m2, . mn

W{

m t2
PT = 1 + 2 PC

1 2
PUsf = PLsf = mt PC
4
1 2
=
P
mt PC
tsb
2

(2-41)
(2-42)
(2-43)

2-6

200wAM DSBFC

W
Km3 = 0.5, m2 = 0.4 , m1 = 0.2

K K

K K
K

- -

EF

2-6

(2-40)K

mt = m12 + m 22 + m32 = (0.2) 2 + (0.4) 2 + (0.5) 2 = 0.67

Ptsb =

(2-43)K
1 2
1
mt PC = (0.67) 2 (200) = 22.445W
2
2
(2.41)K

( 0 . 67 ) 2

m t2
( 200 ) = 122 . 445 W
PT = 1 + 2 PC = 1 +
2

AM Modulator and Demodulator circuits-

AM Modulator CircuitJ

K AM{

{ K K

AM K

KAMK

WAM

W2-9
- -

EF

(2-22) Vout(t)

2-9AM
{KAM

W
Vout (t ) = C1Vin1 (t ) + C 2Vin2 (t ) + C 3Vin3 (t ) + ...
(2-44)
2-9
Vin (t ) = E m sin(2f m )t + EC sin(2f C )t
(2-45)
W(2-43)(2-44)
Vout (t ) = C1 [E m sin(2f m )t + EC sin(2f C )t ]2 + C 2 [E m sin(2f m )t + EC sin(2f C )t ]2 (2-46)

W2-22

Vout (t ) = C1 E C sin( 2f C )t C 2 E m E C cos 2( f C + f m)t +

(2-47)

C 2 E m E C cos 2( f C f m)t + C1 E m sin( 2f m )t + C 2 E m2 sin 2 (2f m t ) +

C 2 E C2 sin 2 (2f C t )

(Fc-Fm), (Fc+Fm)2-47

(2-47)
{AM

(2-47) (2.22)
AM (2-22)(2-47)

KAMW2-10

AM

- -

EF

K(npn)AMW2-11

AM Demodolator CircuitK

{ AM

(Rectifier Circuit)W

(Square law detector)(Envelope Detector)

Envelope Detector

AM

W2-12

- -

EF

The Function of the circuit

K(Am as input wave)AM

KE2-12)

F{

K

E

K
R

KEF-AMEFK2-12
- -

EF

K
K

{
K2-12EFEAMF
AM Transmitters

(Low Level transmitter)

EF-
W

,(100kHz 300kHz)

{(Microphone)W

2-13K(Phonograph record)(CD Rom)

2-13

(High Level transmitter) K

K
K2-14

K2-14
- -

EF

100kHzAM DSBFC

K5kHz
W

K K

K K

K3kHz K
K K

AM DSBFC

K20kHz

K5v20Vp
W

K J
K J

KE Em = 5V { Ec=20Vp F J

K

Pc=1000wm=0.2
W

K K

KEF K
K K
K K

- -

EF

EF


EF

EFW
Amplitude Modulation Reception

K K

K K

KAM K

W
K

KEF

KEF

KAM

J
J

4:

- -

EF

Introduction-

KAM

KAM{{AM

KEFK(RF)

{(Demodulation)

.(Receiver)

KAM 3-1

AM3-1

Characteristics of AM Receiver AM-

AM

The RF Section J
W

K(RF) K

K K

K K

The Mixer and Converter SectionJ

- -

EF

(Intermediate Frequencies (IF)

IFJ
K{

KAMJ

AM

Receiver Parameters -

K(RF)
ESelectivityFJ

Bandwidth ImprovementJ

BI =

B RF

B IF

(3-1)
W

xzWBI
xHzzWBRF

[Hz]WBIF

- -

EF

(3-2)

NFi = 10 Log B I

[decibel] WNFi
3-1

AM(NFiF

K10kHz200kHz

(3-2) , (3-1)
NFi = 10 Log B I = 10 Log
Sensitivity

B RF
200
= 10 Log
= 13dB
B IF
10

Dynamic Power range

Fidelity Factor J

KW K

KW K

KW K
Insertion Loss (IL)J
- -

EF

K
W

Pout
Pin

IL = 10 Log

(3-3)

