ASME Impact Test Requirement

The ASME Impact Test Requirement article provides you with information
about impact test requirements in pressure vessel design and construction.
Let's say, you have a pressure vessel under design, process and construction
has not started yet.
Based on the ASME impact test requirement, you need to make assessment
to see that either your pressure vessel is exempted from impact testing, or you
need to carry out the test.
There are 4 steps for impact test exemption assessment. You need to know
these steps. You might be exempted in the first, second or third steps and
might not be exempted even in step 4.
So if you are in step 4 and you have not exempted, then you need to carry out
the test. I will explain the process for exemption in this article.
Basic Concept:
You may know carbon steels and low alloy steels exhibit a drastic change in
their room temperature ductility at sub-zero service temperatures. Different
types of materials exhibit different types of transition behavior.
We can see there is a sudden, phenomenal drop in their notch-toughness
properties below the "transition" range of temperature, which should be a
matter of concern for us.
Body centered cubic or Ferritic alloys exhibit a significant transition in behavior
when impact tested over a range of temperatures. Above transition
temperature range, impact specimens fracture in a "ductile" manner,
absorbing relatively large amounts of energy.

At lower temperatures, i.e. below the transition temperature range, the impact
test specimens are found to fracture in a brittle (cleavage) manner, absorbing
less energy.

And within the transition temperature range, the fracture is a mixture of ductile
and brittle nature.
A material would be invulnerable to a sudden drop in notch-toughness at the
lowest specified service (or design) temperature, if it is proved by conducting
Charpy V-notch Impact tests on representative test samples, at reference (the
lowest service) temperature.
Grain refined carbon steel forgings and wrought materials (thoroughly worked
and normalized) generally exhibit good notch toughness.
ASME Code Section VIII Div 1 exemption rules for ASME Impact Test
Requirement:

There are specific rules in ASME Code for exemption from ASME Impact Test
Requirement. This test is very expensive, so pressure vessel manufacturers
are trying to be exempted for this costly test.
You need to follow the following clauses to make exemption assessment for
ASME impact test requirement:
UG-20(f) UCS-66(a) UCS-66(b) UCS-68(c)
First you have to keep your pressure vessel design data available and then
refer to UG-20 (f). If you are exempted from this clause, you do not need
proceed further.
But if you are not exempted by UG-20 (f), you have to proceed to UCS-66(a),
but again if you are exempted, there is no need for more assessment.
But if not, you have to proceed to UCS-66(b). If you are exempted now, there
is no need for more assessment; otherwise, you have to proceed to UCS68(c), and again if you are still not exempted, you have to carry out impact
testing.
For some cases, You might be exempted from the ASME impact test
requirement in the first stage in UG-20 (f). In others, You might be exempted in
UCS-66(a) or UCS-66(b) or UCS-68(c). If you are not exempted, you must
prepare yourself for doing this costly test.
This test would be more costly out of the US because of Laboratory
Accreditation requirements. Also, there are fewer accredited labs in Europe
and the Middle East, and their price is high as well.
UG-20(f)
We will start with UG-20(f) for the ASME impact test requirement. If your MOC
(Material of Construction) is categorized in P-No. 1 or 2 (Refer to ASME Code

Section IX for P-No Definition) and your MOC thickness has the limited value
defined in this clause, then you might be exempted from impact testing.
But you need to refer to Fig UCS-66 in ASME Code Section VIII Div 1 and see
in which A, B, C or D curves your MOC is listed. All ASME carbon steel and
low alloy steel material is distributed in these 4 groups (Curves) of materials.
You need to know that the materials listed in curve D have the best toughness
property, better than the materials listed in curve C. Similarly materials listed in
curve C have better toughness properties compared to materials listed in
curve B and materials listed in Curve B have better toughness than materials
listed in Curve A .
See Following Fig UCS-66(a):

When you determine your MOC curve, then you have to review UG-20(f) and
look for the possibility of exemption from the ASME impact test requirement.
There are some other conditions in this clause, which you should consider for
exemption.
For instance, the vessel should be hydrostatically tested after completion, and
the thermal and mechanical loading can not be a design controlling factor.
For example, if your MOC is a normalized SA 516 Gr.70 with 0.75 inch
thickness you will be exempted from ASME impact test requirement.
Your thickness, in this example, is 0.75 of an inch, and is listed in curve D
which is up to 1 inch, you are exempted by this clause. Of course, you will be
carry out hydro-static test and ensure that the mentioned loadings are not a
design controlling factor in your considered pressure vessel.

