Professional Documents
Culture Documents
vn
B Y t
V khoa hc v o to
Nh xut bn Y hc
H ni - 2006
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Ch bin:
PGS. TS. Trng Th K
Tham gia bin son:
ThS. Nguyn Anh Tun
TS. Phm Khnh Phong Lan
ThS. Th Thu
PGS. TS. ng Vn Tnh
ThS. Trng Ngc Tuyn
Tham gia t chc bn tho
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Li gii thiu
Thc hin Ngh nh 43/2000/N-CP ngy 30/08/2000 ca Chnh ph quy
nh chi tit v hng dn trin khai Lut Gio dc, B Gio dc v o to v
B Y t ph duyt, ban hnh cc chng trnh khung cho o to Dc s i
hc. B Y t t chc thm nh sch v ti liu dy hc cc mn hc c s v
chuyn mn theo chng trnh mi nhm tng bc xy dng b sch chun trong
cng tc o to Dc s i hc ngnh Y t.
B sch Ho hu c c bin son theo chng trnh o to mn Ho hc
hu c thuc chng trnh gio dc ca i hc Y Dc thnh ph H Ch Minh
trn c s chng trnh khung c B Gio dc v o to, B Y t ph duyt.
Ni dung b sch ch cp nhng kin thc l thuyt v ho hu c, gm
40 chng v chia lm 2 tp trnh by nhng kin thc c bn v danh php, cu
trc, c ch phn ng, tnh cht l hc v tnh cht ho hc ca cc hp cht
hydrocarbon, cc hp cht n chc, cc hp cht a chc, hp cht tp chc, hp
cht thin nhin v hp cht cao phn t.
i tng s dng chnh ca b sch ny l cc sinh vin ang theo hc ti
Trng i hc Dc khoa Dc cc trng i hc ngnh Y t. ng thi cng
l ti liu tham kho tt cho nhng hc vin sau i hc.
Sch c bin son da theo chng trnh c B Y t ban hnh. Ni
dung sch ch cp nhng kin thc l thuyt v Ho hu c.
Sch Ho hu c c cc ging vin giu kinh nghim ca Khoa Dc - i
hc Y Dc Thnh ph H Ch Minh bin son. Sch c Hi ng chuyn
mn thm nh sch gio khoa v ti liu dy hc chuyn ngnh Dc ca B Y
t thm nh v c B Y t ban hnh lm ti liu dy hc chnh thc dng
o to dc s i hc ca Ngnh Y t trong giai on hin nay. Trong thi gian
t 3 n 5 nm, sch cn c chnh l, b sung v cp nht.
V Khoa hc v o to, B Y t xin chn thnh cm n Khoa Dc - i
hc Y Dc Thnh ph H Ch Minh cng cc tc gi b nhiu cng sc
bin son cun sch ny. V l ln u xut bn nn chc chn cn nhiu thiu
st, chng ti mong nhn c kin ng gp ca ng nghip v bn c
cun sch ngy cng hon thin.
V khoa hc v o to
B Y t
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MC LC
Li gii thiu
M u
11
11
13
22
22
25
29
31
33
49
49
51
51
53
54
54
57
67
67
2. Phng php vt l
68
82
2. Danh php
3. Phng php iu ch alkan
85
86
4. Tnh cht l hc
5. Tnh cht ha hc
88
89
6. Cht in hnh
93
Chng 8: Cycloalkan
ThS. Th Thy
1. Monocycloalkan
2. Hp cht a vng
95
100
102
ThS. Th Thy
1. Cu to ca alken
2. ng phn
3. Danh php
4. Phng php iu ch
5. Tnh cht l hc
6. Tnh cht ha hc
7. Cht in hnh
102
102
104
105
109
110
118
120
ThS. Th Thy
1. Cu trc in t
2. Danh php v ng phn
3. Phng php iu ch
4. Tnh cht l hc
5. Tnh cht ha hc
6. Cht in hnh
Chng 11: Aren - Hydrocarbon thm
PGS. TS. ng Vn Tnh
1. Benzen v nhn thm
2. Danh php v ng phn
3. Phng php iu ch
4. Tnh cht l hc
5. Tnh cht ha hc
Chng 12: Hydrocarbon a nhn thm
120
121
121
123
123
127
129
129
132
133
134
135
150
PGSTS. ng Vn Tnh
1. Cu to v danh php
150
2. Biphenyl
3. Biphenylmetan v triphenylmetan
4. Naphtalen
151
153
154
5. Anthracen
6. Phenanthren
155
156
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158
158
2. Dien
3. H thng lin hp bc cao
161
164
165
168
168
169
3. Phng php iu ch
4. Tnh cht l hc
5. Tnh cht ha hc
169
173
173
181
181
2. Danh php
3.Tnh cht l hc
181
182
182
184
189
ThS. Trng Ngc Tuyn
1. Monoalcol
2. Alcol cha no
189
200
3. Alcol vng
4. Polyalcol alcohol a chc
201
201
207
ThS. Trng Ngc Tuyn
1. Monophenol
2. Polyphenol
207
215
219
ThS. Trng Ngc Tuyn
1. Ether mch h
2. Ether vng
219
223
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224
224
245
250
253
257
257
258
3. Phng php iu ch
4. Tnh cht l hc
259
261
5. Tnh cht ha hc
6. Acid carboxylic cha no
262
268
270
273
274
279
3. Ceten
4. Halogenid acid - acyl halogenid
280
281
5. Amid
6. Nitril
283
285
288
TS. Phm Khnh Phong Lan
1. Cu to
288
2. Danh php
3. iu ch
289
290
4. Tnh cht l hc
5. Tnh base ca amin
6. Cc phn ng ca amin
292
292
295
300
301
303
303
306
308
313
ThS. Th Thy
1. Hp cht hu c c lu hunh
2. Hp cht cha phosphor
319
313
317
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M U
i tng ca ha hc hu c:
Ha hc hu c l mn khoa hc nghin cu thnh phn v tnh cht cc
hp cht ca carbon.
Trong thnh phn hp cht hu c, ngoi carbon cn c nhiu nguyn t
khc nh H, O, N, S, P, halogen... nhng carbon c xem l nguyn t c bn cu
to nn hp cht hu c.
S lc lch s pht trin ca Ha hc hu c
T xa xa ngi ta bit iu ch v s dng mt s cht hu c trong
i sng nh gim (acid acetic long), ru (ethanol), mt s cht mu hu c.
Thi k gi kim thut cc nh ha hc iu ch c mt s cht hu c nh
ur, ether etylic...
Cui th k 18 u th k 19, cc nh ha hc chit tch t ng, thc
vt nhiu acid hu c nh acid oxalic, acid citric, acid lactic ... v mt s base hu
c (alcaloid). Nm 1806 ln u tin nh ha hc ngi Thy in Berzelius
dng danh t Ha hc hu c ch ngnh ha hc nghin cu cc hp cht c
ngun gc ng vt v thc vt. Thi im ny c th xem nh ct mc nh du
s ra i ca mn ha hc hu c.
Nm 1815 Berzelius a ra thuyt Lc sng cho rng cc hp cht hu c
ch c th c to ra trong c th ng vt v thc vt nh mt lc sng ch
con ngi khng th iu ch c. Thuyt duy tm ny tn ti trong nhiu nm
nhng dn dn b nh bi cc cng trnh tng hp cc cht hu c t cc cht
v c.
Nm 1824, nh ha hc ngi c Wohler tng hp c acid oxalic bng
cch thy phn dixian l mt cht v c. Nm 1828 cng chnh ng, t cht v c
amoni cyanat tng hp c ur. Tip theo Bertholet (Php) tng hp c
cht bo nm 1854 v Bulerov (Nga) tng hp ng glucose t formalin nm
1861.
Cho n nay hng triu cht hu c c tng hp trong phng th
nghim v trn quy m cng nghip. Con ngi khng ch bt chc tng hp cc
cht ging thin nhin m cn sng to ra nhiu cht hu c, nhiu vt liu hu
c cc k quan trng v qu gi m t nhin khng c.
Tuy nhin tn gi hp cht hu c vn c duy tr, nhng khng phi ch
vi ngha l cc cht c ngun gc ng vt v thc vt m mang ni dung mi:
l cc hp cht ca carbon.
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c im ca cc hp cht hu c v phn ng hu c
Mc d ra i mun hn ha hc v c nhng cc hp cht hu c rt phong
ph v s lng, chng loi. S lng cht hu c cho n nay nhiu gp vi chc
ln cc cht v c bit. Nguyn nhn c bn l do carbon c kh nng to
thnh mch di v tn theo nhiu kiu khc nhau. Ni cch khc hin tng ng
phn (tc l cc cht c cng thnh phn phn t nhng khc nhau v cu to) l
cc k ph bin v c trng trong ha hc hu c.
Cu trc phn t ca hp cht hu c c th n gin nhng cng c th rt
phc tp, vic xc nh cu trc ca chng nhiu khi rt kh khn, phi s dng
nhiu phng php ha hc v vt l hc hin i.
Nu nh lin kt ion kh ph bin trong hp cht v c th lin kt ch
yu gia cc nguyn t trong phn t hu c li l lin kt cng ha tr. c
im ny nh hng nhiu n tnh cht l ha v c bit l kh nng phn
ng ca chng.
Cc phn ng hu c thng xy ra vi tc chm, khng hon ton v
thng theo nhiu hng khc nhau, v vy vai tr ca nhit ng hc, ng hc
v xc tc trong ha hu c rt quan trng.
Vai tr ca ha hc hu c
Cc cht hu c c vai tr rt quan trng trong i sng ca con ngi.
Khng nhng hu ht thc phm chng ta n (glucid, protid, lipid), vt dng
hng ngy (cellulose, si tng hp, cao su, cht do . . .) l cc cht hu c m
nhiu cht hu c cn l c s ca s sng (protid, acid nucleic..). Nhin liu cho
ng c t trong, cho nh my nh xng, du l hn hp hydrocarbon mch di
ngn khc nhau. Cc vt liu hu c nh, khng han g, tin s dng, nhiu mu
sc a dng ang ngy mt thay th cho cc kim loi, hp kim trong nhiu lnh
vc, k c nhng lnh vc tng nh khng th thay th c nh bn dn, siu
dn. . .
Do tt c nhng c im trn, ha hc hu c c tch ra nh mt ngnh
khoa hc ring i hi nhng phng php nghin cu v thit b ngy cng hin
i hn, i hi n lc khng ngng ca cc nh ha hc khng nhng bt
chc thin nhin tng hp nn cc cht phc tp phc v cho nhiu lnh vc ca
cuc sng m cn vt xa hn c thin nhin. T c s ha hc hu c, c rt
nhiu ngnh nghin cu ng dng ra i: ha cng nghip, ha du, cng nghip
dt, ha thc phm, dc phm v ha m phm.
10
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Chng 1
Mc tiu
1. Trnh by c cu to in t carbon cc trng thi lai ha sp3, sp2 v sp.
2. Gii thch c cch hnh thnh cc loi lin kt:
Cng ha tr
Lin kt phi tr
Lin kt hydro
Ni dung
1. Cu trc in t (electron) ca nguyn t carbon
1.1. Thuyt carbon t din (Vant Hoff- Le Bel 1874)
Nguyn t carbon c 4 ha tr. Bn ha tr ca carbon hng ra bn nh ca
mt t din. Tm ca t din l nguyn t carbon.
o
C 109 28'
1S22S22p2
1s22s22p2
2 in t n c l px v py. Cn c mt orbital 2pz trng khng c in t
1.2.2. Carbon trng thi kch thch C *
1
1S22S 2px1 2py12pz1
1S22S12p3
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11
2s2
2p2
1s2 2s
C 1s22s12p3
C 1s22s22p2
SS
t hp
to h2sp v
2s 2p
va 2p
hoa
OrOrbital
bital lailai
ho
sp sp
3
Carbon
a sp
sp3
Carbon lai
lai ho
ho
Lai ha sp2.
S t hp orbital 2s vi 2 orbital 2p (2px, 2py) to thnh 3 orbital lai ha sp2
hay cn gi l lai ha tam gic. Trc i xng ca 3 orbital sp2 nm trong mt
mt phng v to nn nhng gc 120. Kh nng xen ph tng i ca orbital
sp2 l 1,99.
12
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Pz
120o
S
vva
2p2p
Sttohp
h2s
p 2s
Carbonlai
laihoa
ho 2sp
2
Carbon
2sp
Orbital2p
2pzkhong
khng lai
Orbital
laiho
ho
z
S t
2p 2p
S
tohp
hp2s2svva
Orbital lai
Orbital
laiho
hoaspsp
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13
Lin kt
Orbital s
Orbital s
Orbital p
Lin kt
Orbital p
Lin kt
Orbital p
Xen ph bn - To lin kt
+
Orbital p
Orbital p
Lien ket
c to thnh do s xen ph
14
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HH
H-C-C-H
H H
Cac
lien ket
Cc lin kt trong
trongphn
phan
t
t etan etan
H
H
CcCac
lin kt
trong
lien
ket
phn
C C
ethylen
trong t
phan
t etylen H H
Cac
lien
Cc lin
ktket
trong
H
phn
t
acetylen
trong phan t acetylen
Cc lin
kt ket
trong
Cac
lien
phn
t
alcol
ethylic
trong phan t
alccol etylic
C H
c-c
O
H
c-o
o-H
H
H
H
H
LieLin
n kekt
t
trong ethylen
H
H
trong etylen
H
H
Lin kt
trong
lie
n keacetyle
t n
Cac
trong phan t acetylen
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15
H
H
16
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m cn xy ra cc lin
C__3 H
sp
C__2 H
sp
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C__H
sp
17
Lin kt
H-H
104,2
C-H
98,8
F-F
36,4
C-F
105,4
Cl-Cl
58,0
C-Cl
78,5
Br-Br
46,1
C-Br
65,9
I-I
36,1
C-I
57,4
N-N
38,4
C-O
84,0
N=N
100,0
C=O
+
171,0
255,8
NN
226,0
C -O
P-P
51,3
C-N
69,7
C-C
83,1
C=N
147,0
C=C
147,2
CN
213,0
CC
194,0
H-F
134,6
Si-Si
42,2
H-Cl
103,2
O-H
110,6
H-Br
87,5
N-H
93,6
H-I
71,5
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Br
OH
CH3
CH3
102
67
51
86,5
83
83
CH3CH2
98
65
52
87,
82
82
(CH3)2CH
89
65
47
84,5
74
82
(CH3)3C
85
61
45
85,
74
60
C6H5
104
71
57
85,
91
103
C6H5CH2
77,5
48
39
85,
63
47
HO-OH ---------------------------------
52 (CH3)2 C N = N C (CH3)2 31
CN
C6H5COO-OCC6H5 -----------------
30
CN
(C6H5)3C N = N C(C6H5)3 27
X___H+ ... Y ; X
H+ ... Y
H__C
O ... H O
O H ... O
C__H
19
trn, XH v Y phi gn nhau sao cho khi to lin kt hydro s hnh thnh
nhng vng 5 hoc 6 cnh. Cc hp cht vng c nhm chc v tr 1, 2 thng d
hnh thnh lin kt hydro ni phn t.
OH
C
O.
CH2
..
H .. .
NH2
CH2
OH ...O N
OH ...O N
OH
...
tan
Cc cht c kh nng to lin kt hydro vi nc th rt d tan vo nc.
Lin kt hydro lin phn t gia cht tan v dung mi lm tng tan
trong dung mi phn cc. Lin kt hydro ni phn t lm tng tan trong dung
mi khng phn cc.
V d:
Alcol methanol, ethanol rt d tan trong nc.
p-nitrophenol tan c trong nc, cn o -nitrophenol khng tan trong nc.
V vy c th phn ring o -nitrophenol ra khi hn hp bng phng php ct li
cun hi nc.
bn ca phn t
S to thnh lin kt hydro ni phn t, c bit khi lin kt c kh nng
to vng, lm cho ng phn tr nn bn vng hn.
V d: Khi 1,2 -dicloethan dng anti bn vng hn dng syn th ethylenglycol
dng syn li bn hn dng anti. V syn-ethylenglycol c kh nng to lin kt
hydro ni phn t.
20
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Anti-ethylenglycol
Syn-dicloetan
Anti-dicloetan
Syn-ethylenglycol
CH 3
NO2
Phn t nhn
Lin kt trong phc chuyn in tch l lin kt yu. Khong cch gia 2
hp phn vo khong 3 - 3,5 ln hn nhiu so vi lin kt cng ha tr. Phc
chuyn in tch c s thay i v phn cc v mu sc ca cc cht ban u.
Bi tp
1. V m hnh orbital nguyn t trng thi xen ph cho cc hp cht sau:
a- Propan, propylen, methylacetylen, ceten (HC2=C=O).
b- Cyclobutan, Cyclopentan, Cyclohexan.
c- 1,3-Butadien
2. Hy trnh by mt s nh ngha:
a- Th no l lin kt cng ha tr, lin kt hydro ?
b- Th no l nng lng lin kt v nng lng phn ly, nng lng cng hng ?
3. Trong hn hp phenol - methanol c bao nhiu "dng" lin kt hydro.
Dng no bn nht ? Dng no km bn nht ? Ti sao ?
4. Alcol v ether, cht no d tan trong nc hn. Gii thch ?
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21
Chng 2
Cc HIU NG IN T TRONG HA HU C
Mc tiu
1. Nu c cc loi hiu ng cm ng, hiu ng lin hp, hiu ng siu lin
hp v tnh cht ca chng.
2. Bit c mt s ng dng ca cc hiu ng trn.
Ni dung
Mt in t trong lin kt cng ha tr thng c phn b khng ng
u gia 2 nguyn t ca lin kt, khi y phn t cht hu c b phn cc. S
phn cc c th xy ra ngay trng thi tnh hoc cng c th ch xut hin
nht thi trng thi ng (khi phn t b tc ng bi cc yu t ca mi
trng). Bn cht ca s phn cc khc nhau cn tu thuc vo cu to phn t
(phn t c h thng lin kt nh th no). Nh vy cu to phn t c nh
hng n s phn b mt in t. nh hng gi l hiu ng in t
trong phn t.
C cc loi hiu ng:
Hiu ng cm ng I
Hiu ng lin hp C, M
Hiu ng siu lin hp H
1. Hiu ng cm ng (Inductive effect): K hiu l I
Kho st phn t n -propan C3H8 v phn t n-propylclorid C3H7Cl
H
H
C3 C 2 C1 H
H
n-propan
n-propan
H H
+3 +2 1+
H C C C Cl
3
2
1
H
n-propylclorur
n-propyclorid
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+I
H
I=0
-I
1.1. Hiu ng cm ng + I
Thng thy cc nhm alkyl (R-) v cc nhm mang in tch m.
Trong dy cc nhm alkyl, hiu ng cm ng +I tng theo phn nhnh
hay l bc ca nhm .
+I
CH3
CH2 CH3
CH CH3
CH3
CH3
C CH3
CH3
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23
CH3
C
O
..
..
H_NH2
CH3 NH2
CH3
Acid hu c
3,75
4,76
4,87
HCOOH
CH3COOH
CH3CH2COOH
4,82
CH3CH2CH2COOH
(CH3)2CHCOOH
4,86
9,10
10,62
10,63
10.77
9,8*
Hiu ng - I tng, lc acid tng. Khi thay th hydro ca CH3 trong acid
acetic bng cc halogen c m in khc nhau th tnh acid thay i. Nguyn
t halogen c hiu ng -I ht in t nh hng n s phn ly ca nhm O _H.
F CH2 C O H
O
pKa 2,58
24
Cl CH2C O H
O
2,85
Br CH2C O H
O
2,9
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I CH2 C O H
O
3,16
H CH2 C O H
O
4,76
CH3CH2CHClCOOH
CH3CHClCH2COOH
2,86
4,05
CH2ClCH2CH2COOH
4,42
( - )
C=C-C=C-C=O-
(- ).
..
..
-C=C-O-R
( p- )
-C=C-Cl
H thng lin hp -
H thng lin hp khng vng
CH2=C_CH=CH2
CH3
CH2=CH_CH=CH2
1,3-Butadien
2-methyl-1,3-butadien (izopren)
CH2 = CH CH = O
Aldehyd acrylic
CH2 = CH C N
CH2 = CH C = O
Acrylonitril
Acid acrylic OH
H thng vng
..
O
H thng lin hp p -
H thng lin kt lin hp do tng tc gia in t p t do vi lin kt .
..
..
CH2=CH_Cl
CH2=CH_OCH3
Vinylclorid
Methylvinyl ether
:OH
:NH2
Phenol
Anilin
25
CH2=CH_CH2_CH=CH2 ;
CH2=CH_CH=CH_CH3 ;
CH=CH_CH2_OCH3
Lin hp
Khng lin hp
Khng lin hp
Benzen
Butadien
phenol
Phn t lin hp bao gi cng c nng lng thp hn nng lng ca nhng
phn t khng lin hp tng ng. V mt in t gn nh gii ta ng u
trn cc nguyn t to h thng lin hp v to thnh mt orbital phn t gii
ta trn ton b phn t.
C
Hiu ng lin hp - C
Nu thay th nguyn t hydro trong nhm CH2 ca butadien bng nhm
CH = O, nhm ny tham gia lin hp vi orbital phn t ca butadien. Nh c
c tnh phn cc ca nhm CH =O nn ton b orbital mi hnh thnh ca
phn t b dch chuyn mt phn v pha nguyn t oxy.
CH2
CH CH
CH
CH
26
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..
C ..
O
: Cl
:
..
..
C O
..
H
..
C O
..
CH3
..
C O
..
: OR
..
..
..
C O
..
C O
..
:OH
..
: NH
.. 2
..
C O
..
: O.. -
..
..
CH2=CH_OCH3
CH2=CH_Cl
.. :
Cc nhm c hiu ng + C :
CH
CH
CH2
CH2
+
CH
CH
CH2
+
CH2
CH
CH
CH2
CH3
+
CH
CH
CH O
Aldehyd crotonic:
CH3 CH CH
Phenol
+
CH3 CH CH CH
CH O
:OH
+OH
+OH
+OH
OH
-
27
: CH3 CH CH CH
aldehid
crotonic
Aldehyd
crotonic
: CH2
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH CH
CH
NH2
CH
CH
+
NH2
CH
O-
+
NH 2 + H+
C CH CH
+
NH 2
OH
OH
OH
OH
CH3
CH3
CH3
I
pKa
9.98
NO2
II
7,16
NO2
III
7,21
CH3
NO2
IV
8,24
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH3
..
..
HO
HO
N O
N O
II
IV
O
CH3
C C C
CH3
C C C
H
22lin
ktket
lien
H
3
lin
3 lienkt
ket
H H
H H
H H
CH3
C C C
CH3
C
H
CH3
11lien
lin kt
ket
33lin
ktket
lien
H C CH CH
CH2
CH3 + HBr
H C CHBr CH2
CH2
CH3
Hiu ng siu lin hp nh hng n tnh cht linh ng ca lin kt C H trong gc alkyl.
V d: Nguyn t hydro trong nhm CH3 ca aldehyd acetic d dng b ct
t trong mi trng kim to carbanion.
H
H C CH
H
HO -
H
H C CH
O + H2O
Carbanion
H
H C CH
29
H
..
C C
H O
OC2H5
+ OH -
C C OC2H5 + H2O
O H O
Carbanion
CH3 C
C C
OC2H5
O
.. : H O
Carbanion
CH3 C
:O
.. :
C
H
OC2H5
CH2=CH_CH2
Bi tp
1. Pht biu nh ngha v hiu ng cm ng, hiu ng lin hp v siu lin hp.
2. So snh hiu ng cm ng v hiu ng lin hp v bn cht, c tnh v quy lut.
3. Cn c vo hiu ng in t c th c so snh v gii thch tnh acid ca cc
cht trong cc dy sau:
a- n-C4H8ClCOOH, nguyn t clo cc v tr khc nhau .
b- m-ClC6H4(CH2)nCOOHn = 0,1,2 .
c- m-ClC6H4(CH2)nCOOHn = 0,1,2
4. Vit cng thc gii hn ca sn phm to thnh khi:
a-
NH2 C NH2
NH
+ H+
Guanidin
b-
30
C CH2 C CH2
O
O
+ HO -
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Chng 3
Mc tiu hc tp
1. Trnh by c cc loi ng phn gp trong Ha hu c.
2. c c tn cu hnh cc hp cht hu c dng Z, E v R,S.
3. Xc nh c cu dng gh ca dn cht cycloalkan.
Ni dung
Cc hp cht hu c c cu to theo mt trt t xc nh. Cng thc
phn t cho bit thnh phn v s lng nguyn t c trong mt phn t. Cng
thc cu to phn nh bn cht v th t sp xp cc lin kt trong phn t.
Mt cng thc phn t c th c nhiu cng thc cu to khc nhau hoc nhng
cht khc nhau.
Hin tng mt cng thc phn t ng vi hai hoc nhiu cng thc cu to
khc nhau c gi l hin tng ng phn (isomery).
Thut ng isomery xut pht t ting Hy Lp "isos" c ngha l "cng" v
"meros"c ngha l "phn".
Da vo c im cu trc ngi ta chia thnh 2 loi ng phn: ng
phn phng v ng phn lp th (ng phn khng gian)
1. ng phn phng
Cc nguyn t v nhm nguyn t trong phn t cht hu c u cng nm
trong mt mt phng. Cc ng phn ch khc nhau v v tr v th t lin kt
gia cc nguyn t to thnh phn t. ng phn phng c cc loi sau:
1.1. ng phn mch carbon
C mch carbon sp xp khc nhau. Mch thng hoc phn nhnh.
CH3 CH2
CH3 CH
CH2 CH3
CH3
iso Butan
n- Butan
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH2
CH2 CH2
n- Pentan
CH3
CH3 CH
CH3
CH2 CH3
iso Pentan
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH3 C
CH3
CH3
neo Pentan
31
CH3 CH
CH2 CH2 OH
1-Butanol
CH3 C
CH CH3
CH3
OH
2- Butanol
CH3 CH2
2-methyl-2-propanol
CH3 CH
CH CH2
OH
CH CH3
2- Buten
1-Buten
COOH
HO
CH2
CHO
COOCH3
CH3
CHO
CH2
CH3
CH3
Acid acetic
Aldehyd glycolic
Aceton
CH2 CH2
CH2
CH2 CH2
1- Buten
CH2=CH-CH=CH2
1,3-Butadien
Cyclobutan
CH3-CH-CCH
CH3-CC-CH3
1-Butyn
2-Butyn
S h bin
C cc trng hp cc ng phn vi nhau nhng chng khng bn trong
nhng iu kin xc nh v chng c th thay i cho nhau to thnh hn hp
cn bng.
Hin tng ny gi l s h bin (hin tng tautomer - mesomer)
V d: Ester ethyl acetoacetat CH3COCH2COOC2H5 c 2 ng phn. Hai
ng phn ny c th phn ring tng cht ch nhit -78C. Hai ng phn c
dng ceton v dng enol. nhit cao hn khng th phn ring chng c.
Chng tn ti nh l mt hn hp 2 cht trng thi cn bng. Dng ceton lun
bin i thnh dng enol v ngc li. Khi nng cc cht trong hn hp c
xc nh th chng t n trng thi cn bng. Chng l 2 ng phn h bin
(mesomer).
32
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH3 C CH COOOC2H5
OH
Ester ethyl acetoacetat
Dng enol
O
Ester ethyl acetoacetat
Dng ceton
H
H
HH
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
33
CH3
C
H
C
H
Cis
Cis 2-buten
CH3
C
CH3
Trans
Trans 2-buten
CH3
CH3
C
Mat phang
CH3
abC=Cab
a
b
acC=Cab
b
a
V d:
H
H
HOOC
cis
COOH
H
HOOC
COOH
Acid maleic
C
C
HOOC cis
CH3
trans
Acid fumaric
HOOC
trans
CH3
H
Acid crotonic
Acid isocrotonic
Trng hp hp cht c dng tng qut abC =Ccd cng c ng phn hnh hc
vi a,b,c, d l nhng nguyn t hay nhm th hon ton khc nhau v " ln ".
abC=Ccd
a
a>b;c>d
c
Cau hnh E (trans)
V d:
I
Br
Cl
C
H
C
Br
H
Cl
E
Z
1-Brom-1-Iod-2-Cloethylen
V th I > Br ; Cl > E
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
OHC
H3C
OHC
COOH
C
H3C
H
C
C
COOH
OCH3
OH
>
CH
CH2 CH3
CH2 CH3
CH
CH2
CH = O
Cho nn:
CH
CH3
>
CH
CH2CH3
CH2
>
CH
CH3
CH3
C6H5
H
C
C6H5
H
Trans-trans
C
H
H
C
C6H5
H
H
Trans-cis
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
C
C6H5
H
C
C6H5
H
Cis-cis
35
CH3
CH3
CH3
H
H
cis
trans
H
1,3-Dimethylcyclobutan
Cl
Cl
Cl
H
trans
Cl
H
H cis
1,3-Diclocyclohexan
CH3
O
Trans
CH3
Cis
CH3
N
..
CH3CH2
OH
N
..
Z ( syn )
N
..
Z ( syn )
Butanoxim
CH3
C6H5
C6H5
Azobenzen
..
E (anti)
N
..
OH
..
E (anti)
C6H5
Tnh cht vt l
Nhit nng chy (tnc) : ng phn trans (E, anti ) c nhit nng
chy cao hn ng phn cis (Z, syn).
Nhit si (ts): ng phn trans (E, anti ) c nhit si thp hn
nhit si ca ng phn cis (Z, syn) .
Momen lng cc: Tu thuc vo bn cht ca cc nhm th phn b
chung quanh lin kt i hoc vng, momen lng cc cc ng phn
hnh hc c khc nhau. Nu hp cht c dng aCH =CHa th momen
lng cc ca ng phn E (trans) bng khng E = 0 v momen lng cc
ca ng phn Z (cis) ln hn khng Z > 0.
36
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
aCH=CHa
C
H
E < Z
b
H
aCH=CHb
a hut, b ay electron
z a
Z > 0
H
C
a
H
E = 0
aHC=CHb
a,b u ht electron
H
C
E > Z
Hp chat
-50oc
ClCH=CHCl
-80,5oc
48,4oc
68,0oc
PhCH=CHCOOH
60,2oc
134,0oc
p-O2NC6H5CH=CHNO2
CH3CH=CHCl
0D
2,95D
0,5D
7,4D
2,0D
1,7D
bn
ng phn trans bn hn ng phn cis v nhit . Di tc dng ca
nhit ng phn cis c th chuyn thnh ng phn trans.
S chuyn i cis trans
H
H
a
cis (Z , syn)
H
a
C
a
Quay
H
a
C
H
trans (E , anti)
37
Tnh cht ha hc
ng phn cis d tham gia mt s phn ng loi nc, to vng.
H
COOH
to
O
C
O
COOH
+ H2O
C
O
Anhydrid maleic
nh sng t nhin
Theo l thuyt v nh sng th nh sng t nhin gm nhiu sng in t c
vect in trng hng theo tt c cc hng trong khng gian v thng gc vi
phng truyn sng.
Anh sang t nhien
Phng truyen song
Vect ien trng
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Goc quay
to
= 100 __
LC
Trong :
l bc sng ca nh sng.
t l nhit o.
Nh vy tnh quang hot ca mt cht l tnh cht ca phn t gn lin vi
cu trc phn t. S phn b khng gian lm cho cu to phn t tr thnh
khng i xng l nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra ng phn quang hc.
2.2.1. Phn t c nguyn t carbon khng i xng
2.2.1.1. Phn t c nguyn t carbon bt i xng
Nu nguyn t carbon lin kt trc tip vi 4 nguyn t hoc 4 nhm
nguyn t hon ton khc nhau th gi l carbon khng i xng (bt i xng,
phi i xng).
b
*C
b
c
d
hay
*C
c
d
39
COOH
COOH
OH
CH3
H
CH3CHOHCOOH
C
H
CH3
OH
hay
C
H
CH3
OH
COOH
H3C C
C CH3
H
OH
HO
Vt
Vat
nh
Anh
(+ )
(- )
40
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
thun tin khi biu din cc ng phn quang hc, ngi ta biu din
cng thc theo hnh chiu Fischer (xem mc ng phn cu dng) nh sau:
Cc ng phn quang hc ca acid lactic
CH3 CHOH COOH
COOH
CH3
OH
COOH
COOH
H
CH3
(+ )
(+ )
Cong thc t dien
OH
H3C
HO
HO
(- )
COOH
H
CH3
CHO
COOH
COOH
COOH
H
OH
HO
OH
HO
CH3
I
OH
H
HO
CH3
II
COOH
HO
H
OH
CH3
CH3
III
IV
41
H
OH
COOH
OH
H
OH
H
COOH
COOH
COOH
I
Acid(+) tartaric
II
Acid(-) tartaric
COOH
OH
H
HO
H
COOH
HO
H
III
COOH
H
HO
mp oi xng
H
HO
COOH
IV
Acid mesotartaric
Trong :
I v II l 2 i quang (2 ng phn quang hc). III v IV c mt phng i
xng trong phn t nn chng khng quay mt phng phn cc, chng khng c
tnh quang hot. Ngi ta gi l ng phn meso.