(Noise Temperature and Equivalent Noise Temperature)

WW
T =

N
KB

(3-4)
W

[Kelvin]WT
[watts]WN

K= 1.38 10 23 Joules WK
Kelvin

(Hertz)WB

(Te)J

(Signal to noise ratio)

1000 20TeK
K

WTe

Te = T ( F 1)
(3-5)
(Kelvin)WTe
(Kelvin)WT

KEFWF

- -


EF

AM-
W
Coherent receiversJ

E F

K(Oscillator)

Non coherent receiversJ

3-2(The Super heterodyne AM receiver)

KW

3-2

W{(3-2)E F

{{{{

KK
fc

{FLOK 455
FLO=Fc+FIF
455(Fc)
- -


EF

E FK(FIF = 455kHz)

{
K
{ 455

{455

455 K
{K

{K

K K
KEFIC=FLO FCFfc

FLO=FC+FIFZ1000+455=1455kHzW 1000kHzfc

{Fc= 1455+455=1910kHz

1910kHz K455 kHzFc Fco

{2FIF=910kHz1000kHz E F

K910kHz70kHz

(IF)E3-2F

K (FLO)
{{

K


- -


EF

K1600550

20551005

114595
K

EF
{K

K E
F

K
K
K

K
{

EF

- -


EF

KAM

KAM

(BI)(BIF)

K320kHz(BRF)16

(RF)
(NFi)

K10kHz(IF)40kHz

16dB(Te)

KT=27C

K


K500kHz
K

- -

WW

Amplitude Modulation: Single Side band (SSB)

K
KK
KK

KK

{
{ K
K

WG
K-

W-

KW

J J

KW

J J

KW
KW

KW

J J

J J
J J

7W

- -

-
(AMDSBFC)
Introduction

K
K

(AM DSBFC)

W
K

Single Sideband Systems-

{K

---

AM Single Side band Full Carrier (SSBFC)

4-1K{

KW

KW4-1
- -

Vam (t ) = Ec sin 2f c t

mEc
mEc
cos 2 ( f c + f m )t +
cos 2 ( f c f m )t
2
2

(1-4)

W{

VSSBFC (t ) = E c sin 2f c t

mE c
cos 2 ( f c + f m )t
2

(4-2)

(4-2)

K{

Pt = PC + PUSB

m2
PC
4
m2
Pt = (1 +
) PC
4

(4-3)

Pt = PC +

Wm=1100%
PC =

PUSB

4
Pt
5
1
=
Pt
5

(4-4)

(4-4)

K
W

BW SSBFC = f m

(4-5)

WBWSSBFC

Wfm

Vmax = E C + EUSB
- -

(4-6)

Vmin = EC EUSB

(4-7)

mE C
(4-8)
2
100%{(4-7)(4-8)
Vmin (%) = 50% E C
(4-9)
100%4-8

EUSB =

4-2K 50%
K100%

K100%4 2

4-1

KPc=100W

Km=0.8K(SSB)

K K

K K
K
:

PUSB

m2
1
=
PC = (0.8) 2 100 = 16W
4
4

Pt = PC + PUSB = 100 + 16 = 116 W

Pt=116 W{PC=100 W{PUSB=16 WK

E F86%

E
F14%
K
- -

W--

AM Single Side band Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC)

K4-3

{ {4-1

KEF

VSSBFC (t ) =

mE c
cos 2 ( f c + f m )t
2

(4-10)

100%4-10

W {

KFm

W
m2
PC
4
BW = f m

Pt = PUSB =

(4-11)
(4-12)

4-2

Pc=200w

Km=1

K K

K K
K
W

PUSB =

m2
1
PC = (1) 2 200 = 50 W
4
4

- -

Pt = PUSB = 50 W

K
K

W K

W--

AM Single side band Reduced Carrier (SSBRC)

