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Hydraulic Jump PDF
Hydraulic Jump PDF
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Chapter
HYDRAULIC JUMP
_________________________________________________________________________
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Specific energy
3.3. Depth of hydraulic jump
3.4. Types of hydraulic jump
3.5. Hydraulic jump formulas in terms of Froude-number
3.6. Submerged hydraulic jump
_________________________________________________________________________
Summary
In this chapter, the specific-energy concept is introduced and, then, the momentum
principle is applied to open-channel flows. The hydraulic jump and its types are defined
and classified. This chapter introduces how to determine the direct and submerged
hydraulics jump; their characteristics are presented.
Key words
Momentum; hydraulic jump; specific energy; critical; Froude-number; direct and
submerged jump
_________________________________________________________________________
3.1.
INTRODUCTION
However, before dealing with the hydraulic jump in detail, it is necessary to understand the
principle of the so-called specific energy. We will apply this principle for explaining the
hydraulic jump phenomenon.
In the following the flow is supposed to be two-dimenssional.
Ek
q2
2gh 2
E vs h for q = constant
Es = h
h2
C
hc
45
h1
Emin
Closer inspection shows, that the curve for the static-energy head (i.e. Es = h) is a straight
line through the origin, at 45 with the horizontal. The curve for the kinetic-energy head
q2
(i.e. E k
), is a parabola (see Fig. 3.2.).
2gh 2
By adding the values of these two curves, at all the points, we get the specific-energy curve
as shown in Fig. 3.2.
With V =
(3-3)
q
, where q is the constant discharge per unit width,
h
d
q2
h
0
dh
2gh 2
or
q2
q2 1 V2
gh 3 h 2 gh gh
V2
g
q2
gh 3
(3-4)
Since the flow is (assumed to be) critical, the subcript c is added; therefore
hc
where
Vc2
g
(i)
(3-5)
Vc = critical velocity.
VC2
h g
h
3
hc c
hc c hc
2g
2g
2 2
(3-6)
(ii)
(3-7)
(iii)
(3-8)
q
2
h
V
hc c c
g
g
h 3c
or
q2
g
1
q2 3
(3-9)
h c
g
This is the equation for the critical depth, when the discharge per unit width through the
channel is given. Thus, the critical velocity corresponding to the depth of the channel is:
Vc =
q
hc
(3-10)
Example 3.1: A channel, 6 m wide, is discharging 20 m3/s of water. Determine the critical
depth and critical velocity, i.e. when the specific energy of the flowing water is minimum.
Solution:
Given: discharge:
Q = 20 m3/s
channel width: b = 6 m
Discharge per unit width:
q=
Q
= 3.33 m2/s
b
= 1.04 m
Ans.
= 3.20 m/s
Ans.
q
hc
Tranquil flow
If the depth of water, in the channel is greater than the critical depth, the flow is called
tranquil or subcritical.
Critical flow
If the depth of water in the channel is critical, the flow is called critical.
Rapid flow
If the depth of water in the channel is smaller than the critical depth, the flow is called
supercritical.
Example 3.2: A channel of rectangular section, 7.5 m wide, is discharging water at a rate of
12 m3/s with an average velocity of 1.5 m/s. Find:
(a) Specific-energy head of the flowing water,
(b) Depth of water, when specific energy is minimum,
(c) Velocity of water, when specific energy is minimum,
(d) Minimum specific-energy head of the flowing water,
(e) Type of flow.
Solution:
Given: width of the channel:
discharge:
b = 7.5 m
Q = 12 m3/s
Q
2
1.6 m /s
b
V = 1.5 m/s
q
= 1.067 m
V
Eh
V2
with the usual notations,
2g
E = 1.182 m
Ans.
hc = 0.639 m
Ans.
q
hc
Vc = 2.5 m/sec
Ans.
E min h c
Vc
with the usual notations,
2g
Emin = 0.958 m
Ans.
Type of flow
Since the depth of water (1.067 m) is larger than the critical depth (0.639 m), the flow is
tranquil or subcritical.
Ans.
V2
V1
h2
F1
F2
h1
2
Fig. 3.3. Hydraulic jump
Let
Now consider the control volume of water between the sections 1-1 and 2-2, and apply the
law of conservation of momentum. Force F1 on section 1-1:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chapter 3: HYDRAULIC JUMP
51
h1 .h12
2
2
where = g is the specific weight of the water.