Ch : III v IV ch l mt cng thc.
C th gii thch s ng phn trong cc trng hp s carbon bt i xng
c cu to khc nhau v ging nhau nh sau: Carbon bt i xng c cu to khc
nhau th gc quay mt phng phn cc khc nhau. Trong trng hp acid ,dihydroxybutyric, gi s gc quay ca mi carbon bt i l a v b, a>b. Acid
tartaric c 2 carbon bt i vi cu to ging nhau, gc quay mt phng phn cc
ca mi carbon bt i ging nhau (a= b).
Gc quay mt phng phn cc l tng gi tr gc quay ca tt c carbon bt
i trong phn t.
C cc trng hp:
CH3CHOHCHOHCOOH
HOOCCHOHCHOHCOOH
a>b
1
2
2
2
= ( +a ) + (+b ) =
= ( -a ) + (-b ) =
= ( +a ) + (-b ) =
= ( -a ) + (+b ) =
a=b
(+)
(-)
( +)
( -)
2 oi quang
2 oi quang
1
2
3
4
= ( +a ) + (+b) =
= ( -a ) + (-b ) =
= ( +a ) + (-b) =
= ( -a ) + (+b) =
(+)
(+)
2 oi quang
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CHO
CH2OH
OH
va HO
OH
CH2OH
L ( - ) Aldehid glyceric
HOH2C
HO
CH2OH
D ( + ) Aldehid glyceric
CHO
CHO
II
1CHO
2
OH
3
H
HO
H 4
H 5
H
OH
OH
6
CH2OH
D(+) - Glucose
1CHO
2
H
3
HO
H
OH
4
HO
H
5
HO
H
6
CH2OH
L(-) - Glucose
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
43
*C
*C
a
d
b
d *C
b
*C
II
Gng phang
OH
OH
C*
COOH
H3C
acid R Lactic
H
COOH
H
HOOC
Gng phang
OH
*C
CH3 HOOC
*C
CH3
acid S-Lactic
44
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
*C
H
CH2OH
OH
*C
H
CHO
CHO
CHO
CHO
CH2OH
OH
* OH CH2OH
CH2OH
I
* OH CH2OH
H
oi v tr lan 1
OH
II
CHO
H
oi v tr lan 2
III
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
45
CH3_CH(Ph)_CHOH_CH3
CH3
H
H
CH3
OH
HO
Ph
Ph
R
S
CH3
CH3
HO
CH3
[] = -0,69o
25
H
Ph
Ph
CH3
[] = +30,2o
25
OH
CH3
[] = -30,2o
[] = +0,69o
25
25
CH3
c
C
R"
(CH2)n
R'
Hp chat allen
R'''
Hp chat diphenyl
Hp chat paracyclophan
H
H
H
H
CT t dien
46
H
H
H
H
H
H
CT chieu Fisher
H
H
H
CT phoi canh
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
H
H H
H
H
CT Newman
Cng thc phi cnh v cng thc Newman thng c dng bin din
cu dng cc cht hu c.
Cng thc phi cnh c m t trong khng gian 3 chiu, lin kt gia 2
nguyn t carbon hng theo ng cho t tri sang phi v xa dn ngi
quan st.
C 2 loi cng thc phi cnh l dng xen k v dng che khut.
a
b
a
C
Dng xen k
a
b
a
b
Dng xen k
Cu dng xen k c nng lng thp hn (bn hn) cu dng che khut (km
bn). T cng thc phi cnh c th m t theo cng thc Newman bng cch nhn
phn t theo dc trc lin kt C1 C2. Ta biu din C2 b che khut bng vng
trn, cn C1 tm vng trn. Ba lin kt xut pht t mi nguyn t carbon to
nn nhng gc 120 trn mt phng giy.
a
b
C
1
CT phoi canh
c a b
b
CT Newman
aa
b
b
cc
CT Newman
Dang xen ke
a
b
C2
c b
CT phoi canh
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
47
H
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
dng gh cc nguyn t hydro trn 2 carbon cnh nhau phn b theo cch
xen k. Cn dng thuyn cc nguyn t hydro trn 2 carbon cnh nhau phn b
theo cch che khut. V vy cu dng gh bn hn cu dng thuyn (xem phn
cycloalkan).
2.4. Tc dng sinh hc ca cc ng phn quang hc
Cc ng phn quang hc ng vai tr quan trng trong i sng t nhin
ca con ngi v th gii sinh vt. Cc cht chuyn ha, cc cht men l nhng h
thng hp cht quang hot. Thay i cc dng i quang dn n s thay i qu
trnh v c ch ca s chuyn ha.
Acid Lactic tn ti (+) Lactic, (-)Lactic v L () Lactic (racemic). Chng c
cc tc dng sinh hc khc nhau. D -(+)-glucose l ng c tc dng sinh hc lm
cht tim truyn. Ngc li L -(-)-glucose hon ton khng c tnh cht ...
Bi tp
1- Cng thc phn t mt hydrocarbon l C7H14. Bao nhiu ng phn c th c ?
2- Cng thc phn t C5H12. Bao nhiu ng phn c th c?
3- Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn hnh hc ca cc cht sau:
a- 2-Penten ; b-2-Phenyl-2-buten ; c- 1,2-Dimethylcyclopentan.
d-1-Phenyl-1-clo-2,3,3-trimethyl-1-buten.
Cho bit danh php cu hnh ca cc ng phn .
Dng ng phn no bn hn. Gii thch.
4- C hp cht CH2Cl-CHOH-CHOH-CH2Cl.
a- Hp cht ny c bao nhiu nguyn t carbon i xng, bt i xng .
b- Hp cht c bao nhiu i quang v c loi ng phn no.
c- V cng thc t din, cng thc chiu Fischer, cng thc phi cnh v
cng thc Newman .
d- Gi tn cc ng phn theo danh php D, L; danh php R, S v
danh php Erythro -Threo .
5- V cc cu dng gh v thuyn ca cc cht sau y:
48
a- cis-1,2-dimethylcyclohexan
b- trans-1,2-dimethylcyclohexan.
c- cis-1,3-dimethylcyclohexan
d- trans-1,3-dimethylcyclohexan
e- cis-1,4-dimethylcyclohexan
f-trans-1,4-dimethylcyclohexan
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Chng 4
Mc tiu hc tp
1. Trnh by c cc quan nim v acid v base trong ha hu c.
2. Gii thch v so snh c mnh tng i tnh acid hoc base ca mt
s hp cht hu c.
3. Nm c khi nim acid -base lin quan n phn ng ca cc hp cht
hu c.
4. S dng khi nim acid -base ca Bronsted - Lowry v Lewis trong ho hu
c gii thch v tnh acid -base ca cc cht v c ch phn ng.
Ni dung
1. Khi nim acid - base theo Bronsted -Lowry (1923)
Acid l nhng tiu phn c khuynh hng cho proton. Base l nhng tiu
phn c khuynh hng nhn proton. V d c cht HA cho proton H+.
HA
A- + H+
HA
Acid lien hp
CH3COOH
CH3OH
NH +
4
+
CH3_O_CH3
H
Proton
Base lien hp
H+
H+
CH3COO
H+
H+
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH3O
..
NH3
..
CH _O_CH
3
49
Theo bng trn khi BH+ phn ly to thnh base khng c in tch ( - )
+
BH
H + B
Kt hp c 2 trng hp ta c
HA + B
BH + A
CH3COOH + H2O
Acid
Base
H3O+ + CH3COOAcid
Base
CH3COOH + HO Acid
Base
H2SO4 + R_O_H
Acid
Base
+
R_O_H + HSO 4
H
Base
Acid
+
CH3CH_CH3 +
Acid
H2PO4
Base
H2O + CH2_CHO
Base (carbanion)
Acid
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH3
CH2
+
BH
Base rt mnh
Acid rt yu
-
Acid rt yu
Base rt mnh
..
R_O_R
..
..
..
; R_NH2 ; R_OH ; NH3 ; HO- ; RO -
..H
N:
H : ..
..H ..F
N :..
B: F
H: ..
..F
..B: F
H F
F
Acid Lewis
Base Lewis
HA
H+(nc) + A- (nc)
H+ + A- hay HA( nc )
+
O
H
+
H3O (H2O)n
OH2
OH2
A-
O
H
H O
A-(H2O)n
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
H
O
H
51
Acid lien hp
pKa
+ OH
CH3CONH2
CH3 C NH2
+
H3O
+
CH3OH2
+
(CH3CH2)2 OH
+ OH
H2O
CH3OH
(CH3CH2)2 O
CH3COOH
CH3 C OH
+ OH
00
-1.7
-2.2
-3.6
-6.0
CH3 C OC2H5
-6.5
CH3CHO
CH3 C H
+ OH
-8.0
CH3COCl
CH3 C Cl
+
CH3 C NH
CH3COOC2H5
+ OH
CH3CN
-9.0
-10.7
Ka =
H+(nc) + A-(nc)
[H+][A-]
[HA]
B + H2O
Kb =
Kb
BH + + HO-
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH3COOH
FCH2COOH
F3CCOOH
ClCH2COOH
Cl2CHCOOH
Ka ,M
pKa
1,8.10-5
2,6.10-3
4,74
2,59
0,59
0,23
1,4.10-3
5,5.10-2
2,86
1,26
0,64
0,23
Cl3CCOOH
BrCH2COOH
1,3.10-3
6,7.10-4
2,90
HOCH2COOH
1,5.10-4
2,9.10-4
3,83
ICH2COOH
CH3OCH2COOH
CH2=CHCH2COOH
HC CCH2COOH
CH3CH2COOH
NCCH2COOH
C6H5CH3COOH
3,18
3,54
4,5.10-5
4,8.10-4
4,35
1,3.10-5
3,4.10-3
4,9.10-5
4,87
3,32
2,46
4,31
..
CH3CH2OCH2CH3 + H+
CH3CH2OCH2CH3
H
Bi tp
1- Vit cng thc ca cc base lin hp ca cc acid sau:
C6H5COOH, C6H5CH2COOH, CH3CH2NO2, C6H5OH, (CH3)3NH+
2- Vit cng thc cc acid lin hp ca cc base sau:
NH3, C6H5NH2, CH3OCH3, CH3COCH3, HCC-, RO3- V sao AlCl3, ZnCl2, NH4+, BF3 l nhng acid.
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
53
Chng 5
Mc tiu hc tp
1. Trnh by c cc c ch phn ng thng gp trong ha hu c.
2. Vit v gii thch c cc c ch phn ng: th (S), cng hp (A), tch loi (E)
Ni dung
C nhiu phng php phn loi phn ng trong ha hu c. Trong gio
trnh ny cc phn ng c phn loi theo hng phn ng. C cc loi phn
ng nh sau:
1. Cc loi phn ng trong ha hu c
1.1. Phn ng th (Substitution)
Phn ng th (k hiu S) l phn ng trong mt nguyn t hay nhm nguyn
t trong phn t c thay th bng mt nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t khc.
R_I + CN- R_CN + IR_Li + H2O
R_H
Tng qut:
R_A + Y
+ LiOH
R_Y
+A
R_X
NO2
R_NO2
SO3H
R_SO3H
Halogen X
R'
Ar
R_R'
R_Ar
R'CO
R'CO_R
CHO
R_CHO
N=N_Ar
R_N=N_Ar
R'COO_R
R'COO
54
RY+A
San pham the R_Y
Ten phan ng
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
+ CH3COC6H5
R_CH=NR' + H2O
Phn ng th i nhn.
Phn ng th gc t do.
Phn ng th i in t.
1.1.1. Phn ng th i nhn SN
-
R-A + Y
R-Y + A
Y- gi l tc nhn i nhn
V d:
CH3Cl
+ HO-
CH3OH + Cl-
1.1.2. Phn ng th gc t do SR
R-A + R
R-R + A
R l gc t do (nhng gc c mt in t)
V d: SO2Cl2 + C6H5 C6H5Cl + SO2Cl
1.1.3. Phn ng th i in t SE
R _ A + E+
R_E
+ A+
E+ l tc nhn i in t
+
V d: Ar _ H + NO2 Ar _ NO2 + H+
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
55
Ty theo cu to cht phn ng, ngi ta chia phn ng cng hp thnh cc loi:
R_CHOH_CH3
+ HCN
R_CH(CN)_OH
Cl
Cl
+ Cl2
Cl
.
+ Cl
Cl
R
R C CH2 X
-XR
Chuyen v tr
.R. +
+
R C CH2
R C CH2 R
R
R
Mt s phn ng th, tch loi, cng hp c th xem l phn ng oxy ha kh. V trong qu trnh phn ng c s thay i s oxy ha ca mt hay nhiu
nguyn t trong phn t. Cc phn ng c s tng v gim s oxy ha (hay s
nhng v thu in t) gi l phn ng oxy -ha kh.
56
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
.
A__
.B
A+ + B-
hoac
.B
A__
.
A- + B +
A+ v B- l cc ion.
.B
A__
.
.
CH3-CH2
.
.
A + B
.
CH2=CH-CH2
la cac goc t do
Carbocation
Carbocation (k hiu R+) l nhng cation m trung tm in tch dng
nguyn t carbon (trn orbital p khng c electron - orbital trng).
Carbocation c to thnh khi ct t d ly lin kt cng tr hoc khi cng
hp proton H+ vo ni i, ni ba.
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
57
CH3CH=CH2
CH3CH_CH
+
H_CH2CHO + HO-
CH3CHCH3
CH3CHCH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3CHCH3
:
H
CH3
CH3
CH3
Carben
58
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Ion dng
Lng goc
orbital trong
H
orbital sp2
H
Hnh 5.2. Cu trc ca carben H2+C: v lng gc CH2
bn ca cc tiu phn
Trong : c = [A].[B]
k l hng s tc phn ng .
k = P.Z .e
EA
RT
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
59
E
Nang lng hoat hoaEA
EA1
B
Chat ban au
AH
Chat cuoi
(a)
(b)
60
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Cl
HO
H
Tac nhan ai nhan
Chat phan ng
Cl
HO
H + Cl
C
H
C ch SN1
(CH3)3C_OH + Br-
v = k [(CH3)3C_Br]
(CH3)3C+
Br -
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
61
CH3
CH3
HO C
HO -
CH3
C+
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
OH
CH3
San pham cuoi
Carbocation
+ HO-
+ HO-
62
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
2.3.2. C ch phn ng th i in t SE
Phc
Phc
+ E
Chat trung gian
Chat phan ng
H
San pham
+ E+
H
+
Phc
E
Phc
H
E
E
+ H+
San pham
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
63
Cl_Cl
Cl. + Cl.
H_Br
+ Br-
H+
+ H+
CH3
CH
CH2
CH3
+
CH
CH3
CH2
CH3 + Br +
CH2 + Br -
Cham
H+ l tc nhn i in t E +; Br l Y -.
CH3
+
CH
CH3
+
CH2
CH3
CHBr
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH2Br
hoac CH3
CH
H
+
CH2
Nhanh
CH3
CH
Br
64
CH2
CH3
CH
H
+
Br Br
CH2
Br -
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH3
CH
H
CH2
RCHY_O-
RCH=O + Y-
RCHY_O- + H+ RCHY_OH
Nhiu hp cht c cha nhm chc carbonyl tham gia phn ng cng hp i
nhn v ng thi km theo s tch loi. C th xem loi phn ng ny nh l
mt loi phn ng th hoc phn ng cng v tch''
O
R C
O
+ Y-
R C
+ X-
R C Cl >
R C
O
O
.. C R'
H C
Chat phan ng
Y H C
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
YH + C
C + X-
San pham
65
Br
CH3
Br
CH3
+
C2H5OH
H
H
C2H5O
Trang thai chuyen tiep
+ Br H
Br
H
H
+ C2H5O -
CH3
Br
CH3
- Br -
- C2H5OH
C H
H C
Chat phan ng
H C
C+
+ X-
Cham
+ H+
Nhanh
Carbocation
C+
C C
San pham
Carbocation
- Br -
CH3 CH3
H C C+
- H+
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
Carbocation
66
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Chng 6
CC PHNG PHP HA HC V VT L
XC NH CU TO CHT HU C
Mc tiu hc tp
1. Hiu v bit cch s dng cc phng php ha hc v vt l xc nh
cu trc ca phn t
2. ng dng ca quang ph t ngoi, hng ngoi v cng hng t ht nhn
trong vic xc nh cu trc phn t.
Ni dung
Mt cht hu c c ng dng trong thc t phi bo m tinh khit,
phi tha mn v thnh phn cc nguyn t ha hc v cng thc cu to. Xc
nh cng thc cu to ca mt cht hu c tch/chit c t ngun gc thin
nhin hay tng hp c l cng vic rt cn thit v quan trng trong ha hu
c. C th xc nh cu to cht hu c bng phng php ha hc hay vt l.
1. Phng php ha hc
ng dng phng php php ha hc xc nh cng thc phn t v
nhm chc ha hc bng cc phn ng c trng.
1.1. nh tnh v nh lng nguyn t
67
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
n=
Moi trng 1
Moi trng 2
sin
sin
= C1
C2
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
69
di sng
< 100 nm
100-200 nm
in t
200-300 nm
143 - 82 Kcal
in t
350-800nm
82 - 86 Kcal
in t
Hng ngoi gn
0,8-2,0 m
36 - 14,3 Kcal
Hng ngoi
2-16,0 m
-nt-
16,0-300 m
-nt-
- Vi sng
cm
10-4 Kcal
Quay
- Tn s radio
mt
10-6 Kcal
Bc x gama, tia X
V tia v tr
- Tia t ngoi
- Kh kin
- Hng ngoi
Hng ngoi xa
Ty thuc vo v tr tn s hp th trong di tn s ca bc x in t m ta
gi chng l quang ph Rnghen, quang ph electron, quang ph hng ngoi hay
quang ph vi sng. Ngy nay quang ph t ngoi (UV), quang ph hng ngoi
(IR), quang ph cng hng t ht nhn (NMR) v khi ph l nhng phng tin
quan trng v chnh xc xc nh cu to cc cht hu c.
70
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Hp cht
Chuyn dch
electron
Etan
H2O
Methanol
Ethylen
Acetylen
1,3-Butadien
v n
Acrolein
thm
Benzen
v n
-n thm
Phenol
max
Bng
hp th
-
135
167
183
7.000
500
165
173
10.000
6.000
150
188
279
1.860
15
217
21.000
210
11.500
*thm
*thm
*thm
60.000
8.000
215
E1
180
200
255
*thm
*thm
2.460
174
E2
208
262
*thm
*thm
6.200
1.450
E2
210
270
Aceton
Toluen
max (nm)
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
E2
B
71
-OH, -NH2, - Cl
6
5
4
3
2
1
3
2
1
217 nm
258 nm
h (n-)
n
Aceton
72
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Ethylenic
Cu to
max
V d
max
Chuyn dch
electron
(nm)
RCH=CHR
CH2=CH2
165
15.00
- *
193
10.00
- *
Acethylenic
RCCR
CHCH
173
6.000
- *
Carbonyl
RR1C=O
CH3COCH3
188
900
- *
279
15
n - *
RCH=O
CH3CHO
290
16
n - *
Carboxyl
RCOOH
CH3COOH
204
60
n - *
Amid
RCONH2
CH3CONH2
208
n - *
Azometin
C=N-
(CH3)2C=N-OH
190
5.000
- *
Nitril
-CN
CH3CN
160
- *
Azo
-N=N-
CH2-N=N
347
4.500
n - *
Nitroso
-N=O
C4H9-N=O
300
100
Nitrat
-ONO2
C2H5ONO2
270
12
n - *
Nitrit
-ONO
C5H11NO
218
1.120
- *
Nitro
-NO2
CH3NO2
271
18.60
n - *
Sulfon
- SO2 -
(CH3)2SO2
180
CH3COOH
204
CH3(CH=CH)2COOH
254
Hp cht
C6H6
204
256
C6H5Cl
210
265
C6H5OH
210
270
C6H5NO2
252
280
330
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
73
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1.1
1.2
1,3
1,4
1,5
200
250
300
400
350
(nm)
3756cm-1
1595cm-1
3655cm-1
d =
74
1
2
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
m1.m2
m1+m2
1 104
m
cm-1 =
A = log ( 1 )
T
Xut hin mt s di hp th nht nh trong ph hng ngoi l c trng
s c mt ca mt s nhm chc xc nh trong phn t. V vy ph hng ngoi c
ngha phn tch cu trc phn t cc cht hu c. Cc cht hu c thng
hp th trong vng hng ngoi t 4.000 - 400cm-1 (2,5-25m).
Bng 6.5: Tn s c trng cc chc hu c
Hp cht
Alkan
Tn s cm -1
Cng
2850-3000
1450-1470
1370-1380
Dao ng lin kt
C-H dao ng ho tr
CH2 v CH3 bin dng
720 - 725
3080-3140
1800-1860
1645
990
C=C
910
C-H
3080-3140
=C-H
1750-1800
1650
C=C
890
C-H
3300
C-H
Alken
RCH=CH2
R2C=CH2
=C-H
Alkyn
RCCH
RCCR
2100-2140
CC
600-700
C-H
2190-2260
tf
CC
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
75
Cng
Dao ng lin kt
1000-1350
700-850
500-600
200-500
tf
f
f
f
C-F
C-Cl
C-Br
C-I
3600
3400
1050
3600
3400
1150
3600
3400
1200
v
f
f
v
f
f
v
f
f
O-H
O-H
C-O
O-H
O-H
C-O
O-H
O-H
C-O
Ether
1070-1150
C-O
Acid R-COOH
2500-3300
1760
v
f
O-H
C=O
Aldehyd R - CHO
1725
2720, 2820
f
m
C=O
C-H
Alkyl halogenid
R-F
R-Cl
R-Br
R-I
Alcol
RCH2OH
R2CHOH
R3COH
Tn s cm -1
3600
3360
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
1200
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
S proton
S ntron
Spin
Momen t
1/2
2,79267
12
13
1/2
14
0,40357
0,00
16
19
0.00
0,70216
10
1/2
2,6275
31
15
16
1/2
1,1306
32
16
16
0,00
Ho
Spin trng thi nh hng song song - spin c mc nng lng thp.
Nu tc dng mt tn s bc x thch hp ln phn t hu c ang t trong t
trng Ho, proton c spin hp th nng lng, b kch thch v chuyn dch ln
mc nng lng cao hn lm thay i nh hng thnh spin . Hin tng gi
l s cng hng t ht nhn. Ghi li nhng tn hiu cng hng, thu c ph
cng hng t ht nhn (NMR).
Ho
77
Ong ng mau
H o Cc t trng N
...
...
...
...
...
...
S Cc t trng H o
May ghi
Nguon phat song cao tan
Hnh 6.7: S my cng hng t ht nhn
CH2
HO
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
( hoac ppm ) =
60
60.106
.106 = 1,00
= 10,00 -
Ph NMR ca ethanol (hnh 6-8) c 3 tn hiu cng hng tng ng vi
nhn hydro ca nhm OH, CH2 v nhm CH3, v proton ca cc nhm trn c
min ph cn khc nhau v mt ha hc. Cc proton ca nhm methyl b che
chn mnh nht, proton ca nhm OH b che chn yu nht.
S tng tc spin - spin v hng s tng tc spin -spin J
Khng phi lc no mi dng proton ng lng cng cho mt nh ring
bit. Nhiu trng hp, mt dng proton li th hin s hp th ca n bng mt
vch hp th nhiu nh. C hin tng l do cc proton ng cnh nhau
tng tc spin - spin vi nhau.
Hin tng tng tc spin -spin xy ra l v cc in t lin kt c xu hng
ghp i spin ca n vi spin ca proton gn nht bn cnh. Spin ghp i ny li
nh hng n proton bn cnh tip theo v gy nn cc t trng ca cc ht
nhn bn cnh. T trng ny tc ng ln proton v xut hin s cng hng
ng thi cho cc tn hiu. Cc tn hiu ny chnh l cc nh i (doublet), nh
ba (triplet), nh t (quartet)..., nh a (multiplet) trn ph NMR. Khong cch
gia 2 nh tch ra c o bng Hz gi l hng s tng tc spin -spin k hiu J
(cn gi l hng s ghp spin).
Cn c vo cc gi tr v J thu c trn ph NMR ngi ta bin lun v
tm cng thc cu to ph hp ca cht hu c.
V d: o ethanol trn my c phn gii cao, ph NMR ca ethanol c cc
nh 3, nh 4.., (hnh 6-9).
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
79
-CH3
-CH2TMS
-OH
ppm
CH3CH2CH2CHCH3
+ e-
2e- +
.
CH3
CH3CH2CH2CHCH3
m/e 86
+.
CH3
CH3CH2CH2CHCH3
CH3
+ CHCH
+.
m/e 43
CH3CH2CH2
CH .
CH3CH2CH2CH+ m/e 71
CH3CHCH3
+
CH3CH2
CH3
CH3
m/e 57
80
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Cng o
43
100
80
60
40
71
20
57
10
20
30
40
50
86 M+
60
70
80
90
100
m/e
toc
tos
nh tnh, nh lng
cac nguyen to
UV
IR
RMN
MS
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
81
Chng 7
ALKAN - HYDROCARBON NO
(CnH2n+2)
Mc tiu hc tp
1. c c tn cc alkan thng dng
2. Nu c ha tnh ca alkan v ng dng ca chng trong cuc sng.
Ni dung
1. Ngun gc thin nhin - Cu to, ng phn, cu dng
1.1. Ngun gc thin nhin
Alkan l nguyn liu t nhin c t du m, kh thin nhin.
Kh thin nhin cha cc kh vi thnh phn khng c nh, thng cha
75% metan, 15% etan, 5% propan, phn cn li l cc alkan cao hn v nhiu cht
khc. Kh thin nhin c dng lm nhin liu v trong qu trnh k ngh.
Ngun alkan ch yu l du m, thng thu c cc cht sau:
Bng 7.1: Cc alkan trong du m
Cc cht
Kh
Thnh phn
t si
C 1 C4
< 20
Ether du ha
C 5 C6
20-60
Xng
C 6 C8
60-200
Ligroin
C7
60-90
Gazolin
C6 C12
85-200
Keroxin
C12 C15
200-300
Du mazut
C16 C23
200-400
Du bi trn
C18 C22
300
Atphan dng phng php hydro ha than nu bng cch nghin nh than
vi du nng c xc tc st v H2 nhit 450C, p sut 200-300 atm, thu c
sn phm th, sau khi chng ct thu c kh, xng v sn phm du nng.
1.2. Cu to
Alkan l hydrocarbon no (hydrocarbon bo ha, parafin) c cng thc chung
CnH2n+2. Cht n gin nht l metan CH4. Cu to mch thng hay phn nhnh.
82
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
n-pentan
metan
H
H
H
H
H
H
H H
iso- pentan
1.3. ng phn
Alkan c ng phn mch thng v phn nhnh. S ng phn tng khi s
carbon tng.
Bng 7.2: S ng phn ca mt s alkan
S carbon
Tn cht
S ng phn
S carbon
Tn cht
S ng phn
Metan
Heptan
Etan
Octan
18
Propan
Nonan
35
Butan
10
Decan
75
Pentan
20
Eicozan
366319
Hexan
30
Tricozan
4,11.109
1.4. Cu dng
Do tnh cht i xng trc ca lin kt , hai nguyn t carbon lin kt vi
nhau c th quay t do quanh trc lin kt. S quay t do km theo s tiu
hao nng lng. Chnh v c s quay t do quanh trc lin kt C C nn cc
alkan c cc ng phn cu dng (ng phn hnh th - conformer).
Etan tn ti di nhiu cu dng khc nhau. Hai dng cu dng thng
thng nht l dng che khut (t bn) v dng lch (bn), hnh 7-1
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Khuat
H
H
HH
H
H
Lech
H
Khuat
H
Lech
Cong thc Newman
Lch
Che khut
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
83
HH
H
H
HH
H
H
c cc dng lch.
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H H
H
Kj/mol
11,7
60
120
goc quay
180
300
240
360
E H
(Kj/mol)
H H
HH
H
H
HH
H H
H
HH
H H
H
25,5
14,2
3,4
60
120
(goc quay)
180
240
300
360
84
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
2. Danh php
Cc hydrocarbon no u c tip v ng l an
2.1. Tn gi cc gc hydrocarbon thng gp
CnH2n+2 CnH2n+1_
an
yl
Nguyn tc:
Thay v ng ''an'' trong tn gi ca hydrocarbon no bng tip v ng ''yl"
Cc gc bc 1
CH3
CH3CH2
CH3CH2CH2
ethyl
n-propyl
methyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2n-butyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2n-pentyl
CH3 CH CH2
CH3 isobutyl
CH3CHCH2CH2CH3 isopentyl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2-
CH3CHCH2CH2CH2CH3
isohexyl
n-hexyl
CH3
CH3CCH2CH3
neopentyl
CH3
CH3CCH2CH2CH3
neohexyl
Cc gc bc hai
CH3CHCH3
isopropyl
CH3
CH3CH2CH-
sec-butyl
Cc gc bc ba
CH3
CH3CCH3
CH3
tert-butyl
CH3CH2CCH3
tert-pentyl
85
CH3
CH3
1'
2'
3'
2'
3'
1',1'-dimethylpropyl
Cch gi tn:
Dng cc t Hylp (di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa) ch s lng
cc nhm th ging nhau v gi tn ca hydrocarbon no c s carbon tng ng
vi s carbon trong mch chnh.
3. Phng php iu ch alkan
3.1. Phng php gi nguyn mch carbon
3.1.1. Kh ha hydrocarbon cha no
Tc nhn kh l hydro phn t vi xc tc c hot tnh cao nh kim loi Pt,
Pd, Ni. Phn ng c th xy ra nhit thng.
86
CH
CH
R'
+ H2
CH
CH
R'
+ 2H2
Ni
Ni
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH2
CH2
R'
CH2
CH2
R'
R-H + I2
3.1.3. Kh ho alcol
Tc nhn kh l HI c (80%), nhit 180-200C v c mt phosphos
Khi un nng: 2HI
2H + I2
Ban u alcol chuyn thnh sn phm trung gian l dn xut iod v cht
ny li b kh nhit cao hn thnh alkan
R-OH + HI
R-I + HI
R-I + HOH
R-H + I2
V d:
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH + 2HI CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 + H2O + I2
Alcol n-butylic
butan
CnH2n+1MgBr
CnH2n+2 + MgBrOH
V d:
2CH3-CH2-I + 2Na
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 + 2NaI
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
87
catod
anod
Na+
CH3CH2COO
+e
-e
.
Na
CH3CH2COO
H2O
- CO2
NaOH + H2
CH3CH2 .
CH3CH2CH2CH3
chnh
CH3CH3 + CH2
ph
CH2
R-H + Na2CO3
4. Tnh cht l hc
Nhit si v nhit nng chy tng dn khi s carbon tng.
Cc alkan phn nhnh c nhit si thp. Alkan khng tan trong nc. D
tan trong ether, trong cc hydrocarbon khc v trong cc dn xut halogen.
Ph hng ngoi:
Cc tn s dao ng ha tr :
Lin kt CH c dao ng ha tr trong khong 2850-3000 cm-1; lin kt
C_C c dao ng yu v thay i.
Cc tn s dao ng bin dng
Gc methyl CH3 v methylen CH2 c dao ng bin dng c trng ca
CH t 1400-1700 cm-1
88
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Nhit si
Nhit chy
T khi
Metan CH4
-161,7
-182,0
Etan
- 88,6
-183.3
Propan C3H8
42,6
-187,7
0,5005
Butan C4H10
- 0,5
-138,3
0,5787
C2 H 6
Pentan C5H12
6,1
-129,8
0,5572
HexanC6H14
68,7
- 95,3
0,6603
Heptan C7H16
98,4
- 90,6
0,6837
Octan C8H18
125,7
- 56,8
0,7026
Nonan C9H20
150,8
- 53,5
0,7177
Decan C10H22
170,4
- 29,7
0,7299
Undecan C11H24
195,8
- 25,6
0,7402
Dodecan C12H26
216,3
- 9,6
0,7487
Tridecan C13H28
235,4
- 5,5
0,7564
Tetradecan C14H30
253,7
5,9
0,7628
Pentadecan C15H32
270,6
10,0
0,7685
Eicosan C20H42
343,0
36,8
0,7886
Triacontan C30H62
449,7
65,8
0,8097
5. Tnh cht ha hc
Trong phn t alkan ch c 2 loi lin kt: C_H v C_C. Chng l nhng lin
kt hu nh khng phn cc.
5.1. Phn ng th - Tnh cht ca lin kt C - H
5.1.1. Phn ng halogen ha -Tc dng vi halogen
CnH2n+2 + X2
CnH2n+1X + HX
H = +270kcal
H = -1kcal
. 2Cl
CH4 + Cl
CH3 + HCl
CH3 + Cl2
CH4 + Cl2
CH3Cl + Cl
CH3Cl + HCl
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
. H = -23kcal
89
Cl + Cl
Cl2
.
.
; Cl + CH3
CH3Cl
.
.