K 10%
WK

K4-4

W
VSSBFC (t ) = Ec ( reduced) sin 2f c t

mEc ( reduced )
2

cos 2 ( f c + f m )t

(4-13)

W(4-13)10%
VSSBFC(t ) = (0.1)EC sin 2f ct

(0.1)Ec
cos2 ( f c + f m )t
2

(4-14)

(4-14)

Pt = PC + PUSB
Pt =

E C2 ( reduced )
R

1 2
m PC
4

EC ( reduced ) = 0.1EC

(4-15)

Pt = ( 0 . 01 +

m2
) PC
4

- -

(4-16)

BW = C

4-3

Ec=20V

R=5m=1

K K

K K

K K

K
W

PC =

E C2 ( reduced )

(0.1E C ) 2 0.01E C2
=
R
R

R
K
0.01 400
PC =
= 0.8W
5
m2
1
PUSB =
PC = (1) 2 (0.8) = 0.2 W K
4
4

Pt = PC + PUSB = 0.8 + 0.2 = 1W

F 80%K

{
20E

W
K

W--

Amplitude Modulation: Vestigial Sideband (VSB)

K K

KE25%F

- -

4-5K

(VSB)4-5

(VSB)

W1.25
BWVSB =1.25BWSSB =1.25f m
(4-17)
KVSB

W--

Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)

4-K

K6

K4-6

W
mE c
m 2 Ec
cos 2 ( f c + f m )t +
cos 2 ( f c f m )t
VDSBFC (t ) =
2
2

(4-18)

E F(4-18)

- -

Pt = PUSB + PlSB

m2
m2
PC
Pt =
PC +
4
4
m2
Pt =
PC
2

(4-19)

BWDSBFC = 2f m

(4-20)
(4-19)

Comparison of Various AM Systems

KE F

{
{
K

E
F

{ K

{ E {
F75%

{ K

{(micro wave link)

{
- -

K K
{

K {

K EF {

K
K(PCM)

- -

KW J

KW J
KW J

KW J

KWJ

W J

KW J

KW J

KW J

KEF

{{

K{

- -

W
Angle Modulation

K K

K(PM) K

K(FM) K

K FM(PM) K

K K
W
K

K
K

J
J
J
J
J
J
J
J

12W

- -

Introduction
-
K { W

K(PM)(FM)

{ (AM)
KK

1936K
1931

FM1939{FM

{
{

K{{

(AM)
K

Angle Modulation and Instantaneous Frequency

W
V (t ) = EC cos[2 f C + (t )]
(5-1)
W(5-1)K (t )
V (t ) = EC cos[ (t )]
(5-2)

(t ) = 2 f C + (t )
(5-3)

- -

K (t )

i (t ) =

d (t )
dt

(5-4)

W(5-4)(5-3)

i (t ) = C +

d (t )
dt

(5-5)

C = 2 f C

KW (t )
KW

d (t )
dt

Phase and Frequency Modulation (PM and FM)

K(FM)(PM)

{
{(PM)

W
(t ) = Vm (t )
(5-6)
W

radian

Volts

zW
KW Vm (t )

(FM)

d (t )
= f Vm (t )
dt

(5-7)

W
t

(t ) = f Vm ( )d + (t o )

(5-8)

to

W
x

zW f
- -

0W (t o )

(5-1)(5-8) , (5-6)

W
(5-9)

V PM (t ) = E C cos[2f C t + Vm (t )]
t

V FM (t ) = E C cos 2f C t + f Vm ( )d

(5-10)

(5-10) , (5-9)

W(5-5)(5-6){

i ( PM ) (t ) = C +

dVm (t )
dt

(5-11)

W(5-5)(5-7)
i ( FM ) (t ) = C + f Vm (t )
(5-12)
(5-12) , (5-11)

W -

Theoretical Generation of PM and FM waves

(5-3)

(FM) , (PM)
W

- -

K(FM)(PM)5-1

5-1

V (t ) = 10 cos(200t + )
3

(t ) = 200t +

d (t )

(
t
)
=
= 200
i

dt
i = 2 f i = 200 f i = 100 Hz
- -

Modulation Index

-
WK

W
m = Vm

(5-13)
W

Wm

LWKp

KWVm

K?

