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STAADProAdvancedTraining TRN017550 1 0001 Wira Herucakra 913008 PDF
STAADProAdvancedTraining TRN017550 1 0001 Wira Herucakra 913008 PDF
STAAD.Pro Advanced
Training
STAAD.Pro V8i
TRN017550-1/0001
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Patents
United States Patent Nos. 5,8.15,415 and 5,784,068 and 6,199,125.
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2
Copyright December-2011 Bentley Systems Incorporated
This course is structured to look at the scope of the advanced features of STAAD.Pro. There
are many supplied examples & few hands on exercises to complete, each one containing
more STAAD commands and dealing with more complex problems.
2. Contents
This document has been produced for your benefit and assistance. This document is
copyright and no part of it is to be copied, reproduced electronically or otherwise without the
prior written consent of Bentley Systems, inc.
FINISH................................................................................................................................................... 17
1. Introduction
Title page 0
1.
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 0
2.
Contents ........................................................................................................................................ 0
3.
Zero Stiffness............................................................................................................................... 2
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
13.
14.
15.
16.
18.
19.
20.
21.
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Question : What does a zero stiffness warning message in the STAAD output file
mean?
Question : What are examples of cases which give rise to these conditions?
Answer :
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Answer :
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4. Understanding Instabilities
Question : I have instability warning messages in my output file like that shown
below. What are these?
***WARNING - INSTABILITY AT JOINT 26 DIRECTION = FX
PROBABLE CAUSE SINGULAR-ADDING WEAK SPRING
K-MATRIX DIAG= 5.3274384E+03 L-MATRIX DIAG= 0.0000000E+00 EQN NO 127
***NOTE - VERY WEAK SPRING ADDED FOR STABILITY
**NOTE** STAAD DETECTS INSTABILITIES AS EXCESSIVE LOSS OF
SIGNIFICANT DIGITS
DURING DECOMPOSITION. WHEN A DECOMPOSED DIAGONAL IS LESS THAN
THE
BUILT-IN REDUCTION FACTOR TIMES THE ORIGINAL STIFFNESS MATRIX
DIAGONAL,
STAAD PRINTS A SINGULARITY NOTICE. THE BUILT-IN REDUCTION FACTOR
IS 1.000E-09
THE ABOVE CONDITIONS COULD ALSO BE CAUSED BY VERY STIFF OR VERY
WEAK
ELEMENTS AS WELL AS TRUE SINGULARITIES.
Answer
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Improper connection between members and plate elements. In the figure shown
below, the beam goes from node 5 to node 6. The element is connected between 2, 3,
4 and 1. Thus, the beam has no common nodes with the element. No transfer of loads
is possible between these entities.
duplicate. If you have 2 members, one attached to node 5, and the other to node 83,
then, those 2 members are not connected to each other at that point in space. Go to
Tools Check Duplicate Nodes to detect and merge such sets of nodes into a single
node.
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101 5 6
FINISH
Here, members 2 and 101 are overlapping collinear. Member 2 is entirely confined
within the span of member 101, and collinear, but they are not attached to each
other.
Another example is:
STAAD SPACE
UNIT FEET KIP
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 0 10 0; 3 10 10 0; 4 10 0 0; 5 13 10 0; 6 -4 10 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 2; 2 2 3; 3 3 4;
101 2 5
FINISH
Here, again, members 2 and 101 are overlapping collinear. But even though they are
connected to each other at node 2, again member 2 is entirely confined within the
span of member 101, and collinear.
Overlapping plates. These are elements whose nodes intersect other elements at
points other than the defined nodes. This entails plates whose boundaries with
adjacent plates are not attached at the nodes or plates within other plates (in the same
plane).
The figure above represents such a
condition. Elements 1 and 2 share only one
common node which is node 4. Though the
drawing appears to indicate a common
boundary along nodes 4, 5 and 3, there is no
connection along that boundary. From the
Tools menu, choose Check Overlapping
Plates to detect such conditions in the model.
The next figure shows what needs to be done
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Question : If there are instability messages, does it mean my analysis results may
be unsatisfactory?
Answer :
There are many situations where instabilities are unimportant and the
STAAD approach of adding a weak spring is an ideal solution to the problem. For
example, sometimes an engineer will release the MX torsion in a single beam or at
the ends of a series of members such that technically the members are unstable in
torsion. If there is no torque applied, this singularity can safely be "fixed" by
STAAD with a weak torsional spring.
Question : If there are instability messages, are there any simple checks to verify
whether my analysis results are satisfactory?
Answer
A static equilibrium check. This check will tell us whether all the applied
loading flowed through the model into the supports. A satisfactory result would
require that the applied loading be in equilibrium with the support reactions.
a.
The joint displacement check. This check will tell us whether the displacements
in the model are within reasonable limits. If a load passes through a corresponding
b.
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unstable degree of freedom, the structure will undergo excessive deflections at that
degree of freedom.
One may use the PRINT STATICS CHECK option in conjunction with the
PERFORM ANALYSIS command to obtain a report of both the results mentioned in
the above checks. The STAAD output file will contain a report similar to the
following, for every primary load case that has been solved for :
***TOTAL APPLIED LOAD ( KG METE ) SUMMARY (LOADING 1 )
SUMMATION FORCE-X = 0.00
SUMMATION FORCE-Y = -817.84
SUMMATION FORCE-Z = 0.00
SUMMATION OF MOMENTS AROUND THE ORIGINMX= 291.23 MY= 0.00 MZ= -3598.50
SUMMATION OF MOMENTS AROUND THE ORIGINMX= -291.23 MY= 0.00 MZ= 3598.50
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RZ= 1.07535E-03 8
Go through these numbers to ensure that
The "TOTAL APPLIED LOAD" values and "TOTAL REACTION LOAD"
values are equal and opposite.
ii.
The "MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENTS" are within reasonable limits.
i.
Note that from STAAD.Pro 2007 onwards the statics check results table
automatically appears in the post-processing mode node support reactions page.
Answer :
In reality, connections always have some amount of force and moment capacity. Use
PARTIAL RELEASES to enable the connection to retain at least a very small
amount of capacity. This is a mechanism by which you can declare that, at the start
node or end node of a member, rather than fully eliminating the stiffness for a certain
moment degree of freedom (d.o.f), you are willing to allow the member to have a
small amount of stiffness for that d.o.f. The advantage of this command is that the
extent of the release is controlled by you.
For example, if member 5, has a pinned connection at its start node, if you specify
5 START MY MZ
it means MY and MZ are 100% released at the start node. But if you say,
5 START MP 0.99
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MEMBER TRUSS
to
MEMBER RELEASE
memb-list START MP 0.99
memb-list END MP 0.99
or
MEMBER RELEASE
memb-list Both MP 0.99
Run the analysis. Check to make sure the instability warnings no longer appear.
Then check your nodal displacements.
b.
c. If the displacements are large, reduce the extent of the release from 0.99 to say
0.98.
Repeat steps (b) and (c) by progressively reducing the extent of the release until the
displacements are satisfactory. When they look reasonable, check the magnitude of
the moments and shear at the nodes of those members and make sure that the
connection will be able to handle those forces and moments.
STAAD.Pro 2002 onwards, you can apply these partial releases to individual moment
degrees of freedom. For example, you could say
MEMBER RELEASE
memb-list Both MPX 0.99 MPY 0.97 MPZ 0.95
This flexibility permits you to adjust just the specific degree of freedom that is the
problem area.
You can refer to Section 5.22.1 of the Technical Reference Manual for details.
Question : Is there any graphical facility in STAAD by which I can examine the
points of instability?
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The upper table lists the node number, and the global degrees of freedom at that node
which are unstable. A zero for a d.o.f indicates that all is well, and, 1 indicates it is
unstable. Click on the row and the node and all members connected to it will be
highlighted in the drawing.
The lower table has all of the joints in the order that gives the stiffness matrix the
minimum bandwidth which minimizes the running time. When a joint is unstable, it
means that the joint and some or all of the joints before it in the list form an unstable
structure. That is, even fixing every subsequent joint in the list would not make it
stable.
If the instability is at the last joint [or sometimes the last joint and one other joint],
then the whole structure is free in that direction.
Note that the instability is reported at the last joint in the list that is on the unstable
component. If a column is pinned at the base and floor connections are released in
global My, the column will be torsionally unstable, but only one joint on the column
will be reported as unstable and it could be any joint on the column.
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Basic principle
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Joint coordinates are specified using a mixture of explicit definition and generation
using REPEAT command.
The structure is defined as a space frame type. The maximum number of primary
load cases in the model is set to 5.
REPEAT ALL 1 0 0 11
MEMBER INCI
1 1 2 5 ; 6 1 3 ; 7 4 6 ; 8 2 7 ; 9 7 8 10 ; 11 9 5 ; 12 2 8 ; 13 5 8
21 10 11 25 ; 26 10 12 ; 27 13 15 ; 28 11 16 ; 29 16 17 30 ; 31 18 14
32 11 17 ; 33 14 17
41 2 11 44
45 7 16 47
51 1 11
52 10 2
53 2 16
54 11 7
55 6 14
56 15 5
57 5 18
58 14 9
Member incidences are specified using a mixture of explicit definition and
generation.
MEMBER PROPERTIES
1 5 8 11 21 25 28 31 TA ST W14X90
2 3 4 22 23 24 TA ST W18X35
9 10 29 30 TA ST W21X50
41 TO 44 TA D C12X30
45 TO 47 TA D C15X40
6 7 26 27 TA ST HSST20X12X0.5
51 TO 58 TA LD L50308
12 13 32 33 TA ST TUB2001205
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Various section types are used in this model. Among them are double channels,
hollow structural sections and double angles.
CONSTANTS
E STEEL ALL
POISSON STEEL ALL
DENSITY STEEL ALL
Structural steel is the material used in this model.
SUPPORT
1 6 10 15 FIXED
Fixed supports are defined at 4 nodes.
MEMBER TENSION
51 TO 58
Members 51 to 58 are defined as capable of carrying tensile forces only.
UNIT POUND
DEFINE UBC ACCIDENTAL LOAD
ZONE 0.3 I 1 RWX 2.9 RWZ 2.9 STYP 4 NA 1 NV 1
SELFWEIGHT
FLOOR WEIGHT
YRANGE 9 11 FLOAD 0.4
YRANGE 20 21 FLOAD 0.3
There are two stages in the command specification of the UBC loads. The first stage
is initiated with the command DEFINE UBC LOAD. Here we specify parameters
such as Zone factor, Importance factor, site coefficient for soil characteristics etc.
and, the vertical loads (weights) from which the base shear will be calculated. The
vertical loads may be specified in the form of selfweight, joint weights, member
weights, element weights or floor weights. Floor weight is used when a pressure
acting over a panel has to be applied when the structural entity which makes up the
panel (like a aluminum roof for example) itself isnt defined as part of the model.
The selfweight and floor weights are shown in this example. It is important to note
that these vertical loads are used purely in the determination of the horizontal base
shear only. In other words, the structure is not analyzed for these vertical loads.
LOAD 1
UBC LOAD X
This is the second stage in which the UBC load is applied with the help of load case
number, corresponding direction (X in the above case) and a factor by which the
generated horizontal loads should be multiplied. Along with the UBC load,
deadweight and other vertical loads may be added to the same load case (they are not
in this example).
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The program will identify the members lying within the specified region and derive
MEMBER LOADS on these members based on two-way load distribution.
PERFORM ANALYSIS
CHANGE
The analysis instruction is specified again.
LOAD 4
REPEAT LOAD
1 1.0 3 1.0
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Load case 4 illustrates the technique employed to instruct STAAD to create a load
case which consists of data to be assembled from other load cases already specified
earlier. We would like the program to analyze the structure for loads from cases 1
and 3 acting simultaneously.
FINISH
Question :
Answer :
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Question : We would like to know what Ta and Tb in the static seismic base shear
output stand for. We know that both are computed time periods, but we would like to
know why there are two values for it.
Answer :
The UBC and IBC codes involve determination of the period based on
2 methods - Method A and Method B. The value based on Method A is called Ta.
The value based on Method B is called Tb.
Answer :
Question : When using the "ACCIDENTAL" option in the "DEFINE UBC LOAD"
command, it appears that for the mass displacement along a given axis STAAD.Pro
only considers the displacement in one direction rather than a plus or minus
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First run the analysis. Then go to the View menu, choose Structure
Diagrams. Click on the Loads and Results tab. Select the load case corresponding to
the IBC load command. Switch on the checkbox for Loads, click on OK.
Answer :
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2.
The elaborate method which involves extracting eigenvalues from a matrix based
on the structure stiffness and lumped masses in the model.
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3.
This is the command which triggers the calculation of frequencies and modes. It is
specified inside a load case. In other words, this command accompanies the loads
which are to be used in generating the mass matrix.
Frequencies and modes have to be calculated when dynamic analysis such as
response spectrum or time history analysis are carried out. But in such analyses, the
MODAL CALCULATION REQUESTED command is not explicitly required. When
STAAD encounters the commands for response spectrum (see example 11) and time
history (see examples 16 and 22), it automatically will carry out a frequency
extraction without the help of the MODAL .. command.
The MASSES which are to be used in assembling the MASS MATRIX
4.
The mathematical method that STAAD uses is called the subspace iteration eigen
extraction method. Some information on this is available in Section 1.18.3 of the
STAAD.Pro Technical Reference Manual. The method involves 2 matrices - the
stiffness matrix, and the mass matrix.
The stiffness matrix, usually called the [K] matrix, is assembled using data such as
member and element lengths, member and element properties, modulus of elasticity,
poisson's ratio, member and element releases, member offsets, support information,
etc.
For assembling the mass matrix, called the [M] matrix, STAAD uses the load data
specified in the load case in which the MODAL CAL REQ command is specified. So,
some of the important aspects to bear in mind are:
i.
The input you specify is weights, not masses. Internally, STAAD will convert
weights to masses by dividing the input by "g", the acceleration due to
gravity.
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ii. If the structure is declared as a PLANE frame, there are 2 possible directions
In our example, notice that we are specifying the selfweight along global X, Y
and Z directions. Similarly, the element pressure load is also specified along
all 3 directions. We have chosen not to restrict any direction for this problem.
If a user wishes to restrict a certain weight to certain directions only, all
he/she has to do is not provide the directions in which those weights cannot
vibrate in.
iii. As much as possible, provide absolute values for the weights. STAAD is
programmed to algebraically add the weights at nodes. So, if some weights are
specified as positive numbers, and others as negative, the total weight at a
given node is the algebraic summation of all the weights in the global
directions at that node.
STAAD SPACE
* EXAMPLE PROBLEM FOR CALCULATION OF MODES AND FREQUENCIES
UNIT FEET KIP
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 0 0 20; 3 20 0 0; 4 20 0 20; 5 40 0 0; 6 40 0 20; 7 0 15 0;
8 0 15 5; 9 0 15 10; 10 0 15 15; 11 0 15 20; 12 5 15 0; 13 10 15 0;
14 15 15 0; 15 5 15 20; 16 10 15 20; 17 15 15 20; 18 20 15 0;
19 20 15 5; 20 20 15 10; 21 20 15 15; 22 20 15 20; 23 25 15 0;
24 30 15 0; 25 35 15 0; 26 25 15 20; 27 30 15 20; 28 35 15 20;
29 40 15 0; 30 40 15 5; 31 40 15 10; 32 40 15 15; 33 40 15 20;
34 20 3.75 0; 35 20 7.5 0; 36 20 11.25 0; 37 20 3.75 20; 38 20 7.5 20;
39 20 11.25 20; 40 5 15 5; 41 5 15 10; 42 5 15 15; 43 10 15 5;
44 10 15 10; 45 10 15 15; 46 15 15 5; 47 15 15 10; 48 15 15 15;
49 25 15 5; 50 25 15 10; 51 25 15 15; 52 30 15 5; 53 30 15 10;
54 30 15 15; 55 35 15 5; 56 35 15 10; 57 35 15 15; 58 20 11.25 5;
59 20 11.25 10; 60 20 11.25 15; 61 20 7.5 5; 62 20 7.5 10; 63 20 7.5 15;
64 20 3.75 5; 65 20 3.75 10; 66 20 3.75 15; 67 20 0 5; 68 20 0 10;
69 20 0 15;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 7; 2 2 11; 3 3 34; 4 34 35; 5 35 36; 6 36 18; 7 4 37; 8 37 38;
9 38 39; 10 39 22; 11 5 29; 12 6 33; 13 7 8; 14 8 9; 15 9 10; 16 10 11;
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PERFORM ANALYSIS
FINISH
After the analysis is completed, look at the output file. This file can be viewed from
File - View - Output File - STAAD output.
i.
ii.
In the explanation above for the CUT OFF MODE command, we said that one
measure of the importance of a mode is the participation factor of that mode. We
can see from the above report that for vibration along X direction, the first mode
has a 90.89 percent participation. It is also apparent that the 4th mode is
primarily a Y direction mode due to its 50.5 % participation along Y and 0 in X
and Z.
The SUMM-X, SUMM-Y and SUMM-Z columns show the cumulative value of
the participation of all the modes up to and including a given mode. One can
infer from those terms that if one is interested in 95% participation along X, the
first 5 modes are sufficient.
STAAD Pro Advanced Training V8i
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But for the Z direction, even with 10 modes, we barely obtained 0.6%. The
reason for this can be understood by a close examination of the nature of the
structure. Our model has a shear wall which spans in the YZ plane. This makes
the structure extremely stiff in that plane. It would take a lot of energy to make
the structure vibrate along the Z direction. Modes are extracted in the ascending
order of energy. The higher modes are high energy modes, compared to the
lower modes. It is likely that unless we raise the number of modes extracted
from 10 to a much larger number - 30 or more - using the CUT OFF MODE
SHAPE command, we may not be able to obtain substantial participation along
the Z direction.
Another unique aspect of the above result are the modes where all 3 directions
have 0 or near 0 participation. This is caused by the fact that the vibration
pattern of the model for that mode results in symmetrically located masses
vibrating in opposing directions, thus canceling each other's effect. Torsional
modes too exhibit this behavior. See the next item for the method for viewing
the shape of vibration. Localized modes, where small pockets in the structure
undergo flutter due to their relative weak stiffness compared to the rest of the
model, also result in small participation factors.
iii.
How are modes, frequencies and the other terms are calculated
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Please note that various nomenclature is used to refer to the normal modes of
vibration. (Eigenvalue, Natural Frequency, Modal Frequency and Eigenvector,
Mode Shape, Modal Vector, Normal Modes, Normalized Mode Shape.
Generalized Weight and Generalized Mass
Each eigenvector {q} has an associated generalized mass defined by
Generalized Mass (GM) =
{ q }T [ M ] { q }
Qi =
(q j,i )( w j,i )
j=1
GW
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Description
The base shear, for a given mode for a given direction, reported in the response
spectrum analysis is obtained as
A*B*C*D
where
A = Mass participation factor for that mode for that direction
B = Total mass specified for that direction
C = Spectral acceleration for that mode
D = direction factor specified in that load case
A is calculated by the program from the mass matrix and mode shapes
B is obtained from the masses specified in the response spectrum load case
C is obtained by interpolating between the user provided values of period vs.
acceleration and multiplying the resulting value by the SCALE FACTOR.
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Bending Moment Diagram for a load case that involves the Response Spectrum Analysis
2.
3.
In the UBC method, only a single period is used. Normally, the assumption is
that this period is associated with a mode that encompasses a significant portion
of the overall response of the structure. This may not necessarily be true in
reality. If more than one mode is required to capture the overall response of the
structure, that fact is not brought to light in the UBC static equivalent approach.
4.
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Due to these reasons, a direct comparison of the results of a spectrum analysis and a
static equivalent approach is not recommended.
Question :
Answer :
The spectrum data consists of pairs of values which are Period vs.
Accn. or Period vs. Displacement. The acceleration or displacement values that you
obtain from the geological data for that site may have been provided to you as
normalized values or un-normalized values. Normalization means that the values of
acceleration or displacement have been divided by a number (called normalization
factor) which represents some reference value. One of the commonly used
normalization factors is 'g', the acceleration due to gravity.
If the spectrum data you specify in STAAD is a normalized spectrum data, you
should provide the NORMALIZATION FACTOR as the SCALE FACTOR. If your
spectrum data is un-normalized, there is no need to provide a scale factor(Another
way of putting it is that if you provide un-normalized spectrum values, the scale
factor is 1, which happens to be the default value also.) Make sure that the value you
provide for the SCALE FACTOR is in accordance with the length units you have
specified. (A common error is that if the scale factor is 'g', users erroneously provide
32.2 when the length unit is in INCHES.)
STAAD will multiply the spectral acceleration or spectral displacement values by the
scale factor. Hence, if you provide a normalized acceleration value of 0.5 and a scale
factor of 386.4 inch/sq.sec., it has the same effect as providing an un-normalized
acceleration value of 193.2 inch/sq.sec. and a scale factor of 1.0.
Question : What is the Direction Factor that needs to be provided when specifying
the Response Spectra?
Answer :
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Call the result T(m) where "m" stands for the mode number.
Once the T(m) is determined for all modes, subject them to the SRSS calculation.
That will provide the node displacement corresponding to that degree of freedom.
Question : The results of the response spectrum load case are always positive
numbers. Why? How do I know that the positive value is always critical, especially
from the design standpoint?
Answer :
Question : In the Technical Reference manual section 5.32.10.1, you state: " Note,
if data is in g acceleration units, then set SCALE to a conversion factor to the current
length unit (9.81, 386.4, etc.)"
What does "g acceleration units" mean?
Related question : What is the Scale Factor (f4) that needs to be
provided when specifying the Response Spectra?
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Question : STAAD allows me to use SRSS, ABS, CQC, ASCE4-98 & TEN
Percent for combining the responses from each mode into a total response. The CQC
& ASCE4 methods require damping. But, ABS, SRSS, and TEN do not use damping
unless Spectra-Period curves are made a function of damping. Why?
Answer :
Answer :
The load data you provide in the load case in which the SPECTRUM
command is specified goes into the making of the mass matrix. The mass matrix is
supposed to be populated with terms for all the global directions in which the
structure is capable of vibrating. To enable this, the loads must be specified in all the
possible directions of vibration.
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MEMBER LOAD
274 TO 277 UNI GX 1.36
272 466 998 UNI GX 4.13
313 314 474 477 UNI GX 6.29
274 TO 277 UNI GY 1.36
272 466 998 UNI GY 4.13
313 314 474 477 UNI GY 6.29
274 TO 277 UNI GZ 1.36
272 466 998 UNI GZ 4.13
313 314 474 477 UNI GZ 6.29
JOINT LOAD
420 424 FX 47.32
389 TO 391 FX 560
420 424 FY 47.32
389 TO 391 FY 560
420 424 FZ 47.32
389 TO 391 FZ 560
SPECTRUM CQC X 1 ACC SCALE 9.81 DAMP 0.07
0.025 0.14; 0.0303 0.1636; 0.05 0.2455; 0.0625 0.2941; 0.0769 0.3479;
0.0833 0.3713;
0.1 0.3713; 0.125 0.3713; 0.1667 0.3713; 0.1895 0.3713; 0.25 0.2815;
0.2857 0.2463;
0.3333 0.2111; 0.4 0.1759; 0.5 0.1407; 0.6667 0.1056; 1 0.0704; 2
0.0344; 10 0.001372;
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0.1 0.3713; 0.125 0.3713; 0.1667 0.3713; 0.1895 0.3713; 0.25 0.2815;
0.2857 0.2463;
0.3333 0.2111; 0.4 0.1759; 0.5 0.1407; 0.6667 0.1056; 1 0.0704; 2
0.0344; 10 0.001372;
Answer :
Yes.
Question : Can I decide how many modes I want to include in the spectrum
analysis?
Answer :
Question : In the results, what are the dynamic, missing, and modal weights?
Answer : The dynamic weight line contains the total potential weight for base
shear calculations. Missing Weight is the amount of weight missing in the modes;
Modal weight is the total weight actually used in the modes. If you algebraically add
up Dynamic & Missing, you should get Modal.
SRSS MODAL COMBINATION METHOD USED.
DYNAMIC WEIGHT X Y Z
Question : I am a little bit confused with the response spectrum analysis results.
Refer your Example 11 results. The support reactions that we are getting are the
same for both the supports for load cases 3 & 4. In combining lateral loads (response
spectrum loading in this case) with vertical loads, one support should have less force
than the other. At one support, the vertical reaction from the lateral load case will
add to that from the vertical load case, and, at the other, it will get subtracted. Why
do I not see that in the results?
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sign is lost
b. the values do not necessarily reflect the result at the same instant of time.
When you combine these results with those from the dead load case, it leads to the
same value at both supports.
If you want the results to truly reflect the sign, use a static equivalent method like
that stipulated by the UBC code. Alternatively, perform a time history analysis
where the sign of the values is obtained for each time step.
Question : Is it possible to get the vertical distribution of the total base shear in a
response spectrum analysis, like one can for a UBC analysis?
Answer :
Question : Can you please let me know if we can print nodal acceleration from
response spectra runs? If so, how do I print the data in the report format or display it
in the Post-Processing mode?
Answer : Add the word SAVE at the end of the SPECTRUM command. A .ACC
file will be created.
There is unfortunately no facility available for displaying it in the post-processing
mode. However, since the ACC file is simply a text file, you can open it using any
text editor, and in Excel too. In Excel, you can use the graph generation facilities for
plotting it.
Question : In a response spectrum analysis using the STAAD.Pro, the base shear
is not matching with the summation of the support reaction values in that direction.
Why? Also, which values should be taken for designing the foundation? the base
shear value or the support reaction value? If it is the base shear value then what is
the method generally used to distribute this base shear to all the supports?
Answer :
The results are statistical, SRSS, CQC, etc. The numbers are all peak
positive values. Since each of the reactions at the time of peak base shear could be
less than that reaction's peak and could be positive or negative, it is likely that the
peak base shear will be much less than the sum of the peak reactions.
There is no way to distribute the base shear to the supports. Even if you could, that
would not be the peak reaction at the support, the reaction printed by STAAD is the
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The reactions within a single mode may have equal and opposite reactions of the
various supports such that the base shear for that mode is near zero. Therefore the
contribution of that mode to a SRSS of all the modal base shears will be nearly zero.
Summation of Support Reactions in the relevant direction. I want to know the reason
for the same.
Question : The base shear reported by STAAD does not match with the
Answer :
When the SRSS method is used, all results from a Response Spectrum
analysis are a result of a square root of a sum of the squares (SRSS) of the desired
output quantity from each mode.
However, in that same mode, a particular support may have a large reaction value.
So when that value is SRSSed with that supports reaction value from all the other
modes, that same mode may be a major contributor to the final result for the support
reaction while that mode contributes little to the base shear.
Of course if all the support reactions in all of the modes have the same sign, then the
answers will be close.
Answer :
Question : I am trying to correlate the relationship between the base shears and
the Global Support Reactions. For example, on the attached model, the total base
shear in the x-direction does not add up to the total reaction in the x-direction for the
dynamic load case. I'm thinking that STAAD solves a reaction for each mode and
subsequently sums them in either SRSS or CQC, but I am trying to justify in my
mind why the total base shear in the X direction is not also the total Global Reaction
in the X direction. Could you try to explain?
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10.
-5.
17.
-3.
====
19
-15.
19.
43.
-12.
====
35
325
386
2138
153
====
1586
18.0
19.6
46.2
12.4
====
96.2
(Sum of Reactions)
= 39.8
*********************************************************
1586
Note that SRSS base shear (39.8) does not equal the sum of the SRSS reactions
(18.0+19.6+46.2+12.4=96.2). In effect the procedure says that the maximum likely
reaction value at each support is as shown. However the maximum likely sum is the
Base shear as shown. This is due to the fact that the individual maximums would not
occur at the same time and not necessarily with the same sign. So the base shear
magnitude is usually much less than the sum of the reactions.
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Answer :
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UNIT METER
DEFINE TIME HISTORY
TYPE 1 ACCELERATION SCALE 9.806
READ EQDATA.TXT
ARRIVAL TIME
0.0
DAMPING 0.05
Each data set is individually identified by the number that follows the TYPE
command. In this file, only one data set is defined, which is apparent from the fact
that only one TYPE is defined.
The word ACCELERATION that follows the TYPE 1 command signifies that this
data set is for a ground acceleration. (If one wishes to specify a forcing function, the
keyword FORCE or MOMENT must be used instead.)
Notice the expression "READ EQDATA.TXT". It means that we have chosen to
specify the time vs. ground acceleration data in the file called EQDATA.TXT. That
file must reside in the same folder as the one in which the data file for this structure
resides. As explained in the small examples shown in Section 5.31.4 of the Technical
Reference manual, the EQDATA.TXT file is a simple text file containing several
pairs of time-acceleration data. A sample portion of that file is as shown below.
0.0000
0.0200
0.0400
0.0600
0.0800
0.1000
0.006300
0.003640
0.000990
0.004280
0.007580
0.010870
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loads which will yield the mass values which will populate the mass matrix
b.
the directions of the loads, which will yield the degree of freedom numbers of
the mass matrix for being populated.
Thus, the selfweight, as well as the imposed loads on the structural slab are to be
considered as participating in the vibration along all the global directions. This
information is identical to what is specified in the situation where all that we are
interested is frequencies and modes.
GROUND MOTION X 1 1
The above command too is part of load case 3. Here we say that the seismic force,
whose characteristics are defined by the TYPE 1 time history input data, acting at
arrival time 1, is to be applied along the X direction.
Example:
LOAD 1
Mass data in weight units
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10 FX 7.5
10 FY 7.5
10 FZ 7.5
TIME LOAD
7 FX 1 1
14 FZ 2 1
17 FZ 2 2
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The above is the second stage of command specification for time history analysis.
The 2 sets of data specified here are a) the weights for generation of the mass matrix
and b) the application of the time varying loads on the structure.
The weights (from which the masses for the mass matrix are obtained) are specified
in the form of selfweight and joint loads.
Following that, the sinusoidal force is applied using the "TIME LOAD" command.
The forcing function described by the TYPE 1 load is applied on joints 7 it starts to
act starting at a time defined by the 1st arrival time number. At joint 14, the TYPE 2
force is applied along FZ, also starting at arrival time number 1. Finally, at joint 17,
the TYPE 2 force is applied along FZ, starting at arrival time number 2.
LOAD COMB 3
1 1.2 2 1.4
The static and dynamic load cases are combined through the above case.
PERFORM ANALYSIS
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{ q }T [ M ] { q }
Qi =
(q j,i )( w j,i )
j=1
GW
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Time
0.0
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
Force (KN)
-20
100
200
500
800
500
70
Then click on the Save Type button to record the data and the Close button to exit the dialog
box.
The arrival times also need to be defined.
Therefore click on the menu item
Commands|Loading|Definitions|Time History|Parameters and set two arrival times thus:-
1
2
3
Time
0
0.25
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29.9
1.02
1
30
20
10
1.5 1.75 10
20
30
12.
P-Delta Analysis
Structures subjected to lateral loads often experience secondary forces due to the movement
of the point of application of vertical loads. This secondary effect, commonly known as the
P-Delta effect, plays an important role in the analysis of the structure. In STAAD, a unique
procedure has been adopted to incorporate the P-Delta effect into the analysis. The procedure
consists of the following steps:
1. First, the primary deflections are calculated based on the provided external loading.
2. Primary deflections are then combined with the originally applied loading to create
the secondary loadings. The load vector is then revised to include the secondary
effects.
Note that the lateral loading must be present concurrently with the vertical loading
for proper consideration of the P-Delta effect. The REPEAT LOAD facility (see
Section 5.32.11) has been created with this requirement in mind. This facility allows
the user to combine previously defined primary load cases to create a new primary
load case.
3. A new stiffness analysis is carried out based on the revised load vector to generate
new deflections.
4. Element/Member forces and support reactions are calculated based on the new
deflections.
It may be noted that this procedure yields very accurate results with all small displacement
problems. STAAD allows the user to go through multiple iterations of the P-Delta procedure
if necessary. The user is allowed to specify the number of iterations based on the
requirement. To set the displacement convergence tolerance, enter a SET DISP f command
before the Joint Coordinates. If the change in displacement norm from one iteration to the
next is less than f then it is converged.
The P-Delta analysis is recommended by several design codes such as ACI 318, LRFD,
IS456-1978, etc. in lieu of the moment magnification method for the calculation of more
realistic forces and moments.
1) When the CONVERGE command is not specified: The member end forces are
evaluated by iterating n times. The default value of n is 1 (one).
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3)
2)
Example
Followings are some example on use of the command for P-Delta analysis.
PDELTA ANALYSIS
PDELTA 5 ANALYSIS
PDELTA ANALYSIS CONVERGE
PDELTA ANALYSIS CONVERGE 5
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Purpose
The P-Delta analysis capability has been enhanced with the option of including the stress
stiffening effect of the Kg matrix into the member / plate stiffness.
Description
A regular STAAD P-Delta Analysis performs a first order linear analysis and obtains a set of
joint forces from member/plates based on the large P-Delta effect. These forces are added to
the original load vector. A second analysis is then performed on this updated load vector (5
to 10 iterations will usually be sufficient).
In the new P-Delta KG Analysis, that is with the Kg option selected, the effect of the axial
stress after the first analysis is used to modify the stiffness of the member/plates. A second
analysis is then performed using the original load vector. Large & small P-Delta effects are
always included (1 or 2 iterations will usually be sufficient).
The KG option is activated by selecting the option on the P-Delta Analysis dialog thus:-
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PDELTA KG PRINT
Command solves
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A regular STAAD P-Delta Analysis can now account for the small P-Delta effect whilst
performing a P-Delta analysis.
Description
Without the Small Delta option, i.e. a regular STAAD P-Delta analysis, STAAD performs a
first order linear analysis and obtains a set of joint forces, from members/plates based on the
large P-Delta effect, which are then added to the original load vector. A second analysis is
then performed on this updated load vector.
With the Small Delta option selected, both the large & small P-Delta effects are included in
calculating the end forces, (5 to 10 iterations will usually be sufficient).
The option is activated by selecting the option on the P-Delta Analysis dialog thus:-
Purpose
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Model the simple 10 storey building as below and find out the difference in max deflection
between the linear & P-Delta analysis. Assume 0.4 X 0.3m concrete sections for all the
members. Three primary load cases Vz, Dead load is 3 kN/m^2 plus selfweight, Live load is
2 kN/m^2 and wind load is 1 kN/m^2 up to a height of 20m and 1.2 kN/m^2 thereafter. Use
the Auto Load combination feature in STAAD.Pro to automatically combine the load cases
with REPEAT LOADS.
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UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
.
MEMBER INCIDENCES
.
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Answer :
Analysis
Linear (PERFORM
ANALYSIS)
P-Delta CONVERGE
P-Delta with KG
P-Delta with small delta
P-Delta with KG & small
delta
Max Deflection
(mm)
95.14
99.77
99.4
100.27
99.4
122.5
121.32
122.1
121.32
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STAAD.Pro 2007 can now identify the factor by which the loads in the selected load case
should be increased (or decreased if less than 1) such that Euler buckling would occur.
By including the command PERFORM BUCKLING ANALYSIS, the program will perform
a P-Delta analysis including Kg Stiffening (geometric stiffness of members & plates) due to
large & small P-Delta effects. If a non-singular stiffness matrix can be created, then buckling
has not occurred. Then the load is increased from the last increment repeatedly until
buckling does occur. Then the load is decreased halfway back to the prior increment. This
bounds the buckling factor between the last 2 increments. Then STAAD proceeds to halve
the interval until either the change between increments is 0.1% of each other, or the specified
number of increments has been exceeded. The resulting factor is reported in the output file.
The buckling deformed shape is simply the deformed shape from a static analysis with the
near buckling load applied. This could appear more like a crushing, small displacement
shape rather than a buckling mode shape. 15+ iterations are recommended. Buckling will be
applied to all primary cases.
The option is activated using the new option in the Analysis/Print dialog thus:-
Purpose
The results of the Buckling analysis are presented in the output file thus:-
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For a full description of the updated analysis commands see section 5.37 Analysis
Specification in the Technical Reference Manual.
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| [K] BF [Kg]|=0
is solved for the buckling factors and buckled mode shapes. The first 4 buckling factors and
buckled shapes are calculated and included in the output file :-
The eigensolution,
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Only the primary load case just prior to the PERFORM BUCKLING command is used. The
number of iterations entered is ignored. The buckling factor result is reported in the output
file and in post processing.
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STAAD.Pro can include the stress stiffening effect (geometric stiffness) based on the axial
member forces/plate in-plane stresses from a selected load case when calculating the modes
& frequencies of a structure.
Description
Position the selected load case from which the axial stresses are to be used to modify the
stiffness matrix, such that it is the last static case before the dynamic case which is in turn
immediately followed by a PDELTA KG command.
The dynamic load case should contain mass data followed by one of the following:a) A MODAL CALCULATION REQUESTED command.
b) A response spectrum definition, i.e. set of SPECTRUM command data.
c) A reference to a time history definition, i.e. include TIME LOAD commands.
d) Valid Steady State data.
Example
...
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE None TITLE LOAD CASE 1
******* This is static loading case from which the axial stress is
******* used to compute the stress stiffening effects (P-Delta)
******* This case will be solved as a PDelta case with large & small
******* P-Delta effects
SELFWEIGHT Y -1.0
JOINT LOAD
2 3 6 7 9 TO 12 FY -3
LOAD 2 LOADTYPE None TITLE LOAD CASE 2
******* Enter masses in weight units
SELFWEIGHT X 1
SELFWEIGHT Y 1
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2 3 6 7 9 TO 12 FX 10 FY 10 FZ 10
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Compute the unstressed length of the nonlinear members based on joint coordinates,
pretension, and temperature.
Member/Element/Cable stiffness is formed. Cable stiffness is from EA/L and the
sag formula plus a geometric stiffness based on current tension.
Assemble and solve the global matrix with the percentage of the total applied load
used for this load step.
Perform equilibrium iterations to adjust the change in directions of the forces in the
nonlinear cables, so that the structure is in static equilibrium in the deformed
position. If force changes are too large or convergence criteria not met within 15
iterations then stop the analysis.
Go to step 2 and repeat with a greater percentage of the applied load. The
nonlinear members will have an updated orientation with new tension and sag effects.
After 100% of the applied load has converged then proceed to compute member
forces, reactions, and static check. Note that the static check is not exactly in balance
due to the displacements of the applied static equivalent joint loads.
The load cases in a non linear cable analysis must be separated by the CHANGE command
and PERFORM CABLE ANALYSIS command. The SET NL command must be provided to
specify the total number of primary load cases. There may not be any Multi-linear springs,
compression only, PDelta, NONLINEAR or dynamic cases.
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Syntax
Steps
= Number of load steps. The applied loads will be applied gradually in this
many steps. Each step will be iterated to convergence. Default is 145.
The f1 value, if entered, should be in the range 5 to 145.
Eq-iterations = Maximum number of iterations permitted in each load step. Default is 15.
Should be in the range of 10 to 30.
Eq-tolerance =
Sag minimum =
Cables (not trusses) may sag when tension is low. This is accounted for by
reducing the E value. Sag minimum may be between 1.0 (no sag E
reduction) and 0.0 (full sag E reduction). Default is 1.0. If f4 is entered, it
should be in the range 0.7 to 1.0 for a relatively simple process. As soon
as SAGMIN becomes less than 0.95 the possibility exists that a converged
solution will not be achieved without increasing the steps or the
pretension loads. The Eq iterations may need to be 30 or more. The Eq
tolerance may need to be greater or smaller.
Stability stiffness = A stiffness matrix value, f5, that is added to the global matrix at each
translational direction for joints connected to cables and nonlinear
trusses
for the first f6 load steps. The amount added linearly decreases with
each of the f6 load steps (f6 is 1 if omitted). If f5 entered, use 0.0 to 2.
STAAD Pro Advanced Training V8i
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Solve the Truss problem as below and find out the max displacement & axial force. Use the
American single angle section as below and consider the self weight also.
Answer : Max deflection 243.316mm & axial force 93.606 KN (With self weight command
included). Diagrams below are without considering selfweight.
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Find out the maximum deflection for the structure shown below. Assume Japanese
H250X250X9 section for all the platform members and for cables use 32mm dia rods. All are
steel.
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Model, analyse and design the structure as below using the AISC-ASD or BS5950-2000
code. Use 16mm steel rods for the cable members and 50mm dia steel pipe with 10mm
thickness for the truss members.
21.
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Use reference load 1 as your 1st primary load (Dead Load) and Use both the reference loads
(DL + LL) as your second load case with suitable factor of safety.
i.e Create primary load cases from the reference load cases. Load case 1 (Dead Load) is
reference load 1 and Load case 2 (Dead + Live) is reference load 1 + reference load 2 with
suitable factor of safety.
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OpenSTAAD
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STAAD.beava
STAAD.beava, the Bridge Engineering Automated Vehicle Application, is an integrated
solution inside the STAAD.Pro environment for calculation of vehicle loads based on
BS5400-Part II, AASHTO 2000 & IRC codes for bridge design.
STAAD.foundation
STAAD.foundation is an exhaustive analysis, design and drafting solution for a variety of
foundations that include isolated and combined footings, mat foundations, pile caps and slab
on grade. A part of the STAAD.Pro family of products, STAAD.foundation is a cost-saving
downstream application that enables engineers to analyze and design the underlying
foundation for the structure they created in STAAD.Pro. STAAD.foundation can
automatically absorb the geometry, loads and results from a STAAD.Pro model and
accurately design isolated or combined footings, true mat foundations and even perform pile
cap arrangements.
Offshore Loading Program
A stand alone software which reads the STAAD.Pro input file to calculate the wave loads &
transportation loads. Further design can be done using the STAAD.Pro API code. Fully
compatible with STAAD.Pro.
Section wizard
Section wizard is an invaluable tool for the structural engineer, allowing fast and accurate
calculation of section properties of any free-form shape (including torsion & warping
constants), retrieval of stress values for custom and assembled shapes, finding equivalent mill
sections for general sections and exporting all properties to STAAD.Pro.
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