Similarly, force F2 on section 2-2:
.h 22
F2
=
2
F1
= .(h1 1)
(3-11)
(3-12)
The horizontal net force F on the control volume, neglecting friction effects, acts backward
(because h2 is greater than h1) and reads as:
.h12 .h 22 2
F
= F1 F2
(h1 h 22 )
(3-13)
2
2
2
This force is responsible for change of velocity from V1 to V2.
We know that this force is also equal to the change of momentum of the control volume:
Force = mass of water flowing per second change of velocity
.q
F
=
(V2 V1 )
(3-14)
g
.q
2
or
(h1 h 22 )
=
(V2 V1 )
2
g
or
or
2.q
2q q
q 2q 2 h1 h 2
(V2 V1 )
g
g h 2 h1
g h 1h 2
2q 2
(h1 + h2)(h1 h2) =
(h1 h 2 )
g.h1h 2
(h12 h 22 )
h1 + h2
2q 2
g.h1h 2
h 22 h1h 2
2q 2
gh1
h 22 h1h 2
2q 2
0
gh1
h2
h1
h 2 2q 2
1
2
4 gh1
h1
h 2 2h V 2
1 1 1
2
4
g
(3-15)
The depth of the hydraulic jump or the height of the standing wave is h2 h1.
Example 3.3: A discharge of 1000 l/s flows along a rectangular channel, 1.5 m wide. What
would be the critical depth in the channel? If a standing wave is to be formed at a point,
where the upstream depth is 180 mm, what would be the rise in the water level?
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52
Solution:
Given: discharge:
channel width:
upstream depth:
Q
= 0.67 m2/s
b
= 0.358 m
Ans.
Let h2 be the depth of the flow on the downstream side of the standing wave or hydraulic
jump.
h2
h1
h 2 2q 2
= 0.63 m = 630 mm
1
2
4 gh1
Ans.
V2
V2
E = E1 E 2 h1 1 h 2 2
(3-16)
2g
2g
Example 3.4. A rectangular channel, 6 m wide, discharges 1200 l/s of water into a 6 m
wide apron, with zero slope, with a mean velocity of 6 m/s. What is the height of the jump?
How much power is absorbed in the jump?
Solution:
Given: channel width:
discharge:
mean velocity:
q
b=6m
Q = 1200 l/s = 1.2 m3/s
V = 6 m/s
Q
= 0.2 m2/s
b
q2 3
h c = 0.16 m
g
1
V1c
q
= 1.25 m/s
hc
Q
V1 b
h2
= 0.033 m
h1
h 2 2h V 2
1 1 1 = 0.476 m
2
4
g
Ans.
V2
V2
E1 E 2 h1 1 h 2 2 = 1.384 m
2g
2g
Ans.
Ans.
A hydraulic jump thus includes several features by which excess mechanical energy may
be dissipated into heat. The action of energy dissipation may even be amplified by
applying energy dissipators. These problems will be discussed in Chapter 6.
(3-17)
gL
where V is the mean velocity of flow in m/s, g is the acceleration of gravity in m/s2, and L
is a characteristic length in m.
The critical state-of-flow has been defined in Section (3.2.2.) as the condition for which the
Froude number is equal to unity, i.e. Fr = 1, with L = h, or:
V gh
(3-18)
A more common definition is, that it is the state of flow at which the specific energy is a
minimum for a given discharge. When the depth of flow is greater than the critical depth,
the flow velocity is smaller than the critical velocity for the given discharge, and at this
case, the Froude number is smaller than 1, hence, the flow is subcritical. When the depth
of flow is smaller than the critical depth, or the Froude number is larger than 1, the flow is
supercritical.
A theoretical criterion for critical flow may be developed from this definition as follows.
Since V = Q/A, the equation for the specific-energy head in a channel of small or zero
slope can be written as:
Eh
Q2
2gA 2
(3-19)
(3-20)
h
h
W
dh
dA
hc
supercritical
flow range
D
2
critical state
h
subcritical
flow range
h2
h1
hc
45 for a channel
of zero or small
slope
E
greater than Q
discharge = Q
less than Q
(3-21)
At the critical state-of-flow the (specific) energy is a minimum, or dE/dh = 0. The above
equation, then gives:
V2 D
2g 2
(3-22)
This is the criterion for critical flow, which states that at the critical state-of-flow, the
velocity head is equal to half the hydraulic depth. The above equation may also be written
as:
V
gD
1 Fr
(3-23)
which means Fr = 1; this is the definition of critical flow given previously. If the above
criterion is (to be) used in a problem, the following conditions must be satisfied:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chapter 3: HYDRAULIC JUMP
56
V2 D
2g 2
(3-24)
where is an (energy) correction coefficient accounting for using the depth-avegared flow
velocity instead of the (full) velocity distribution.
For a channel of large slope angle and velocity distribution coefficient , the criterion for
critical flow can easily be proved to be:
V 2 D cos
2g
2
(3-25)
where D is the hydraulic depth of the water area normal to the channel bottom.
In this case, the Froude-number may be defined as:
Fr
gD cos
(3-26)
It should be noted that the coefficient of a channel section actually varies with depth. In
the above derivation, however, the coefficient is assumed to be constant; therefore, the
resulting equation is not absolutely exact.
Example 3.5: For a trapezoidal channel with base width b = 6.0 m and side slope m = 2,
calculate the critical depth of flow if Q = 17 m3/s.
Solution:
Given: width of base: b = 6.0 m
side slope:
m=2
3
flow rate:
Q = 17 m /s. Critical depth ?
Flow area:
A = (b +mh)h = (6 + 2h)h
Top width:
W = b + 2mh = 6 + 4h
Hydraulic depth:
A 3 h h
W
3 2h
and velocity:
Q
17
A 2(3 h)h
17 /(6 2h)h
(3 h)h
3 2h
Simplifying,
7.4(3 + 2h) = [(3 + h)h]3
By trial and error, the critical depth is approximately
h = hc = 0.84 m
and the corresponding critical velocity is
Vc
Q
= 2.6 m/s
b 2h c h c
Ans.
Ans.
Table 3.1: Froude number and types of jump (Ven Te Chow, 1973)
Froude
13
36
Jump type
Illustration
undular
weak
Description
The water surface shows undulations
6 - 20
oscillating
20 80
> 80
strong
A hydraulic jump may occur in four different distinct forms, if the undular jump as
previously discussed is excluded. The classification of classical jumps may be given only
in terms of the approaching Froude number, if jumps with inflow depths smaller than h1 =
1 to 2 cm are excluded. According to Bradley and Peterka (1957), classical hydraulic
jumps may occur as presented in Fig. 3.5.
(a) pre-jump
Pre-jump: (Fig. 3.5.a) if 1.7 < Fr < 2.5. A series of small rollers develop on the
surface at Fr = 1.7, which is slightly intensified for increasing Fr-number. A pre-jump
presents no particular problems for a stilling basin as the water surface is quite
smooth, and the velocity distribution in the tailwater is fairly uniform. However, the
efficiency of the jump is low from an energetic point of view.
Transition jump: (Fig. 3.5.b) if 2.5 < Fr < 4.5. This type of jump has a pulsating
action. The entering jet oscillates heavily from the bottom to the surface without
regular period. Each oscillation produces a large wave of irregular period, which may
cause very undesirable bank erosion. Transition jumps occur often in low head
structures.
Stabilised jump: (Fig. 3.5.c) if 4.5 < Fr < 9. These jumps have the best performance
since they have a limited tailwater wave action, relatively high energy dissipation, and
a compact and stable appearance. The point where the high velocity current leaves the
bottom coincides nearly with the roller end section. Efficiencies between 45% and
70% may be obtained.
Choppy jump: (Fig. 3.5.d) if Fr > 9. At such high Fr-number, the high velocity jet is
no more able to remain on the bottom. Slugs of water rolling down the front face of
the jump intermittently fall into the high velocity jet, and generate additional tailwater
waves. The surface of the jump is usually very rough, and contains a considerable
amount of spray.
dF
q2
gh 1 3
dh
gh
(3-28)
due to q = Vh and Fr
V
:
gh
dF
gh 1 Fr 2
dh
(3-29)
q2 3
dF
Eq. (3-29) gets a minimum for F when
0 at Fr = 1 or at h c . It can be
dh
g
expressed in Fig. 3.6 as a momentum-transfer curve:
1
F vs h
at q = constant
1
gh 2 (parabola)
2
Fmin
q2
(hyperbola)
h
hc
Fr > 1 (supercritical)
h
Fr < 1 (subcritical)
Vc2 1
hc
2g 2
So:
Fmin Fc
1
1
3
1
gh c2 Vc2 h c = gh c2 h c .2g h c gh c2
2
2
2
2
(3-30)
h
h2
alternative
depth of h1
0
alternative
depth of h2
energy-head line
P2
E2
sequent depth
P2
h2
E1
E2
P1
h
E
P2
h2
hc
h1
E1 E
hc C
h1
P1
0
critical depth
initial depth
hydraulic jump
F1=F 2
momentum-transfer curve
distance and the slope angle of the floor is zero. The momentum transfers through section 1
and 2 in Fig. 3.7, respectively, i.e. before and after the jump, can therefore be considered
equal; that is,
Q2
Q2
z1 A1
z 2 A 2
gA 1
gA 2
(3-31)
h1
h
and z 2 2 .
2
2
Factoring:
h2
h1
h
(2Fr1 2 1) 2
h1
h
2
h 1
V1
gh 1
2Fr1 2 0
(3-32)
2
h
h
2 2Fr1 2 2 1 0
h1
h 1
h
2
h 1
h
2 2Fr1 2 0
h1
(3-33)
h1 2
(3-34)
Obviously the solution with the minus sign is not possible (it would give a negative
Thus,
h2 1
1 8Fr1 2 1
h1 2
h2
).
h1
(3-35a)
For a given Froude number Fr1 of the approaching flow, the ratio of the sequent depth to
the initial depth is given by the above equation.
Likewise it can be derived:
h1 1
1 8Fr2 2 1
h2 2
with
Fr2
(3-35b)
V2
gh 2
We continue considering that the energy-head loss, EL, is due to the violent
turbulent mixing and dissipation that occur within the jump itself. Thus, the energy
equation reads as follows:
V12
V2
h 2 2 E L
2g
2g
E L
The dimensionless energy-head loss,
, can be obtained as:
h1
h1
2
h 2 Fr12 h 1
E L
1
1
h1
h1
2 h 2
h
where, for given value of Fr1, the value of 2 is used from equation (3-35).
h1
(3-36)
(3-37)
It should be understood that, with applying Eq. (3.35), the momentum principle is used in
this solution, because the hydraulic jump involves a high amount of internal energy losses
which cannot be evaluated in the energy equation.
This joint use of the specific-energy head curve and the momentum-transfer curve helps to
determine graphically the energy loss involved in the hydraulic jump for a given
approaching flow. For the given approaching depth h1, points P1 and P1 are located on the
momentum-transfer curve and the specific energy curve, respectively (Fig. 3.7.). The point
P1 gives the initial energy content E1. Draw the vertical line, passing through the point P1
and intercepting the upper limb of the momentum-transfer curve at point P2, which gives
the sequent depth h2. Then, draw a horizontal line passing through the point P2 and
intercepting the specific-energy head curve at point P2, which gives the energy content
E2 after the jump. The energy-head loss in the jump is then equal to E1 E2, represented by
EL. After some elaboration it can be derived:
E L E 1 E 2
The ratio
h 2 h 1 3
(3-38)
4h 1h 2
E L
is known as the relative energy- head loss.
E1
Example 3.6: A vertical sluice gate with an opening of 0.67 m produces a downstream jet
with a depth of 0.40 m when installed in a long rectangular channel, 5.0 m wide, conveying
a steady discharge of 20 m3/s. It is assumed that the flow downstream of the gate
eventually returns to a uniform flow depth of 2.5 m.
(a) Verify that a hydraulic jump occurs.
(b) Calculate the energy-head loss in the jump.
2
(c) If the energy-head loss through the gate is 0.05 VII , calculate the depth upstream of
2g
The sluice gate control and the hydraulic jump can be sketched as presented in the figure
below:
gate
VI2
2g
EL
VII2
2g
Fx
hI
h2
ho
h1
hII
II
(a) If a hydraulic jump is to form, the required initial depth, h1, must be greater than the jet
depth, hII. Velocity of flow in the downstream section:
V2
Q
Q
A Wh 2
Froude number:
Fr2
V2
gh 2
Initial depth:
h1
= 1.6 m/s
= 0.323
h2
2
1 8Fr2 1 = 0.443 m
Ans.
h 2 h 1 3
4h 1h 2
= 1,965 m
Ans.
where
whence
VI
VI2
V2
V2
h II II 0.05 II
2g
2g
2g
Q
4
Wh I h I
hI = 5.73 m
and
VII
Q
V2
10 m/s, so II 5.097 m
Wh II
2g
Ans.
VI2 h I VII2 h II
2
2
(Note that the force due to the friction head loss through the gate is implicitly included in
the above equation since this effects the value of hI)
Whence
Fx = 123 kN/m
Ans.
3.5.5. Efficiency
The ratio of the specific energy after the jump to that before the jump is defined as
the efficiency of the jump. It can be shown that the efficiency is (Ven Te Chow, 1973):
E2
8Fr12 1 2 4 Fr12 1
E1
8Fr12 2 Fr12
3
(3-39)
This equation indicates that the efficiency of a hydraulic jump is a dimensionless function,
depending only on the Froude number of the approaching flow. The relative specificenergy-head loss is equal to 1
E2
; this also is a dimensionless function of Fr1.
E1
where
hj
E1
h 2 h1
E1 E1
(3-40)
h1
h
is the relative initial depth, and 2 is the relative
E1
E1
sequent depth. All these ratios can be shown to be a dimensionless function of Fr1. For
example (Ven Te Chow, 1973):
hj
E1
1 8Fr12 3
(3-41)
Fr12 2
V2
h2
h1
V1
L
Lj
, j
h 1 h1
or
Lj
h2
Lj
h1
can be best defined by the data. For practical purposes, however, the plot of Fr1 vs
Lj
h2
is
desirable, because the resulting curve then shows regularity or a fairly flat portion for the
range of well-established jumps.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chapter 3: HYDRAULIC JUMP
66
. h
(3-42)
(3-43)
If 3 < Fr < 400 in a rectangular channel, we may use Ivadians formula (1955):
Lj =
8 10 Fr1
Fr1
h 1 3
4h 1 h 2
2
(3-44)
Lj = 5h 2 1 4
B b
B
(3-45)
where B and b are the free water-surface widths of the wetted cross-sections before and
after the jump, respectively.
gate
Fig. 3.8. Gate flow with non-submerged jump (a) and submerged jump (b)
For low tailwater, a free-surface flow is generated behind the gate lip and the approaching
flow to the jump is supercritical. However, when increasing the tailwater level, the toe of
the jump moves towards the gate lip and attaches to it at transitional flow. Further increase
of the tailwater level makes the jump extremely rough. The jump entrains air over limited
periods of time only, and the body of the jump moves against the gate to separate after a
short while. The transition from non-submerged to submerged gate flow is highly dynamic
and pulsating, and should be avoided in view of the development of large dynamic
pressures.
If the tailwater is raised further, the jump changes gradually to a submerged jet. This is
characterised by low-noise development, low-pulsating flow and continuous flow
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chapter 3: HYDRAULIC JUMP
67
appearance. The energy dissipation reduces with the degree of submergence; however, a
highly submerged jump may not be used as an efficient energy dissipator.
hI
hIII
hG
ho
hII
II
III
q2
2gh 2I
q2
2gh 2II
(3-46)
Note that the piezometric head term at section II is equal to the total depth h, not to the jet
depth hII. Between section II and section III, we can use the momentum equation:
h2
q2
h2
q2
g
g III
h II
2
h III
2
h2
q2
h2
q2
III
gh II
2 gh III
2
(3-47)
(3-48)
noting that at section II, the hydrostatic thrust term is based on h, not hII.
In the normal situation occurring in practice, hI, hII and hIII are known and it is required to
calculate q; the second unknown h will also emerge from the calculation. The solution is
elementary, for elimination of q2/g leads to a quadratic equation in h. However, Eq. (3-35)
can also be used for this case as can be seen in the example below.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chapter 3: HYDRAULIC JUMP
68
Example 3.7: Go back to example 3.6. with the same initial condition and use the
calculated results. If the downstream depth is increased to 3.0 m, let us analyse the flow
conditions at the gate.
gate
Solution:
See example 3.6.
sequent depth: hIII = 3.0 m
Flow condition ?
hI
hIII
hG
ho
hII
III
II
Froude number:
FrIII
h III
Initial depth:
Q
Q
A Wh III
VIII
= 1.33 m/s
= 0.245
gh III
h III
2
1 8FrIII 1 = 0.325 m
So, the jump will be submerged as sketched in the figure, since the depth at the vena
contracta is 0.4 m. Apply the momentum equation to section II and section III, neglecting
friction and gravity forces.
gh 2G gy 2III
where
2q 2
g
1
1
h II h III
h
h G h III 1 2FrIII2 1 III ;
h II
with FrIII
VIII
gh III
VI2
V2
V2
h G II 0.05 II
2g
2g
2g
hI
VI2
= 6.76 m
2g
Ans.