5-2

WEF
V (t ) = 2 cos(2 2000t )

m = Vm= 2.5 2 = 5rd

WK

W
m =

fVm

(5-14)

fm
f
m =
fm

(5-15)
W

KW f

= f Vm

Wfm

KWkf

- -

5-3

f =5

KHz
V

V (t ) = 2 cos(2 2000t )

FMK

KHz
f = f Vm = 5
2V = 10 KHz
V

m =

FMK

f
10 KHz
=
2 KHz
fm

= 5

Frequency Analysis of Angle Modulated Waves

KE

f c f m , f c 2 f m ,..., f c nf m

(5-{

W1)
V (t ) = EC cos[2 f C + (t )]
(5-16)
(5-16)(5-6)
V (t ) = EC cos[2 f C + Vm (t )]
(5-17)
W
Vm(t ) = V cos m t
(5-18)
W(5-17)(5-18)
- -

V (t ) = E C cos [2 f C + V cos m t ]
V (t ) = E C cos [2 f C +m cos m t ]
(5-19)
WE5-13FmV

cos( + m cos ) = J n (m) cos( + n cos +

n
)
2

(5-20)

KmnJn(m)
(5-19)(5-20)

V (t ) = E C J n (m) cos( C t + n m t +

n
)
2

(5-21)

(5-21)

J o (m) cosC t + J1 (m)cos(C + m )t + 2

V (t ) = EC J1 (m)cos(C m )t + J 2(m)cos(C + m )t +
2
2

J 2(m)cos(C m )t + ...

(5-22)

(5-22)

f c f m , f c 2 f m ,..., f c nf m W(fc)

{{

5-1K
J2(m), J1(m)
K

- -

Jn[m]5-1

Jo

J1

J2

J3

J4

J5

J6

J7

J8

J9

J10

J11

J12

J13

J14

0.00

1.00

0.25

0.98

0.12

0.5

0.94

0.24

0.03

1.0

0.77

0.44

0.11

0.02

1.5

0.51

0.56

0.23

0.06

0.01

2.0

0.22

0.58

0.35

0.13

0.03

2.4

0.00

0.52

0.43

0.20

0.06

0.02

2.5

- 0.05

0.5

0.45

0.22

0.07

0.02

0.01

3.0

- 0.26

0.34

0.49

0.31

0.13

0.04

0.01

4.0

- 0.04

- 0.07

0.36

0.43

0.28

0.13

0.05

0.02

5.0

- 0.18

- 0.33

0.05

0.36

0.39

0.26

0.13

0.05

0.02

6.0

0.15

- 0.28

- 0.24

0.11

0.36

0.36

0.25

0.13

0.06

0.02

7.0

0.30

0.00

- 0.30

- 0.17

0.16

0.35

0.34

0.23

0.13

0.06

0.02

8.0

0.17

0.23

- 0.11

- 0.29

- 0.10

0.19

0.34

0.32

0.22

0.13

0.06

0.03

9.0

- 0.09

0.25

0.14

- 0.18

- 0.27

- 0.06

0.20

0.33

0.31

0.21

0.12

0.06

0.03

0.01

10.0

- 0.25

0.05

0.25

0.06

- 0.22

- 0.23

- 0.01

0.22

0.32

0.29

0.21

0.12

0.06

0.03

0.01

(m)
5-1

5-2KJn[m]
K10m

KmJn[m]5-2
- -

5-4

{m=1{FM
Vm(t)=Vm sin (2 1000t)

Vc(t)=10 sin (2 5x105t)

K K

K K

K3m=15-1 K
J0 = 0.77 (10)
J1 = 0.44 (10)
J2 = 0.11 (10)
J3 = 0.02 (10)

= 7.7 V
= 4.4 V
= 1.1 V
= 0.2 V

W K

W K

Bandwidth requirement for Angle Modulated

4-5

WK

{ W
{(AM)