UCS-66(a)
So assume that in the above example, your MOC thickness is 1.125 inch
instead of 1 inch, you will not be exempted by UG-20(f) and you have to refer
to UCS-66(a);
But for assessment, based on this clause, you need to know your pressure
vessel MDMT (Minimum Design Metal Temperature). Assume that is -20
degree F, so you should now go to Fig. UCS-66 and locate 1.125 inch in the
horizontal axis and draw a vertical line.
In a similar way, locate -20 degree F in the vertical axes and draw a horizontal
line. These two lines will cross each other.
See above Figure, the lines are identified in red.
If the cross point falls above the curve D (because your MOC is listed in curve
D) you are exempted. Otherwise you are not, but for the current example, you
are above the curve D so you are exempted from impact testing.
To simplify your assessment for the ASME impact test requirement, the Fig-66
has been converted to the table(table UCS-66). For any MOC with specific
thickness you can go to this table and see what is the minimum permissible
temperature without impact testing.
See following UCS-66(a) Table:

In the above example (normalized SA 516 Gr.70, Curve D, 1.125 inch

thickness), the minimum permissible temperature without impact test is -26
degree F. This means that, if in the above example your MDMT changes from

-20 degree F to -27 degree F, then you cannot be exempted from the ASME
impact test requirement by UCS-66(a), and you have to proceed to UCS-66(b)
UCS-66(b)
Let us explain this clause with the above example. Your MDMT from above is
-27 degree F, nominal thickness is 1.125 inch, normalized SA 516 Gr.70 listed
in curve D and you are not exempted by UCS-66(a)
So you are here to continue your assessment to find a chance for exemption.
You have to refer to Fig UCS-66.1 and calculate the following formula:
Ratio= tr E / (tn c)
tr is the required design thickness for all applicable loading. We assume for
the above example that is 0.95 inch. E is your joint efficiency, and we assume
for this vessel it is 1. This means your vessel is RT2, tn is your nominal
thinness, which in the example from above it is 1.125 inches, and C is
corrosion allowance, and we assume it is 0.125 inches; so let calculate:
Ratio = 0.95x1/(1.125 0.125) Ratio= 0.95
See following Fig UCS-66(b):

Then go to the Figure UCS-66(b) and in the vertical axes locate Ratio and
draw a horizontal line. Then locate the cross point with the graph and draw a
vertical line to cross the horizontal axis.

You will be able to reach a value of 8 in the horizontal axes. This 8, is your 8
degree F bonus from table UCS-66, which you can reduce by 8 degrees F
minimum permissible temperature in table without impact testing.
In the above example, your MDMT is -27 degree F, and in the UCS 66 table,
the minimum permissible temperature without impact testing designated -26
degree F. So with this clause you can reduce it to -36 degree F(-26 -8 = -34).
Your MDMT is -27 degree F, so you are exempted from impact testing with this
clause.
UCS-68(c)
Let us change one variable in the above example. Let's assume you need to
have -45 degree F for your MDMT. Other variable are the same; it means
normalized SA 516 Gr.70 listed in curve D, thickness 1.125, so you can see
you are not exempted by UCS-66(b);
This is because the minimum permissible temperature is -36 degree F, but
your MDMT is -45 degree F, so UCS-68(c) might be helpful.
It says that if post weld heat treatment is not a code requirement and your PNo is 1 and you carry out post weld heat treatment, a 30 degree F bonus will
be granted to you to reduce the minimum permissible temperature in table
UCS-66.
So when post weld heat treatment is code requirement?
It is code requirement when your service is lethal and when your thickness for
P-No. 1 is greater than 1.5 inch;
So, for our example, our service is not lethal and our P-No. is 1 and thickness
is 1.125 and it is less than 1.5 inch: therefore, post weld heat treatment is not
code requirement.
It means if you carry out post heat treatment, a 30 degree F bonus will be
granted by this clause. For this example our minimum permissible
temperature would be -36-30=-66 degree F, and your MDMT is -45 degree F,
so you are exempted from impact testing.
Now the worst case: in the above, assume you need to have -70 degree F for
your MDMT; you can see with this new condition you cannot be exempted
even by UCS-68(c) and you have to carry out impact testing.