; CH3+ CH3
CH3CH3
+ Cl2
Brom ha c tnh chn lc cao hn qu trnh clor ha. Khi clor ha isopentan
thu c hn hp sn phm. Cn khi brom ha isopentan sn phm th brom ch
yu xy ra lin kt C _H bc 3.
Theo nh lut Hess, hiu ng nhit H0 l hiu s nng lng lin kt mi
c to thnh trong phn ng v nng lng phn ly ca lin kt b phn ct.
.
Cl + H_CH2CH3
Lien ket phan ly
Cl_H+
o
H = 98 - 103 = - 5 kcal. mol-1
CH2CH3
CH3
CH3
+ Cl2
90
CH3
CH3
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
33%
Cl
22%
Brom ha:
CH3
CH3
Br2
HBr
Br
RI + H
450o
RNO2 + H2O
to
.
H2O + 2 NO2
H2SO4
SO3
C6H13SO3H
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
91
RH + SO2 + Cl2
RSO2Cl + HCl
hoc peroxyd
Sulfo oxy ha
Khi cho hn hp SO2 v O2 vi t l ng phn t tc dng vi alkan c mch
6- 8 carbon nhit 20-30C, c chiu sng s thu c hp cht alkansulfoacid.
RH + SO2 +
1
O
2 2
RSO 3H
CxH2x+2
+ CyH2y
(n = x +y )
.
.
CH3 + CH3
.
.
CH3 + CH3CH2
.
.
CH3CH2 + CH3CH2CH2CH2
.
CH3CH2
92
.
.
CH3 + CH3CH2CH2CH2
.
.
CH
CH
CH
+
CH3CH2
3 2 2
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
.
CH3CH2CH2
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH3CH3
+ CH3CH=CH2
xuc tac
3
O2
2
to
RCOOH + H2O
oxy ho
CH3(CH2)xCOOH
CH3(CH2)yCOOH
n=x+y+2
3n + 1
2
O2
CH4 + 2 O2
+ 2 H2O + 885 kj
Al4C3 + 12H2O
3CH4 + 3Al(OH)3
CH4 + 4Cu2S
Trong phng th nghim, iu ch metan bng cch nhit phn mui acetat
kim loi kim
CH3COONa + NaOH
CH4 + Na2CO3
C + H2 O
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
93
CO + 3H2
94
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Chng 8
CYCLOALKAN
Mc tiu
1. Gi c tn cc loi cycloalkan: 1 vng, 2 vng.
2. Vit v trnh by c cu dng ca cyclohexan.
Ni dung
Cycloalkan l nhng hydrocarbon no mch vng. Nguyn t carbon trng
thi lai ha sp3. C nhiu loi hp cht vng no.
Hp cht n vng: Monocycloalkan
Hp cht a vng: Polycycloalkan.
Phn chia hp cht a vng thnh cc loi sau:
Hp cht a vng ngng t,
Hp cht a vng c mch cu carbon,
Hp cht a vng spiran.
1. Monocycloalkan
1.1. Danh php
Gi tn alkan tng ng v thm tip u ng ''cyclo''
Nu trong phn t c mch nhnh th gi tn mch nhnh t n gin
n phc tp.
nh s cc nguyn t carbon trn mch vng xut pht t mch nhnh
n gin v nh s theo chiu sao cho tng s cc ch s ch mch
nhnh l nh nht.
CH3
CH3
Methylcyclopropan Methylcyclobutan
CH3
CH3
2
3
2
3
CH2CH2CH3
CH2CH3
1-Methyl 3-ethylcyclopentan 1-Methyl, 3-(n-propyl) cyclohexan
1.2. ng phn
Monocycloalkan c s ng phn nhiu hn s ng phn ca alkan c s
carbon tng ng. V d: C8H16 c cc ng phn vng 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 cnh.
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
95
CH3
1
CH3
CH3
CH3
1
3
CH3
CH3
Ethylcyclohexan
1,2-dimethylcyclohexan 1,3-dimethycyclohexan
1,4-dimethycyclohexan
CH3
CH3
trans 1,2-dimethylcyclohexan
cis 1,2-dimethylcyclohexan
1 [109o28' 2
Ho (*)
Cyclopropan
60
+2464'
+12,7
Cyclobutan
90
+964'
+6,8
Hp cht
Cyclopentan
108
+064'
-18,4
Cyclohexan
120
-536'
-29,5
12834
-953'
135
-1286'
Cycloheptan
Cyclooctan
-28,2
-29,7
(*) kcal.mol-1
Theo thuyt sc cng Bayer th cyclopentan l hp cht bn nht, t
cyclohexan tnh bn gim dn. iu ny khng ph hp v thc t cyclohexan l
hp cht rt bn vng. Cyclohexan khng c cu to phng, chng t rng thuyt
sc cng Bayer ch ng vi nhng cht c cu to phng .
bn ca hp cht vng cn ph thuc nhiu yu t khc c bit l cu
hnh v nhit to thnh. Nhit to thnh cng thp th vng cng bn.
96
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Hnh 8.1
S xen ph cc i b vi phm
v lin kt C-C b un cong
S xen ph cc i
C
H
C
H
1.4.2. Cyclobutan
Cyclobutan c cu dng gy gp - cu dng xp (hnh 8-2)
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
1.4.3. Cyclopentan
Cyclopentan c cu to khng phng. Bn nguyn t carbon ca cyclopentan
nm trn mt mt phng. Nguyn t carbon th 5 nm ngoi mt phng ny.
Vng cyclopentan c hin tng " gi quay " (pseudorotation) (hnh 8-3).
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
97
H 1 H
H
H
2
H 2 H5
4
H
1
H
3
H
H
4
3
5
1
H 3 H
H
H 4
2
H
S tng tc gy ra sc cng Pitzer
1.4.4. Cyclohexan
Cyclohexan c 2 cu dng: dng gh v dng thuyn (hnh 8- 4) .
S tng tac gay ra sc cang Pitzer
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H H
H
Dang ghe
H
H
H
H
Dang thuyen
Hnh 8.4
H
H
H
H
Lien ket axial
H
H
H
H
H
Lien ket equatorial
Lin kt equatorial c nng lng thp v bn vng hn lin kt axial (hnh 8-6).
CH3
a
CH3
e
Axial
(a)-Methylcyclohexan
Equaterial
(e)-Methylcyclohexan
98
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
Trans1,2
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
Trans1,3
Cis 1,2
CH3
CH3
Cis1,3
Trans1,4
Cis1,2
CH3
a
H
CH3
e
Cis a,e H
e
CH3
H
CH3
a
CH3
a
CH3 e
Cis e,e
Cis a,a
CH3
CH3
CH3
a
e
a
CH3
Cis a,e
CH3
Cis e,a
CH
a 3
H
e
H
Trans e,e
a
CH3
Trans a,a
CH3
CH3
a
e
CH3
CH3
CH3
a
CH3 e
Trans a,e
e CH3
Trans e,a
a
CH3
CH3
e CH3
e
H
Trans a,a
Trans e,e
HBr
CH3-CH2-CH3 ;
Br2
CH3-CH2-CH2Br;
CH2Br-CH2-CH2Br
Cl
6Cl2
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
+ 6HCl
Cl
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
99
Xuc tac
OH
Cyclohexanol
Xuc tac
O2
Pt
+ 3 H2
O
Cyclohexanon
Xuc tac
CH3
Ethylcyclobutan
CH3
AlCl3
Methylcyclopentan
Cycloheptan
Methylcyclohexan
2. Hp cht a vng
2.1. Hp cht a vng c lp
Hp cht c 2 vng c lp lin kt vi nhau trc tip hoc bi mt mch carbon.
_CH2CH2_
Bicyclohexyl
1,2-Bicyclohexyletan
1
6
Bicyclo[4.4.0] decan
Bicyclo[4.3.0] nonan
5
4
Bicyclo[2.2.1] heptan
100
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
8
7
4
2
3
6
5
8
1
2
Bicyclo[2.2.2] octan
C th c hp cht 3, 4 vng
1
8
7
6
4
1
3
5
10
4
H thng hp cht a vng c danh php phc tp. Theo danh php IUPAC,
gi tn hp cht a vng phi xc nh s mch carbon. S mch carbon tng
ng vi s vng (bicyclo, tricyclo, tetracyclo). Tm vng chnh c s carbon nhiu
nht. Chn mch cu l mch di nht to bicyclo chnh. nh s trn vng
bicyclo chnh xut pht t carbon u cu v n u cu kia t mch cu di
nht n ngn nht (ch nguyn tc tng s nh nht). Sau xc nh tip cc
mch cu cn li v ch r s nguyn t carbon c trn mch cu . S nguyn t
carbon trn mi mch cu (khng k carbon u cu) c t trong ngoc vung
theo th t t ln n nh. Tn ca hp cht a vng l tn ca hydrocarbon c
tng s carbon to vng.
2.4. Hp cht vng spiran
T ''spiro'' c ngha l xon. Hydrocarbon no loi ny ch r cc vng lin kt
vi nhau bng nguyn t carbon chung. Nguyn t carbon ny gi l carbon spiro.
C hp cht spiro, dispiro, trispiro .. .
nh s carbon xut pht t vng b v bt u carbon gn carbon spiro
v theo chiu sao cho carbon spiro (carbon chung) c s b nht. S carbon trn
mi mch t trong du mc v theo chiu nh s.
7
1
4
2
3
1
3
10
8
2
1
5
4
2
3
8
7
10
3
10 11
8
2
12
1
2
Dispiro[2.1.5.2] dodecan
Bi tp
1. V cc ng phn hnh hc c th c ca cc ng phn ca cyclohexan c
CTPT C9H18. Gi tn cc ng phn .
2. V cc cu dng c th c ca diclocyclohexan.
3. Vit CTCT ca cc cht c tn gi sau:
a. Bicyclo[4.1.0] heptan; b-Bicyclo[3.2.0]heptan ; c-Tricyclo[5.1.0.03,5]octan
d. Spiro [3.3] heptan; e-Spiro [4.4] nonan; f- Dispiro [5.1.6.2] hexadecan
4. Gi tn theo danh php IUPAC ca cc cht c cng thc sau:
CH3
CH3
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
101
Chng 9
Mc tiu hc tp
1. Trnh by c cu to alken, xc nh ng phn hnh hc v danh php
Z -E ca chng.
2. Nu c cc tnh cht ha hc ca alken.
Alken cn gi l olefin. Chng l nhng hydrocarbon cha no, khng vng,
trong phn t c mt ni i. Alken c cng thc tng qut CnH2n.
i vi hp cht vng c mt ni i c cng thc tng qut CnH2n-2 v gi l
cycloalken, cycloolefin, hydrocarbon vng cha no.
1. Cu to ca alken
Su nguyn t ca phn t ethylen nm trong mt mt phng. Lin kt
ca C _C to thnh do xen ph ca orbital sp2. Lin kt c to thnh do 2
orbital p t do xen ph vi nhau. Mt phng cha lin kt thng gc vi mt
phng cha cc nguyn t carbon v hydro ca ethylen. Orbital s ca hydro v
orbital sp2 ca carbon xen ph vi nhau to thnh lin kt ca HC (hnh 9-1).
Csp2
Hnh 9.1:
C 2
sp
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Alken
Buten
S ng phn
Alkan
S ng phn
C 4 H8
Butan C4H10
Penten C5H10
Pentan C5H12
Hexen C6H12
12
Hexan C6H14
a
C C
CH3
c
C C
C C
CH3
C C
H
H
CH3
Trans -2-buten
Cis -2-buten
CH3
Dng trans bn hn dng cis v dng trans c nng lng thp. Trong dng
cis cc nhm th cng pha c tc dng y nhau.
CH3
CH3
H
C C
CH3
C C
CH3
CH3CH2CH=CH2
1-buten (3%)
Cis-2-buten (23% )
C C
CH2CH2CH3
CH3
H
CH2CH3
Z -3-ethyl-2-hexen
C C
CH2CH3
CH2CH2CH3
E -3-ethyl-2-hexen
Ch : Cc t cis - trans hoc Z (zusammen - cng pha) - E (eintgegen khc pha) l cc danh php ch ng phn hnh hc trong cc trng hp
khc nhau.
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103
3. Danh php
3.1. Danh php thng thng
Gi tn alken bng cch ly tn alkan c s carbon tng ng thay tip v
ng ''an'' thnh ''ylen''.
CH2=CH2
CH3CH=CH2
Ethylen
CH3CH2CH=CH2
Propylen
Butylen
CH3_CH=CH_CH3
CH3CH=CH2
Dimethylethylen oi xng
Methylethylen
CH3_C=CH2
CH3CH=CH2
Propen
CH3
4
1
4
3
3
2
_
_
_
CH3 CH=CH CH3 ; CH3 C=CH_CH3
2-Buten
2-Methyl-2-buten
2 CH
CH3
_
_
_
;CH3 CH CH2 CH2_C_CH2_CH3
7
6-Methyl-3-ethyl-3-hepten
a
b
C C
c
d
ong phan Z
a
b
C C
d
c
ong phan E
104
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
C C
ClCH2CH2
CH2CH3
C C
CH3CH
Cl
Z -3-methyl-3-hexen
CH2Cl
CH3
E -1,4-diclo,2-methyl-3-(2-clorethyl) -2-penten
4. Phng php iu ch
4.1. Tch hydro halogenid t cc dn xut monohalogen
Cc dn xut monohalogen no, c bit l dn xut bc ba, khi tng tc vi
cc dung dch base mnh nh KOH, NaOH, EtONa trong alcol v un nng s b
tch mt phn t hydrohalogenid to ra alken tng ng. Ty cu to ca dn
xut halogen no, alken thu c c th l mt hn hp ng phn v mt lng
nh sn phm ca phn ng th i nhn l ether.
S tch loi HX theo kh nng: R-I > R-Br > R-Cl > R-F .
V nng lng lin kt: C-I 51 kcal.mol-1; C-Br 58 ; C-Cl 81 ; C-F 116
R CH
H
CH3
C CH3
CH3
_
_
R CH=C CH3 + HX
RO- + H2O
Cham
+
R_CH2_CH_CH3
Nhanh
+
R_CH2_CH_CH3 + X
R_CH=CH_CH3
+
+ H (I)
+
R_CH2_CH=CH2 + H ( II )
Nu X cng tch loi vi H bc cao hn s hnh thnh olefin (I). Olefin (I)
c nng lng thp hn so vi olefin (II) v hiu ng siu lin hp ca CH3 vi lin
kt i C =C c s lin kt C -H nhiu hn.
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
105
H
+
R CH2 CH C H
H
Co 3 lien ket C-H sieu lien hp
+
R_CH2_CH_CH3
H
_
_
R CH=CH C_H
(I)
H
+
R C CH CH3
H
Co 2 lien ket C-H sieu lien hp
H
_
R C_CH=CH2
H (II)
EtOK
EtOH
CH3CH2CH_CHCH
.
. - 3
Br
H ..... OH
_
CH3CH2CH2_CH
. CH2
Br
CH3
CH3_CH_CH2_CH_CH2_CH3
X
CH3
CH3_CH_CH=CH_CH2_CH3
Co 3 H
EtOK
EtOH
(CH3)3COK
(CH3)3COH
(C2H5)3COK
CH3CH=C(CH3)2 +
71%
CH3
CH3CH2C=CH2
29%
28%
72%
11%
89%
(C2H5)3COH
106
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H
C6H5
C6H5
Br
C6H 5
Br
C6H 5
C6H 5
Base
Br
Br
HBr +
Br
C6H5
C6H5
Br
Br
Br
C6H 5
C6H5
C6H 5
C6H5
Br
H
C
Base
HBr +
C6H 5
Br
C6H 5
Meso-1,2 -dibromo-1,2- diphenyl etan
C6H5
C6H 5
Br
C6H5
RCH2CH2OH
RCH=CH2
180oC
H2O
H2SO4
140oC
RCH2CH2OSO3H
RCH2CH2OSO3H
RCH2CH2OSO3H
H2O
RCH=CH2 + H2SO4
RCH2CH2OH
RCH2CH2OCH2CH2R + H2SO4
H3PO4 ,
CH3(CH2)5CH=CH2
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH3
+
CH3(CH2)5CH_CH_CH3
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
H
+
CH3(CH2)4CH_CH_CH2_CH3
..
107
H2SO4 62%
CH3CH2CH=CHCH3 + H2O
95o
CH3CH2CH2CHCH3
C ch E1
+OH
2
+
+
+
CH3CH2CH2CHCH3 H CH3CH2CH2CHCH3- H2O CH CH CH CHCH -H CH CH CH=CHCH
3 2 2
3
3 2
3
OH
C trng hp xy ra s chuyn v:
CH3 OH
CH3-C__CH-CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
+
CH3_C_CH_CH3
CH3
+
CH3-C__CH-CH3
+
CH3-C__CH-CH3
H+
to
CH3
CH3
CH3
_
CH2=C CH_CH3
-H+
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3_C=C_CH3
CH3
4.2.2. pha hi
Alcol di tc dng ca Al2O3 350 - 400C cng to alken theo c ch:
CH3CH2OH
R
Al
+
O
Al2O3
300-400oC
H
OH +
Al
Al
R+
CH2=CH2 + H2O
+ OH
Al
+ alken
Al
+ H2O
RCH=CHR' + ZnCl2
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CrO3
450oC
CH3CH2CH=CH2 + H2
Ten goi
tochay
tosoi
Ty khoi
-103,9
- 47,0
0,566
Propylen
-169,4
-185,2
1-Buten
-130,0
-5,0
0,668
cis 2-Buten
-139,0
-3,5
0,635
isoButylen
-140,0
-6,0
0,566
1-Penten
-138,0
+29,9
0,640
2-Penten
-139,0
+36,4
0,651
3-Methyl-1-buten
-135,0
+25,0
0,648
2-Methyl -2-buten
-124,0
+38,4
0,668
Ethylen
0,609
Ph hng ngoi:
Lin kt -C=C- alken c vch hp th gn 1650 cm -1. Tuy nhin cng
v tr s ca vch ny cn ph thuc vo cu to phn t ca alken (lin hp vi C=C- hoc -C=O). Cc vch hp th do dao ng ca lin kt C -H ca nhm
-CH=CH2 c tn s khong 3100, 1420 v 915 cm -1
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
109
Cl
R
CH=CH2
Cl
=0
Cl
Cl
Cl
C
= 2,95D
Cl
H
C
= 1,97D
CH3
C
CH3
= 1,71D
6. Tnh cht ha hc
Trong lin kt i, nng lng lin kt ln hn nng lng lin kt .
chnh lch vo khong 20 kcal.mol1. iu ny gii thch tnh km bn ca lin
kt v kh nng phn ng cao ca lin kt i. Lin kt i l trung tm phn
ng ca alken. Cc phn ng quan trng nht i vi alken l phn ng cng,
phn ng oxy ha v phn ng trng hp.
6.1. Phn ng cng hp
Lin kt b b gy v kt hp vi hai nguyn t hoc 2 nhm nguyn t
mi to hp cht no. Lin kt i -C=C- c tnh i nhn. S chung ca phn
ng cng hp vo ni i nh sau:
+ X_Y
C=C
C_ C
X Y
C=C
H2
xuc tac
C_ C
H H
H H
H H CH2=CH2
C2H4
H_CH2_CH2_H
H 3C
C O OH
H2
Pd
C
C OO H
H OO C
H3C
C
H
C OO H
C H3
H
HO OC
H3 C
H
H
C
C H3
C O OH
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
- +
- +
+
X C__C
Cham
C== C
+ Y-
Giai on II
Ion carboni kt hp vi phn cn li ca tc nhn tch in m.
+
X C__C
Nhanh
+ Y-
X C__C
+ Br2
+ HOCl
- +
C__ C
Cl OH
+ H2SO4
C== C
Hp chat dibromo
Hp chat clorhydrin
C__ C
Ester cua acid sulfuric
H OSO3H
+ HCl
+ H2O , H+
C__ C
H Cl
Hp chat monoclor
C__ C
OH
Alcol n chc
Cng hp HX
2-Methylpropen cng hp vi HCl. Trc tin lin kt i tc dng vi
proton H + to thnh carbocation trung gian. Sau carbocation kt hp vi ion
clorid Cl - v to thnh tert butylcloid.
CH3
CH3
H
H
H
Cl
CH3
CH3
+
C
H
H
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
+ Cl
CH3
Cl
CH3
C
C
H
H
H
111
CH3
CH3
+
_
_
_
CH3 C CH3 khong tao thanh CH3 C_CH2
+
H
+
CH3CH2CH -CH2CH3 Br
+
CH3CH2CH2 -CHCH3 Br
CH3CH2CHBr -CH2CH3
3-Bromopentan
CH3CH2CH2 -CHBrCH3
2-Bromopentan
Cng hp vi nc H2O
Hydrat ha alken l phng php quan trng iu ch alcol trong cng
nghip. Phn ng cng hp nc thng xy ra trong mi trng acid. Phn ng
qua giai on to carbocation trung gian. Carbocation tc dng vi nc to
thnh alcol.
CH3
+
CH3C = CH2 + H
Isobuten
CH3
CH3C_ CH3
+
+ H2O
Carbocation
CH3
CH3C_ CH3
+OH
2
CH3
CH3C_ CH3 + H+
OH
t-Butanol
CH3CH _ CH3
Cl isopropylclorid
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CH = CH
- 2
H
H
+
+ _ _
_
_
H C CH C H ( I ) va CH3_CH2 _ CH2 ( II )
H
H
H
+
_
CH3 C _ CH2 ( II )
H
peroxyd
CH2=CHCH2Br + HBr
CH3CH2_CH2Br
peroxyd
BrCH2_CH2CH2B
113
R-O-O-R
R-O . + HBr
Br + CH3CH=CH2
CH3CH_CH2Br + HBr
2R-O .
H = +35 kcal
.
ROH + Br
H = -23 kcal
_
CH3CH CH2Br
H = -5 kcal
.
_
CH3CH2 CH2Br + Br
H = -11 kc
CH3CH_CH2Br (I )
Br + CH3CH=CH2
CH3CHBr_CH2 (II)
CH3
CH
CH3CHBr
CH2Br
CH2
CH3CH2_CH2_CHBr_CH3
X2
X__C__C__X
114
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Br
Br
Br
+
C
+
Br -
+
Br__C__C + Br
Br__C__C_ Br
..
:X :
+
C
..
.
:X .
..
:X
C
..
:X
X
Br2
CCl4 - 5o
Cyclopenten
Br
+
..:..
Br
Br
H
Br
Trans 1,2-dibromocyclopentan
+ 2KMnO4 +
4H2O
loang
C
OH OH
+ 2MnO2 + 2KOH
loang
to
O
Mn OO
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
H
H2O
OH
OH
115
C==C
R''
KMnO4
O
C==O + HO_C R
R'
R''
; RCH=CH2
KMnO4
RCOOH + CO 2
C
O
+ H2O
C
O
Molozonid
O3
C
O
Ozonid
C O+
O C
+ H2O2
CH2CH3
H
O3
CH3
C
CH3
O
O
C
O
Ozonid
CH2CH3
H
H2O
6.3.3. Vi cc peroxyd
Alken b oxy ha bng cc peracid. Sn phm to thnh l cc oxiran (epoxyd)
C6H5
+ CH3COOOH
C
C
H
C6H5
Trans-Stilben
C6H5
H + CH3COOH
C6H5
H
Trans-2,3-diphenyl oxiran
O
COOH
COOH
CH3(CH2)3CH__CH2
+
1-butyl oxiran
CH3(CH2)3CH=CH2 +
1-2-epoxyhexan
Cl
Cl
1-Hexen
Acid 3-cloro benzoic
Acid 3-cloro peroxybenzoic 1-oxydhexen
O
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
S to gc t do:
Y + CH2=CH2
Y-CH2CH2 + CH2=CH2
Y-CH2CH2
Y-CH2CH2-CH2CH2
Y-(CH2CH2)n-CH2CH2
.
.
Y-(CH2CH2)n-CH2CH2
Y-(CH2CH2)n-CH2CH2
Y-(CH2CH2)n-CH2CH3 + Y-(CH2CH2)n-CH=CH2
Y-(CH2CH2)n-CH2CH2-CH2CH2-(CH2CH2)n-Y
(CH3)2C=CH2
cham
+
(CH3)3C-CH2-C(CH3)2
CH3
(CH3)3C-CH=C(CH3)2+ (CH3)3C-CH2-C=CH2
20%
80%
117
500-600o
CH3_CH=CH2 + Cl2
CH3C=CH2 + Cl2
Nhiet o phong
ClCH2_CH=CH2 + HCl
ClCH2C=CH2 + HCl
CH3
CH3
CH3_C=CH2 + Cl_Cl
CH3
+
CH3_C_CH2Cl
-H
CH3
+ Cl
CH2=C_CH2Cl
CH3
Cl
_
CH3 C_CH2Cl
CH3
6.5.2. Th vo v tr vinyl
Xy ra iu kin kh hn s th vo v tr allyl. Nguyn t hydro lin kt vi
carbon c ni i (gi l hydro vinyl) bng lin kt C_H. Lin kt C_H c nng lng
lin kt ln hn nhiu so vi cc lin kt C _ H khc. Phn ng theo c ch gc.
CH2=CH2 + Cl2
200-600 o
CH3CH2CH_CH = CH2
O_O_H
7. Cht in hnh
Ethylen CH2=CH2
Cht kh khng mu, khng mi, hu nh khng tan trong nc, ha lng
-105C. Ethylen chy cho ngn la sng hn metan, to thnh CO2 v hi nc
Hn hp ethylen v oxy n mnh v phn ng t chy ta nhiu nhit, c
th dng hn hp ny ct hn kim loi nh acetylen.
Ethylen kt hp vi nc to alcol ethylic.
Ethylen tc dng vi dung dch clor trong nc to ethylen clorhydrin v t
clorhydrin c th iu ch ethylen oxyd
118
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Cl2
CH2
CH2
H2O
KOH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
Cl
OH
ethylen clorhydrin
ethylen oxyd
CH2
AlCl3
H2
CH = CH2
CH2CH3
styren
ethylbenzen
Bi tp
1. Vit cng thc cu to ca cc cht sau:
a. 3-Methyl-1-penten;
c. 2,2-Dimethyl-3-ethyl-1-octen.
b. 2,4-dimethyl-1-penten;
e. Diisopropylethylen i xng.
Gi tn theo IUPAC ca cc cht c CTCT di y:
Cl
CH3
a-
C C
CH3
CH2CH3
b-
BrCH2
CH3
C C
CH2C(CH3)3
CH3
; c-
CH3CH2CHCH2
H
H
C C
; d-
CH2 C
CH2CH3
CH2CH2Br
CH2CH2CH(CH3)2
b. 2-bromopentan.
e. 2- Bromo-2-methyl butan.
c. 3-cloropentan.
3. Nhng hp cht no c to thnh khi oxy ha cc cht di y bng dung
dch KMnO4 long nhit thp:
a. 2-Hepten.
c. Trimethylethylen.
119
Chng 10
Mc tiu hc tp
1. Trnh by c cu to v gi tn cc alkyn.
2. Nu c cc tnh cht ha hc ca alkyn.
3. Vit c s cc phn ng chuyn ha to thnh sn phm.
Alkyn hoc hydrocarbon acetylenic l hp cht khng vng cha no c cha
mt lin kt ba ng vi cng thc chung CnH2n-2
1. Cu trc in t
Alkyn l nhng cht cha lin kt ba -CC-. Nguyn t carbon ca ni ba
trng thi lai ha sp. Lin kt ba gm mt lin kt v 2 lin kt . Lin kt
C_C c to thnh do s xen ph vi nhau ca 2 orbital lai ha sp ca carbon.
S xen ph ca orbital lai ha sp ca carbon vi orbital s ca hydro to thnh
lin kt C_H. Lin kt ca alkyn c to thnh do s xen ph tng i mt
ca cc orbital p t do ca nguyn t carbon lai ha sp. Hai lin kt ca alkyn
nm trong 2 mt phng thng gc vi nhau.
__C
. .
__C
_
.
. C
C_
o
1,06 A
H C
C
Csp
sp
H1s Csp
H1s Csp
180 o
o dai va goc lien ket
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH
1
5 6 3 7
2 3 4
3-Methyl-1-butyn; CH _C C_CH _CH _CH_CH
3
2
2
3
6-Methyl-2-heptyn
Methyl acetylen
(CH3)2CHCCCH3
Methylisopropylacetylen
F3C_CCH
Trifluoromethyl acetylen
2.3. Tn cc gc
-CCH
Etynyl
CH3-CCH
Propynyl
Etynylcyclopentan ;
Cyclopentylacetylen
C CH
CH3_CC-CH2- 2-Butynyl
C CCH3
Propynylcyclohexan
Methylcyclohexylacetylen
2.4. ng phn
Cc alkyn c ng phn cu to v mch carbon v ng phn c v tr ca
ni ba . Khc vi alken, cc alkyn khng c ng phn lp th.
3. Phng php iu ch
3.1. Tch loi 2 phn t HX t hp cht gem v vic -dihalogen
Nguyn tc: T gem dihalogen T vic -dihalogen -
-C C- + 2HX
CHX-CHX- -C C- + 2HX
-C H Br-CH Br-
Nhanh
-C X =C H -
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Cham
_
-C _ C -
121
to
CH3_C CH + 2 HBr
Br Br
Br2
C6H5CH=CHC6H5
KOH alcol
KOH alcol
C6H5CH-CHC6H5
to
(77-81%)
1,2-Dibrom-1,2-diphenyletan
ete
Stilben
Br Br
CH3CH_CH2
CH3CH=CH2 + Br2
Propen
KOH alcol
CH3_C CH + 2 HBr
Methylacetylen
to
1,2-dibromopropan
+ 2NaNH2 - NaX
- NH3
+
R_C C _Na + H2O
R_C C_H
NaNH2
R_ C C_ H +
+
R_C C _Na + NH3
NaOH
CH3CH2_C C_H
1-Butyn
CH3_C C_CH3
2-Butyn
H_C C_H + Na
CH3_C C_H + Na
Propyn
CH3_C C_Na
+ CH3CH2I
NH3 (lng)
-33oC
H_C C_Na
Natri acetylid
n-C4H9Br
CH3(CH2)3_C C_H
Hexyn-1 (89%)
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
X X
_
R C C_R'
R_C C_R' +
+ 2 Zn
2 ZnX2
X X
4. Tnh cht l hc
S to thnh lin kt C_C c to thnh do xen ph ca orbital lai ha
Csp ca metyl v orbital lai ha ca carbon acetylenic . Mt orbital sp c tnh
cht ca orbital S nhiu hn orbital sp3. Kt qu l lin kt c chnh lch v
m in. Mt in t trn lin kt C_C l khng i xng v xut hin
momen lng cc.
3
= 0,30 D
= 0
Hp cht
to nng chy
T khi
Etyn
- 84,0
- 8,9
Propyn
- 23,2
- 102,7
Butyn-1
8,1
- 122,5
Butyn-2
27,0
- 32,3
Pentyn-1
39,3
- 90.0
Pentyn-2
55,5
- 10,0
Hexyn-1
71,0
-132,0
0,7152
Hexyn-2
84,0
- 88,0
0,7317
Hexyn-3
81,0
-105,0
0,7231
Phenylacetylen
143,0
- 43,0
Diphenylacetylen
300,0
- 63,5
5. Tnh cht ha hc
5.1. Tnh acid ca alkyn
Lin kt C -H phn cc mnh v pha carbon ca lin kt ba CC-H+ lm
tng momen lng cc ca lin kt v tng kh nng tch hydro di dng
proton. Do tnh acid ca acetylen ln hn so vi etylen v etan.
Gi tr pKa ca mt s cht sau y:
Hp cht
H2O
Alcol
Acetylen
NH3
Ethylen
Metan
pKa
15,7
16-19
25
35
44
50
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
123
Lc base
CH3CH2=CH
CH4
CH2=CH2
HC
HC CH
C-
Lc acid
H
Anion methyl
sp3
C C
..
sp2
H
Anion vinyl
H_C C
sp
Anion acetylid
R_C C-
NH3
R_C C_Ag
+ NH4NO3
HOCH2_C C_CH2OH
1,4-Butyndiol
Pt ,( Pd , Ni)
R-CH2CH2-R'
CH2=CH2
H2C=CH2 + H2
CH3_CH3
HCCH
124
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
H2
3-Hexyn
C2H5
Pd- BaSO4
Quinolin
C C
C2H5
H
H
cis-3-Hexen
S cng hydro cng c th xy ra khi s dng natri kim loi trong amoniac lng.
Na/NH3(lng)
C4H5C CC4H9
H9C4
NH4OH
H
C C
H
C4H9
Trans- 5-deken
5-Dekyn
RC CR'
+ HX
RC CH
RCX CXR'
RCX CH2
+ X2
RCX2 CX2R'
+ HX
RCX2 CH3
+
H2C C CH=CH2
+ Cl-
R C C H +
1- Alkyn
H2O
C4H9 C C H
1- Hexyn
HgSO4-H2SO4
H2O
OH
R C CH2
Dang enol
HgSO4-H2SO4
O
R C CH3
Ceton
O
C4H9 C CH3
Methylbutylceton
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
125
ROH
H2C CH OR
Ether vinylic
H2C CH NR2
Vinyl amin
RCOOH
H2C CH OCOR
Ester vinylic
RCONH2
R2NH
H C C H
HCN
H2C CH CN
Acrylonitril
CO + ROH
CO + R2NH
H2C
CH
COOH
Acid acrylic
H2C
CH
COOR
Ester acrylat
H2C
CH
1B H
2 2 6
3R C C H +
1B H
2 2 6
3 R C C R'
R
H
R
H
C C
C C
R'
3
H
3
3 CH3COOH
B 3 CH3COOH
R
H
R
H
C C
C C
R'
H
H
H
CH3CH2
CH2CH3
CH2CH3
CH3CH2
C
C
C C
CH3COOH
R
H
H
H
B
0oC
cis 3-Hexen (90%)
R
126
B2H6
H2O2
OH-
C4H9
H
C C
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
H
OH
C4H9CH2CHO
Hexanal
3HC CH
Cu(NH3)2Cl
HC C CH=CH2 Vinylacetylen
Carbon ,600oC
Benzen
200-300oC
Cu
-CH=CH-n Cupren
6. Cht in hnh
Acetylen C2H2
iu ch
Thy phn carbur calci (t n)
CaC2 + 2H2O
HCCH + Ca(OH)2
HCCH + 3H2
H0298 = 91 kcal/mol
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
127
Acetylen chy trong khng kh cho ngn la sng, to CO2 v nc, nhit
lng ta ra rt ln. Khi dng hn hp C2H2-O2 lm kh hn, ct kim loi mu,
mun hn tt phi dng kh tr (Argon) oxy khng tip xc trc tip ln b
mt kim loi hn.
Bi tp
1. Vit cng thc cu to ca hydrocarbon sau:
a- 2- butyn; b- 2- methyl-3-hexyn; c- 2,2,5-trimethyl-4-hexyn; d- isopropylacetylen.
2. Gi tn nhng hp cht sau:
CH3
CH3
a- CH3_C_CH2_CH2_CH
HC C
CH3
b-
CH3
CH3
_
_
_
CH3 C C C C_CH3
CH3
CH3_CH2
c-
C CH
128
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Chng 11
Mc tiu hc tp
1. Gii thch cu to ca nhn thm.
2. Gi tn c cc hydrocarbon thm.
3. Trnh by cc tnh cht ha hc ca benzen: c ch SE.
Aren hay l hydrocarbon m trong phn t c mt ca mt hay nhiu nhn
benzen. Aren cn gi l hydrocarbon thm - hydrocarbon hng phng
1. Benzen v nhn thm
1.1. Cu to benzen
Benzen c cng thc phn t C6H6. Nm 1825 ln u tin Faraday M. pht
hin benzen trong kh t. Nm 1834 Mitscherlich E. A. iu ch benzen t acid
benzoic thu c t cy Styrax benzoin. Nm 1845 Hofmann tm thy benzen
trong nha than . Benzen c mt s tnh cht c trng gi l " tnh thm ".
gii thch tnh cht c trng cc nh ha hc a ra cc dng cng thc
cu to ca benzen.
1.1.1. Cc dng cng thc c in
Kekule
Closs
Ladenburg
Amstrong
Dewar
Thiele
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129
Khong cch gia cc nguyn t carbon trong vng u bng nhau 1,398 A
l i lng trung gian gia di lin kt n thun ty v (1,54) v lin
H
H
.
.
H 120o
. . H
o
1,398A
H
H
Lien ket
H
H1s Csp2 H
2
sp C
H
H
C 2
sp
a
c
b
d
Goc va o dai S xen phu cac orbital
Xen phu cac orbital p t do
Cac orbital p t do
lien ket
va tao lien ket
tao lien ket C-C va C-H tren cac nguyen t carbon
130
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
o
H = -24,5
kcal mol
-1
o
H = -26,5
kcal mol -1
o
H = -28,4
kcal mol -1
o
1
H = -49,3 kcal mol -
+
n= 0
Cation cyclopropenyl
2 electron
CH3
n=1
6 electron
Toluen
Cation
Anion
cyclopentadienyl cycloheptatrienyl
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
.N.
Pyridin
..
N
H
Pyrrol
131
n=2
10 electron
Naphthalen
Anion
cyclononatetraenyl
Dianion
cyclooctatetraen
CH3
Toluen
CH3
CH_CH
CH2CH2CH3
Ethylbenzen n-Propylbenzen
CH3
CH2CHCH3
Iso-Propylbenzen
Iso-butylbenzen
CH3
C CH3
CH3
Tert-butylbenzen
CH3
CH3
1,2-Dimethylbenzen
o-Xylen
CH3
1,3-Dimethylbenzen
m-Xylen
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH
1,4-Dimethylbenzen
1-Methyl-4-isopropylbenzen
p-Xylen
p-Xymen
Orto ( o-)
V tr :
1, 2
X
Y
Meta ( m-)
1, 3
Y Para (p- )
1, 4
132
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X
1
5
V tr :
2
3
2
3
4
Z 5 4
Z
Asymmetrical (as-)
1, 3 , 4
Vicinal (vic-)
1, 2 , 3
2
3
Symmetrical (s-)
1, 3 , 5
CH3
o-Tolyl
Phenyl
CH3
p-Tolyl
m-Tolyl
Benzylyden
Benza
p-Phenylen
1,4-Phenylen
m-Phenylen
1,3-Phenylen
Benzo
CH3
1
2
Toluen
CH3
CH3
o-Xylen
7
6
2
3
8
7
6
5
Naphthalen
10
Antracen
4
2
6
7
8
10
Phenantren
10
5
8
Pyren
3. Phng php iu ch
Nha than l ngun nguyn liu ch yu v quan trng cung cp cc
hydrocarbon thm. ng dng mt s phng php ha hc iu ch cc
hydrocarbon thm.
3.1. Phng php dehydro ha cc cycloalkan
Cc cycloalkan n vng v a vng nh cyclohexan, decalin (perhydronaphtalen)
khi c xc tc v nhit thch hp c th b dehydro ha v to thnh
hydrocarbon thm tng ng.
Xuc tac , to
+ 3 H2
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Xuc tac , to
+ H2
133
Carbon .
600oC.
3 CH3 C CH
Propyn
CH3
CH3
O
CH3
Carbon .
600oC.
CH3
Mesityllen
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 O
H2SO4 (16%)
+
CH3
CH3
CH3
3 H2O
BrH2C
+ R_ X
+ 2Na
ete
CH2Br
+ 2Na
+ 2 NaX
CH2 CH2
+ 2 NaBr
ete
RX
AlCl3
HX
4. Tnh cht l hc
Cc ng ng ca benzen l nhng cht lng, mt s l cht rn. Chng
u c mi c trng.
134
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
C6H4(CH3)2
C6H5C2H5
C6H5C3H7
C6H5CH(CH3)2
Ten goi
to nong chay
V tr
-
Benzen
Toluen
to soi
T khi
+ 5,51
-95,0
80,10
110,6
1,2
1,3
-29,0
- 53,6
144,4
139,1
0,8641
1,4
+ 13,2
138,4
136,2
0,8610
-94,0
Propylbenzen
-101,6
159,2
0,8669
0,8620
iso-Propylbenzen
-96,9
152,4
0,8618
1,4
-73,5,
176,0
0,8570
o-Xylen
m-Xylen
p-Xylen
Ethylbenzen
CH3C6H4CH(CH3)2 p-Methylisopropyl
benzen
0,8790
0,8669
0,8802
5. Tnh cht ha hc
T cu to lin hp ca vng benzen, hydrocarbon thm c cc loi phn ng:
Phn ng th i in t vo nhn benzen.
Phn ng cng vo vng benzen.
Phn ng oxy ho.
5.1. Phn ng th i in t trn vng benzen
C ch chung cc phn ng th i in t xy ra qua 2 giai on ch yu:
Giai on mt l s hnh thnh tc nhn i in t Y+.
Giai on hai l s tng tc gia tc nhn i in t vi vng benzen
to phc phc v sn phm ca phn ng th.
Phn ng th tin hnh trong mi trng acid mnh hoc c mt mt cht
xc tc. Acid mnh hoc xc tc c tc dng chuyn ha tc nhn phn ng thnh
dng i in t Y+ (electrophile).
Y_X + FeBr3 Y+ + FeBr3XTc nhn Y + s tng tc vi nhn benzen ti v tr c mt electron cao nht
Y
+ Y+
Y+
Phc
H
+
H
FeBr3X
hoac
Phc
+ HX + FeBr3
Phc
(Cation pentadienic)
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
135
Br
FeBr4
Carbocation trung gian c h lin hp, c mt carbon trng thi lai ha sp3
H
+
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
+ FeBr4-
Br
+ HBr + FeBr3
+ Br2 + FeBr3
Chat phan ng
San pham
+ Br-Br + FeBr3
Br
Br
+ FeBr4
+ HBr + FeBr3
136
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH3
Cl
+ HCl
+ Cl2
CH3
+
FeCl3
HCl
Cl
CH2Cl
Cl2 , h
Cl2 , h
- HCl
Benzylydenclorid
Benzylclorid
CCl3
Cl2 , h
- HCl
- HCl
Toluen
CHCl2
Benzotriclorid
CH2 .
CH3
.
+ Cl
CH2
+ HCl H = - 16 kcal.mol-1 ;
CH2
CH2
CH2
Goc t do benzyl
NO2
+ H2O
NO2 NO2
+ HNO3
H2SO4
NO2
NO2 NO2
+ HNO3
H2SO4
NO2
137
CH3
H2SO4
NO2
+ H2O
o-Nitrotoluen
CH3
+ HNO3
+ H2O
H2SO4
p-Nitrotoluen
NO2
CH3
CH3
H C H
CH3
CH3
2 H2SO4 + HONO2
O
N+
O
+ N
+ O
- H+
NO2 +
+
H
H2SO4
Ar_SO3H + H2O
138
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
+ H2SO4
CH3
CH3
+ H2SO4
CH3
SO3H
+
- H2O
Acid benzensulfonic
Acid o-toluensulfonic
SO3H
< 100o
+ H2O
160o
+ H2SO4
Acid -naphthalensulfonic
SO3H
160o
+ H2O
Acid -naphthalensulfonic
C che :
AlCl3 khan
CH
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH
+ 3
+ CH. . . .Cl. . . .AlCl
3
CH3
CH3
CH3
+ HCl
CH3 +
CH Cl + AlCl3
CH
+ 3. . . . . .
CH Cl AlCl3
CH3
phc
CH3
CH3
+ AlCl4
CH
CH3
phc
CH
CH3
+ AlCl3+ HCl
CH3
H2SO4
CH
CH3
CH3 ;
CH3CH_CH3
+
OH
H2SO4
CH
CH3
CH3
+ H 2O
139
+
CH3CH_CH3 ; CH3CH_CH3 + H+
OH
CH3CH=CH2+ H+
+
CH3CH_CH3+ H2O
CH3CH_CH3
+ OH2
+ HCl
CH CH3
CH3
+ HCl
AlCl3
+ CH3CH2CH2Cl
S chuyn v xy ra
+
CH3CHCH3
CH3CHCH2+
H
+ (RCO)2O
AlCl3
O
C-R
+ RCOOH
+ RCOX
RCOX + AlCl3
140
AlCl3
Alk ylphenylcet on
Alk ylphenylceton
+
O AlCl3
O AlCl3
R-C-X
R-C-X
+
O
C-R
+ HX
+ O AlCl3
; R-C-X
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
R-C
+
O
..
+ ..
R-C O
..
+ AlXCl3
V d:
S Acetyl ha benzen bng acetylclorid hoc anhydrid acetic xy ra theo
phn ng
CH3COCl
Acetylclorid
+ (CH3CO)2O
Anhydrid acetic
O
C-CH3
AlCl3
HCl
O .....AlCl3
C-CH3
AlCl3
CH3
;
CH3
CHO
ClCH=N_CH=NH.AlCl3
ArH + ClCH=N_CH=NH.AlCl3
- HCl
Ar-CH=N_CH=NH.AlCl3
Ar-CH=N_CH=NH.AlCl3
+ H2O
HC N + HCl
ClCH=NH
CHO
+ HCl ;
CH3
CO + HCl , AlCl3
CH3
+ HCl
CHO
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
141
Ar-H (- HCl)
Cl_C_H
O
C che : CO + HCl
Ar-CHO
ZnCl2
60o
+ HCHO + HCl
+ H2O
+ 3 H2
CH3
CH3
Ni , 10at
130o
+ 3 H2
Cyclohexan
Ni , to
Methylcyclohexan
CH3
CH3
5% Rh/ C , 100o
CH3
+
p sut
CH3
cis- 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexan (90%) Trans- Dimethylcyclohexan (10%)
o-Xylen
Br
CHO
H2-PtO2
C2H5OH
OCH3
2-Bromo-5-metoxybenzaldehyd
C6H5
H
C C
H
C6H5
Trans-stilben
142
H2-Pt
C2H5OH
CH2OH
OCH3
Alcol 2-bromo-5-metoxybenzylic
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
C6H5
1,2-Diphenyletan
+ 3 Cl2
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
.
. Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
. :Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl:Cl
Cl Cl
.
Cl
2 Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
. Cl
Cl
.
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl:Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
.
+ Cl
Cl
V2 O5
O
C
400-450o
+ O2
O
C
V2 O5
400-450o
O
Anhydrid phtalic
O
Anhydrid maleic
COOH
+ H2O
CH3
CH3
COOH
+ CH3COOH + 2 H2O
+ 6 O
CH CH3
CH3 + 8 O
COOH
+ 2 H2 O
COOH
COOH
+ 2HCOOH+ 2 H2O
Oxy ha o - xylen bng acid nitric long 155C thu c acid o -toluic.
CH3
CH3
HNO3 loang
155o
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
COOH
CH3
143
Do hiu ng electron
X
+ I , sieu lien hp
Do hiu ng electron
- I ,- C
- I ,- C
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
OCH3
+ HBr
OCH3
OH
para ( 96%)
Br
OCH3
Br
+ HBr
+ Br2 FeBr3
+ HNO3
H2SO4
NO2
OH
para
NO2
+ H2O
o-Nitrophenol
o-Bromoanisol ( 4% )
+ H2O
CHO
COOH
+ Br2
+ HBr
+ HNO3
Br
acid m-Bromobenzoic
H2SO4
CHO
+ H2O
NO2
m-Nitrobenzaldehyd
+
...Y
+
+
H. . Y
H Y
+
+
Y+
Chat phan ng
+ H+
San pham
Tien trnh phan ng
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
145
..
:OH
..
+OH
..
+OH
..
:OH
+OH
CH3
+ Y
CH3
+
Y
CH3
CH3
+
CH3
+
H
H
+
CH3
CH3
+
H
Y
H
Y
O + ON
+
+
146
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
O + O
N
O + O
N
O + O
N
+
+
Y
+
H
O + O
N
H
Y
O + O
N
H
+
Y
O + O
N
H
Y
Trng thi nng lng phc v tr meta thp hn 2 trng thi ortho v para.
O + O
N
H
Y
O + O
N
O + O
N
+
H
Y
H
Y
CH3
CH3
Cl
Cl
OCH3
COOH
Br
NO2
NO2
V d:
CH3
CH3
CH
HNO3
CH3
NO2
H2SO4
;
CH
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
HNO3
H2SO4
NHCOCH3
CH3
CH3
NO2
NHCOCH3
NO
HNO3 2
NO H2SO4
2
CH3
NO2
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
147
CH3
NO2
HNO3
H2SO4
CH3
COOH
NO2
Na2Cr2O7
H2SO4
NO2
NO2
COOH
COOH
NO2
Na2Cr2O7
HNO3
H2SO4
COOH
NO2
+
H2SO4
NO2
NO2
NO2
NO2
Hon hp
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br2
Br
FeBr3
Br
Para ( 86,9%)
Br
Meta (0,1%)
Orto (13%)
Bi tp
1. Hy vit cng thc cu to ca cc hp cht sau:
a- p-xylen; b- o- etyltoluen; c- p-diisopropylbenzen; d- 1,2,3-trimethylbenzen;
e- mesitylen; f- cumen; g- p-xymen; h-p-clorotoluen; i - 1,3,4-tribromobenzen.
2. Hy gi tn cc gc sau y:
CH3
a-
CH2
; b-
; c-
k-
; g- CH
3
148
CH3
d-
CH3
CH(CH3)2
e-
C2H5
l-
hCH3
CH=CH2
; m-
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH3
CH
;
CH=CH
i-
n-
3. Hy gi tn cc cht sau y:
Cl
a-
CH2Cl
; b-
CHCl2
c-
CCl3
d-
Cl
CH3
e-
Br
F
k-
Cl
NO2
CH3
gCH3
; i-
CH2 NO2
; m-
l-
NO2
;
Cl
CH3
CH2Cl
Cl
hCl
CH2
n-
NO2
; b-
a-
NO2
Cl
; c-
; h-
g-
CH3
CH3
NO2
Cl
OH
i-
NO2
NO2
CN
OH
e-
; d-
Cl
Br
OH
CH3
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
149
Chng 12
Mc tiu hc tp
1. Gi c tn cc hydrocarbon a vng ngng t thm.
2. Trnh by c cc tnh cht ha hc chnh ca hydrocarbon a vng thm
naphtalen, anthracen v phenanthren.
Ni dung
1. Cu to v danh php
C hai loi hp cht a nhn thm.
Hp cht a vng to thnh do cc vng lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt n.
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
1 1
,
,
5
,
6
HOOC
Biphenyl
NO
, 2 Cl 2
3
4
Cl 6 5
,
Acid 2,6-dicloro- 2 nitro -5'-biphenylcarboxylic
P-terphenyl
7
6
5
8
2
12
3
7
2
6
Naphthacen (Tetracen)
2
3
8
4
7
6
Pyren
Phenantren
Antracen
10
11
10
10
Naphtalen
10
10
11
12
9
8
4
7
11
Srysen
12
150
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
10
4
8
Coronen
Nguyn tc nh s
nh trn chu vi ca hp cht a nhn ngng t theo nguyn tc:
Tng s nhn ln nht phi nm theo mt trc ngang
Hng un g
H n g sai
Hng sai
Hng ng
9
8
10
11
12
1
2
9
8
4
7
Naphthalen
1 2
3
10
11
hoac
2
3
4
benzen
Benzen
a
11
12
h gf ed c
Antracen
13
14
10
14
Pyren
13
12
4
6
Dibenz [a , j] antracen
2. Biphenyl
2.1. Tng hp biphenyl
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
151
2H
+ 2 Cu
2Cu I
H+
H 2N
NH 2
Benzidin ; (4,4'-diaminobiphenyl)
2.2. Cu to ca biphenyl
trng thi hi hoc dung dch, hai nhn benzen ca biphenyl trn 2 mt
phng to mt gc 45. S bin dng ny l do 2 cp nguyn t hydro cc v tr
2-2' v 6-6' tng tc vi nhau (hnh 12-1).
45o
152
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
NO2 COOH
HOOC
NO2
HOOC
COOH
HOOC
COOH
O2N
HOOC O2N
O2 N
NO2
COOH
O 2N
NO2
- HCl
AlCl3
- 2HCl
CH2
Biphenylmetan
CH
CHCl 3
AlCl 3
+ 3HCl
Triphenylmetan
Br
CH
+ HBr
+ H2O
CH2
2O [CrO3]
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
153
CH
KNH2
.. +
( C6H5 )3 C K + NH3
Br2
( C6H5 )3 C_ Br + HBr
( C6H5 )3 C_ OH
[O ]
2 Ag
C Cl
C.
- AgCl
Triphenylmethyl
(mau vang)
Triphenylmethylclorid
C.
C
.
4. Naphthalen
Naphthalen c nhiu trong nha than hoc trong phn cn li khi nhit
phn du m. Naphthalen c dng kt tinh hnh bn mng. Cng thc cu to ca
naphtalen c xc nh bng tia X. di lin kt c trnh by trn hnh 12-3.
'7
'6
'
'
1,424 A
1,365 A
o
1,424 A
o
1,393 A
di lin kt ca naphthalen
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Cc v tr 1, 4 c k hiu l ; v tr 2, 3 k hiu l .
V tr 5, 8 l ' v cc v tr 6, 7 l '.
4.1. Cc phn ng ha hc ca naphthalen
4.1.1. Phn ng th i in t
Naphthalen tham gia cc phn ng halogen ha, nitro ha, sulfonic ha,
alkyl ha v acyl ha theo Friedel -Crafts.
Nitro ha naphthalen to hn hp sn phm 1- v 2-nitronaphthalen.
HNO3
NO2
NO2
CH3COOH
+
50-70o
- Nitronapthalen
- Nitronapthalen
6 H ( Ni) 200o
Tetralin
Decalin
( 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalen ) ( Bicyclo [4,4,0 ] decan)
O2 , V2 O5
C
O
C
O
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
155
5. Anthracen
Nm1867 Dumas tch c anthracen t nha than . C th tng hp
anthracen t 2-methylbenzophenon theo phn ng:
O
C
+ H2O
CH3
hoc tng hp theo phng php Friedel - Crafts qua cc giai on hnh thnh
acid 2-benzoylbenzoic, ng vng di tc dng ca acid polyphosphoric (PPA) v
kh ha:
O
O
+O
C
O
Anhydrid ftalic
AlCl3
C
HOOC
O
PPA
[ H]
- H2O
O
Acid-2-benzoylbenzoic
Antraquinon
3O [HNO3]
- H2O
2 H [Na ,ROH]
9,10-dihydro antracen
Cl2
Cl
Cl
Cl
- HCl
9,10-diclo-9,10-dihydro antracen
O
O
O
O
O
O
156
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
6. Phenanthren
Nm 1872 Greabe tch phenanthren t nha than . C th tng hp
phenanthren qua cc giai on sau:
NO2
CHO
6H
O2N
6H
- 2H2O
COOH
- 2H2O
COOH
COOH
+
N2
O2N
- H2O
X[Cu]
COOH
- N2
+ CO2
COOH
Phenanthren l tinh th hnh kim, khng mu. Nhit nng chy 99,2C.
Phenanthren trong dung mi benzen c mu xanh hunh quang. Phenanthren c
tnh thm. Nng lng cng hng 387,0 kj.mol1. Lin kt v tr 9, 10 th hin
tnh cht ca lin kt i -C=C- . Phenanthren tham gia phn ng th i in t.
Phn ng cng hp th hin qua cc phn ng sau:
2H
CuO/Cr2O3
9,10-Dihydrophenantren
Br2
- HBr
Br
Br
9,10-Dibromo-9,10-dihydrophenantren
Br
9-Bromo phenantren
3O (CrO3)
- H 2O
O
O
9,10-Phenantrequinon
Bi tp
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
157
158
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Chng 13
Mc tiu
1. Gii thch c s lin hp ca cc h thng dien.
2. Nu c c ch v ha tnh ca cc dien lin hp
Ni dung
H lin hp l mt h thng lin kt (i, ba) lun phin vi lin kt n,
hay l h cha nguyn t c cp electron p t do lin kt vi nguyn t carbon c
lin kt i.
1. H thng allylic
CH2 = CH-CH2+
0 oC
+ HBr
CH3CH = CH CH2Br
CH3CHOHCH = CH2
0 oC
+ HBr
CH3CHBrCH = CH2
+
3:1
CH3CH = CHCH2OH2
+
OH2
CH3CHCH = CH2
-H2O
+
CH3CHCH = CH2
Cation
+Br
CH3CH = CH CH2
Cation
+Br
-H2O
CH3CH = CH CH2Br
CH3CHBrCH = CH2
1
+
2
CH2=CHCH2
CH2CH=CH2
Cation allylic
1
+
2
CH2 CH CH2
Cation allylic
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH2
CH
CH2
Cation allylic
159
Gc:
gi l gc allyl
CH2=CH-CH2-Cl
clorid allyl
CH2=CHCH2OCOCH3
acetat allyl
+
CH2CH=CH2
( CH2 CH CH2 )+
..... .
CH CH....CH
2
Cp Cp
H
C 2 HS
sp
sp2 C C sp2
CH3CH=CHCH2OH + HBr
CH3CHBrCH=CH2
160
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Nu
..............
H2C
CH
CH2
..............
Br
Hnh 13.2. Trng thi chuyn tip ca phn ng gia bromid allyl
vi tc nhn i nhn Nucleophyl theo c ch SN2
CH3CH=CHCH2OH +
HBr
CH3CH=CHCH2Br
Cl
CH3CH = CHCH2Cl
1-Clor-2- buten
CH2CH=CH2
MgBr
+ MgBr
70%
+ Mg
eter
CH2=CH-CH2-Mg
CH3-CH= CH-CH2-MgX
Nhanh
CH3-CH-CH = CH2
MgX
CH2 _ CH = CH2
+
CH2 CH CH2 MgX
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH2
.... ....
CH CH2
.... CH....CH
CH2
2 MgX
161
Anion allylic bn vng hn anion khng lin hp. Nhng anion bn vng
loi khc c n nh nh s cng hng hoc lin hp c bn cht ngc nhau.
V d:
O = C OR
C= O
R2C
Ion carboxylat
R2C= C
C= O
R
O-
Ion enolat
CH2 = CH = CH2
1.4. Gc t do allylic:
.
CH2 = CH_CH2
.
.... ....
CH2 CH CH2
.
CH2 _ CH = CH2
CCl4
N Br
H 2C
Br
C
O
H 2C
H 2C
NH
O
83%
N-Bromosuccinimid
Succinimid
C ch
O
H 2C
C
N Br
H 2C
Anh sang
H 2C
H 2C
.
.
N
+ Br
.
Br
+ HBr
O
O
H 2C
C
N Br
H 2C
C
O
H 2C
H 2C
Br
.
N
.
;
CH2 = CH _ CH2
Cation allylic
2. Dien
2.1. Cu to v s bn vng
Dien c ni i cch bit C =C_C_C=C
Dien c ni i tip cn C =C=C_C_C
Dien c ni i lin hp
162
C =C_C=C_C
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
............
............
...................................
Lien ket
H2C
Lien ket
CH
CH
CH2
Csp 2
Csp 2
...................................
............
............
Cp H s
Cp Cp
H
C
H
H
C
C
CH
C
H
S-cis
S-trans
Hexan
-15o
Br-
CH2 _ CH = CH _ CH2Br
BrCH2_ CH = CH_ CH2Br + CH2 = CH_CHBr_ CH2Br
46%
54%
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
163
60o
BrCH2
(46%)
C C
90%
H
CH2Br
CH2=CH_CH=CH 2 + H+
CH2_CH=CH _CH3
CH2=CH_CH_CH3
Cau truc carbocation allyl
CH2 _ CH _ CH_CH3
N
C_ C_ C=C
C=C_ C=C + N
N
.
.
.
. _..C
_
_
C C C..
.............
C
...............
C
H2C=C=CH2
C
H
................
...............
Csp 2 Csp 2
Csp 2 Csp 2
OH
Al2O3
C(CH3)2
420-470o
CH3COOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OOCCH3
164
575o
CH2 = C C = CH2
+ 2H2O
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
ether
CH2=CHCH2CH=CH2 + BrMg
Phn ng Wittig:
+
CH2=CHCH2Cl + P(C6H5)3
C2H5OLi
CH2=CHCH2P(C6H5)3
CH2=CHCH2P(C6H5)3Cl
Allytriphenylphosphin clorid
C6H5CHO
CH2=CHCHP(C6H5) 3
1-Phenyl-1-3- butadien
2.5. Polymer ha
Cc dien b polymer ha. Polymer ha butadien c xc tc Ziegler -Natta
(Alkyl nhm v titan clorid).
nCH2=CH-CH=CH2
n CH2=CH-CH=CH2
(-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-)n
Xuc tac
n CH2=C-CH=CH2
CH2-CH=CH-CH2 n
Xuc tac
CH3
2-Methyl-1,3- butadien (isopren )
n CH2=CH-CH=CH2
1,3-Butadien
CH2-C=CH-CH2 n
CH3
Polyisopren
CH2-CH=CH-CH2CH-CH
2n
Cao su Buna S
Styren
C6H5
Cao su lu ha
S
S
S
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165
CH2 = CH _ CH = CH_CH=CH2
H+
CH2 = CH _ CH = CH_CH_CH3
+
+ _
+
CH2 CH _ CH _ CH _ CH _ CH3
+
CH2 = CH _ CH _CH=CH_CH2
+
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
COOCH3
+
Dien
Dienophyl
CHO
4-Methyl cyclohexencarboxylat
CHO
Acrolein
COOC2H5
C
C
COOC2H5
Diethylacetylendicarboxylat
COOC2H5
COOC2H5
Diethyl 1,4-cyclohexa
1,2-Dien dicarboxylat
166
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH2
HC
CH2
C
H
C
H
COOCH3
+
COOCH3
COOCH3
COOCH3
H
COOCH3
C
C
CH3
COOCH3
COOCH3
CH3
COOCH3
4
3
+
COOCH3
Cyclopentadien
75 - 80oC
Ester methylacrilat
(79-91%)
COOCH3
Ester methyl bicyclo[2,2,1]hepten-5 endo carboxylat
Bi tp
1. Vit cng thc cc sn phm khc nhau ca phn ng gia
(R)-2-hydroxy (E)-3-hexen v HBr
2. T halogenid allyl hy trnh by phn ng iu ch:
4,4- dimethyl-1- penten v 4-methyl-1-hexen
3. C sn phm no c to thnh khi cho 3-cloro-1-penten tc dng vi Mg
trong dung mi ether. Sau tc dng vi CO2 v thy phn trong mi trng
H2SO4 long.
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
167
CH3
CH3
; CH
168
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Chng 14
DN XUT HALOGEN
mc tiu
1. Gi c tn cc alkylhalogenid v arylhalogenid
2. Trnh by v so snh c tnh cht ha hc ca RX v ArX
Ni dung
Nu thay th mt hay nhiu nguyn t hydro ca hydrocarbon bng mt
hay nhiu nguyn t halogen th thu c dn xut halogen.
CnH2n+2-2k
CnH2n+2-m-2k Xm
CH3_CH2_Cl
Cloroetan
168
Cl_CH2_CH2_F
2-Fluor-1-cloroetan
Br
CH2=C_CH3
2-Bromopropen
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Cl C C Cl
dicloroacetylen
Br
Cl
Br
2,3-dibromocyclohexen
Br
F
6-fluoro-2-bromo-1-iodonaphtalen
Clorobenzen
Cl_CH2_CH2_CH2_CH_CH2_CH2_Cl CH3
Cl
CH3
_
_
_
_
CH2
CH2 CH CH CH2 CH_CH2_CH2_CH3
3 4
2
5
6
7
8
9
CH2 Cl
Br
CH2=C_CH=CH2
CF3
1,6-dicloro-3-(2-cloroethyl) hexan
CH2Br2
CH2=CH_F
Methylclorid
Methylendibromid
Vinylfluorid
CH2=CH_CH2I
Allyliodid
CHBr3
CHI3
Cloroform
Bromoform
Iodoform
2. ng phn
S ng phn ty thuc cu to ca mch carbon v v tr ca halogen.
CH3CH2CHCl2
1,1-dicloropropan
1,1-propylydenclorid
CH3CCl2CH3
2,2-dicloropropan
2,2-propylydenclorid
CH2ClCH2CH2Cl
1,3-dicloropropan
1,3-propylendiclorid
3. Phng php iu ch
C th iu ch cc hp cht halogen nh alkylhalogenid, vinylhalogenid,
allylhalogenid, halogenoaren, benzylhalogenid theo cc phn ng ha hc c
phn hydrocarbon. Cn ch rng cc hp cht fluor kh iu ch theo cc
phng php nh iu ch cc hp cht clor, brom v iod.
3.1. Halogen ha alkan (xem phn alkan).
3.2. Cng hp HX vo alken (xem phn alken).
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
169
RX + H2O
CH3
CH3 C OH + HCl
CH3
CH3 CH2 CH2 OH +
CH3
CH3 C Cl + H2O
CH3
ZnCl2
HCl
CH3
CH2 CH2 Cl +
H2O
ROH2
ROH + H+
+
ROH2
R+ + H2O
R+ + X
RX
170
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CH3 CH3
__
CH3 C__C__H
CH3 Br
CH3 CH3
__
CH3 C__C__H
Br CH3
+Br -
+ Br -
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
+
CH3__C__C__H H CH3__C__C__H -H2O CH __C__C__H
__
__C__H
CH
3
3 C
+
+
chuyen v
CH3 OH
CH3 OH2
CH
CH3
3
+
-H+
-H+
-H+
CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3__C__CH=CH2 CH __C C_CH CH2 C__C__H
3
3
CH3
CH3
(2)
+ #
[X....R...OH2 ]
+
+ R__OH2
X_R
+ H2O
Cl + CH2
R
RCH2Cl + HOZnCl + Cl
3RCl + H3PO3
ROH + PCl5
..
R_OH + SOCl2
O
..
-HCl
R ..
: Cl
..
..
S O
..
..
:O
..
R ..
: Cl
..
..
S O
..
R_Cl + SO2
RF + AgCl
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
171
+ N2
R_C_R'(H) + PCl5
O
CH2Cl
Cl2 , h
-HCl
CHCl2
Cl2 , h
-HCl
Benzylclorid
CCl3
Cl2 , h
-HCl
Benzalclorid
Benzotriclorid
HCl + HClO
H+ + ClO -
HClO
O + 3ClOO
CH3CH2OH + ClO CH3 C
CCl3 C
-Cl , -H2O
H - 3OHH
Ethanol
Cloral
+HO-
CHCl3 + HCOOCloroform
Cl +Cl.
+Cl.
+Cl.
Cl
.....
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
172
H
Cl
H
Cl
H
Cl
Cl
1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaclocyclohexan
e,e,e,a,a,a-hexaclocyclohexan
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
2 Cl
CHO
CCl3
H2SO4
Cl
CH
Cl
+ H2O
CCl3
1,1,1-tricloro-2,2-bis (4,4'-clorophenyl) etan
4. Tnh cht l hc
Ngoi mt vi cht trng thi hi nh fluoroetan, clorometan,
bromometan... phn ln cc dn xut halogen l cc cht lng khng mu hoc
cc cht rn. Hp cht halogen khng tan trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong cc
dung mi hu c. Mt s tnh cht vt l ca dn xut halogen c trnh by
trong bng 14-1. Lin kt C _X l lin kt phn cc v vy hp cht halogen c
momen lng cc ()
Bng 14.1: Momen lng cc v di lin kt C-X ca mt vi hp cht halogen
o
di lin kt d (A )
CH3F
1,385
1,82
CH3Cl
1,784
1,94
CH3Br
1,929
1,79
CH3I
2,139
1,64
CH3X
C---X
= q.d
q=
e 1e 2
r2
l mt i lng vect
q l lc tng tc gia 2 ht nhn
e1, e2 l in tch ca 2 ht nhn.
d l di lin kt
r l khong cch gia hai nhn nguyn t
5. Tnh cht ha hc
5.1. Cu to v kh nng phn ng
Trung tm phn ng ca cc dn xut halogen l lin kt C _X. m in
ca halogen ln hn ca carbon. Lin kt C _X l lin kt cng ha tr phn cc.
u m ca lin kt lch v pha halogen.
Kh nng phn ng ca cc dn xut halogen ph thuc vo bn cht ca halogen.
Kh nng phn ng tng theo th t RI > RBr > RCl > RF.
Dn xut iod c kh nng phn ng cao v phn cc ca lin kt C _I ln
nht so vi cc lin kt C _X khc. phn cc ca cc lin kt C _X ph thuc
vo m in v kch thc ca nguyn t X. m in ca X cng nh v
kch thc nguyn t X cng ln th lin kt C _X cng d phn cc.
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
173
Hp chat
Fluorometan
Clorometan
Bromometan
Iodometan
Cloroetan
1-Cloropropan
2-Cloropropan
Vinylclorid
Allylclorid
Methylenclorid
Cloroform
Carbontetraclorid
Fluorobenzen
Clorobenzen
Bromobenzen
Iodobenzen
Benzylclorid
Benzalclorid
Benzotriclorid
CH3F
-141,8
-78,5
CH3Cl
-97,7
-93,7
-23,7
3,6
-66,5
42,5
-138,7
12,3
-122,8
47,2
CH3CHClCH3
-117,0
35,4
CH2= CHCl
-159,7
-13,8
CH2=CHCH2Cl
-136,4
44,6
CH2Cl2
-96,8
40,2
-63,5
61,2
CCl4
-22,9
-41,9
76,7
84,7
-45,2
131,7
-30,6
156,5
-31,3
188,5
-41,1
179,3
-16,4
205,2
-4,8
220,8
CH3Br
CH3I
CH3CH2Cl
CH3CH2CH2Cl
CHCl3
C6H5_F
C6H5_Cl
C6H5_Br
C6H5_I
C6H5_CH2Cl
C6H5_CHCl2
C6H5_CCl3
Cl
174
CH2 = CH
Cl:
vinyl clorid
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
..
Br
Bromobenzen
CH2Cl
Benzylclorid
+ HOH
ROH + HX
CH2Cl + HOH
RY + X-
SN2
Y + R _X
SN1
Cham +
R + X ;
R_X
Y_R + X
-Nhanh _
+ Y
R Y
V
k
d[Y-][RX]
dt
d[RX]
dt
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
175
RNH2 + HX
NH3
HO R'O -
Amin bac 2
RNHR' + HX
R'NH2
Amin bac 3
RNHR'2 + HX
R'2NH
Nitril
Alkyn
Alkan
Nitroalkan
CN -
R'COO R_X
HS -
R'C C-
R'S -
R'M
HOO -
NO2-
R'OO -
..
RCH(COOR')2 + X (R'OOC)
2 CH
Esteralkyl malonat
SCN -
X - + ROH
Alcol
X - + ROR'
Ether
X - + R'COOR
Ester
X - + RSH
Thioalcol
X - + RSR'
Thioether
X - + ROOH
Hydroperocyd
X - + ROOR'
Perocyd
X - + R_SCN
+ R_NCS
Thiocianat
Isothiocianat
CH3_Br +
OCH3
+ NaBr + H2O
NaOH
Anisol
Ha lp th ca phn ng th i nhn
Nu hp cht halogen c carbon bt i xng th tu thuc hng tn cng
ca tc nhn i nhn m carbon bt i xng c thay i cu hnh hay khng.
Nu hng tn cng ca Y - cng hng i ra ca X - th khng c s thay
i cu hnh
CH3
CH3CH2
H
I
Y-
CH3
CH3CH2
( R)
( R)
I-
C6H13
H +
I-
CH3
( R)
CH3
( S)
176
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
H13C6
Y- + H
C6H13
Y...... C ...... I
C
CH3
( S)
CH3
C6H13
+
C
H
CH3
( R)
I-
Minh ha cc trng thi c th c trong qu trnh phn ng SN2 qua hnh 14.1
E
Trang thai chuyen tiep
Y + C
X
B
Y C
X A
Chat phan ng
+ X
San pham
+
(CH3)3C + Br - + HOC2H5
(CH3)3CBr + C2H5OH
+
(CH3)3CO
H + BrC2H5
(CH3)3COC2H5 + HBr
177
(CH3)3C_ Br
Cham
(CH3)3C+ + Br-
+
(CH3)3C_OCH2CH3
H
(CH3)3C+ + C2H5OH
(CH3)3COCH2CH3 + H+
- X-
+
R_CH_CH=CH2
+Y -
+
R_CH=CH_CH2
+Y -
R_CH_CH=CH2
Y
R_CH=CH_CH2_Y
Sn phm th c chuyn v
Sn phm th S N1
NaOH , 300oC
Cl
+ NaCl
NH2
NH3,200oC
Cu2O
+ HCl
NH2
NH2
+NH3
-NH3, - Cl
1,2-dehydrobenzen
(aryn)
+H-
48%
+H52%
NH2
ArCl + CuCN
178
ArCN + CuCl
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Tc tng i
CH3-
30,00
CH3CH2-
1,00
(CH3)2CH-
0,02
(CH3) 3C-
Ether
R_R + 2NaX
Ether
Ar_X + 2Na + X_R
Ar_R + 2NaX
Phan ng Wurtz.
Phan ng Wurtz - Fittig
Bi tp
1. Vit cng thc cu to cc cht c tn gi sau y:
a. 1,2- Diclobutan;
b- 1-Cloro- 2-bromo-3-methylpenten;
c. 3-Cloro-4,4-dimethylpentyn
d- Propylbromid;
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
179
e. Isohexylclorid;
f- Vinylfluorid;
g. Allylbromid;
h- Ethylidenclorid
i. Tetracloroethylen;
j- Trimethylenclobromid;
k. Benzylidenbromid;
l- Methylenbromid
HBr A ddNaOH
B
Na
2HBr
HI
ddKOH
C
C
180
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Chng 15
HP CHT C KIM
Mc tiu hc tp
1. c c tn theo danh php cc loi hp cht c kim.
2. Trnh by c ha tnh ca hp cht c Magnesi (thuc thou Grignard.
3. Nu c ng dng ca cc hp cht c kim trong tng hp hu c.
Ni dung
Hp cht c kim l nhng cht hu c c nguyn t kim loi lin kt trc
tip vi nguyn t carbon trong gc hydrocarbon. Khc vi cc cht v c, hp
cht c kim dng kh, dng lng hoc dng rn c nhit nng chy thp. Hp
cht c kim tan c trong dung mi t phn cc nh hydrocarbon v ether.
1. Cu to
Lin kt C - M c tnh cht ion. M l kim loi
Cc kim loi (trong trng hp ny) thiu in t.
R
- +
R M
+
R M
(X = Cl, Br).
R
R
Mg
O(C2H5) 2
O(C2H5) 2
Mg
R Mg
O(C2H5) 2
Br
Mg R
Br
2. Danh php
2.1. Tn gc hu c + Tn kim loi
CH3) 3CLi
t-Butyllithi
(CH3CH2)2Mg Diethylmagnesi
(CH3)4Si
Tetramethylsilan
(CH3CH2)4Pb Tetraethyl ch
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
181
(CH3CH2) 3B
Triethylboran
(CH3) 3Al
Trimethyl nhm
CH3Cu
Methylng
(CH3)2Hg
CH3HgCl
CH3CH2AlCl2
3. Tnh cht l hc
Bng 15.1: Tnh cht l hc ca mt s hp cht c kim
tc
ts
Hp cht
tc
ts
CH3CH2Li
Hp cht
95
95,0
(CH3CH2)2Hg
159
(CH3)2Mg
240
CH3CH2HgI
186,0
(CH3)3 Al
130,0
CH3CH2HgCl
193,0
40**
CH3AlCl2
73
97-100*
(CH3)3Ga
-19,0
56
(CH3)4Si
26,5
(CH3)3In
89,0
89**
(CH3CH2)4Si
153,0
(CH3)3Te
38,5
147
(CH3)2Zn
- 42
46,0
(CH3)4Ge
- 88,0
43
(CH3)2Cd
- 4,5
106,0
(CH3)4Sn
- 55,0
78
(CH3)2Hg
96,0
(CH3)4Pb
-27,5
110
RMgX
C che :
182
R'X'
R-X
+ Mg
.
R +
X Mg
RR' + XMgX'
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
.
R + X Mg
R-Mg-X
2CH3CH2CH2Br + 2Na
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 + 2NaBr
C ch:
CH3CH2CH2Br + 2 Na
CH3CH2CH2-Na+ + NaBr
CH3CH2CH2- + CH3CH2CH2Br
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 + Br-
BrCH2CH2Br
+ Mg
MgBr2 + CH2=CH2
BrCH2CH2CH2Br + Zn
ZnBr2 +
(80%)
RM + M'X
RM' + MX
Li+
Al
Si
4+
Zn2+
Cd
2+
H+
Sn
Eo, vol
= Li
- 3,045
= Mg
- 2,370
= Al
- 1,660
+ 4e-
= Si
- 0,840
+ 2e-
= Zn
- 0,763
+ 2e- = Cd
- 0,402
+ e-
Mg2+ + 2e3+
Phn ng
+ 3e-
+ e-
= 1/2H2
0,000
4+
+ 4e- = Sn
0,014
+ e-
= Cu
0,522
+ 2e-
= Hg
0,854
Cu
Hg2+
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
183
Ether
2CH3CH2MgCl + CdCl2
o
E = -0,402
(CH3CH2)2Cd + MgCl2
o
E = -2,370
(CH3)4Si
4CH3MgCl + SiCl4
o
E = -0,840
CH3Li
4MgCl2
o
E = -2,370
CH3Cu
+
CuI
o
E = -0,522
LiI
o
E = -3,045
CH3CH2CH2CCLi + nC4H10
1 - Pentynyl liti
Phn ng acid -base : Pentyn l acid; n-Butyl lithi l base phn ng chuyn
dch v pha phi. Chng t 1-pentyn c tnh acid mnh hn n -butan. y l
phng php chung thay i lin kt C -H thnh C -M (M l kim loi). Thuc
th Grignard c s dng thay kim loi vo alkyn.
HC CH
ether
CH3CH2MgBr
HC
CMgBr + C2H6
6CH2=CH2 + B2H6
2(CH3CH2)3B
CH3
CH3CHCH3 2AlH + CH3CH2C CH
C=C
H
CH2CH3
2(CH3CH2)3B
(CH3)2Hg + 2CH3CH2Li
(CH3CH2)2Hg + 2CH3Li
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
3CH4 + Al(OH)3
H3C
CH3
+ CH3OH
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C C
Li
+ CH3O Li +
CH3
+ CH3COOH
H3C
CH3
+ CH3COO Li +
CH3
RSH, RNH2
ROH + XMgCl
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
185
HCHO
CH OH
2
H2O
ether
(CH3)2CHMgBr + CH3CHO
+
H
ether
(CH3)2CHCHOHCH3
3-Methyl-2- butanol (53-54%)
H2O
C2H5MgBr + (CH3)2CHCH2COCH3
ether
OH
(CH3)2CHCH2CCH2CH3
H2O
CH3
3,5-Dimethyl-3-hexanol
O
CH3CH2CCH2CH3
OH
O
CH3CH2MgBr
CH3CH2CCH2CH2CH3
CH3CCH2CH3CH3
O
CH3
CH3CH2CH2MgBr + CH3CCH2CH3
Cc phn ng ph:
O
OH
(CH3)2CHMgBr + (CH3)2CHCCH(CH3)2
(CH3)2CHCHCH(CH3)2 + CH3CH=CH2
ether
(CH3)3C-C-C(CH3)3
-70o
di-t-butylceton
H2O
(CH3)3C 3C-OH
186
CH + NaNH2
CH3C
CNa
CH3COCH3
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
H2O
CH3C
OH
CC(CH3)
MgCl
CH3CHCH2 CH3 + Mg
CH3 CHCH2CH3
CO2
COOMgCl
CH3CHCH2 CH3
H2O
H2SO4
COOH
CH3CHCH2CH3
CO2 Li
COOH
H3O+
CO2
Phenyl liti
Acid benzoic
C H3
C H3
Mg
H+
C H(OC 2 H 5 )3
M gB r
Br
CH( OC 2H 5 )2
C H3
C HO
C ch:
- +
Br2MgOC2H5
CH(OC2H5)3 + MgBr2
CH(OC2H5) 2
+
Br 2MgOC2H 5 + C2H 5O-CH-OC2H 5
+
C2H 5O=CH-OC2H 5
RMgBr
RCH(OC2H 5) 2
-O Li+
CH2 +
C6H5CH
C6H5Li
CH2C6H5
H 2O
OH
C6H5CH CH2C6H5
1,2-diphenyletanol (70-72%)
Mg
Ether
R-MgCl
H2C
CH2
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
H+
R-CH2-CH2OH
187
(CH3)2CuLi
(CH3CH2CH2)2CuLi + LiI
1O
C
4
+ (CH3)2CuLi
R
C
CH3
Bi tp
1. Trnh by cu to ca hp cht c kim.
2. Hp cht c kim c cc loi phn ng no? Cho v d.
188
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Chng 16
ALCOL
Mc tiu hc tp
1. c c tn cc alcol theo danh php IUPAC v tn thng thng.
2. Trnh by c ha tnh ca alcol v polyalcol.
3. Vit c s chuyn ha tng hp cc alcol.
Ni dung
Alcol l nhng hp cht c nhm hydroxyl - OH gn trc tip vi nguyn t
carbon trng thi lai ha sp3 ca gc hydrocarbon. C nhiu loi alcol khc nhau:
Alcol no, alcol cha no, alcol vng, alcol thm.
Monoalcol v polyalcol.
Cng thc tng qut ca alcol: CnH2n +2-2k-m(OH)m ;
n 1; k 0; m 1
1. Monoalcol
1.1. Danh php
1.1.1. Danh php IUPAC
Alcol c tip v ng l ol. Chn mch chnh l mch carbon di nht cha
nhm chc OH. nh s sao cho chc alcol c s b nht.
V tr v tn nhm th + V tr ca OH + tn hydrocarbon tng ng + ol
CH3 CH CH2OH
CH3
2-Methylpropanol
CH3 CH CH CH2OH
CH3 Cl
2-cloro-3-methylbutanol
CH3
OH
CH2=CH_CH2OH
Propenol
CH C CH CH2OH
CH3
2-Methyl-3-butyn-1-ol
CH3 CH CH CH2OH
CH3 CH2 CH2F
C6H5_CH2OH
Phenylmethanol
CH3 CH CH CH CH3
CH3 CH2 CH2 Br OH
2-isopropyl-4-fluorobutanol
3-bromo-4-methyl-2-heptanol
OH
CH2OH
1-methylcyclopentanol
CH2OH
cis-4-(hydroxymethyl) cyclohexanol
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cyclopropyl methanol
189
CH3CH2OH
Alcol ethylic
C6H5CH2OH
Alcol benzylic
(CH3)3C_OH
Alcol tert-butylic
CH3
CH2=CH_CH2OH
CH3 C OH
CH3
Vinylcarbinol
Trimethylcarbinol
CH3 CH CH2OH
CH3
isopropylcarbinol
CH3
CH3 C OH
CH3
Alcol bac 3
CH3CH2CHCH3
OH
Alcol bac 1
Alcol bac 2
1.2. ng phn
ng phn do mch carbon v do v tr nhm OH
Phn t alcol C4H9OH c cc ng phn.
CH3
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2OH
n-Butanol
CH3 CH
CH2OH
CH3
Isobutanol
CH3 C
OH
CH3
Tert-butanol
OH
Sec-butanol
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Trong cng nghip alcol ethylic c sn xut theo phng php hydrat ha ethylen.
CH2=CH2 + H2O
300o ,H3PO4
C2H5OH
RX + H2O
ROH + HX
CH2OH
CHO
H2 [Ni]
R
Alcol bc 1
Aldehyd
R CH R'
R'
OH
Ceton
Alcol bc 2
4H [Ni]
2H
[Na-C2H5OH]
R CH R'
OH
R_CHO
Acid
R_COOH
Ester
Clorid acid
2 H [H4LiAl]
2 H [H4LiAl]
- H 2O
2 H [H4LiAl]
R_COOR'
- ROH
R_COCl
R_CH2OH
Alcol
2 H [H4LiAl]
-HCl
191
R CH=CH CHO
2H [H4LiAl]
R CH=CH CH2OH
4 H [ Na + C2H5OH ]
RCH2OH + R'OH
Hydro ha ester c xc tc
C th kh ha ester bng hydro c xc tc l hn hp ng oxyd (CuO) v
crom oxyd (Cr2O3).
RCOOC4H9
2H2 [CuO+Cr2O3 ]
RCH2OH + C4H9OH
R'CHO + RMgX
Aldehyd
OMgX
+ H 2O
H C R
RCH2OH + HOMgX
H
Alcol bc 1
OMgX
+ H 2O
R' C R
H
R' CH R + HOMgX
OH
Alcol bc 2
OH
OMgX
+ H 2O
R'
C R + HOMgX
R' C R
R"
R"
Alcol bc 3
Vi ester
Ester ca acid formic tc dng vi thuc th Grignard to alcol bc 1. Ester
ca nhng acid khc tc dng vi thuc th Grignard to ceton. Ceton to thnh
li tip tc tc dng vi phn t thuc th Grignard thu c alcol bc ba.
192
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OMgX
OH
+ RMgX OMgX+ H O
+ H2O
2
H C R
RCHO
R C R
R C R + HOMgX
OR' -ROMgX
H
H
Alcol bac 2
HCOOR' + RMgX
Ester alkyl formiat
OMgX
R
R
+ RMgX
+ H2O
+ H2O
R" C R
R" C R
R" C R
R" C R + HOMgX
OR' -ROMgX O
OMg
OH
R"COOR'+ RMgX
Ester
ROOMgX
+ H2O
ROH + HOMgX
H+hoac HO-
RCOOH + R'OH
400oC , 200atm
ZnO - Cr2O3
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193
t osoi 300
alcol bac 1
200
100
n-alcan
0
-100
-200
20
40
60
... O_H ... O_H ... O_H ... O_H ... O_H ... O_H ... O_H ... O_H ...
H
Alcol methylic
tochay
tosoi
-97,1
64,7
78,3
CH3CH2OH
Alcol ethylic
Methanol
Ethanol
CH3CH2CH2OH
CH3CHOHCH3
Alcol propylic
1-Propanol
-114,5
-126,1
Alcol isopropylic
2-Propanol
-89,5
82,3
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
Alcol butylic
1-Butanol
-89,8
117,2
CH3CH2CHOHCH3
Alcol sec-butylic
2-Butanol
-114,7
99,5
(CH3)2CHCH2OH
Alcol isobutylic
3-Methyl-1-propanol
107,9
(CH3)3C_OH
Alcol tert-butylic
2-Methyl-2-propanol
25,5
82,5
CH2=CHCH2OH
Alcol allylic
1-Propenol
-129,0
97,0
C6H5CH2OH
Alcol benzylic
Phenylmethanol
-15,3
205,4
C6H11OH
Alcol cyclohexylic
Cyclohexanol
23,9
161,5
CH3OH
194
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
97,2
Ke
+
H3O + HO
+
Ke = [H3O][HO-] = 10 -14
Ke
+
CH3OH2 + CH3O -
+
KCH OH = [CH3OH2][CH3O -] = 1,2.10-17
3
Ka
+
RO - + H3O
Ka =
+
[H3O][RO ]
[ROH]
C2H5OH
C2H5OH
+
+ Na_NH2
Natriamidid
+
+ Na_H
Natri hydrid
2RONa + H2
+
C2H5O_Na + NH3
Natri etoxyd
+
C2H5O_Na + H2
Natri etoxyd
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195
..
+..
R _O _ H
_
R _O
.. H + BF3
-BF
H
..+
CH3: O
.. : H + Br -
..
CH3: O
.. : H + HBr
Methyloxoni
..
+..
R _O _ H
-ZnCl2
_
R _O
.. H + ZnCl2
C 2 H5 O -
(CH3)2CHO-
(CH3)3C_O-
Metoxy
Etoxy
Isopropoxy
t-Butoxy.
Ion methylat
Ion ethylat
Ion isopropylat
Ion t-butylat.
pKa
Hp chat
H2O
CH3OH
C2H5OH
(CH3)C_OH
ClCH2CH2OH
14,0
15,5
HCl
-2,2
H2SO4
-5,0
15,9
H3PO4
2,15
18,0
HF
3,18
14,3
H2S
6,97
12,4
HOCl
7,53
10,0
H2O2
11,64
CF3CH2OH
C6H5OH
4 ,8
CH3COOH
pKa
H2SO4
to= 140oC
R _O _R + H2O
196
R _O _R' + I- Nhanh ;
Ether
ROH + R'I
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H+
H+
(RCO)2 O + R'OH
Anhydrid acid
RCOCl + R'OH
Clorid acid
Pyridin
RCOOR'
RCOOR'
Ester
+ H2O
+ RCOOH
RCOOR' + HCl.Pyridin
Ester
[RCOOR'][ H2O]
[RCOOH][ R'OH]
R C
H
+ OH +R'OH HO
O + H+
R C
R C O R'
+
OH -H
OH -R'OH HO +
..
H2O+
-H2O
+ OH -H+
O
R C
R C O R'
R C
+H2O
OR' + H+
OR'
HO
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197
C ch AAlk 1
R'OH + H+
R C
+
R'
+
R' + H2O
+ OR'
R C
OH
OH
-H+
R C
+H+
OR'
O
+
R C
O
X
..
HOR'
:OH
O H
R C OR'
+
X
R C OR'
X
R C
+ HX
OR'
X = Cl , Br , R''COO -
R_ONO + H2O
Alkylnitrit
R_ONO2 + H2O
Alkyl nitrat
O CH2 CH3
S P O CH2 CH3
O CH2 CH2 S CH2 CH3
Sistoc (mercaptophos)
O CH3
S P O CH3
S CH2 C NHCH3
O
Dimetoat ( phosphamid)
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R_CH2_OH
[O]
R_CHO
- H2O
R_COOH
- H2O
R'
C O
R"
+ [O]
+ H2O
R'
C OH
R"
CH2R'"
R'
C O
R"
+ R'''COOH + H2O
CH3
CH3
CH OH + 2CrO3 + 6 H+
CH3
C che
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
C O + 2Cr3+ + 6H2O
CH3
CH OH + CrO3
:O
O CrO3H
CH3
CH3
C O
CH3
CH O CrO3H
+ H3O+ + HCrO3
H3O+ + HCrO3
H2O + H2CrO3
6H+ + 3H2CrO3
KMnO4
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R_CHOHCHOH_CHOH
199
2. Alcol cha no
Trong phn t c lin kt i hoc lin kt ba. Nhm chc OH lin kt trc tip
vi carbon c ni i thng khng bn v d chuyn thnh aldehyd hoc ceton.
H
OH
C
H
H
Aldehyd acetic
H
H
Alcol vinylic
OH
H
CH3
2-Propenol
H C C CH3
H
Aceton
H2C CH OOCCH3
Ester vinylacetat
+ CH3COOH
H C C H
+ CH3CH2OH
H2C CH OC2H5
Eter ethyl vinyl
H C C CH2OH
Alcol propagylic
Propynnol
CH3CH CH CH2OH
Alcol crotonic
2-Butenol
HOCH2 C C CH2OH
1,4-Butyndiol
H C C H
+ HCHO
Cu C C Cu
H C C CH2OH
Cu C C Cu
HOCH2 C C CH2OH
+ 2HCHO
CH3
CH3
OH
CH3
Geraniol ( 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienol)
Citronelol ( 3,7-dimethyl-6-octenol)
CH3_C=CH_CH2_CH2_C=CH_CH2_CH2_C=CH_CH2 OH
CH3C=CHCH2CH2CCH=CH2
CH3
CH3C=CHCH2CH2C=CHCH2OH
CH3
CH3
Linalol ( 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol)
CH3
Pharnezol ( 3,7,1-trimethyl-2,6,9--dodecatrienol)
CH3_CH_CH2_CH2_CH2_CH_CH2_CH2_CH2_C=CH_CH2 OH
2
CH3
CH3
CH3
Phitol ( 3,7,11,15-teramethyl-2--hexadekenol)
200
CH3
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3. Alcol vng
Alcol vng c th l no hoc cha no. C cc loi alcol vng thng gp sau y.
CH3
OH
Cyclohexanol
CH2OH
OH
CH(CH3)2
(Menthol)
2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol
OH
Cyclohexylcarbinol
2-Cyclohexenol
CH3
CrO3, H+
O
CH(CH3)2
OH
CH(CH3)2
Menthol
Menthon
Oxy ha cyclohexenol bng dung dch KMnO4 trong mi trng trung tnh
to polyalcol vng.
OH
KMnO4,
OH
pH 7
2-Cyclohexenol
OH
OH
1,2,3-Cyclohexatriol
OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
1,2,3,4,5,6-Cyclohexahexanol
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
(-) - Inositol
(+) - Inositol
Polyalcol l loi hp cht trong phn t c hai hay nhiu nhm chc alcol OH.
4.1. Phn loi polyalcol
R_C(OH)3
201
CH2OHCHOHCHOHCH2OH
CH2OHCH2CH2CHOHCH3.
HOCH2_CH2OH
Ethylenglycol
1,2-Etandiol
Propylenglycol
1,2-Propandiol
Trimethylenglycol
1,3-Propandiol
Tetramethylenglycol
1,4-Butandiol
CH3 C C CH3
OH OH
Tetramethylethylenglycol
2,3-Dimethyl-2,3butandiol
CH2 CH
OH OH
CH2
OH
Glycerin
1,2,3-Propantriol
CH2 CH
OH OH
CH CH2
OH OH
Erytrit
1,2,3,4-Butantetraol
CH2 CH
OH OH
CH CH CH2
OH OH OH
Pentit
1,2,3,4,5-Pentahydroxy
petan
CH2 CH
OH OH
CH CH CH CH2
OH OH OH OH
Hexit
CH3CH3
CH2OH
HOH2C C CH2OH
CH2OH
202
Pentaerytrit
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1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexahydroxy
hexan
Tetrahydroxyneopentan
4.3. iu ch polyalcol
Thy phn cc dn xut polyhalogen:
+ 2H2O
CH2Cl CH2Cl
CH2OH CH2OH
+ 3H2O
+ 2 HCl
+ 3 HCl
T clohydrin iu ch glycol:
CH2Cl CH2OH + H2O
CH2OH CH2OH
+ HCl
CH2
2 CH2
+ H2O
H+
CH2
+ CaCl2 + 2H2O
CH2OH CH2OH
CH3 2H O
CH3
2
C
C
CH3
CH3
OMgI OMgI
CH3
+ 2 Mg + I2
CH3 C O
CH3
CH3
C
C
CH3
CH3
OH HO
iu ch glycerin t propylen:
Trc tin ngi ta clo ha propylen 500oC thu c allylclorid. Sau cho
allylclorid tc dng vi dung dch clor vi nc th thu c glycerin.
CH2ClCH=CH2 + HCl
CH3CH=CH2 + Cl2
CH2ClCHOH_CH2Cl+ HCl
CH2ClCHOH_CH2Cl +2H2O
CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH + 2HCl
HOCH2_CH2_CHO
- H2O
CH2OH_CHOH_CH2OH
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Glycerin
203
CH2Cl_CH2OH + H2O
RCOOCH2 _CH2_OCOR
R'
C
R''
OH
CH2OH_CHO
[O]
OHC_CHO
- H2O
HIO4
hoac (CH3COO)4Pb
R'
C
R''
O
..
+
CH2
CH2
+
H OH
OH
Loai nc
CH3
C H
C H
H+
O
Aldehyd acetic
O H
Chuyn v H-
OH OH
H+
CH3
CH3 +
C
CH3
- H2O
CH3
CH3
..
CH3
CH3
O H
C
O
Pinacolon
Chuyen v CH3-
Pinacol
CH3
CH3
OH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
OH
OH
Ethylenglycol
204
H2SO4
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
O
Dioxan
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2H2O
CH3
H+
2 CHOH
+ Cu( OH) 2
CH2OH
CH2 O
CH
CH2
H
Cu
H
OH
O CH2
O CH
+ 2H2O
HO CH2
Bi tp
Monoalcol
(CH3CH2CH2)C=O + Cr3+
Alcol cha no
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205
206
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Chng 17
PHENOL
Mc tiu hc tp
1. Gi c tn cc phenol v polyphenol.
2. Trnh by c cc tnh cht ha hc ca phenol.
Ni dung
Phenol l hp cht c nhm hydroxyl - OH gn trc tip vi nhn benzen.
i din n gin nht ca loi hp cht ny l hydroxybenzen. Phn loi phenol
thng da vo bn cht ca gc hydrocarbon thm v s nhm OH c trong phn
t. Cng thc tng qut ca cc phenol thng gp:
Monophenol
Polyphenol
Ar'(OH)m
CnH2n-6-m(OH)m m >
1. Monophenol
1.1. Danh php v ng phn
OH
Phenol
OH
CH3
m-Cresol
o-Cresol
Hydroxybenzen
Acid Phenic
OH
OH
CH3
o-Hydroxytoluen
2-Methylphenol
m-Hydroxytoluen
3-Methylphenol
CH3
p-Cresol
p-Hydroxytoluen
4-Methylphenol
OH
CH (CH3 )2
OH
CH3
Thimol
3-Hydroxy-p-cymen
5-Methyl-2-Isopropylphenol
1-Hydroxynaphthalen
2-Hydroxynaphthalen
-Naphtol
-Naphtol
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
207
OH
OH
OH
p-Hydroxydiphenyl (1,4)
10-Phenantrol
1-Phenantrol
Halogeno aren b thy phn bng dung dch kim c p sut v nhit
cao.
Ar_Cl + NaOH
300oC
Ap suat
Ar_OH + NaCl
300oC
+ N2
Ar_MgCl+ O2
Ar_OOMgCl
Ar_MgCl
2Ar_OMgCl
2H2O
2Ar_OH+2Mg(OH)Cl
hoc cho hp cht c magnesi tc dng vi ester ca acid boric v sau oxy
ha bng hydro peroxyd H2O2.
Ar_MgCl
+ B ( OR)3
- Mg(OR)Cl
Ar ( OR )2
2H2O
- 2ROH
Ar _B( OH )2
+ H2O2
- H3BO3
Ar _ OH
208
HOOC(CH3)2
OH
H2SO4
Cumen hydroperoxyd
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CH3
C CH3
O Aceton
toc
Cong thc
C6H5OH
Phenol
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
Thymol
tos
43
pKa
o-CH3C6H4OH (1,2)
30
181
191
m-CH3C6H4OH (1,3)
p-CH3C6H4OH (1,4)
(CH3) CH(CH3)2C6H3OH (1,5,2)
12
201
10,01
10,17
C10H7OH
35,5
201
51
233
10.
10,2
-Naphtol
-Naphtol
96
C10H7OH
288
122
291,8
o-Clorophenol
ClC6H4OH (1,2)
176
m-Clorophenol
ClC6H4OH (1,3)
29
214
p-Clorophenol
ClC6H4OH (1,4)
37
217
9,39
o-Nitrophenol
O2NC6H4OH (1,2)
44,5
214
7,21
m-Nitrophenol
O2NC6H4OH (1,3)
p-Nitrophenol
O2NC6H4OH (1,4)
2,4-Dinitrophenol
(O2N)2C6H3OH (1,2,,4)
2,4,6- Tribromophenol
Br3C6H3OH (1,2,,4,6)
8
9,11
96
8,0
114
7,16
113
4,
95
+
OH
+
OH
+
OH
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
209
OH
+ Na
ONa
OH
+ [ H] ;
+ NaOH
+ H2O
ONa
+ NaHCO3
+ CO2 + H2O
C6H5O- + Na+
-O
Tnh acid ca phenol tng khi trn nhn benzen c cc nhm ht electron
nh Cl, NO2, COOH... (c hiu ng -I,-C). Cc nhm y electron nh CH3 lm
gim tnh acid ca phenol.
1.4.2. Phn ng ester ha ca phenol
Phenol tc dng trc tip vi acid hu c to ester vi hiu sut thp. Phn
ng xy ra kh khn hn s ester ha ca alcol. Phn ng ester ha ca phenol l
phn ng thu nhit:
CH3COOH + C6H5OH
CH3COOH + C2H5OH
OH
+ RCOCl
210
Base
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+ HCl
COOH
OH
COOH
OCOCH 3
+
CH 3 COOH
H 3 PO 4
+ ( CH 3 CO ) 2 O
Acid salicylic
Aspirin
Ester ca phenol tham gia phn ng chuyn v Fries to ceton thm khi c
xc tc AlCl3:
OH
C R
O
t = 160o
OCOR
AlCl3
o- Oxyphenylceton
OH
t = 60o
p- Oxyphenylceton
O C CH3
ArOR + X-
OH
200oC
CH2CH=CH2
Chuyen v Claisen
o- Allylphenol
Eter allylphenyl
C ch chuyn v Claisen:
O
CH2
O.
CH
.. 2
CH
..
.
... .. ...CH2
CH
CH2
CH2
OH CH
CH2
CH
CH2
H
CH2
Cl
PCl5
OH
NO2
-POCl3,-HCl
Phenol
O2N
Clorobenzen
NO2
Acid picric
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PCl5
O2N
-POCl3,-HCl
Cl
NO2
NO2
Picrylclorid
211
OH
NH2
NH3 ( AlCl3) ,
+ H2O
- Naphtol
- Naphtylamin
O-
OH
+ HO -
O-
+ HCHO
+ H2O
CH2OH
HCHO + H+
+
OH
+
CH2OH
OH
H
CH2OH - H+
OH
OH
HCHO + R2NH
CH2OH
CH2NR2
- H2O
OH
p, to
OH
COONa
COONa
OH
COOH
+ H+
C ch phn ng:
..
: O:
+
O
O
C
H
OH
COO
OH
COOH
+ H+
Thng p dng phn ng ny sn xut acid salicylic trn quy m cng nghip.
212
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OH
CHO
+ 3KCl + 2H2O
+ CHCl3 + 3KOH
Aldehyd salicylic
+
KCl + H2O + :CCl2
O
+
+ :CCl2
CCl2
CHCl2
+ 2KOH
CHO
+ H 2O
-HO -
-2KCl,-H2O
OH
CHO
..
Cl
+
: CCl2
Cl
.
.
Tc nhn i in t
Cl
Cl
Lng gc
+
N N
Base
Muoi diazoni
HO
N N
Phenylazophenol
213
Nitro hoa
OH
HNO3
O2N
OH
H2SO4
O2N
HNO3
H2SO4
2-Nitrophenol
HNO3
O2N
H2SO4
NO2
2,4 Dinitrophenol
OH
NO2
NO2
2,4,6-Trinitrophenol
OH
OH
Halogen hoa
OH
+ Br2
CS2
+ HBr
Br
OH
+ 3Br2 H2O
OH
Br
Br
+ 3HBr
Br
Sulfon ha
OH
OH
HO3S
+ 2H2O
+ H2SO4
Vi dung dch FeCl3 phenol to hp cht C6H5OFeCl2 c dung dch mu tm ; Cresol to dung dch mu xanh v cc phenol khc to dung dch mu vng.
1.4.11. Phn ng oxy ha phenol
OH
[O]
- H.
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O_CrO3H
- H2CrO3
O CrO3H
OH
+ CrO3
O H
H
OH
H2CrO4
OH
OH
p- Hydroquinon
O
p- Benzoquinon
OH
-H
OH
H 2
OH
4,4'-Dihydroxy-1,1'-dinaphtyl
Trong trng hp 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol, gc t do 2,4,6-tri-tertbutylphenoxy c mu xanh sinh ra c bn cao. Chng tc dng vi oxy to hp
cht mu vng:
(CH3)3C
OH
C(CH3)3 (CH3)3C
-e
-H+
C(CH3)3
(CH3)3C
O2
O
(CH3)3C
C(CH3)3 (CH3)3C
Mau vang
C(CH3)3 (CH3)3C
C(CH3)3
C(CH3)3
C(CH3)3
Bu Bu
C(CH3)3
C(CH3)3
O
C(CH3)3
Bu
(CH3)3C
2. Polyphenol
Polyphenol l hp cht c hai hay nhiu nhm OH gn trc tip trn vng
benzen. Cc polyphenol l cc cht rn.
OH
OH
OH
OH
Resorcinol (tc = 114o)
1,3 -Dihydroxybenzen
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OH
OH
Hydroquinon (tc = 169o)
1,4 -Dihydroxybenzen
215
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
Hydroxyhydroquinon (tc = 140o)
1,2,4 -Trihydroxybenzen
HO
OH
Phloroglucinol (tc = 218o)
1,3,5 -Trihydroxybenzen
Cl
OH
H+
NaOH , H2O
OH
CuII, 200oC
SO3H
SO3H
OH
H+,H2O
NaOH
OH
Nong chay
NH2
O
Na2Cr2O7
H2SO4
HO
OH
OH
OH
2[H]
un nong
OH
HO
OH
OH
- CO2
COOH Acid Galic
O2N
COOH
NO2
H2N
COOH
NH2
Sn,HCl
NO2
NH2
OH
HO
H2O , 100oC
OH
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
OH
OH
Ag2O
OH
Na2Cr2O7
MgSO4,ether
Catechol
OH
Hydroquinon
o-Benzoquinon
H2SO4
O
p-Benzoquinon
O
+2 H
OH
O
1,3 -Cyclohexandion
Resorcinol
O
O
OH
O
1,3,5 -Cyclohexantrion
Phloroglucinol
Bi tp
1. Hy vit cng thc cu to cc cht sau y:
a. m-Cresol;
b. p-Ethylphenol;
c. 2,4- Dinitrophenol;
d. o-Nitrophenol;
e. Acid picric;
f. Acid 2,4-Phenoldisulfonic
g. Pyrogalol;
h. Phloroglucinol;
i. Acid galic.
2. Hy gi tn cc cht sau y:
a- CH3
OH
; b-
OH
c- Cl
OH
; d-
H5C2
e- CH3
OH
Cl
HO
OH
; f-
OH
HO
OH
g - Cl
H5C2
OH
; h - HO
OH
Cl
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217
NO2
OH
NO2
OH
OH
;
NO2
OH
CH2OH
NO2
Cl
;
OCH3
Benzen
218
H2SO4
NaOH
Nung chay
H2O
H+
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(CH3)2SO4
NaOH
HNO3
Chng 18
ETHER
Mc tiu hc tp
1. c c tn cc loi ether.
2. Trnh by c tnh cht ha hc ca ether mch thng, ether vng.
Ni dung
Khi th H ca OH trong ROH, ArOH bng gc R, Ar, ta s c ether.
R O_H R O_R'
R O_H R_O_Ar
Ar_O_H Ar_O_Ar
Oxy ca ether lin kt trc tip vi 2 gc R, Ar ging nhau hoc khc nhau.
CH3_CH2_O_CH2_CH3
CH3_CH2_O_CH3
CH2=CH_O_CH3
Diethyl ether
Ethylmethyl ether
Methylvinyl ether
Cyclohexylethyl ether
Diethyl oxyd
Ethylmethyl oxyd
Methylvinyl oxyd
Cyclohexylethyl oxyd
CH2 O CH3
O CH2CH3
O_CH3
O CH3
Benzylmethyl ether
Methylphenyl ether
Diphenyl ether
Benzylmethyl oxyd
Methylphenyl oxyd
Diphenyl oxyd
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
219
Dimethyl ether
Dimethyl oxyd
Metoxymetan
CH3OCH2CH2CH3
Methylpropyl ether
Methylpropyl oxyd
Metoxypropan
CH3OCH(CH3)2
Methylisopropyl ether
Methylisopropyl oxyd
2-Metoxypropan
C6H5OCH3
Methylphenyl ether
Methylphenyl oxyd
Metoxybenzen
p-CH3C5H4OC2H5
Ethyl,p-tolyl ether
Ethyl,p-tolyl oxyd,
p- Etoxytoluen
C2H5OCH3 + NaI
CH2=CHCH2OC2H5 + NaI
CH2=CHCH2ONa + IC2H5
C6H5OCH3 + NaI.
C6H5OCH3 + CH3OSO2ONa
C6H5ONa + BrC6H5
C6H5OCH3 + p-CH3C6H4_O_SO2_ONa
Anisol
Natri p- toluensulfonat
C6H5OC6H5 + NaBr.
ROR + H2O
220
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Ether
Alcol, phenol
to s
-24oC
CH3OH
66 oC
(C2H5)2O
+35oC
C2H5OH
78oC
C4H9OCH3
70oC
C4H9OH
118oC
C6H5OCH3
155oC
C6H5OH
183oC
(CH3)2O
Ether c tnh base yu. Khi tc dng vi acid mnh (H2SO4, HClO4, HBr)
ether to thnh mui oxoni khng bn:
..
_
C2H5_O
.. C2H5 + HBr
+
H
..
_
C2H5 O
.. _C2H5 + Br Diethyloxoni
Ether tc dng vi acid Lewis (BF3, RMgX) to phc phi tr tng i bn:
..
_
C2H5_O
.. C2H5 + BF3
F
B
..
C2H5_O
.. _C2H5
Botriflorid etherat
..
C2H5_O_C2H5 + H+
H
C2H5_O_C2H5
+
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+Br
C2H5_O_H + BrC2H5
SN2
221
H
HSO4
_
(CH3)3C O_C(CH3)3
+
E1
Di-tert-butyloxoni
..
(CH3)3C_O_C(CH3)3 + H+
Di-tert-butyl ether
Ether mch h l cht t oxy ha. Ether ethylic tip xc lu ngy vi khng
kh (c bit khi c nh sng) s to hydroperoxyd v peroxyd:
CH3_CH2_O_CH2_CH3 + O2
CH3_CH_O_CH2_CH3
OOH Hydroperoxyd
Gaiacol
OH
OCH3
OCH3
OH
OH
OCH3
CH2 CH CH2
Veratrol
Eugenol
OCH3
CH CH CH3
Isoeugenol
O
CH2
CH3CH=CH
O
CH2
O
O
CH=CHCH3
Safrol
Isosafrol
Anetol
4-Propenylmetoxybenzen 4-Allyl-1,2-methylendioxybenzen 1,2-Methylendioxy-4-propenylbenzen
222
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2. Ether vng
Epoxy
O
Tetrahydrofuran
1,4-Dioxan
Tetrahydropyran
Ethylen oxyd
H2C
H2 C
ClCH2CH2OH
Ethylen clohydrin
CH3OH
O
Ethylen oxyd
HOCH2CH2OH
Ethylen glycol
Base
CH2
O
H2 C
HOCH2CH2OCH3
Methyl xelozol
(HOCH2CH2)2O
Diethylen glycol
CH2
O
CH3O(CH2O)CH2OH
Methylen carbitol
HO_(CH2CH2O)n_H
Carbovac
PEG
RC6H4O(CH2CH2O)mCH2CH2OH
Bi tp
1. c tn v vit cng thc cu to ca cht to thnh khi cho cc cht di y
tc dng vi acid HBr.
a- CH=CHCH2OCH3 ;
O
e-
b- CH3CH2OCH=CH2
O
f-
; c- ( CH3)3CCH2OCH3 ; d- C6H5OCH3
; g-
; h-
; i-
2. Vit cng thc cu to ca cc cht: Gaiacol, cineol, eugenol, anetol, safrol, PEG
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223
Chng 19
Mc tiu hc tp
1. Gi c tn cc hp cht carbonyl.
2. Gii thch c c ch AN v hot i nhn ca hp cht carbonyl.
3. Nu c cc ha tnh ca aldehyd v ceton ng thi cho bit phng php
ha hc nhn bit chng.
Ni dung
1. Cu to
Aldehyd, ceton, quinon l nhng hp cht cha nhm carbonyl C = O.
Tng qut:
O
H
O
H
Aldehyd
Aldehyd formic
R1
R2
Ceton
O
Quinon
1,2-hay orto-Quinon
Aldehyd, ceton, quinon thuc loi hp cht carbonyl - cha nhm carbonyl
1. Aldehyd v ceton
1.1. Danh php
1.1.1. Danh php ca aldehyd
224
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CH3CH2 C H
2
CH3
CH3CH2CH=CH C H
Propanal
CH3CHCH=CH C H
2-Pentenal
4 3
4-Methyl-2-pentenal
Aldehyd formic
Formaldehyd
CH3
Aldehyd acetic
Acetaldehyd
C6H5
CH2
Aldehyd benzoic
Benzaldehyd
CH
Aldehyd acrylic
Acrolein
Tn thng thng
Tn quc t
tco
tso
H_CHO
Formaldehyd
Metanal
- 92,0
-21,0
CH3_CHO
Acetaldehyd
Etanal
-123,0
20,8
CH3_CH2_CHO
Aldehyd propionic
Propanal
- 81,0
48,8
CH3_CH2_CH2_CHO
Aldehyd butyric
Butanal
- 99,0
74,7
Aldehyd isobutyric
2-Methylpropanal
- 66,9
61,0
CH2=CH_CHO
Acrolein
Propenal
- 87,7
52,5
CHC_CHO
Aldehyd propagylic
Propinal
60,0
CH3 CH CHO
CH3
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225
Tn thng thng
CH3_CH=CH_CHO
Tn quc t
tco
tso
Aldehyd crotonic
2-Butenal
-74,0
104,0
Benzaldehyd
Benzaldehyd
- 56,0
179.5
Aldehydphenylacetic
2-Phenyletanal
-10,0
190.4
Aldehyd cinnamic
3-Phenylpropenal
252.0
CH3COCH3
Aceton
Propanon
- 95,0
56,1
CH3_CH2_CO_CH3
Methylethylceton
Butanon
- 86,4
79,6
C2H5COC2H5
Diethylceton
Pentanon-3
- 42,0
101.7
Pinacolin
3.3-Dimethyl-butanon-2
- 52,5
106,2
CHO
CH2CHO
CH=CHCHO
CH3
CH3 C COCH3
Methyl,tert- Butylceton
CH3
CH3_CO_CH=CH2
Methylvinylceton
O
O
Butenon-3
79,1
Cyclopentanon
- 51,3
130,6
Cyclohexanon
- 31,2
156,7
Cycloheptanon
179,0
COCH3
CO
Methylphenylceton
Acetophenon
19,6
202,3
Diphenylceton
Benzophenon
49,0
305,4
2-Pentanon
226
O
1
CH2
1
CH CH2 C CH2
2
CH3
CH CH3
6
6-Methyl-1-hepten-4-on
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Cyclohexanon
CH2
Methylethylceton
O CH3
CH C CH CH2
CH2
Divinylceton
CH C CH CH3
Vinylisopropylceton
CH3
Na2Cr2O7
OH
CH3
+ H2O
H2SO4 -H2O
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
C O
[(CH3)2CHO]3Al
C O +
CH OH
CH3
R'
CH3
CH3
+ O3
CH2Cl2
- 78o
H O
O
O
AcOH
Zn
CHO + HCHO
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
227
CO2 (CO)8
R CH
CH2 + CO + H2
to, p
CH2 CHO
R CH CHO
CH3
to
2RCOO
C O
2-
CO3
Phn ng Perrier
to
RCHO + Na2CO3
Pd - H2SO4
+
H2
O
R
HCl
Cl
Aldehyd
Acylclorid
SnCl2 2HCl
- SnCl4
R CH NH
Aldimin
H2O
H+
O
R
+ NH3
H
+ R'MgX
C
H
R'
C
H
- Mg(OR)X
Ester alkylformiat
228
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Aldehyd
OR
OR
+ H2O (H+)
+ R'MgX
RO
OR
R'
- Mg(OR)X
OR
H
Aldehyd
Acetal
+ R''MgX
- Mg(OR')X
OR'
Ester
- 2 ROH
O
R'
R''
Ceton
R'MgX
C N
R'
Nitril
C NMgX
+ H2O
- Mg(OH)X
R'
C NH
+ H2O ( H+)
Cetimin
- NH3
R
R'
C O
Cl
AlCl3
5
6
+ HCl
O
Indanon-1
3-Phenylpropanoylclorid
+ POCl3 + 3H2O
N(CH3)2
Dimethylformamid
O
H
Aldehyd benzoic
229
c=o, cm-1
Ceton
c=o, cm-1
R_CHO
1720......1740
R_CO_R
1700......1725
Ar_CHO
1695......1715.
Ar_CO_R
1680......1700
R_CH=CH_CHO
1680......1705
Ar_CO_Ar
1660......1670
R_CO_CH=CH_R
1665......1685
l 1,22 A
+
o
1,22 A
+
C
120o
C O
.. :
.. -
Y C ..O:
H+
Y C OH
230
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1+
C
>
2+
>
3+
1+> 2+ >3+
R'
Gemdiol
Aldehyd v ceton tc dng vi nc to thnh gem-diol.
R
C O
R'
R
+ H2O
OH
C
R'
OH
+ H2O
Cl OH
Cl C C OH
Cl H
Cloral
Cloral hydrat
Mc hydrat
99,99%
CH3CHO
58%
CH3COCH3
0%
C6H5 CHO
vt.
Cl3CCHO
100%
F3CCHO
100%
Acetal v cetal
Cng hp mt mol alcol vi aldehyd hoc ceton s to thnh bn acetal
(hemiacetal, Semiacetal) hoc bn cetal (hemicetal, semicetal).
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
231
OH
OH
O
C
+ R'OH
H
Aldehyd
OR'
H
Hemiacetal
Alcol
CH3
+ CH3OH
Acetaldehyd
CH3
OCH3
H
Hemiacetal
Methanol
OH
O
R
+ R''OH
R'
Ceton
R'
O
CH3
OR''
Hemicetal
Alcol
C
CH3
CH3
+ CH3OH
CH3
OCH3
Aceton
Methanol
OR'
H+
R C H ; CH3 C H + 2C2H5OH
OR'
Acetal
Alcol
R C H
OC2H5
Acetal
Alcol
Aldehyd
OC2H5
H+
Mc
Cyclohexanol
56
Ethanol
78
CH3_CHO
2-Propanol
43
(CH3)2CH_CHO
71
23
(CH3)3C_CHO
56
26
11
C6H5_CHO
39
23
13
OC2H5
C CH3 + HC(OC2H5)3
CH3
OC2H5
Cetal
Ceton
C CH3
+ HCOOC2H5
Ester Ethylformiat
O +
HO
+
H H
HO
R'
232
Ceton
1,2-diol
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+ H2O
R'
Cetal vng
R'
R
HO C H
R
C O +
H+
HO C H
R
O
CH
BrCH
CH3CH2C CLi +
2
2
O
CH3CH2C C CH2CH2
C H
R
Cetal vng
O
CH
CH
CH3CH2C C
2
2
O
H
O
+
H + H 3O
+ H2O
O
R'
1,2-Diol
Ceton
C H
O
H
+ LiBr
O
C
CH3
CH3
+ HCN
H
Acetaldehyd
OH
Acid cyanhydric
Aceton
Cyanohydrin acetaldehyd
CN
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
HCN
C CH3
HO
Cyanohydrin aceton
Acid cyanhydric
O
C6H5
H
Benzaldehyd
+ NaHSO3
Natri hydrosulfit
C6H5
CH
SO3Na
Hydrosulfitic benzaldehyd
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
233
O
CH3
Aceton
CH3
OH
CH3
+ NaHSO3
Natri hydrosulfit
C CH3
SO3Na
Hydrosulfitic Aceton
O
- +
:
S
O
Na
+
R C
OH
R'
Ceton
Natri hydrosulfit
O
OH
C R'
SO3H
C R'
SO3Na
Hydrosulfitic Ceton
ONa
NH3
-33o
- +
C Na
C C H
Cyclohexanon
C
Ceton
C C H
O
R
OH
+
H 3O
+ + : Na C
R'
NH3
C H
- 33o
O Na
R
R'
C C H
+
H3O
O H
R
R'
C C H
Etynyl dialkyl carbinol
234
HO-
R CH2 CH CH CHO
OH R
Aldol
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C ch aldol ha:
Lin kt C _ H v tr so vi nhm carbonyl c hydro linh ng tc dng
vi HO- to carbanion RC HCHO. Carbanion ny l tc nhn i nhn cng hp
vo nhm carbonyl ca phn t aldehyd th 2 v to thnh hp cht aldol.
O
R CH2 C
CH CHO
R CH2 CH CH CHO
O- R
+H2O
R CH2 CH CH CHO
HO-
OH R
CH
CH
OH
CH2
CHO
CH2
CH
CHO + H2O
C
R
HO-
+ CH3CHO
C6H5 CH CH2CHO
to
C6H5 CH
OH
Aldol
Acetaldehyd
CHCHO
Aldehyd cinnamic
C
H
C
H
CH2OH
Ca(OH)2
O
+ CH3
HO
CH2
Phn ng aldol
O
H
CH2OH
HCHO,H2O
CH2OH
HO
CH2
- HCOOH
CH2OH
CH2OH
Pentaerythrid
Formaldehyd Acetaldehyd
O
C CH3
HO -
Aceton
O
OH
CH3 C CH2 C CH3
CH3
4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanon-2
- OH
25o
4 gi
25o
Cyclohexanon
10 ngay
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O
+ H2O
235
O
C
CH3
CH3
O
Aceton
Benzaldehyd
HO-
CH
CH
C
O
-H2O
CH3
4-Phenyl-3-butenon-2 (Benzalaceton)
CH = CHCOOH
CH3COONa
+ CH3COOH
+ (CH3CO)2O
Benzaldehyd
Acid cinnamic
CH
O-
CH 2 CO O CO CH 3
CH
OH
C H 2C O
C OC H3
CH
CH 2 CO O CO CH 3
+ CH 3 COOH
CHCO
- H2O
C OC H3
+ H2O
+ CH3COOH
CH
OH
CH
CH 2 CO O CO CH 3
+ CH 3 COO C HC OOH
C H 3C O O H
CHO
+
COOH
H2C
CH CH
Amin
COOH - H2O
CH CH
COOH
Acid malonic
COOH
+ CO2
Acid Cinnamic
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H O
CN
C C
OH H
Benzaldehyd
Benzoin
C ch phn ng:
Anion -CN cng vo nhm carbonyl ca aldehyd to thnh cyanhydrin.
Cyanhydrin cng vo nhm carbonyl ca phn t aldehyd th hai.
-CN
+
C H
O
H
C
O
C N
+
COH
CN
C H
O-
CHO
+ H
HO
CHO
CH2
Ca(OH)2
HO CH2 CH O + HO CH2
Aldehyd glycolic
CH
O + HO CH2
CH
CH
Aldol hoa
C 6 H1 2 O6
Hexose
+ NH 2 _ Z
(H) R '
H+
NH
R
C
(H) R '
R
(H) R'
+
C
NH Z
R
C
OH
+
NH Z
(H) R'
NH
H+
+
OH 2
NH Z
(H) R '
- H+
- H2 O
(H) R'
RCH=N_N=CHR' + H2O
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237
Z-NH2
C6H5CHO Benzaldehyd
Sn phm phn ng
NH2OH Hydroxylamin
C6H5CH=N_OH Oxim.
Benzaldoxim
CH3COCH3
NH2OH
(CH3)2C=N-OH Cetoxim
Acetoxim
Aceton
C6H5COCH3
Acetophenon
NH2NH2 Hydrazin
C6H5CHO Benzaldehyd
NH2NH2 Hydrazin
C6H5
C N NH2 Hydrazon
CH3 Acetophenon hydrazon
C6H5CH=N_NH2 Hydrazon
Benzaldehyd hydrazon
C6H5CHO Benzaldehyd
NH2NHCONH2
C6H5CH=N_NHCONH2 Carbazon
Semicarbazid
Benzaldehyd semicarbazon
NH2NHCONH2
Cyclohexanon
Semicarbazid
C N NH C NH2
O
Cyclohexanon semicarbazon
C6H5CHO Benzaldehyd
C6H5CH=N_R
Imin
Benzadehyd imin
C6H5CHO
NH2NHC6H5
C6H5CH=N_NHC6H5 Phenylhydrazon
Benzaldehyd
Phenylhydrazin
Benzaldehyd phenylhydrazon
C6H5CHO
NH NH2
N O2
NH
CHC6H5
NO2
Benzaldehyd
N O2
2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazin
NO2
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazon
Benzaldehyd
CH3CONHC6H5
Acetophenon oxim
Acetanilid
238
(CH2)6N4 + 6 H2O
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
N
CH2
CH2
N
CH2
N
CH2 CH2
N
N
N
CH2
( Urotropin )
Hexamethylen tetramin
Phn ng trng hp
Phn ng trng hp ch xy ra mt s aldehyd khng vng u dy ng
ng. Aldehyd formic trng thi kh b trng hp to thnh trimer dng vng.
CH2
+
O
O+
CH2
CH2
O
CH2+
Aldehyd formic
CH2
O
CH2
Trioxymethylen
trng thi dung dch 40% trong nc (dd formalin), aldehyd formic b
trng hp thnh polymer khng vng kt ta trng gi l polyoxymethylen hay
paraformaldehyd.
n CH2=O
(CH2O)n
n = 10 - 100
CH
CH
O
CH
CH O
CH3
H3C
CH
CH
O
O CH
CH3
Paraldehyd
CH3
Metaldehyd
CH3
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
C6H5
H
H
C
E CH2CH3
1-Phenyl-1-propen
239
C ch phn ng:
C4H9Li
+
(C6H5)3PCH2CH2CH2Br(C6H5)3P=CHCH2CH3 + LiBr + C4H10
Ether
(C6H5)3P+ CH3CH2CH2Br
C6H5
(C6H5)3P=CHCH2CH3 + C6H5CHO
CH2CH3
+ (C6H5)3P
R_CO_CH2CH2N(R)2 + H2O
C ch phn ng:
OH
H C
O
R C CH3
Methylceton
CH2 NR2
+ HN(R)2
H
Amin
OH
R C CH2
..
+
+ CH2 NR2
H+
- H2O
+
..
CH2 NR2
+
CH2 NR2
+
OH
O
- H+
R C CH2 CH2 NR2
R C CH2 CH2 NR2
Alkylaminoalkylceton
1.4.3. Phn ng kh
Aldehyd hay ceton b kh ha to thnh alcol bc nht v alcol bc hai.
R
[H]
H
Aldehyd
CH2OH
; R C O
Ceton
[H]
R'
CHOH
R'
240
+ LiAlH4
H+
Ether
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
O 1) LiAlH
4
2) H+
2- Cyclohexenon
OH
2- Cyclohexenol
1) NaBH4
CH3 CH CH2CH2COOC2H5
2) H+
OH
Ester ethyl-4-hydroxypentanoat
CH3 C CH2CH2COOC2H5
O
Ester ethyl-4-oxopentanoat
1) NaBH4
2) H+
N C CH2CH2CHO
3-Cyanpropionaldehyd
N C CH2CH2CH2OH
4-Hydroxybutyronitril
CH2 CH CHO
Xuc tac
Aldehyd acrylic
O
+ 2H2
Xuc tac
2- Cyclohexenon
Cyclohexenol
CH3
C
CH3
Aceton
Na
+ 2H+
CH3
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH3 CH3
C
C
CH3
OH
OH
Pinacon
241
2 C6H5
Na
+ 2H+
C6H5
C
C
C6H5
OH
OH
Hydrobenzoin
Benzaldehyd
C ch kh ha pinacon:
2
CH3
CH3
2 Na-2e
-2 Na+
CH3
CH3
.. C O
.. :
CH3
CH3 CH3
C
- :O
.. :
+ 2H+
C
CH3
:
:O
..
CH3
CH3 CH3
C
HO
C
CH3
OH
Kh ha Clemmensen (1913)
Hn hng km trong mi trng acid HCl m c kh ha aldehyd -ceton
to hydrocarbon tng ng.
R'
R
R'
+ 2Zn + 4H+
Ceton
Aldehid
O
H
+ 2 Zn2+ + H2O
R CH3
Hydrocarbon
+ 2Zn + 4H+
Aldehyd
[O]
Acid
O
OH
THF
H2O
COOH
+ 2 Ag
242
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
HNO3
V2O5
Cyclohexanon
HOOC(CH2)4COOH
Acid Adipic
Phn ng Cannizaro
Aldehyd khng c nguyn t hydro v tr , c bit l aldehyd thm, di
tc dng ca hydroxyd kim, kim th m c to thnh alcol v acid (aldehyd
c nguyn t hydro ch tham gia phn ng aldol ha).
Ar
O
H
Ar
Ar
OH
Ar
Alcol thm
Acid
Aldehyd thm
CH2OH
H
Aldehyd thm
HO -
OH
Acid formic
Ar
CH2OH
Alcol thm
Ar
..
: O :Ar
C H +
I :OH
..
O
H
O
H
..
:O : -
+ - OH
Ar
C H
:OH
..
.. Ar C + Ar CH2O..:
I : OH
II
..
Ar
II
Ar
C + Ar
I :O
.. : -
..
CH2OH
..
II
Trong phn ng Cannizaro cho, aldehyd formic ng vai tr chuyn hydrid H-.
Phn ng Meerwein -Pondorf-Oppenauer
un nng aldehyd hay ceton trong dung dch isopropanol c xc tc l
isopropylat nhm th to thnh alcol bc nht hoc alcol bc hai.
R'
R
O +
Ceton
CH3
CH3
CH
OH
[(CH3)2CH_O]3Al R'
R
CH
OH +
CH3
CH3
243
Aldehyd
(RCH2O)3Al
C
Ester
OCH2R
CH3
+ HCl
CH3
+
OH
C CH3 + Cl-
OH
C CH3
Cl
2-Cloropropanol
CH3
Aceton
Trong dung dch alcol, t 1,1-halogenhydrin to thnh -halogeno ether. halogeno ether tch ring c khi hn hp phn ng.
+
H2CCl + CH3OH
H2C
H
+ OCH
OCH3
+ H+
Cl
Clomethylmethylether
H2C
Cl
C CH3 + PCl5
Butanon-2
(CH3)2CHCH2CHO+ PCl5
3-Methylbutyraldehyd
Cl
C CH3 + POCl3
Cl
2,2-Diclobutan
CH3CH2
(CH3)2CHCH2CHCl2+ POCl3
1,1-Diclo-3-methylbutan
Phn ng Haloform
Acetaldehyd v metyl ceton tc dng vi Natri hypohalogen NaOX to
haloform.
244
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
+ 3NaOI
CH3CHO
+ 3NaOI
CI3CHO
CHI3
Acetaldehyd
HCOONa
Iodoform
O
R
+ 3NaOBr
R
CH3
+ 3NaOBr
CHBr3 + RCOONa
CBr3
Bromoform
Methylceton
O
R C CH2Br + HBr
RCH=CHCH=O, RCH=CHCOR'
Aldehyd hoc ceton cha no lin hp hoc khng lin hp c cng s nguyn
t carbon l ng phn ca nhau.
CH2=CH-CH2-CH=O
CH3-CH=CH-CH=O
Vinylacetaldehyd
Crotonaldehyd
CH2
O
C
H = -6 kcal.mol-1
C
CH
OH
H
CH
O
C
(Kem ben)
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
245
Anion tip nhn proton ca H2O. Proton ca nc tng tc trn oxy thu c dng
enol; tng tc vo carbon th to butenal -3, nu xy ra carbon v tr thu c
crotonaldehyd. Trong mi trng base s cn bng chuyn v pha to crotonaldehyd l ch
yu (99,99%). S ngng t aldol ca aldehyd hoc ceton trong mi trng base hoc acid
thng to thnh hp cht aldehyd, ceton cha no ,.
2 CH3COCH3
H2SO4
CH3
CH3C=CHCOCH3+ H2O
4-methyl-3- penten-2- on
(mesytyl oxyd)
C ch phn ng:
OH+
CH3COCH3 + H+
OH
_
CH3 C
CH3
CH3
OH
OH
_
_
_
CH3 C CH2 C_CH3
CH3
CH2= C_CH3
+
OH
OH
Hoac: CH _ C_CH _C_CH3
3
2
CH3
OH
OH2
CH3_ C_CH = C_CH3
CH3
246
H2O +
CH3
.. OH
+
OH
- H+
+ H+
CH3
OH
_
_
CH3 C= CH C_CH3
+
CH3
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH3 + H+
O
OH
_
CH3_ C_CH2 C_CH3
CH3
OH
OH
+ H+
CH3_ C_CH = C_CH3
OH
CH3 C CH = C_CH3
CH3
+
_ _
CH2
+ H+
+
OH2
OH
CH3_ C_CH = C_CH3
CH3
OH
_
_
CH3 C= CH C_CH3
CH3
+OH
O
_
_
CH3 C= CH C_CH3
CH3
CH3_ C= CH _C_CH3
CH3
+ H+
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
Retinol
(Vitamin A1)
CH3
CH3
CH2OH
MnO2
Ether dau hoa
CH3
CHO
CH3
CH3
(80%)
Retinal
CCl4
C6H5CHBr_CHBr_CO_CH3
(10-20o)
(52-57%)
CH2 = CH_COOH + 2 Ag
X Y
C C C O
+ X Y
hay
C C C O
C C C O
Cng hp 1,4
X
C C C O
+ X Y
C C C O
V d: Cng hp 1,2
O
C6H5CH = CH _ C _ C6H5
+ KCN
CH3COOH
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CN
247
+ HCN
(C2H5)3Al
(85%)
CN
V d: Cng hp 1,4:
+
CH2_CH=CH_O
+
CH2=CH_CH_O
CH2=CH_CH=O
Acrolein (aldehyd acrylic)
CH2=CH_CH=O + CH3SH
CH3S_CH2_CH=CH_OH
Acrolein
Methylmercaptan (Metanthiol)
CH3S_CH2_CH2_CHO
-Methylthiolpropionaldehyd
CH2
CHO
Aldehyd acrylic
CHO
O
2-Formyl-2,3-dihydropyran
C=C
C_CH 3
+ CH3MgBr
H3O+
CH3
H
C=C
C(CH 3)2
(80%) OH
2-Methyl trans 3- penten-2- ol
Cng hp1,4
O
_
C6H5CH = CH C_C6H5
+ C6H5MgBr
H3O+
C6H5
C6H5
O
_
_
CH CH2 C_C6H5
1,3,3-triphenyl-1- propanon
+ C6H5Li
H3O+
OH
C6H5CH = CH_C(C6H5)2
75%
O
_
CH3C = CH C_CH3
248
+ (CH2 = CH)2CuLi
H3O+
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH3
O
_
_
_
CH2 = CH C CH2 C_CH3
72% CH3
2.1.2. Phn ng kh ha
Kh ha hp cht carbonyl cha no , c th xy ra lin kt i (C=C)
hoc vo nhm carbonyl (C=O). Cht kh l LiAlH4 cng vo nhm carbonyl.
O
H2O
Ether
+ LiAlH4
O
+ NaBH4
C2H5OH
OH
(97%)
OH
OH
+
(41%)
(59%)
O
CH3
+ H2
Pd-C
CH3
(100%)
CH3 CHO
Citral
+ CH3COCH3
HO CH3
CH3
CH3
O
CH3
CH3
BF3
CH3
CH3
O
CH3
CH3 -Ionon
Aldehyd cinnamic:
L thnh phn ch yu ca tinh du qu.
CH
CH
CHO
Aldehyd cinnamic
Metylvinylceton:
L mt ceton lin hp; th hin tnh cht cha no:
HCl + CH2=CH_CO_CH3
Methylvinylceton
ClCH2_CH2_CO_CH3
-Cloroetylmethylceton
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
249
H2
Pt
CH2=CH_CO_CH3
Methylvinylceton
NaBH4
CH2=CH2_CHOH_CH3
R
Base
HO O
Aldol
O
R
..
CH3
CH3
H:O:
C
C
N
N
:O :
+ Ni+ +
:O :
N
N
C
C
:O.. : H
CH3
CH3
H
Dimetylglyoxim
CH3
CH3
-:.. : H
:O :
O
C
C
N + N
+ Ni
+
N
N
:O :
C
C
CH3
CH3
:O.. :
H
Phc niken ( mau o )
250
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
4H [ Sn/HCl]
C6H5
- H 2O
C6H
6H [Zn/Hg. HCl]
- 2H 2O
C6H5
C C C6H5
O O
Dibenzoyl
CH2
C
4H2 /Ni
- 2H2O
C6H5
CH2
CO
C6H5 Desoxybenzoin
H
C6H5
CH2
Trans-Stylben
C6H5 1,2-Diphenyletan
C CH2OH
O
2-Oxopropanol
SeO2
CH3
C CHO
O
Methylglyoxal
C CH3
O
Aceton
CH3
C ch phn ng:
CH3
C CH3
:O :
Aceton
..
:OR
CH3
:O :
CH2
:O :
CH3
R'O -
-R'OH
C CH2
:O :
Carbanion
CH3
CH3
:O..: -
CH2
..
:OR
CH3
C CH2
:O
.. : -
C CH3
:O :
-RO -
CH3
C CH2 C CH3
:O :
:O :
251
R'
R
CH
: O:
R'
C
R"
:O
..
: O:
Dng ceton
R"
CH3
O
. ..:
CH3
CH3
CH2
CH
CH3
.O :
H . . ..
Dng ceton
Dng enol
Acetoaceton
: O:
H ..
Dng enol
1,3-dicarbonyl
:O
..
:O:
CH2
C
O
CH3
C
- : ..O:
CH
C
O
C
:O:
CH3
CH3
+ Na
CH3
C
:O:
CH3
CH
C
:O:
C
O
Na
CH
CH3
C
O
CH3
CH3
C
:O:
CH
Carbanion
+ 1/2 H2
CH3
C
: O.. : -
CH3
CH2
C
C
: O: + : O :
Cu2+
: O: +
CH3
CH2
CH3
Acetoaceton
CH
: O:
CH3
C
: O:
CH3
CH
CH3
+ 2H+
Cu
: O:
C
C
:O
O:
C
CH3
Acetoacetonat ng
Phn ng th
C th alkyl ha hp cht 1,3-dicarbonyl. Hp cht 1,3-dicarbonyl tc dng
vi dn xut halogen trong mi trng kim. Phn ng xy ra oxy to ether.
Phn ng xy ra carbon to mch nhnh.
252
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH3
C
- :O
.. :
CH3
CH
C
:O :
CH3
RX
C
:O :
R
-X
C
:O:
CH3
CH
C
: O:
CH3
CH3
CH
C
:O :
CH3
Th vo O
C
:O :
CH
C
:O :
CH3
Th vo C
Ct mch carbon
un nng hp cht 1,3-dicarbonyl vi cc kim mnh, mch carbon b ct
t to thnh mui ca acid v ceton.
CH3
O
C
CH2
O
C
HO CH3
to
CH3
O
C
O-
CH3
O
C
CH3
4. QUINON
4.1. Danh php
Quinon c cu to nh l cyclohexadiendion. Theo qui c, gi tn hp cht
quinon theo dn xut ca benzen l benzoquinon, dn xut ca toluen l
toluquinon... V vy thut ng quinon c xem l t gc gi tn nhng hp
cht thuc loi ny.
O
O
O
Toluquinon
CH3
O
Antraquinon-9,10
CH3
O
Phthiocol
OH
2-Hydroxy-3-methylnaphthoquinon-1,4
4.2. iu ch
Phng php iu ch quinon l oxy ha cc phenol v amin thm.
OH
NH2
O
Na2Cr2O7
H2SO4
30o
OH
O
Hydroquinon
p-Benzoquinon
OH
Cl
O
Na2Cr2O7
H2SO4
< 30o
Cl
2-Clorobenzoquinon-1,4
253
OH
CH3
CH3
Na2S2O4 , H2O
Ether
OH
OH
+ 2H+ + 2e
p-Quinon
Hydroquinon
OH
[Quinon][H+]2
2,303.RT
log
nF
[Hydroquinon]
OH
OH
Quinon
Hydroquinon
OH
O
Quinhydron
OH
OH
+ HCl
254
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
OH
Cl
+ OH
OH
+ H+
OH
Cl
-Cl
OH
OH
Cl
OH
CH3COOH
25o
HCl
CH3COOH
OH
O
Quinon
OH
Butadien
OH
Phn ng acyl ha
Quinon tc dng vi anhydrid acetic to triacetat hydroxyhydroquinon.
O
H+
(CH3CO)2O
- CH3COOH
OH
H
OCOCH3
OCOCH3
OCOCH3
OCOCH3
(CH3CO)2O , H+
- CH3COOH
OCOCH3
OCOCH3
OCOCH3
HO
HOOC
O
HO
O
COOH
Muscaruphyn
COOH
Lauson
Antraquinon
Vitamin K1
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
255
Bi tp
1. Vit cng thc cu to ca cc hp cht c tn gi sau:
a. 5-Methylhexanal; b. 4-Hydroxy-3-metoxybenzaldehyd; c. Butyroaldehyd;
d. Methylethylceton; e. Methylbenzylceton; f. Acetophenon; g. Benzophenon.
2. T C6H5CH2CH2Cl hy tm phng php iu ch phenylacetaldehyd.
3. Chn cc phng php thch hp hy iu ch cc cht sau t cc nguyn liu
cho:
a. iu ch methylethyl ceton t sec -butanol.
b. iu ch methyl n -hexylceton t alcol caprylic.
c. iu ch methyl allylceton t acetaldehyd v allylbromid.
d. iu ch aldehyd cinnamic t acetylen v benzaldehyd.
4. So snh kh nng phn ng ca nhm carbonyl trong cc hp cht sau:
Aceton, diethylceton, acetaldehyd, cloral, diisopropylceton, benzaldehyd, benzophenon
5. Vit phn ng ca benzaldehyd vi cc cht sau:
a. Aceton; b- Hydroxylamin; c- Phenylhydrazin; d- Nitrometan; e-Anilin.
6. Vit phn ng ca citral vi cc cht sau:
a. H2/ Ni;
b. Zn/HCl;
c. NaBH4;
d. LiAlH4.
b-Cl2/ nh sng;
a- Benzaldehyd
b- Acetaldehyd
HO - loang
c- p-Tolualdehyd
KCN
d- Benzaldehyd + Formaldehyd
HO-
e- Benzaldehyd + Anilin
9. Vit cng thc cu to ca cc cht sau:
a. o-Benzoquinon;
b. p-Benzoquinon;
c. Naphtoquinon-1,4;
d. Antraquinon-9,10
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Chng 20
ACID CARBOXYLIC
Mc tiu hc tp
1. Gi c tn cc hp cht acid n chc v a chc.
2. Trnh by v so snh c tnh cht ha hc ca acid carboxylic mch thng
v acid carboxylic thm.
Ni dung
1. Cu to
Acid carboxylic l nhng hp cht hu c c nhm chc carboxyl -COOH
C th vit cng thc nhm carboxyl dng cu to khai trin, cu to rt
gn hay dng phn t.
:O: ..
R C O
.. H
R_COOH
R_CO2H
C O
O
H
Acid formic
Lin kt
di
Gc lin kt
gc
C=O
1,202
HC=O
124,1o
CO
1,343
OC=O
124,9o
CH
1,097
HC-O
111,0o
OH
0,972
HO-C
106,3o
trng thi rn, lng v trng thi hi, acid carboxylic tn ti dng dimer.
O ... H O
R C
O H ... O
C R
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
257
2. Danh php
C 2 loi danh php quan trng. Danh php thng thng v danh php
IUPAC. Danh php thng thng phn nh ngun gc ca acid.
Danh php IUPAC:
Tn Hydrocarbon tng ng + tip v ng OIC
nh s:
nh s trn mch chnh di nht cha chc acid. S 1 bt u t chc acid.
Nu acid c phn nhnh th c tn nhm th v v tr gn vo mch chnh.
Dng cc ch ci , , , xc nh v tr cc nguyn t carbon ca
mch chnh. Ch ci bt u t nguyn t carbon sau nhm acid.
Cng c th xem acid hu c l dn xut ca hydrocarbon. Hydro c thay
th chc acid. Chc acid c tn gi l carboxylic.
Tn hydrocarbon tng ng vi gc R + carboxylic.
Danh php
thng thng
Danh php
IUPAC
t oc
t os
pKa
HCOOH
Acid formic
Acid metanoic
8.4
101
3,75
CH3COOH
Acid acetic
Acid etanoic
16,6
118
4,76
CH3CH2COOH
Acid propionic
Acid propanoic
-21,
141
4,87
CH3(CH2)2COOH
Acid butyric
Acid butanoic
-5
164
4,82
CH3(CH2)3COOH
Acid valeric
Acid pentanoic
-34
186
4,86
CH3(CH2)4COOH
Acid caproic
Acid hexanoic
-3
205
4,88
CH3(CH2)5COOH
Acid nantic
Acid heptanoic
-8
223
4,89
CH3(CH2)6COOH
Acid caprylic
Acid octanoic
17
239
4,90
CH3(CH2)7COOH
Acid pelagonic
Acid nonanoic
15
255
CH3(CH2)8COOH
Acid capric
Acid decanoic
32
270
CH3(CH2)10COOH
Acid lauric
Acid dodecanoic
44
299
CH3(CH2)12COOH
Acid myristic
Acid tetradecanoic
54
251
CH3(CH2)14COOH
Acid palmitic
Acid hexadecanoic
63
267
CH3(CH2)16COOH
Acid stearic
Acid octadecanoic
72
CH=CHCOOH
Acid acrylic
Acid propenoic
12,3
142
Acid metacrylic
Acid
2-methylpropenoic
CH2 C COOH
CH3
258
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16
163
CH3
H
C C
CH3(CH2)7
CH 3(C H 2) 7
H
C C
Acid oleic
(CH2)7COOH
Acid E-2-butenoic
71,6
189
4,69
Acid
16.3
45
9.0
144
Z -9-octadekenoic
Acid elaidic
H
(CH 2) 7 COO H
Acid
E - 9-octadekenoic
Acid propiolic
Acid propinoic
Acid cyclopentan
COOH
Acid
cyclopentan
carboxylic
Acid
carboxylic
Acid benzoic
121
249
4,17
COOH
Acid
76,7
265
4,26
135
300
4,44
benzen
Acid phenylacetic
CH2 COOH
C6H5
pKa
COOH
HCCOOH
t os
Danh php
IUPAC
Acid crotonic
C C
t oc
Danh php
thng thng
Cng thc
2-phenyletanoic.
Acid cinnamic
COOH
C C
carboxylic
Acid-E-3phenylpropenoic
H
5
Acid 3-ethyl-4-methyl-hexanoic
Acid -ethyl - -methylcaproic
Acid 2-ethyl-3-methylpetancarboxylic
CH3
COOH
Acid 1-methylcyclohexan carboxylic
3. Phng php iu ch
C mt s phng php ch yu sau.
3.1. Thy phn hp cht nitril R_CN
Thy phn hp cht nitril to acid v amoniac.
R_CN + 2H2O
R_COOH + NH3
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
259
+
CH2COOH + NH4 HSO4-
H2SO4
100o, 3 gi
KOH
R COOMgX
R Li + CO2
R COOLi
H2O
H2O
R COOH +
HOMgX
R COOH +
LiOH
Cl
Cl
ACl3
- HCl
Ar C
+ H2O
Cl
- HCl
Ar COOH
RCOONa
RCOOH
1- Ni(CO)4
2- H2O
R'X
R'CH2COOH
Phn ng xy ra nh sau:
Khi c xc tc base, ester malonic chuyn thnh tc nhn i nhn ROOCCHCOOR v sau tc dng vi dn xut halogen. Tip theo l qu trnh thy
phn ester v decarboxyl ha to thnh acid carboxylic.
260
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ROOCCHCOOR
+ C 2 H 5 OH
ROOCCHCOOR
ROOCCHCOOR + R'X
+X-
R'
H+
ROOCCHCOOR + 2H2O
R'
HOOCCHCOOH
R'
HOOCCHCOOH + 2ROH
R'
Decarboxyl hoa
R'CH2COOH
+ CO2
+ HOH
RCOOR'
RCOOH + R'OH
Thy phn ester trong mi trng kim (phn ng x phng ha) thu c
mui ca acid v alcol.
+ NaOH
RCOOR'
RCOONa + R'OH
O H ... O
Dang dimer
C R
.
; .. H
R
C
H
...
C
R
O ...
H
O
R
C
...H
C
R
O ...
H
O
R
C
..
O.
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
261
max
CH3COOH
197 nm
60
CH3CHO
293 nm
12
Hp cht H
5. Tnh cht ha hc
Nhm carboxyl l t hp ca 2 nhm carbonyl C =O v nhm hydroxyl
(carboxy) do c tn gi l carboxyl. Hai nhm ny c nh hng ln nhau rt
mnh do s lin hp ca orbital v cp in t khng lin kt ca oxy trong
nhm OH. Kt qu l lin kt OH ca acid yu hn so vi alcol v in tch
dng +ca carbon trong nhm carboxyl t hn so vi aldehyd.
..
OH
R C
..O H Acid
R C
O
O
R C
H
Aldehyd
1-
R C
O H
O
2-
R C
Y-
262
O H
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
3-
Phn ng decarboxyl
O
R C
4-
O
R C
O H
+
CHCOO - + H3O
Ka =
- +
[CHCOO ][H]
= 1,8.10-5M
[CH3COOH]
Nhom the
CH3
OCH3
OH
Cl
NO2
Para
Meta
4,37
4,47
4,54
3,98
3,43
4,27
Orto
3,91
4,09
4,09
4,08
2,98
3,83
2,94
3,49
2,17
2RCOONa
+ H2
2 RCOOH + MgO
(RCOO)2Mg + H2O
RCOOH + NaOH
2 RCOOH + Na2CO3
RCOONa
2RCOONa
+ H2 O
+ H2O + CO2
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263
- 2 - H2O
- H2O
H2O
-
H2O
-
H O
2
- -
H2O
-
-- H2O +
-- H O
2
H2O
H O
H2O - 2
- H2O
- H2O
Xa phong
tan trong nc
H2O -
Du m
khng tan trong nc
H2O -
- H2O
-- H O
2
Du m
b tan theo x phng
RCOOCH3 + N2
C ch phn ng:
O
R C O H
O ..
R C O
..:
+
CH2 N N :
CH3 N N:
+
O
.. R C O
..:
+
CH3 N N :
O
R C OCH3
:N N :
O
R C O H
+
CH3CH2CH2CO2 NH4+
Amoni butanoat
CH3CH2CH2CO2 NH4+
Amoni butanoat
264
185o
CH3CH2CH2CONH2 + H2O
Butanamid
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C ch chung:
OR C O H + NH
.. 3
+
O
R C O H
Cong ai nhan
OR C OH
NH3+
O O
+
R C OH2
R C NH2 + H2O
NH2 Tach nc
LiAlH4
H
H
H
+
H
LiAlH4
LiAlH4
H3O
R C OLi
R C O
R C OH
R C OLi
H
H
OLi
CH3O
COOH
H4LiAl
H2O
Ether
H2SO4
CH3O
CH3O
CH2OH
CH3O
R COOH + R' OH
H+
R COOR' +
H2O
H+
R C OH +
Xuc tac acid
OH +
R C OH +
R C OH
..
R' OH
..
Cong ai nhan
OH
R C OH
OH
OH
R C OH
R C OH
HOR'
+
OR'
+ H+
..
: OH
+ OH
+ Tach nc
R C OH2
R C
OR'
OR'
+ H+
OR'
+ OH
O
R C
R C
OR'
OR'
Esther
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
+ H2O
H+
Xuc tac
265
Alcol l tc nhn i nhn c chng minh bng phng php s dng alcol
c oxy ng v 18. Ester to thnh c oxy 18, nc c oxy 16 chng t nhm OH
ca acid b tch ra.
+
OH
16
CH3 C OH +
18
CH3 OH
..
18
CH3 C OCH3
Ester co oxy 18
Cong ai nhan
16
+ H2O
O
C OH + Cl S Cl
Thionyl clorid
CH3
C Cl + HCl + POCl3
+ PCl5
C OH
Benzoyl clorid
Phosphor pentaclorid
O
3
C OH
+ PBr3
C Br + H3PO3
Phosphos tribromid
Benzoyl bromid
HCOOH
H2 + CO2
Os
HCOOH
H2SO4 ac
H2O + CO
CH4 + Na2CO3
V d:
266
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CCl4
76oC
C6H5CH2Br
CO2 + AgBr
CO2
COOH
+ HgO + 2 Br2
Br
+ HgBr2 + H2O
R_CH2_CH2_COOH
Enzym
R_CO_CH2_COOH
Acid
oxo carboxylic
R_CH2_CH2_COOH + SeO2
R_CH2_CO_COOH + H2O + Se
Acid
oxo carboxylic
R CHBr COOH
Br2
P
R CBr2 COOH
CH3_CH2_CH2_COOH
Cl2
CH3_CH2_CHCl_COOH 5%
CH3_CHCl_CH2_COOH 64%
CH2Cl_CH2_CH2_COOH 31%
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
267
COOH
HNO3, H2SO4
to
NO2
CH
COOH + Br2
CH2Br
CHBr
COOH
CH3C = CH_CH2_COOH
acid 4-methyl-3- pentenoic
CH3
CH3CH _ CH = CH_COOH
acid 4-methyl-2- pentenoic
6.1. iu ch
Cc phng php iu ch acid cha no cng ging phng php iu ch
alken v iu ch acid no. Acid carboxylic cha no v cc dn xut ca n c
iu ch t cc hp cht cha no tng t.
6.1.1. T dn xut halogen cha no RX RCOOH
CH2 = CH_CH2_Cl
Allylclorid
CuCN
CH2 = CH_CH2_CN
dd HCl
CH2 = CH_CH2_COOH
Acid vinyl acetic (52-62%)
(Acid 3-butenoic)
268
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CH3
PBr3
CH3(CH2)9CH _COOH
Br2
CH3
CH3(CH2)9CBr _COBr
CH3OH
(CH3)3COK
(CH3)3COH
CH3
CH3(CH2)9C _COOCH3
Br
Quinolin
160-170o
CH2
CH3
CH3(CH2)9C _COOC(CH3)3 CH3(CH2)8CH = C _COOCH3
ddKOH
ddKOH
H+
H+
CH3
CH3(CH2)8CH = C _COOH
(68-83%)
CH2
CH3(CH2)9C _COOH
Nhn xt:
Cc base (CH3OK; Quinolin) c tc dng tch loi trc tip to lin kt i.
Acid cha no n gin nht l propenoic (acid acrylic). Nitril tng ng l CH2
=CH_CN (acrylonitril). Chng l nguyn liu quan trng trong cng nghip cht
polymer. iu ch acrylonitril bng cch oxy ha propen c xc tc vi amoniac.
CH3CH=CH2 + 3 O2 + 2NH3
450o
Xuc tac
2 CH2=CH_CN + 6 H2O
Cc ester cha no c nhiu trong thin nhin. Cc acid cha no thng gp:
Acid Oleic
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH 2)7COOH
Acid Ricinoleic
Acid Linoleic
Acid Linolenic
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
269
CH2 CH CH2
CH2 C
CH2
+ H+
OH
CH2
CH2
+
CH3 CH .. C O
HO
CH3 CH
CH2
C O
O
Valerolacton
Acid allylacetic
HOOC_COOH
HOOC_CH2_COOH
HOOC_(CH2)2_COOH
HOOC_(CH2)3_COOH
HOOC_(CH2)4_COOH
HOOC_(CH2)5_COOH
HOOC_(CH2)6_COOH
HOOC_(CH2)7_COOH
HOOC_(CH2)8_COOH
HOOC
H
HOOC
H
C C
C C
tco
pKa1
pKa2
189,5
1,27
4,27
135,6
2,86
5,70
185.
4,21
5,64
97,5
4,34
5,27
153
4,41
5,28
104
142
106
134
137
1,92
6,23
287
3,02
4,38
Acid Phtalic,
1,2-Benzendicarboxylic
208
2,58
5,62
Acid Isophtalic,
1,3-Benzendicarboxylic
346
Acid Terephtalic,
1,4-Benzendicarboxylic
300
Tn gi
COOH
H
H
COOH
COOH
COOH
COOH
COOH
COOH
HOOC
270
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Tnh cht ha hc
Nhm acid nh hng qua li ln nhau.
Tnh acid ca diacid mnh hn monoacid.
Tnh acid ca diacid gim dn khi chc acid cng xa nhau.
Diacid to 2 mui, 2 ester.
KOH
- H2O
COOH
COOH
C2H5OH, H+
- H2O
COOH
KOH
COOK
- H2O
COOK
COOK
COOC2H5
C2H5OH , H+
COOH
- H2O
COOC2H5
COOC2H5
Diethyl ftalat
to
HOOC_COOH
HOOC_CH2_COOH
HCOOH + CO2
to
CH3_COOH + CO2
COOH
CH2
CH2
COOH
C
O
H2O
O
Anhydrid Succinic
Acid Succinic
COOH
O
O
COOH
H2O
O
Anhydrid Ftalic
Acid Ftalic
Bi tp
1. Gi tn cc cht sau theo danh php IUPAC:
a- ClCH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
c- CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CHCOOH
b- (CH3)3CCH2CH2CH2COOH
d- CH2=CHCH=CHCOOH
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
271
a- (CH3CH2CH2)3CBr
b-HOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2Br
c- CH3CH2CH2CH2CH=CH2
(CH3CH2CH2)3CCOOH
HOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
b - Thionyl clorid.
d- Phosphor tribromid.
272
H2SO4
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Chng 21
Mc tiu
1. Trnh by c s hnh thnh cc loi dn cht acid carboxylic v nguyn
tc chung gi tn chng.
2. Nu c tnh cht ha hc ca cc dn cht acid carboxylic.
Ni dung
Khi thay th nhm OH ca acid carboxylic bng nhng nhm th khc nhau
thu c cc dn xut nhm chc ca acid carboxylic.
R C
OH
Acid carboxylic
R C
Y
Dan xuat cua acid carboxylic
R C
Halogenid acid
Hal
(F , Cl, Br , I)
R C O
R C
R C
Anhydrid acid
Acid Hydroxamic
NHOH
Azid
Cng thc
R C
R C
R C
Ester
OR'
Amid
NR2
Hydrazid
NH NH2
R_CN
Nitril
N3
O
R C O OH
Peroxyacid
R
R
C C O
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Ceten
273
RCOOH
RCOOR'
1.1. Cu to
di v gc lin kt ca ester methyl formiat trnh by trong bng 21-2.
Bng 21.2
o
H
C
O
CH3 Methyl formiat
di lin kt (A )
Gc lin kt ()
C=O.............1,200
H_C=O.........124,95
C(=O)_O.......1,344
O_C=O.........125,87
C(H3)_O.......1,437
H_C_O.........109,78
C(=O)_H.......1,101
CH3_O_C....114,78
R C O R'
Alkylcarboxylat
O
CH3 C O CH2CH3
Ethyl acetat
Ethyl etanoat
CH3 O
CH3 CH C O CH(CH3)2
Isopropyl isobutyrat
Isopropyl-2-methylpropanoat
274
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Tn gi
tco
tso
d20
4
HCOOCH3
Methylforniat
- 99,9
31,5
0,975
HCOOC2H5
Ethylformiat
- 80,5
54,3
0,917
CH3COOCH3
Methylacetat
- 98,1
57,1
0,924
CH3COOC2H5
Ethylacetat
- 83,6
77,1
0,901
CH3COOC3H7n
n-Propyl acetat
- 92,5
101,6
0,887
CH3COOC4H9
Butyl acetat
-76,8
126,5
0,882
CH3COOC5H11
Amylacetat
-78,5
142,6
0,871
CH3CH2CH2COOCH3
Methylbutyrat
-95,5
102,3
0,898
CH3(CH2)14COO(CH2)15CH3
Cetylpalmitat
55,5
0,832
C6H5COOCH3
Methylbenzoat
- 12,5
199,6
1,094
C6H5COOC2H5
Ethylbenzoat
- 34,6
212,6
1,051
C6H5COOC6H5
Phenylbenzoat
70,0
314,0
1,235
Dimethyl oxalat
- 54,0
163,8
1,148
Diethyl oxalat
- 40,6
185,4
1,078
Dimethyl malonat
- 62,0
181,0
1,151
Dimethyl succinat
19,5
192,8
1,120
Dimethyl ftalat
49,5
COOCH3
COOCH3
COOC2H5
COOC2H5
CH2(COOCH3)2
CH2COOCH3
CH2COOCH3
o-C6H4(COOCH3)2
H2SO4
+ C2H5OH
RCOOR' + H2O
H2SO4
CH3COOC2H5
+ H2O
[CH3COOC2H5][H2O]
= 4
[CH3COOH] [C2H5OH]
275
mt trong 2 cht phn ng (alcol hoc acid) hoc tch sn phm (ester hoc nc)
bng cch chng ct. Phn ng ester ha xy ra chm. Hn hp ng phn t ca
CH3COOH v C2H5OH nhit phng cn khong 16 nm mi t ti cn bng.
tng tc phn ng, ngoi vic un nng hn hp, ngi ta cn dng cc cht
xc tc nh H2SO4 m c, HCl khan...
1.3.2. Acyl ha alcol bng anhydrid acid. Xem phn alcol
ROH + (R'CO)2O
RCOOR' + R'COOH.
RCOOCH3 + N2
RCOOR' + NaCl
RCOOAg + R'Br
RCOOR' + AgBr
RCOOR' +
H2O
RCOOH + R'OH
276
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+OH
CH3
CH3 C
+ H+
O C CH3
CH3
+
OH
CH3
CH3 C
CH3
CH3
+C CH
3
CH3
CH3
HO C CH3
CH3
CH3
O C CH3
CH3
OH
CH3 C O : C CH3
H2O
CH3 C
CH3
+C CH
3
CH3
+ H+
R C
O
OR'
+ HO -
O
R C
R C
OR'
R C
: OR'
OH
OH
O
R C
R'O -
OH
R'O -
R C
O-
OH
R'O H
O R'
+ R"OH
H+
O
R C
CH2=CH_COOCH3 + C4H9OH
O R" + R'OH
CH3C6H4SO3H
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CH2=CH_COOC4H9 + CH3OH
277
Ester
RCO_NH2
NH3
R'OH
R'OH
RCO_NH_NH2 +
R'OH
Amoniac
RCOOR'
Amid
HNR"2
RCO_NR''2
Amin
Amid th
+ H2N_NH2
RCOOR'
Hydrazid
Hydrazin
RCOOR'
RCO_NHOH
+ H2NOH
R'OH
Acid hydroxamic
Hydroxylamin
4[H]
R CH2OH + R'OH
Na+ C2H5OH
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOC4H9
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH2OH + HOC4H9
Butyl oleat
Alcol oleic
R'
OC2H5
H CH
COOC2H5
NaOC2H5
O
R C
R'
CH
COOC2H5 + C2H5OH
OCH2
R1CO
OCH2
R1CO
OCH2
HOCH
R2CO
OCH
R2CO
OCH
HOCH2
R3CO
OCH2
HOCH2
Monoacylglycerin
Monoglycerid
278
Diacylglycerin
Diglycerid
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Triacylglycerin
Triglycerid
CH2(CH2)10COOH,
Acid palmitic
CH3(CH2)14COOH
Acid stearic
CH3(CH2)16COOH;
Acid oleic
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH,
Acid linoleic
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH,
CH2 O COR1
CH O CO(CH2)14CH3
CH O COR2
O
+
CH2 O P OCH2CH2N(CH3)3
OPhospholipid
Lecitin
CH2 O CO(CH2)14CH3
Lipid
Tripalmitatglicerin
2. Anhydrid acid
Hai phn t acid b loi nc to thnh anhydrid acid. Cng thc chung:
O
R C
OH
OH
R C
O
Acid
O
R C
O
R C
O
Anhydrid acid
CH2 C
OH
OH
CH2 C
O
Acid succinic
CH2 C
+ (CH3CO)2O
Anhydrid acetic
CH2 C
O
O
+ 2 CH3COOH
O
Anhydrid succinic
Acid acetic
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279
tco
t so
(CH3CO)2O
Anhydrid acetic
-73,0
139,6
(C2H5CO)2O
Anhydrid propionic
-45,0
168,0
(C3H7CO)2O
Anhydrid n-butyric
-75,0
198,0
(n-C4H9CO)2O
Anhydrid n-valeric
(n-C17H35CO)2O
Anhydrid stearic.
Cng thc
CH2
CH2
218,0
72,0
O
O
Anhydrid succinic
119,6
261,0
(C6H5CO)2O
Anhydrid benzoic
42,0
360,0
O
C
Anhydrid phtalic
132,0
Anhydrid maleic
53,0
284,0
O
C
CH
O
CH
NHCOCH3
+ (CH3CO)2O
+ CH3COOH
Acetanilid
3. Ceten (CH2 = C = O)
C th xem ceten l anhydrid acid khi phn t acid b loi mt phn t nc.
CH2 C
H
CH2 C
OH
Ceten
Acid
CH3 CH C
Methylceten
280
CH3
CH3
+ H2O
C C
Dimethylceten
R CH C
Alkylceten
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
R'
C C
Dialkylceten
Cc phn ng ca ceten
Cc ceten nh l mt tc nhn acyl ha.
..
O
..
CH2 C
CH2
+
C
.. O
..:
H+
CH2
+
C
..
OH
..
B-
CH2 C
..
OH
..
B
..
CH3 C
O..
B
CH2 C
CH3 C
ROH
CH3 C
RCOOH
CH3 C
R C
NH3
CH3 C
Acid
OH
O
OR
Ester
O
O
Anhydrid acid
O
O
NH2
Amid
RCOX
4.1. Cu to
Nguyn t halogen c cp in t khng lin kt lin hp vi lin kt ca
nhm C=O v vy phn t acyl halogenid c cc trng thi nh sau:
.. : O:
..
:O
CH3
..
Cl
.. :
CH3
+
Cl
.. :
Acetyl clorid
O
CH3
Cl
di lin kt
Gc lin kt
C=O........ 1,192
C_C=O......127,08o
C_C..........1,499
C_C_Cl......112,66o
C_Cl.........1,789
O=C_Cl......120,26o
C_H..........1,083
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
281
Acetyl clorid,
Etanoyl clorid
CH3CH2COF
Cng thc
t oc
t os
Acetylflorid, Etanoylflorid
CH3COF
20,5
0,993
CH3COCl
52,0
1,104
CH3COBr
76,7
1,520
Cloroacetylclorid
CH2ClCOCl
105,0
1,495
Propionylclorid
CH3CH2COCl
80,0
1,065
n-Butyrylclorid
CH3CH2CH2COCl
102,0
1,028
Isobutyrylclorid
(CH3)2CHCOCl
92,0
1,017
n-Valerylclorid
CH3CH2CH2CH2COCl
128,0
1,016
Isovalerylclorid
(CH3)2CHCH2COCl
113,0
n-Caproylclorid
n-C5H11COCl
153,0
Caprylclorid
CH3(CH2)6COCl
196,0
0,975
Stearylclorid
CH3(CH2)16COCl
215,0
Benzoylclorid
C6H5COCl
197,0
1.212
O
R C Cl
+ H2O
R C OH
+ HCl
R'MgX
O
R C R'
OMgX
R'MgX
R C R'
R'
H2O
OH
R C R'
R'
R C Cl
O
R'OH +
282
R C Cl
AlCl3
C R
+ HCl
O
R C OR' + HCl
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
5. Amid
Thay th nhm OH ca acid carboxylic bng nhm NH2 thu c amid.
O
R C OH
Acid
R C NH2
R'
R C N R"
Amid the
R C NHR'
Amid
H C NH2
CH3 C NH2
Formamid
Acetamid
Metanamid
Etanamid
Metan carboxamid
CH3CH2 C NH2
H C N(CH3)2
CH3CH2CH2 C NHCH3
Propionamid
N,N-Dimethylformamid N-Methylbutyramid
Propanamid
N,N-Dimethylmetanamid N-Methylbutanamid
Etancarboxamid
1-Propan-N-methylcaboxamid
CONH2
CONH2
CH2 CH
CONH2
CONH2
Acrylamid
Benzamid
Benzencarboxamid
Cyclohexancarboxamid
3-Cyclopentencarboxamid
Etencarboxamid
t oc
Cng thc
n-Valeramid
n-C4H9CONH2
106
n-Caproamid
n-C6H11CONH2
101
Steramid
C17H35CONH2
109
Benzamid
C6H5CONH2
130
Cinnanamid
C6H5CH=CHCONH2
Succinamid
H2NCOCH2CH2CONH2
260
O
C NH2
CH3
...
C NH2 ... O
CH3
C NH2 ... O
CH3
C NH2 ...
Cng thc
tso
CH3_CONH2
221
CH3_CONHCH3
204
CH3_CON(CH3)2
165
CH3
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
283
-O
..
+
R C NH2
R C NH2
..
O
..
+ H+
..
R C
..
R C
NH2
..
+
OH
R C
NH2
OH
..
NH2
+
Amid l mt acid yu. Amid tc dng vi natri hoc natri amidid trong ether
to mui.
..
R C
O
..
..
+ Na
..
R C
NH2
..
O
..
..
NHNa
R C
O
..
..
NH
..
.. -
R C
O
.. :
NH
..
RCOOH + NH3
P2O5
200 _ 220oC
(CH3)2CH C N + H2O
Isobutyronitril
CH2 CONH2
CH2
Succinamid
Succinimid
CH2 CONH2
284
CH2
Nhiet
NH
O
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
CONH2
Nhiet
O
NH
CONH2
Phtalamid
C
Phtalimid O
C ch phn ng:
O
R C NH2
Amid
O
2NaOH + Br2
O
+ OBr -
..
+ OH
..
R C N
.. Br + H2O
..
R C N
.. Br
..
..
R C N Br
H
R C N Br + OH
..
+ Br -
R C N
.. +
R: C N
.. +
O=C=N_R
Chuyen v
Isocyanat
O=C=N_R + 2OH
Isocyanat
2R NH2 + CO3
Amin bac nhat
V d:
CH3CONH2 + 2NaOH + Br2
CH3NH2
C6H5CH2CONH2 +2NaOH+Br2
4H [LiAlH4]
NH2
R CH2 NH2
6. Nitril (R-C=N)
Nitril c cu trc R_CN v Ar _CN
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285
CH3CH2_CN
C6H5_CN
CH2=CH_CN
Etannitril
Propannitril
Propennitril
Acetonitril
Propionitril
Benzonitril
Acrylonitril
Methylcyanid
Ethylcyanid
Phenylcyanid
Vinylcyanid
C N
Cyclopentylcyanid
R_CN + NaX
R_CN + H2O
+ H2O
O
CH3 C NH2
+ H2O
- NH3
O
CH3 C OH
Kh ha nitril
Kh bng LiAlH4, NaBH4 hoc natri trong alcol to thnh amin bc nht
R C N
4H [LiAlHl4]
R CH2 NH2
Ar
3 Ar C N
Arylcyanid
286
Ar
N
Ar
2,4,6-Triaryl-1,3,5-Triazin
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Bi tp
1. T cc acid sau:
a- CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
b- (CH3)2CHCH2CH2COOH
c- CH2=CHCH2CH2COOH
d- BrCH2CH2COOH
Ethylamin
Trnh by c ch phn ng .
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
287
Chng 22
HP CHT AMIN
Mc tiu
1. Gii thch c cu to ca cc amin v gi c tn chng theo danh php
quc t.
2. Nu c ha tnh ca amin mch thng v amin thm ng thi nu c
phng php phn bit cc bc ca amin thng cng nh amin thm.
Ni dung
1. Cu to
Amin l nhng hp cht c cc gc alkyl, gc aryl lin kt trc tip vi
nguyn t nit. C th xem amin l dn xut ca amoniac (cng nh alcol, ether
l dn xut ca nc).
Amoniac
NH3
RNH2
R2NH
Nc
H2O
ROH
R2O
R3 N
..
..
..
..
Amoniac
288
R'
Amin
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R''
R
R'
..
..
N
C2H5
C2H5
CH3
N
H
Ethylmethylamin
CH3
H
C2H5
CH3
..
Ethylmethylamin
CH3NH2
(CH3CH2)2NH
Methylamin
Diethylamin
Metanamin
N-Ethyletanamin
CH2CH3
CH2CH3
C6H5
CH3
Diethylmethylamin
N-Methyl,N-Ethyletanamin
CH2CH3
C6H4CH3 p
Ethyl, phenyl,p-tolylamin
N-Ethyl,N-p-Tolylbenzenamin
N(CH3)2
NH2
CH3
Benzenamin
N,N-Dimethylbenzenamin
4-Methylbenzenamin
Aminometan
CH2=CHCH2NH2
3-Amino-1-propen
CH3CH2N(CH3)2
C6H5NHCH3
Dimethylaminoetan Methylaminobenzen
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
289
Ch c tn cc gc:
C6H5NH_
CH3(C2H5)N_
- C10H7NH-
p-CH3C6H4NH-
-Naphtylamino
COOH
NH2
NH2
CH3
SO3H
Acid Sulfanilic
Acid p-Aminobenzensulfonic
p-Toluidin
p-Aminotoluen
Acid p-Aminobenzoic
NH2
N(CH3)2
Br
m-Bromoanilin
Anilin
N,N-dimethylanilin
3. iu ch
3.1. Alkyl ha trc tip amoniac v cc amin khc
Phn ng gia amoniac v alkylhalogenid bc nht to thnh amin bc
nht. Phn ng xy ra theo c ch SN2.
CH3CH2Br + NH3
+ CH3CHNH3Br
+ NaOH
-NaBr -H2O
CH3CH2NH2
RNH2
RX
-HX
RNHR
RX
-HX
(R)3N
-+
Cl NH2CH2C6H5
NH2
+ C6H5CH2Cl
Anilin
290
Benzylclorid
NHCH2C6H5
NaHCO3
Benzylphenylamoniclorid
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Benzylphenylamin
O
N H
O
Phtalimid
+ NaOH
- H2O
O
N
+ R_X
-X-
C
C
O
NR
H2O
HO -
COO COO -
O
Alkylamin
Alkylphtalimid
Ion phtalimid
R_NH2 +
Ion phtalat
NO2
+ 3H2 / Ni
Ap suat, to
CH(CH3)2
2-Nitro-5-isopropyltoluen
NH2
+ 2H2O
CH(CH3)2
2-Methyl-5-isopropylanilin
RC N
hoc LiAlH4
RCH2 NH2
+ 2H2
RCH=NH + H2O
xc tc
RCH2 NH2
Amin bc nht
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
291
O
NH2
+ LiAlH4
H O
C N(CH3)2
R CH2NH2 + H2O
+ Al3+ + Li+
+ LiAlH4
N,N-Dimethylcyclohexancarboxamid
+ ...
CH2 N(CH3)2
+ ...
N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylmetanamin
Nonanamin
292
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
tc
ts
CH3NH2
Methylamin
- 92,5
- 6,5
10,62
(CH3)2NH
Dimethylamin
- 96,0
7,4
10,77
(CH3) 3N
Trimethylamin
- 124,0
3,5
9,80
CH3CH2NH2
Ethylamin
- 80,6
16,6
10,63
(CH3CH2)2NH
Diethylamin
- 50,0
55,8
10,93
(CH3CH2)3N
Triethylamin
- 11,5
89,5
10,87
CH3CH2CH2NH2
Propylamin
- 83,0
48,7
10,58
C6H5NH2
Anilin, aminobenzen
6,2
184,4
4,58
C6H5NHCH3
N-Methylanilin
- 5,7
196,3
4,85
C6H5N(CH3)2
N,N-Dimethylanilin
o-CH3C6H4NH2
o-Toluidin,
Cng thc
pKa
2,5
192,5
5,06
- 27,7
199,7
4,39
- 43,6
203,2
4,69
43,7
200.4
5,12
185,0
54,0
302,0
50,0
301,0
50,0
306,0
2-Aminotoluen
m-CH3 C6H4NH2
m-Toluidin,
3-Aminotoluen
p-CH3C6H4NH2
p-Toluidin,
4-Aminotoluen
C6H5CH2NH2
Benzylamin
-Aminotoluen
C6H5NH C6H5
Diphenylamin
-Naphtylamin
NH2
1-Aminonaphtalen
NH2
-Naphtylamin
2-Aminonaphtalen
Kb =
+
Kb
RNH3 + HO -
+
RNH3 + H2O
+
[RNH3][HO -]
[RNH2]
Ka =
Ka RNH + H O +
2
3
+
[RNH2][H3O ]
+
[RNH3]
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
293
Acid lin hp A
pKb, 25C
pKa, 25C
NH3
4,76
NH4+
9,24
CH3NH2
3,38
CH3NH3+
10,62
CH3CH2NH2
3,36
CH3CH2NH3+
10,64
(CH3)3CNH2
3,32
(CH3)3CNH3+
10,68
(CH3) 2NH
3.27
(CH3)2NH2+
10,73
(CH3CH2)2NH
3,06
(CH3CH2)2NH+
10,94
(CH3)3N
4,21
(CH3)3NH+
9,79
(CH3CH2)3N
3,25
(CH3CH2) 3NH+
10,75
NH2
H2O
Ka = 2,5 . 10-5 M.
+
(CH3)2CHNH3 + H2O
+
H3O
pKa= 4,6
+
(CH3)2CHNH2 + H3O
Ka = 2,5 . 10-12 M.
pKa= 11,60
..
NH2
+
NH2
+
NH2
+
NH2
294
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Orto
meta
para
4,60
4,60
4,60
Benzoyl
2,17
Bromo
2,53
3,58
3,86
Cloro
2,65
3,52
3,98
Cyano
0,95
2,75
1,74
Fluoro
3.20
3,57
4,65
Iodo
2,60
3,60
3,78
Methoxy
4,52
4,23
5,34
Methyl
4,44
4,72
5,10
Nitro
-0,26
2,47
1,00
3,20
2,75
Trifluoromethyl
6. Cc phn ng ca amin
Cp in t khng lin kt trn nit lm cho amin c tnh base v tnh i
nhn. V vy amin c phn ng th i nhn vi mt s cc cht c trung tm i
in t.
6.1. Phn ng to amid
Amin phn ng vi acid hu c v cc dn xut ca acid nh acylhalogenur
RCOX to amid RCONH2.
to
RNH2 + R'COX
R'CONHR
NH2
+ CH3COOH
Anilin
2 CH3NH2
O
CH2 CH C Cl
Acryloylclorid
NH2
C2H5O
p-Phenetidin
p-Etoxyanilin
+ CH3COONa
HCl
to
HX
+ H2O
Acetanilid (N-phenylacetamid)
O
+
CH2 CH C NHCH3 + CH3NH3Cl
N-Methylacryloamid Methylamin clorhydrat
(CH3CO)2O
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
NHCOCH3
C2H5O
Phenacetin
p-Etoxyacetanilid
295
H2O
ROH + N2 +HCl
Alcol
NaNO2
HCl
N Cl -
+
CH3CH2CH2CH2N N Cl + 2H2O +NaCl
Butandiazoniclorid
+
CH3CH2CH2CH2 + Cl- + N2
Carbocation
-
+
CH3CH2CHCH3
296
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
Cl-
CH3CH2CHClCH3
H2O
CH3CH2CHOHCH3 + H+
+
CH3CH2CHCH3
CH3
H
C C
CH3 CH3
H
+ H+
+
C C
H
CH3
H
Amin thm bc nht tc dng vi acid nitr to mui diazoni t < 5C.
Ar_NH2 + NaNO2 + 2HCl
+
Ar_N
Muoi arendiazoniclorid
N Cl -
+ 2H2O + NaCl
Mui diazoni ca amin thm c nhiu ng dng (xem phn mui diazoni).
6.2.2. Amin bc hai
Cc amin bc hai tc dng vi acid nitr to hp cht N-nitroso amin c
mu vng
Ar
R
Ar
N H + O=N_ONa + HCl
N N O + NaCl + H2O
Amin bc hai
N
H + HO_N=O
Piperidin
N
N=O + H2O
N-Nitrosopiperidin
6.2.3. Amin bc ba
Amin bc ba kh xy ra phn ng vi acid nitr. Cc alkylamin bc ba hu
nh khng phn ng. Vi cc arylamin bc ba phn ng xy ra khng phi ti
nit ca amin m xy ra phn ng th nhm chc nitroso vo v tr para so vi
chc amin.
(CH3)2N
+ HO_N=O
(CH3)2N
N=O + H2O
p-Nitroso-N,N-dimethylanilin
N,N-Dimethylanilin
ArSO2Cl
Arylsulfonylclorid
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
ArSO2NHR + HCl
Arylsulfonamid
297
Ar'
N
Ar SO2
H + Ar SO2Cl
+ HCl
AR''
Amin bc hai
Arylsulfonamid I ha tan c vo dung dch NaOH v cn c mt hydro c
tnh acid gn trn nit. Arylsulfonat II khng tan trong dung dch NaOH v
khng c hydro ny.
Amin bc ba khng tc dng vi arylsulfonylclorid
S dng phn ng ny phn bit cc amin c bc khc nhau v to cc
loi sulfamid khc nhau c nhiu ng dng trong dc phm.
6.4. Phn ng vi halogen. To N -Halogen amin
Trong mi trng kim long, amin bc nht v amin bc hai tc dng vi
halogen to N -halogen amin.
R NH2
Amin
+ X2
Na2CO3,H2O
- HX
+ X2
R NH X
- HX
N-Halogen alkylamin
R N
X
N,N-Dihalogen alkylamin
[O]
RCH2 NH2
H2SO5
Amin
RCH2_NH_OH
N-Alkylhydroxyl amin
RCH=N_OH
Oxim
RCH2_N=O
Nitroso alkan
RCH2_NO2
Nitroalkan
N H
[O]
R
R
N OH
298
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
R
+
R" N O -
[O]
R" N
R'
H 2 O2
R'
N-oxyd amin bac 3
CH3COOH
Pyridin
+ N O
N-Oxyd pyridin
NH2
Br
Br
+ 3 Br2
+ 3HBr
Br
2,4,6-Tribromanilin
Anilin
Br
NH2
+ 3 Br2
COOH
Br
Acid m-aminobenzoic
NH2
+ 3HBr
COOH
Acid 3-amino-2,4,6-tribromobenzoic
COOH
Cl
NH2
+ 3 Cl2
Acid antranilic
Br
COOH
+ 3HCl
Cl
Acid 2-amino-3,5-diclorobenzoic
Nitro ha amin thm bc ba cho hiu sut cao trong mi trng acid acetic.
N(CH3)2
HNO3
CH3COOH
N,N-Dimethylanilin
N(CH3)2
NO2
N(CH3)2
+
2-Nitro-N,N-Dimethylanilin
N(CH3)2
NO2
NO2
NO2
2,4-Dinitro-N,N-Dimethylanilin
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
299
N(CH3)2
N(CH3)2
1-POCl3
HCON(CH3)2
Dimethylformamid
2-H2O
CHO
p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyd
DMF
NHCOCH3
CH3COOH
CH3
Br2
CH3COOH
CH3
4-Methylanilin
NH2
NHCOCH3
Br
HCl
NaOH
Alcol
CH3
Br
CH3
2-Brom-4-methylanilin
+
HO- + H_CH2_CH2_NR3
...
HO H CH2 CH2... NR3
HOH
+ CH2=CH2 + NR3
NH2
CH3I
K2CO3
+
N(CH3)3OH 120o
H2O
+ N(CH3)3 + H2O
Khi tch loi to alken phi theo quy tc Hofmann l tch hydro nhm
CH3 d hn hydro nhm RCH2.
CH3
N(CH3)3 OH
CH2
CH2
+
99%
+ N(CH3)3 + H2O
1%
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Enamin
Imin
N
H
Cyclohexanon
Pyrolidin
N-(1-cyclohexenyl) pyrolidin
+ H3O
:NR2
NR2
+
N
Br -
N Br H2O
H
H
2-allylcyclohexanon
+ CH2=CHCH2Br
Ethylendiamin
NH2
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
NH2
p-Phenylendiamin
301
NH2
o-Phenylendiamin
NH2
H2N
H N
m-Phenylendiamin
NH2
N H
NH2 NH2
Piperazin
1,8-Diaminonaphthalen
N
+ HNO2
o-Phenylendiamin
N + 2H2O
N
H
Benzotriazol
Bi tp
1. Amin c CTPT C5H13N ,
C6H13N
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
e. H2O2
6. Thc hin phn ng chuyn v Hofmann ca cc cht sau:
a. CH3(CH2)7CH2CONH2.
b. C6H5CH2CONH2
c. CH2=CHCH2CH2CONH2
7. Vit cc phn ng trong cc trng hp sau:
a. N,N-dimethyl -2-pentanamin, CH3I, Ag2O, nhit
b. N,N-dimethyl -1-octanamin, CH3I, Ag2O, nhit
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
303
Chng 23
Mc tiu
1. Gii thch c s hnh thnh cc loi hp cht nitro, isocyanat, ur, diazo.
2. Nu c mt s ha tnh ch yu ca chng.
3. Nu c mt s ng dng ca dn cht nitro trong tng hp hu c.
Ni dung
Ngoi hp cht amin cn c mt s nhm chc khc cha nit c trnh
by trong bng 23-1.
Bng 23. Cc nhm chc cha nit
Cu to
Nhm chc
V d
R_NO2
Nitro
C6H5NO2
Nitrobenzen
R_N=C=O
Isocyanat
C6H5NCO
Phenylisocyanat
R_NHCOOR
Uretan,carbamat
C6H5NHCOOCH3
Methyl,N-Phenylcarbamat
R_NHCONH_R'
Ure
H2NCONH2
Ure
R_N=NN
Azid
CH3CH2N3
Etylazid
R_N=N_R'
Azo
C6H5N=NC6H5
Azobenzen
+
R N N R'
Azoxy
+
C6H5 N N C6H5
Azoxybenzen
R_NH_NH2
Hydrazin
C6H5NHNH2
Phenylhydrazin
R[NN]+
Diazoni
[C6H5NN]+Cl-
BenzendiazoniClorid
R2C=N2
Diazo
CH2=N2
Diazometan
R_CONH2
Amid
CH3CONH2
Acetamid
1. Hp cht nitro
Hp cht nitro aliphatic tng i t gp. Hp cht nitro ca hydrocarbon
thm c nhiu ng dng lm nguyn liu iu ch amin.
304
http://hhud.tvu.edu.vn
+
N
..
O
.. : -
+
N
O-
OO
400oC
CH3NO2 + H2
NO2
CH3(CH2)5CHCH3 + NaI
2-Nitrooctan
CH3NO2
pKa = 10,2
pKa = 7,8
CH3CHCH3
NO2
+
N
ONitrometan ( acid)
H+ +
CH2
+
N
+
N
+
N
CH2
CH2
OO
OCarbanion , anion nitrometan (Base lien hp)
HO -
OH
CH3(CH2)7CHCH2NO2
80% 1-Nitro-2-decanol
-Hydroxy phenylnitroetan
CHO + CH3NO2 HO
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CH CH NO2
Nitrostyren
305
CH3
NO2
NO2
Na2Cr2O7
NO2
H2SO4 45-55oC
COOH
NO2
NO2
Acid Picric
TNT
NO2
- CO2
NO2
NO2
1,3,5-Trinitrobenzen
Ar_NH2 + 2H2O
2e- + 2H+
- H2O
Nitrobenzen
NO
2e- +
NHOH
2H+
- H2O
Nitrosobenzen
2e- +
2H+
NH2
- H2O
Phenylhydroxylamin
Anilin
NaOH
Zn
NaOH
H2NNH2
KOH
ON N
+
Azoxybenzen
85%
N N
Azobenzen
84-86%
NH NH
Hydrazobenzen 80%
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CH2OH
HCNHCOCHCl2
HCNHCOCHCl2
HOCH
HCOH
Cloramphenicol
NO2
NO2
Erythro
Threo
H N=C=O
Acid isocyanic
HO C N
Acid cyanic
Ar_N=C=O
RO_CN
ArO_CN
Arylisocyanat
Alkylcyanat
Arylcyanat
NCO
+ CH3NH2
Cyclohexylisocianat
N-Metyl , N'-Cyclohexylure
R NCOOH
Acid N-alkyl carbamic
R NH2 + CO2
Alkylamin
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307
R
R NH COOH
N COOH
Ar NH COOH
Acid alkylcarbamic
R'
Acid dialkylcarbamic
Acid arylcarbamic
N COOH
Ar'
Acid diarylcarbamic
Thay hydro ca nhm acid bng gc hydrocarbon thu c ester carbamat hay
uretan. C cc loi ester carbamat (uretan):
H2N_COOR alkyl carbamat; H2N_COOAr arylcarbamat.
Isocyanat tc dng vi alcol to ester carbamat
H O
N C OCH3
N C O
+ CH3OH
Cyclohexyl isocyanat
N-Methylcyclohexylcarbamat
Ar_NHCONH_Ar'
NH
H2N
Guanidin c tnh base. Kt hp vi proton to ion guanidin c cng thc gii hn:
H2N
H2N
..
C NH
+ H+
H2N
H2N
..
+
C NH2
+
H2N
H2N
..
..
C NH2
Ion guanidin
Guanidin
..
H2N
H2N
+
..
C NH2
308
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+
+
CH2 N N :
CH2 N N
..:
Diazometan
CH2=N2
Diazometan
NH
+ HNO2
- H2O
CH3
C2H5O
N N=O
O
..
HOCH2
- HCO3 - C2H5OH
+
N
N:
Diazometan
N-nitroso-N-methyluretan
..
CH2=N-ONa + NH2Cl
+
N
CH2
N:
+ NaCl + H2O
R C OH
+ CH2N2
R C OCH3 + N2
.. -
..
O
.. :
+
O
+ CH2N2
+
CH2 N N :
Cyclohexanon
O
CH2 C Cl
O
.. :
+
CH2
- N2
Cycloheptanon
O
CH2 C CH2Cl
+ N2
83-85%
O
CH2 C CHN2
+ CH2N2
+ HCl
+
C CH N
N
.. :
O-
+
C CH N
N:
Diazoacetophenon
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309
..
N:
N:
..-
C6H5N2Cl:
p-CH3C6H4N2Br:
+
N2
Br
Br HSO 4 +H O
2
CH3
CH3
OH
Br
+ N2
CH3
Ar+ + N2
Ar_OH2+ + ArOH + H+
310
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N2+
NH2
Cl -
NaNO 2
Cl
CuCl
+ N2
HCl
NH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
Cl
N2+
NaNO2
Cl
Br -
Br
CuBr
HBr
N2+
NH2
NaNO2
CH3
Cl -
CN
CuCN
+ N2
0-5o
HCl
5o
Cl
+ N2
CH3
CH3
p-Toluidin
p-Tolunitril
- N2
Br
Bromobenzen
NO2
Nitrobenzen
CN
Benzonitril
CN - , CuCN ,
- N2
SCN - , Cu2(SCN)2 ,
SCN
Benzosulfocyanid
- N2
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311
COOH
Br
Br
Br
Br
NaNO2
H2SO4
- 5o c
NH2
COOH
Br
Br
H3PO2
+
o
N2 HSO4 - 5 c
COOH
Br
Br
Br
.. +
N N
..
N N
+ ..
N N
NH2
NH2
p-Aminoazobenzen
.. +
N N
..
N N
+ ..
N(CH3)2
N N
N(CH3)2+ H+
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzen
.. +
N N
..
N N
+ ..
OH
N N
OH
4-Hydroxyazobenzen
HO
NaO3S
N N
HO
NaO3S
+
-naphtol
N N
+ H+
312
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CHO
H2SO4
H2O
NO2
CHO
NaOH H2O
NaNO2 HCl
NHCOCH3
NO2
H2O
NH2
NHCOCH3
NH2
CHO
CHO
HNO3 H2SO4
CH3COOH
Fe , HCl
HNO3
NO2
CHO
CHO
CHO
NO2
CHO
H3PO2
+
N2
NO2
Chc nitro chuyn ha thnh amin. Thay th chc amin bng cc chc khc
qua giai on diazo ha. V d:
CHO
1-HNO3,H2SO4
2-Fe, HCl,H2O
3-NaNO2 ,H2SO4 , H2O
CHO
CHO
CHO
+
N2
F
CHO
CHO
CHO
CN
SH
Bi tp
1. Gi tn cc cht c CTCT sau:
; CH3
NO2
; NH2
NCO
a-
Cl
b-
NH2
NCO
c-
NH2
N N
d-
NH2
NH NH
NO2
OH
OCH3
; NH2
NO2
; C2H5_NCO
NH2
; CH3
N N
+
Cl-
NHOH
313
Chng 24
Mc tiu
1. c c tn cc hp cht c S v P.
2. Nu c mt s tnh cht ha hc v ng dng ca chng trong tng hp
hu c.
Ni dung
1. Hp cht hu c c lu hunh
Cc loi hp cht cha lu hunh trnh by trong bng 24-1
Bng 24.1: Cc loi hp cht c lu hunh
Loi hp cht
Cng thc
Loi hp cht
Cng thc
Thiol , Mercaptan
RSH , ArSH
Metanthiol, Methylmercaptan
CH3SH
Sulfid
RSR , ArSR
Diethylsulfid
C2H5SC2H5
Sulfoxyd
R S
Dimethylsulfoxyd
CH3 S
CH3
Acid sulfenic
RSOH
Acid1-propen sulfenic
CH3_CH=CHSOH
Acid sulfinic
RSO2H
Metansulfinic
CH3SO2H
Acid sulfonic
RSO3H
Metansulfonic
CH3SO3H
Sulfohalogenid
Sulffonylhalogenid
RSO2Hal
Benzensulfoclorid
Benzensulfonylclorid
C6H5SO2Cl
Sulfinylhalogenid
RSOHal
Metansufinylclorid
CH3SOCl
314
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V d:
CH3CH2SH
Etanthiol
Ethylmercaptan .
HSCH2CH2SH
1,2-Etandithiol
1,2- Ethylendimercaptan
C6H5SH
Thiophenol
Mercaptobenzen
CH3
CH2 SH
2- Thiocresol .
SH
2-Mercaptotoluen
Phenylmetanthiol
Benzylmercaptan
S
H
Metanthiol
di lin kt (Ao)
Gc lin kt ()
C_H ................1,10.
H_S_H ...........110,2
S_H .................1,33
H_S_S ...........108
C_S .................1,82.
C_S_H ...........100,3
Diethylsulfid .
C6H5CH2_S_CH2CH3
Ethylbenzylsulfid.
p-CH3C6H4_S_C6H5
Phenyl p-tolylsulfid
C
H
S
H
C H
H
di lin kt (Ao)
Gc lin kt ()
C_H................1,09.
H_S_H ...........109,5
C_S ..............1,80
Dimethylsulfid
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315
CH3CH2CH2
O
S OH
O
O
S OH
O
Acid 1- Propansulfonic
Acid Benzensulfonic
Ar_SO3H
+ PCl5
Ar_SO2Cl
+ NH3
Ar_SO2_NH2 + HCl
Ar_SO2Cl
+ ROH
Ar_SO2_OR
+ HCl
Tn gi
CH3-SO3H
Acid Metansulfonic
CH3CH2-SO3H
Acid Etansulfonic
tc
ts
20,0
167
- 17,0
Acid Benzensulfonic
44,0
Acid p-Toluensulfonic
106.5
Acid o-Toluensulfonic
67,5
Acid -Naphthalensulfonic
91,0
Acid -Naphthalensulfonic
102,0
SO3H
CH3
SO3H
CH3
SO3H
SO3H
SO3H
CH3SO2Cl
316
Metansulfonylclorid
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160
Tn gi
tc
ts
Benzensulfonylclorid
14,5
246
p-Toluensulfonylclorid
69,0
-Naphthalensulfonylclorid
68,0
-Naphthalensulfonylclorid
76,0
156,0
28
SO2Cl
CH3
SO2Cl
SO2Cl
SO2Cl
Benzensulfonamid; Benzensulfamid
SO2 NH2
-Naphthalensulfonamid ;
SO2 NH2
-Naphthalensulfamid
SO2 OCH3
SO2 OC2H5
Ar_SO2_NH_R' + HCl
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317
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
+ HOSO2Cl
NaOCl ( HO-)
- H2O
SO2NCl Na
+ NH3
- HCl
- HCl
SO2NH2
SO2Cl
Cloramin T
CH3
2 NaOCl
- 2NaOH
Dicloramin T
SO2NCl2
CH3
CH3
3[O],KMnO4
-H O
SO2NH2 2
+ NH3
-HCl
SO2Cl
COOH
-H2O
SO2NH2
CO
NH
SO2
Saccharin
PH3
Phosphoran
PH5.
Acid phosphinic
(H3PO2)
HOH2P=O
Acid phosphonic
(H3PO3)
(HO)2HP=O
Acid phosphor
(H3PO3)
(HO)3P
Acid phosphoric
(H3PO4)
(HO)3P=O
(HO)2P(O)_O_(O)P(OH)2
Dialkyl R2PH
(CH3CH2CH2CH2)2PH
Di n-butylphosphin
Trialkylphosphin R3P
(C6H5)3P
Triphenylphosphin .
OH
2[ O]
CH3CH2 P
R P O
OH
CH3CH2 P O
CH2CH3
R'
CH2CH3
Acid Diethylphosphinic
Diethylphosphin
Acid Dialkylphosphinic
OH
CH3CH2 P
R P O
OH
3[ O]
Acid Ethylphosphonic
Ethylphosphin
Acid Alkylphosphonic
OH
CH3CH2 P O
OH
OR'
CH3CH2 P O
R P O
OR''
OCH2CH3
OH
Ester diethylphosphit
P OCH2CH3
P OR
OR''
P OCH2CH3
Ester Dialkylphosphit
OCH2CH3
OR'
OCH2CH3
OCH2CH3
Ester trialkylphosphit
Ester Triethylphosphit
OR'
RO P O
OR''
CH3CH2O P O
OCH2CH3
Ester Triethylphosphat
Ester Trialkylphosphat
OR'''
RO P O P OR''
O
O
Ester Tetraalkylpyrophosphat
C2H5O
OC2H5
C2H5O P O P OC2H5
O
O
Ester Tetraethylpyrophosphat
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319
320
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