B = 2. f m
(5-24)
{W

- -

B = 2f

W
(5-25)

W
B = 2(n f m )
(5-26)
W

WN

KEFWFm

(Carson){193928W

B = 2 f + f m (max)

] [Hz ]

WF

EFWfm(max)

(5-24) Ffm(max)

{Fm(max) F{
K(5-25)

98%K

EFK

K
5-5

{F =10kHzFM

KFc= 500kHz{Ec=10v{Fm=10kHz
W

K K

K
- -

B = 2 ( n x fm)
m = 1 n=3
B = 2 ( 3 x 10 ) = 60 KHz.
B = 2 (F + Fm(max) F
B = 2 (10 + 10 ) = 40 kHz

Average Power of an Angle Modulated Wave

{AM
K

EF
PC

Pt
Pt =

E C2
=

2R

(5-28)

= P0 + P1 + P2 + P3 + .... + Pn
(5-29)
V 2 V 2 V 2
E 02
V2
+ 2 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n
2R
2R
2R 2R 2R

(5-30)
W

WPL

WP0

- -

WP1

WP2

WP3

nWPn

WE0 = J0 Ec
WV1: J1 Ec
KnWVn = Jn Ec

5-1J0, J1 , Jn

(5-30)2K

Kfcfc
-

F5-5FM

KERL = 50 Ohms

PC =

102
2(50)

EF

=1 W

Pt = 1.0051 W

EF

Practical Generation of Angle Modulated Waves

FMK

KFM5-3

- -

fc =

(5-31)

2 Lc

W{

f =

1
L (c + c )

(5-32)

C f

EHF L K

KFM5-3

KPMK

KPM5-4

PM5-4
- -

K10v5kHzFM

2V K

K5V2 radPM

K2v K

KKKKKKKKKFM
Vm(t) =10 sin 2 2000t

K K

K K

Kp= 1.5 PM

Vm(t) = 2 sin (2 2000t)

K K

K K

- -

{Vm(t)

W
= Vm sin 22000t{FMm=2

Vc(t) = 8 sin (2 800Kt)

K J
K J

K J

K J

K2.5J

- -

Wayane Tomasi `` Electronic communication systems fundamental through advanced `` .
Schaums outlines `` Analog and digital communications`` McGraw Hill (1993).
Horld B. Killen `` Communication techniques`` Macmilan publishing company New
York (1985).
Louis E. Frenzel `` Communication electronics principles and applications`` McGraw
Hill 3 rd edition (2000).
Gary M. Miller`` Modern electronic communications`` Prentice Hall International Inc
(1996).
Dornhofer G. and Nies A. ``STE 6.1.6 High frequency circuits using plug in system
electrical engineering and electronics`` Lybold Didactic GMBH (1990).
Lathi B.P. `` Modern digital communication systems`` second edition, Rinehart and
Winston Inc., Orlando 32887 (1989). The translated copy by. Dr. Ibrahim El khadi, Dr.
Abdelaziz El rouisi amd Dr. Adel Ali `` King Saoud University``.
Saad Ali El Haj Bakri and Mohamad abderhman El harbi`` Intoduction to
communication`` King Saoud university (1988).

- -

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................................................................................-
....................................................................................................
.................................................................... EFW
................................................................................................ -
............................................................................... -
....................................................................... -
........................................................................ -
................................................................................. AM-
.............................................................................. AM-
............................................................................... AM-
....................................................................... -
.......................................................................... -
................................................................................ EF-
....................................................................................................
.......................................................... EFW
................................................................................................ -
- -

........................................................... AM-
............................................................................... -
......................................................................AM-
....................................................................................................
........................................................ WW
................................................................................................. -
......................................................................... -
............................................. ---

..................................... W--
....................................... W--

....................................................... W--

............................................. W--
............................................................. -
....................................................................................................
......................................................................... W
.................................................................................................-
........................................................................ -
........................................................................... -
...................................................... W -
......................................................................................... -
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- -

EF
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS