Quy Trinh San Xuat Tai Cong Ty TNHH Tan Quang Minh GbVqmd3rpp 20130425023638 11208

BO CO THC TP
CNG TY TN QUANG MINH
Knh tha qu thy c Trng i Hc Nha Trang cng cc c ch anh em

hin ang cng tc ti cng ty TNHH sn xut v thng mi Tn Quang Minh.
Nhm thc tp chng em xin gi li cm n n Ban Gim Hiu nh
trng, qu thy c trong khoa Cng Ngh Ch Bin c bit l qu thy c: c
Phm Hng Ngc Thy v thy Nguyn Vn Tng to iu kin thun li
cho chng em hc tp, trang b vn kin thc c bn v cng ngh ch bin thc
phm v tn tnh hng dn chng em trong sut thi gian thc tp.
Chng em cng xin chn thnh cm n ban lnh o cng ty, tp th anh,
ch, em trong phn xng sn xut c bit l: Anh Don c Ngn trng
phng hnh chnh - nhn s, anh Nguyn ng n trng phng cng ngh
ch bin, anh L vn Tp qun c, ch Nguyn Th Kim Phng cn b
phng cng ngh ch bin to iu kin thun li, hng dn, gip v ch
bo tn tnh cho chng em, gip chng em hiu c phn no cng vic ca
cng nhn vin ngnh Cng Ngh Ch Bin Thc Phm. Qua gip chng em
cng c thm kin thc hc trng.
Xin knh chc qu cng ty ngy cng pht trin v t c nhiu thng li
trong sn xut v kinh doanh.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!
Thnh ph H Ch Minh, ngy 05/ 12/ 2008.
Nhm sinh vin thc tp trng i Hc Nha Trang
NHM SV TRNG H NHA TRANG
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Ngy nay, do vic ng dng cc thnh tu v Khoa Hc K Thut vo mi

lnh vc trong i sng sn xut m nn kinh t ca cc nc trong khu vc ni
chung v ca nc ta ni ring u pht trin khng ngng. Do i sng ca
ngi dn dn c ci thin. p ng cc nhu cu ngy cng tng ca con
ngi c bit l nhu cu v n ung, ngnh cng ngh thc phm phi to ra
nhng sn phm c gi tr cm quan, gi tr dinh dng cao ngoi ra cn phi an
ton, v sinh v a dng ha v chng loi.
Nm bt xu hng y cng ty Tn Quang Minh khng ngng nghin cu
v cho ra th trng nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau nh: nc ngt c ga v
khng ga, nc tng lc, nc yn ngn nh, tr b ao, sa chua ung Yobi vi
nhiu hng v khc nhau nh: cam, chanh, du, vi, x x mang thng hiu
BIDRICO. Tt c cc sn phm ca cng ty u c sn xut trn dy truyn
khp kn v m bo v sinh an ton thc phm: HACCP, ISO 9001: 2000,
cGMP.
Do qu trnh cnh tranh vi nhiu thng hiu c mt trn th trng,
trong nhng nm gn y cng ty lun n lc sng to, thay i mu m, hnh
dng, bao b, ci thin cht lng ca sn phm v gi bn ph hp p ng nhu
cu ca ngi tiu dng.
Mc d c s gip tn tnh ca cc thy c v c ch, cc anh ch
trong cng ty song do thi gian c hn v vn kin thc v l thuyt v thc t
ca chng em c hn ch nn bi bo co khng trnh khi nhng thiu xt rt
mong nhn c kin ng gp ca qu thy c cng qu cng ty bi bo
co c hon thin hn.
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Mc lc
PHN I: TM HIU CHUNG V NH MY........................................................................5
I.
Tng quan v nh my....................................................................................................5

1. V tr nh my:................................................................................................................5
2. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca nh my...........................................................5
II.
Qu trnh pht trin cc sn phm ca nh my.....................................................6
1. Tnh hnh sn xut......................................................................................................6
2. Chng loi sn phm:.................................................................................................7
3. Vn thu mua nguyn liu v tnh hnh tiu th sn phm:..............................12
4. Ngun nng lng.....................................................................................................12
III.
C CU T CHC V QUN L CA NH MY.........................................13
III.1. S T CHC:..................................................................................................13
III.2. NHIM V V CHC NNG CA TNG B PHN....................................14
IV.
S MT BNG TNG TH CA NH MY..............................................15
PHN II: THC TP V CNG NGH CH BIN TI NH MY.............................17
I. NGUYN LIU:...........................................................................................................17
I.1 NGUYN LIU SN XUT NC GII KHT C GAS:................................17
II. Cng ngh sn xut..........................................................................................................24
1.Nc ngt c ga..............................................................................................................24
2. SN XUT NC NGT KHNG GAS.................................................................50
3. CNG NGH SN XUT TR B AO..................................................................53
4. CNG NGH SN XUT NC YN NGN NH...............................................56
5. SA CHUA UNG YOBI............................................................................................60
6. SN XUT RAU CU.................................................................................................70
7. Cng ngh sn xut nc tinh khit............................................................................73
8. Cng ngh sn xut nc tng lc...............................................................................79
9. Hot ng qun l v kim tra cht lng sn phm ti cng ty....................................81
10. Nng sut lao ng ca cc cng on......................................................................86
PHN III: MY MC V THIT B CA NH MY......................................................86
I. L HI..........................................................................................................................86
II. H thng x l CO2..........................................................................................................90
III.Thit b trao i nhit.....................................................................................................93
IV. Thit b hp......................................................................................................................95
V. Thit b nu siro................................................................................................................97
VI. H thng sc ra thit b................................................................................................99
PHN IV: TM HIU MT S VN KHC..............................................................103
I. Cch t chc, iu hnh mt ca sn xut......................................................................103
II. H thng x l nc thi...............................................................................................104
III. An ton lao ng...........................................................................................................108
............................................................................................................110
TI LIU THAM KHO.........................................................................................................111
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PHN I: TM HIU CHUNG V NH MY

I.
Tng quan v nh my
1. V tr nh my:
Cng ty TNHH sn xut v thng mi TN QUANG MINH c t ti
ng 2F khu cng nghip Vnh Lc-Huyn Bnh Chnh-TP.HCM.
2. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca nh my

Cng ty Tn Quang Minh trc y l c s sn xut Quang Minh c thnh
lp 1992 v c t ti Bc Bnh Thnh . n 1995 c s c chuyn ln Phan Vn
Tr, qun G Vp. Trc y, ngnh ngh kinh doanh ca cng ty ch yu sn xut trn
dy truyn th cng v bn th cng. Hng ha sn xut ch yu tiu th th trng
Vit Nam, Lo, CamPuChia. n nm 2001 cng ty TN QUANG MINH c thnh
lp theo ng k kinh doanh s 210200681 ngy 28/08/2001
a im tr s: L C21/1, ng 2F, khu cng nghip Vnh Lc, huyn Bnh
Chnh, TP. H Ch Minh
Tn dao dch TAN QUANG MINH manufacture and tracdinh Co, Ltd.
Tn vit tt: TAN QUANG MINH Co, Ltd.
Tng din tch ca cng ty l 15.000 m2 kp thi a vo sn xut, cng ty
khn trng xy dng vo u thng 5/2002 v hon tt vic xy dng vo
thng 12/2002 gm nhng hng mc sau:
Kho nguyn liu: 980m2
Kho thnh phm: 3.200m2
Nh xng sn xut: 2.550m2
Vn phng: 234m2
Khu phng th nghim KCS lu mu: 98m2
ng ni b v cy xanh: 3.500m2
Nh n: 320m2
Nh xe: 320m2
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Cng trnh ph khc: 100m2

Din tch d phng: 4.530m2
Cng ty TN QUANG MINH v ang lp t nhng thit b my mc, t
ng phc v cho cc mt hng:
Cc loi nc ngt c gaz
Cc loi nc ngt khng gaz
Cc loi nc c ch bin t hoa qu tho mc
Cc sn phm sa chua, sa ti.
Rau cu
Nc yn ngn nh
Nc sm cao ly
II. Qu
trnh pht trin cc sn phm ca nh my
1. Tnh hnh sn xut

Hin ti cng ty TN QUANG MINH lun lun i mi v khng ngng pht
trin cng vi s n lc ca ton th ban lnh o, cn b cng nhn vin nn nng sut
nh my cng gia tng. Trong nhng nm gn y cng ty TN QUANG MINH khng
ngng tm kim, v nghin cu cho ra nhng sn phm p ng nhu cu th trng.
Nm 2006 va qua cng ty sn xut c:
Nc ngt khng gaz: 1.400.000 lt/nm
Nc ngt c gaz: 25.000.000 lt/nm
Nc tinh khit: 12.000.000 lt/nm
Nc tng lc: 4.300.000 lt/nm
Sa chua: 4.600.000 lt/nm
Nc tri cy: 500.000 lt/nm
Rau cu: 3.000.000 kg/nm
Tr b ao: 4.400.000 lt/nm
Nc yn ngn nh: 4.200.000 lt/nm
D tnh trong nm 2008 cng ty sn xut c:
Nc ngt khng: 600.000 lt/nm
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Nc ngt c gaz: 42.000.000 lt/nm

Nc tinh khit: 26.000.000 lt/nm
Nc tng lc: 2.500.000 lt/nm
Sa chua: 2.400.000 lt/nm
Nc tri cy: 0,8 triu lt/nm
Nc yn ngn nh: 6.000.000 lt/nm
Tr b ao: 4.400.000 lt/nm
Rau cu: 5.000.000 kg/nm
Tr xanh A*nuta: thng 5- thng 11/2008 l 800.000 lt
2. Chng loi sn phm:

Sn phm ca cng ty rt a dng v phong ph v c ng k ti s Y t
TP. H Ch Minh. Cc sn phm ca cng ty c mang 2 thng hiu l Bidrico, Yobi.
y hai thng hiu tng t cc danh hiu:
Huy chng vng ti cc k hi ch Quc t hng cng nghip Vit Nam .
Sn phm cht lng cao v sc khe cng ng.
Hng Topten nm 2001.
Hng Vit Nam cht lng cao do ngi tiu dng bnh chn nm 2002 2003
2004.
Mt s sn phm ca cng ty.
Nc gii kht c gas:
Gm nhiu
khc nhau
hng v
Du, Vi,
Cream
Chanh
Thnh phn
ng tinh luyn
Ch tiu
70 g/l
Nc tinh lc
Acid citric
sn phm
vi nhiu
nh: Cam,
Cola,
Soda,
2g/l
Hng tng hp
Cht bo qun
1g/l
Mu thc phm
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Nc gii kht khng gas:

Thnh phn
Nc tng
ng tinh luyn
Sinh t C
Thnh phn
Ch tiu
70 g/l
lc:
2g/l
Ch tiu
Cht bo qun(211)
ng tinh luyn
0.6 g/l
98 g/l
Hng tng hp
ng glucose
30 g/l
Mu tng hp
Acid citric
7 g/l
Taurine
4 g/l
Inossitol
0.2 g/l
Vitamin B1
5 mg/l
Vitamin B6
50 mg/l
Vitamin B12
1mg/l
Vitamin C
Niacin
Natribenzonat
1mg/l
Hng
10/00
Sa chua ung hp nha:

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Sa chua ung tit trng c lm t yaourt nguyn cht v hng v tri cy thin
nhin. V chng loi sn phm rt a dng v phong ph vi nhiu hng v nh cam,
chanh, mng, du
i vi sa chua ung tit trng hp nha vung 180ml v hp nha trn 110 ml
Thnh phn
Ch tiu
Sa bt 28 % bo
Bo / lipid
10 g/l
ng tinh luyn
m / protein
10 g/l
Cht to chua (acid citric khong

0.3 0.6 g/l )
ng / cacbonhydrat
80 g/l
Cht bo qun 211
chua / acid citric
Hng tng hp
Cht bo qun
0.05g/l
2 g/l
Mu tng hp
Sa chua hp giy (180 ml):
Thnh phn
Ch tiu
Sa bt
Nng lng
:74.75 Kcal
Du b
Cht bo
:1.3 g
ng knh
Protein
: 1.23 g
Nc p tri cy
ng cacbonhydrat
:14.56 g
Hng liu
Nc yn
ngn nh:
Cht n nh
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Thnh phn
Ch tiu
Nc
Hm lng ng: 77 g/l
ng
X th: 0 3 g/l
Gum
Ngn nh : 5 10 g/l
Ngn nh
Natri benzoat : 0.6g/l
Yn so
Vitamin A : 0
Tr b
ao:
Thnh phn
Nc ct b ao
Ch tiu
Hm lng ng : 77 g/l
ng tinh luyn
Acid citric
Acid citric: Acid citric: 2g/l
Cht bo qun 211
Cht bo qun: 1g/l
Hng tng hp
Hm lng cht kh 100g/l
Mu caramen
Nc p tri cy:
Thnh phn
Ch tiu
ng tinh luyn
ng 80g/l
Cht to v (acid citric)
Acid citric 3g/l
Cht bo qun 211
Cht bo qun 1g/l
Rau cu:
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Thnh phn
Ch tiu
Nc tinh lc
Cht to chua: 34 g/l
ng tinh luyn
ng tng 200g/l
Bt rau cu
Cht bo qun 1g/l
Acid citric
Mu tng hp
Tr xanh
Cht bo qun 211
v chanh Enzy (chai 500ml): (sa li thnh tr xanh v chanh Anuta c trn nhn sn
phm)
Thnh phn
Fitered water, Fresh Brewed,
Green tea, Crystalline
fructose, Acid citric, sugar,
Natural Lemon, Flavors and
Artifical color, Sodium
Benzoat
Ch tiu
Total fat:
0g
Sodium:
41mg
Total carbonhydrat:
13g
Sugar:
9,8g
Protein:
0,031g
3. Vn thu mua nguyn liu v tnh hnh tiu th sn phm:

Vn thu mua nguyn liu: c c hng liu ng mc ch, ng tiu
chun nh sn xut phi nhp trc tip t nhng nh cung cp mi chuyn nghip v
yu cu km theo phiu kim nghim, giy chng nhn, cng thc ha hc.
Tnh hnh tiu th sn phm: 15 nm qua cng ty a ra nhiu sn phm mang
thng hiu Bidrico tr thnh sn phm cao cp khng ch cht lng m cn hnh
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thc mu m ca sn phm. Va qua cng ty sn xut thnh cng dng thc ung
dinh dng mang thng hiu A*nuta t tri cy thin nhin: Cam, To, Thm - C
Chua, Nc Me, Chanh Dy v d nh s cho ra th trng cc loi nc p tri cy
khc nh: Xoi, Bi, Lu, Mng Ct Ngoi nguyn liu chnh t tri cy thin
nhin, cc sn phm cn cung cp Vitamin v cc cht b dng cn thit cho c th,
c bit trong nc p tri cy c cht x, c tc dng h tr cho ng tiu ha.
Sn phm Bidrico c ngi tiu dng bnh chn hng Vit Nam cht lng cao
6 nm lin, thng hiu mnh, thng hiu ni ting ti Vit Nam.
4. Ngun nng lng
a. L hi:
Cc thng s c bn ca l hi:
Nhit hi: 1800C
p sut: 10 at
Lng hi cung cp: 1000 kg/gi
Nhin liu chnh: Du FO
Hi c cung cp cho b phn nh my nh nu ng, nu sa, thanh trng,
hp lon, tit trung, cng ty ny s dng l hi LHD1-10. T hp ng l v ng la,
l c kt cu t mt ng l, thn l v 2 dn ng la. Bung t c b tr trong
ng l.
b. Ngun nc:
c ly t trm cp nc khu cng nghip Vnh Lc v thy cc nc t su
100m, t tiu chun s dng cho cng ty do cng ty s dng cc b phn (lc th, trao
i ion, lc tinh).
c. Ngun in:
c ti t li in thuc trm pht in ca khu cng nghip Vnh Lc
III.
C CU T CHC V QUN L CA NH MY
III.1. S T CHC:
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III.2. NHIM V V CHC NNG CA TNG B PHN

1. Hi ng thnh vin:
L c quan cao nht, quyt nh phng hng v ng li pht trin ca cng
ty. Hi ng thanh vin bu Ch Tch, b nhim Gim c, k ton trng. Ch tch hi
ng kim nhim gim c cng ty.
2. Gim c cng ty:
L ngi iu hnh ton b hot ng ca cng ty. C quyn b nhim cc Ph
Gim c, Trng Phng, Qun c, i Trng, T trng v l ngi iu hnh
trc tip:
Phng ngn qu: Do 01 Trng phng ph trch
Phng k ton: Do 01 Trng phng ph trch
Phng vt t: Do 01 Trng phng ph trch
Phng KCS: Do 01 Trng phng ph trch
Phng hnh chnh nhn vin do 01 Trng phng ph trch v iu hnh trc
tip cc b phn: Hnh chnh vn th, dch thut, nhn s, nh n v bp n
( v sinh, an ninh trt t, hnh chnh), t v sinh, i bo v (an ninh, cy xanh) v ni
tr.
3. Cc ph gim c chuyn mn:
3.1. Ph gim c k thut:
Ph t k thut cho gim c. Mi Ph Gim c k thut iu hnh trc tip
mi n v:
T sa cha bo tr nh xng
Xng sa cha ot, c kh , in my
Phng c in
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3.2. Ph gim c cng ngh ch bin:

Ph t cho gim c v cng ngh ch bin v iu hnh:
Phng k hoch: Do 01 Trng phng ph trch
Phng pha ch: Do 01 Trng phng ph trch
T nu sa: Do 01 T trng ph trch
T nu ng: Do 01 T trng ph trch
3.3. Ph gim c ph trch v k hoch sn xut

L ngi ph t ca Gim c v k hoch vt t, sn xut v iu phi sn
xut, iu hnh trc tip:
Phng k hoch: Do 01 Trng phng ph trch
Phng pha ch: Do Ban Qun c ph trch
T chc v qun l kho thnh phm: Do 01 th kho ph
T chc v qun l kho nguyn liu: Do 01 th kho ph
trch
trch
3.4. Ph Gim c kinh doanh- tip th:
L ph t Gim c v hot ng kinh doanh, qung co tip th ca cng ty v
iu hnh trctip:
Phng kinh doanh: Do 01 Trng phng ph trch
Phng tip th, qung co: Do 01 Trng phng ph trch
i vn chuyn: Do 01 i trng ph trch
3.5. Cc anh ch em tng khu:
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L nhng ngi trc tip sn xut di s lnh o ca ban qun c cc phn

xng. Gia cc phong ban chc nng tuy c nhim v c th khc nhau nhng c
mi quan h mt thit vi nhau trong qu trnh hot ng.
IV.S MT BNG TNG TH CA NH MY
PHN II: THC TP V CNG NGH CH BIN

TI NH MY
I. NGUYN LIU:
I.1 NGUYN LIU SN XUT NC GII KHT C GAS:
1. Nc:
Nc l thnh phn ch yu ca nc gii kht ni chung v nc pha ch ni
ring. Thnh phn ho hc v tnh cht ho l,cht lng ca nc nh hng trc tip
n k thut sn xut v cht lng ca sn phm.
Trong sn xut nc gii kht ngi ta dng nc mm pha ch. cng cc
ngun nc t nhin rt khc nhau v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: a l, thi gian
trong nm, su ca ngun nc v vy cn phi x l nc trc khi a vo pha
ch nc gii kht.
2. ng:
ng l thnh phn chnh quan trng nh hng n cc ch tiu cht lng v
dimh dng ca nc gii kht pha ch. Hm lng ng trong nc gii kht chim
8-10% trng lng. ng ng vai tr quan trong trong cng ngh nc gii kht,
ssng cung cp nng lng v cht dinh dng cho c th.
Ngoi ra, ng cn l cht lm du v to v hi ho gia v chua v v ngt to
cm gic sng khoi v thch th cho ngi s dng.
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Trong cng nghip sn xut nc gii kht ngi ta thng dng ng

Saccharoza sn xut. Phn t Saccharoza gm mt phn t glucoza v mt phn t
fructoza lin kt vi nhau nh nhon hdroxyl (-OH) glucozit ca chng.
Saccharoza l mt tinh th nu trng , d tan trong nc v ho tan tng dn
theo s tng nhit ca nc, t l nc:ng c th ln n .
Ngoi ra, tu theo chc nng ca tng loi sn phm n ngi ta c th b sung
hay thay th bng mt cht ngt khc m khng nh hng n sc kho ngi tiu
dng. Cht ngt tng hp a vo pha ch nc gii kht phi nm trong danh mc cho
php ca b y t v vi mt hm lng cho php. Cht ngt thng c s dng cho
ngi n king, gim bo nh:Aspartame, Acesunfarme - K.
Saccharoza rt d b phn hu do acid hay men invectuza ca nm men.Khi b
phn hu,mt Phn t Saccharoza to thnh mt phn t glucoza v mt phn t
fructoza, hn hp ny c gi l ng nghch o hay ng hon nguyn. ng
hon nguyn c v ngt du hn, c ht n ln hn v nht l n lm cho dung dch
Saccharoza n nh hn. chnh l yu t nh hng n cng ngh v k thut sn
xut sir.
Vic to ra mt t l nht nh ng hon nguyn c ngha rt quan trng v k
thut v lm tng cht lng ca sn phm. t dc iu ny, thng thngiroo
c nu acid yu, nng ng trong sir 50-70%.
ng dng trong nc gii kht Bidrico l ng tinh luyn, c nua t nh
my sn xut trong nc.ng trc khi em i sn xut cn phi kin tra cc ch tiu
cm quan (nh: trng ng nh, ht ng tng i ng u, khng c tp cht hay
mi v l, khng vn cc) v cc ch tiu ho (nh: m, hm lng ng
Saccharoza, hm lng tro, hm lng kim loi nng) v ch tiu vi sinh (tng s vi
sinh vt hiu kh, nm men, nm mc, Ecoli)
Theo tiu chun Vit Nam 1695 -75 v cht lng ng nh sau:
Ch tiu
ng knh loi 1(%)
ng knh loi 2(%)
Hm lng Saccharoza
99,67
99,45
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0,07
m
0, 10
0,07
Hm lng tro
0,15
0,15
Hm lng ng kh
0,17
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3. CO2
Tu theo p sut v nhit CO2 c th tn ti dng kh lng-rn. Ti nhit
v p sut thng CO2 dng kh tr, khng mu,khng mi.
Vai tr ca CO2 trong sn xut nc gii kht:
To bt, the u li lm tng gi tr cm quan.
Hn ch hot ng ca tp khun, gi cho nc gii kht lu b h.
Khi ho tan CO2 vo trong nc s to thnh acid cacbonic c vj chua du. Khi
ta ung nc gi kht c cha CO 2 vo c th th c H2CO3 tu nhit gii phng v bay
hi CO2 gy cm gic mt d chu v v cay nng cho ngi s dng.
Yu cu cht lng CO2:
CO2 phi tinh khit 99,5%, mu trng khng c mi v l.
cng ty Tn Quang Minh dng CO2 dng lng c cung cp t cc nh
my sn xut t nguyn liu ma r ng v c nn trong bn ln bng thp 30 0C
v p lc 60-70 at.
CO2 trc khi a vo sn xut cn phi lm sch mi, v, tp cht khng
gy hi n cht lng sn phm.
4. Hng Liu Thc Phm:
4.1Mc ch s dng:
Tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm.
Lm a dng ho sn phm.
Hng l mt trong nhng nguyn liu rt quan trng trong thnh phn ca nc
gii kht. Mc d, cht thm ch chim mt t lng rt t nhng n c tc dng to cho
nc gii kht c mi thm c trng.
4.2.Phn loi:
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Trong cng ngh sn xut nc gii kht th ngi ta s dng 2 loi hng: hng
t nhin v hng tng hp.
a. Hng t nhin: gm cc loi nguyn liu ban u t nhin c tch ra t cc
sn phm t nhin bng phng php vt l:
Phng php chng ct hi nc: tinh du.
Phng php chng ct cn:Alcolat
Phng php nghin: cht nghin
Phng php trch ly v bay hi: cht trch ly
Phng php bo v bay hi: nc p thng hoc m c.
Ngoi ra cn thu nhn bng phng php vi sinh.
u im ca hng t nhin: sn phm cui cng c th t 100% t nhin, mi
ca sn phm y n, du hn mi tng hp.
D b oxy ho bi y ca khng kh v b phn hu bi nh sng mt tri.
b. Hng tng hp: gm nhng cht c tng hp hoc tch ra t moat cht
thm t nhin hoc cc phng php ho hc.Chng c thnh phn ho hc c th
ging heat moat cht hin din trong cc sn phm t nhin m ngi ta c th dng
lin hoc ch bin hoc nhng phn t thm cha c nhn din trong moat sn phm
t nhin. Chng gm cc h: Aldehyt. Cetone, ester, hydrocacbon, alcol, acetate, thiol,
pyazin..
c im ca hng tng hp: bean, tui th di, chu c nhit v p sut
cao, gi r.
Cc tiu chun chnh cho vic chn mt mi hng :
+ Chn kiu hng : tu thuc vo cng ngh, th hiu ngi tiu dng, tp
qun
+ Hm lng s dng :
- Tu vo mc ch ng dng m ta c th s dng nhiu hm lng khc nhau
- Hm lng c th thay i tu thuc vo :
* T l cht bo s dng
- 18
BO CO THC TP
* Cng ngh sn xut sn phm cui cng ( un nng, lm lnh )

* Tu theo th hiu, thi quen ca ngi tiu dng.
* Mt mi hung qu nh s v v cng nh moat mi hng qu d cng b
t chi . Ngoi ra cn phi quan tm n cc thnh phn c trong sn phm, c bit l
cc cht c v. S c mt ca acid citric, tartaric cng c tc dng tng mi v ca sn
phm.
4.3. Cch s dng :
Bidrico thng s dng hng dng lng ( du, vi ) dng nh nh cam
nhp t Chu u.
Nng s dng thng 1 2%
Hng c th ho tan trc tip vo sn phm hoc ho tan vo sn phm qua mt
dung mi nh cn, propylene
Hng khi mua cn phi kim tra k cng v tnh php l, chng loi, cc thnh
phn ho l, cc tp cht hoc cc cht gay hi cho c th con ngi.
5. Cc cht mu :
5.1. Mc ch s dng :
Lm cho sn phm c tnh c trng, tng gi tr cm quan thu ht ngi tiu
dng.
5.2. Phn loi v yu cu :
Gm c hai loi : mu t nhin v mu nhn to
Mu t nhin : c trch ly t l (mu xanh l da, mu tm l cm), c
(mu ta ca c dean, mu vng ca c ngh), qu (mu cam ca qu gc, mu
ca ht iu mu). Chng thng c gi tr cao v liu dng ln nn thch hp vi cc
sn phm cao cp, sn phm b dng, sn phm cho tr em, sn phm dc
Mu tng hp : c to bng phng php ho hc t cc nguyn liu nhn
to. Mu tng hp thng r, s dng vi hm lng thp v kh bn.
- 19
BO CO THC TP
Mu trc khi s dng phi c nh gi cm quan v kim tra mu theo

tiu chun chn, phi c s cho php ca B Y T.
Mu caramen : l sn phm nhn c t sacaroza khi un ti 180 190 0C, l
cht lng c mu sm ti, v hi ng. Khi sacaroza b nng chy tip tc b mt nc
to thnh caramen. S to thnh caramen xy ra qua 3 giai on:
Giai on 1: nhit 102-150 0C saccharoza nng chy v b mt nc
khong 10% to thnh caramenlan.
Giai on 2: caramenlan tip tc b mt nc ti 14% to thnh caramenlen.
Giai on 3: caramenlen tip tc b mt nc ti 25% to thnh caramenlin.
Trong caramenlan v caramenlen ho tan hon ton trong nc, cn
caramenlin hu nh khng ho tan nn trong sn xut caramen phi dng li giai on
to thnh caramenlen.
Trong sn xut nc gii kht Bidrico thng dng cc loi mu sau:
+ Mu caramen cho nc gii kht cola, x x.
+ Mu Sunset yellow cho nc cam.
+ Mu Ponceaux 4R cho nc du.
+ Mu Apple green cho nc to.
6. Acid thc phm:
6.1. Mc ch s dng:
To v chua du cho nc gii kht, tng hi ho v hng thm cho sn phm,
tng kh nng chuyn ho saccharoza thnh glucoza v fructoza.
To mi trng PH thp (3-4) c tc dng c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, c
tc dng bo qun.
6.2. Cc loa acid thng dng trong sn xut nc gii kht:
a. Acid citric: c nhiu trong chanh nn thng gi l acid chanh, l mt tinh th
mu trng, c chua cao, c ngm mt phn t nc, d tan trong nc, gi r hn cc
loi acid khc.
- 20
BO CO THC TP
Cng thc phn t: C6H8O7.H2O

Yu cu: tinh khit 99%
Tp cht
0, 5%
Acid Sunfuric 0, 05%

Asen
0, 00014%
cng ty Bidrico thng s dng acid citric di 2 dng: acid citric anhydro
v acid citric monohydro.
Cc ch tiu nh gi cht lng ca acid citric: chua, hm lng tp cht,
hm lng kim loi nng (Pb, As), m
b. Acid tartaric (C6H4O6): c nhiu trong nho nn thng gi l acid nho, c s
dng trong nc gii kht t hn acid citric
Yu cu: tinh khit 99%
Kim loi nng: 0, 0005%
Acid Sunfuric 0, 05%
HCl
0, 02%
Asen
0, 00014%
c.Acid malic:c nhiu trong to, c chua cao, s dng trong sn phm nc gii
kht to
d. Acid photphoric: nay l acid v c, to cho sn phm c pH thp ko di
thi gian bo qun, s dng nhiu cho sn phm cola, x x..
7. Cc cht bo qun:
7.1 Mc ch s dng:
Ngn chn s pht trin ca vi sinh vt trong nc gii kht, c bit l nm
men, nm mc.
Cht bo qun thng c s dng ph bin nht l acid benzoic v
natribenzoat (k hiu quc t: 211). pH cng thp (pH=3) th hiu qu s dng
natribenzoat cng tt, ko di thi gian bo qun.
7.2 Yu cu:
Mun m bo hiu qu tc dng nng natribenzoat(C6H5COONa)
- 21
BO CO THC TP
Trong sn phm phi t 0,5 -1 g/lit. nng ny chng khng c hi cho sc

kho con ngi.
Trc khi a benzoat vo s dng cn pha chng bng nc si vi nng
0,2 -0,3 kg/lit ri lc sch.
Tuy vi nng s dng thp khng gy hi cho sc kho con ngi nhng
natribenzoat li d v trong sn phm, lm gim gi tr cm quan ca sn phm.
8. Cc nguyn liu v ph gia khc:
8.1. Nc ct tri cy c c:
B sung vo mt s loi sn phm nh: to, dunhm nng cao gi tr dinh
dng, ch tiu cm quan cho ngi s dng.
Yu cu: nc ct tri cy phi qua x l khi ua vo khng b kt lng, tch
lp gy ra cc hin tng khng tt cho sn phm.
8.2. Cht to c:
Mc ch: to c cho nc gii kht nh nc cam, gy cm gic tht v
thch th.
Yu cu: cht to c hay nh c phi phn tn u trong sn phm, to cho sn
phm ng nht, khng gay ra hin tng kt ta hay tch lp.
8.3. Cafein, natricitrat:
C tc dng tng v cho sn phm, s dng cho cola v x x.
Cc sn phm ca nc gii kht c gaz cng ty Tn Quang Minh:
+ Nc ngt c gaz hng v cam.
+ Nc ngt c gaz hng v du.
+ Nc ngt c gaz hng v to xanh.
+ Nc ngt c gaz hng v chanh.
+ Nc ngt c gaz hng v vi.
+ Nc ngt c gaz hng v cola.
+ Nc ngt c gaz hng v x x.
+ Nc ngt c gaz hng v cream soda.
+ Nc ngt c gaz hng v da ?
- 22
BO CO THC TP
II. Cng ngh sn xut

1.Nc ngt c ga
S quy trnh nc gii kht c ga.
CO2
Nc
ng
X l
X l
Nu ng
CO2 sch
Lm lnh
Lc
Bo ha CO2
Lm ngui
S a
Pha ch
Chit rt chai
Siro mi
ng np
Lm lnh
Lm m
Phi trn
Nc 24 oC
Thi kh
Bo ha CO2
CO2
sch
In Date
Chit rt & Ghp

np
Chai
PET 1,25
ml
Hng
liu,
mu
acid
thc
phm
Sc ra
Chai kh,
sch
Dn nhn
(5-8 oC)
Lon
sch
Lm m & Thi
kh
V thng
In Date
Thnh phm
(chai)
V thng
- 23
Thnh
CNG TY
TN QUANG MINH
phm
(lon)
BO CO THC TP
1.1. Chun b siro.

Quy trnh sn xut siro.
ng knh trng
Nc
Ha tan
(60-70 oC)
Gia nhit
(90-95 oC)
Lc
Lm ngui
Siro c
bn
(85 oC)
(30-45 oC)
(65-70 %)
1.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh

1.2.1. Nu ng
Mc ch
+ Ha tan cc cu t ng vo hn hp
+ Tiu dit vi sinh vt, tng thi gian bo qun sn phm
+ To iu kin saccharose chuyn ha thnh ng nghch o lm tng v
ngt du ca ng.
- 24
BO CO THC TP
+ Tng n nh ca sn phm.
Tin hnh:
+ u tin ta bm nc x l vo ni, m cnh khuuy, m van hi cp nhit
cho nc.
+ Nng nhit nc trong ni t 65- 75 0c, bt u cho ng vo sau
nh mc nc theo quy nh. T l c s dng l 700kg ng/ 100lit siro
+ Tin hnh cho mt lng acid citric vo khong 1,5- 2g/1kg ng v tip
tc khuy, gia nhit n 90- 920c v gi nhit ny trong thi gian 10 to iu
kin cho qu trnh chuyn ha ng.
+ Cho vo dung dch mt lng nht nh natri benzoat (2g/1lit siro) bo
qun siro ngn chn s pht trin ca nm men, nm mc.
+ Tin hnh khuy u v em siro i lc sch nhit 80- 850c.
1.2.2. Lc, lm ngui siro
Mc ch:
+ Tch chit cc tp cht c hc ln vo trong ng trong qu trnh vn
chuyn v bo qun.
+ Lm ngui dch siro xung 30- 400c chun b cho phi ch hng liu,
mu, acid, to siro bn thnh phm t yu cu cng ngh v gim s tn hao ca
chng do nhit gy ra.
Tin hnh:
+ H nhit siro n 80-85 0c gim nht ca siro to thun li cho qu
trnh lc.
+ Bm dch siro t bn cha qua ti lc bng vi th. Ti ny c gn
ming bn lm ngui. + Siro c lm n hnh tr c h thng ng xon. Nc lnh i
trong ng trao i nhit gin tip vi siro bn ngoi. Trong sut qu trnh lm ngui,
thit b phi c y kn np.
- 25
BO CO THC TP
+ Dch ng khi t nhit 30-40 0C th c a vo bn trung gian

chun b cho phi ch.
Dch siro sau lm ngui cn t nhng yu cu sau:
+ Siro c mu vng nh, trong sut khng ln tp cht
+ Siro khng ln mi l, ch c th c mi nh ca natri benzoat
+ Siro c v ngt thanh chua nh
+ Siro khng cha vi sinh vt gy bnh
+ Nng cht kh 670bx
1.2.3. Phi ch
Mc ch:
+ Ha tan cc cu t vo siro to hn hp ng nht chun b cho chit rt
+ To hng v c trng cho sn phm
Tin hnh:
+ Chun b cc thnh phn pha ch iu kin ti u nht
+ Dch siro t nhit 30-400c, nng 650bx
+ Cht mu, acid c pha thnh dung dch.
+ Hng liu s dng dng nguyn
+ Cc cht ph gia khc u a v dng dung dch
+ Phi ch cc nguyn liu theo th t nht nh: cu t no c lng nhiu nht
phi ch trc ri cho cc cu t c s lng t hn. Sau mi ln cho mt cu t cn
khuy o k n khi ha tan hon ton mi cho cc cu t tip theo. Hng liu cho
vo sau cng
+ Cm quan bn thnh phm trc khi chit rt
+ Lm lnh siro xung 250c trc khi em chit rt
Chun b nc bo ha CO2
- 26
BO CO THC TP
- 27
BO CO THC TP
1.3. X l CO2
Mc ch:
+ Lm sch CO2
+ Loi b tp cht v mt s cht gy mi l ln trong kh cacbonic
+ Dit khun v oxy ha cc hp cht gy mi
Tin hnh
+
Quy trnh x l
CO2 nguyn
liu
X l bng NaCO3
X l bng than hot tnh
X l bng thuc tm
CO2 sch
+ Gii thch quy trnh:

Bt tr lc Na2CO3 c tc dng loi cc tp cht cn c ln trong kh CO 2 cng
nghip.
Than hot tnh c tc dng loi i cc kh khng mong mun nh aldehyt, aceton,
diacetylvi mc ch kh mi CO2
Dung dch thuc tm tiu dit mt phn vi sinh vt trong CO2 cng nghip
- 28
BO CO THC TP
1.4 X l nc :
1.4.1 Vai tr ca nc:
- Nc l yu t khng th thiu trong vic duy tr v pht trin s sng. nc
chim 60 70% khi lng c th ca con ngi, trong 50% lng nc cha trong
cc t bo, cm likhong 20% nc cha trong mu v dch bo. C th ni khng c
ncl khng c s sng trn tri t.
- Vi tr ca nc trong c th ngi :
Nc tham gia vo cu to ca c th. Cht lng trong c th nh mu, tuyn dch
compa l do nc v mt s cht khc to nn to thnh mng li knh, rch
chng cht, vn chuyn cht dinh dng n cc b phn c th, tham gia hnh thnh
cc dch tiu ha, gip con ngi tiu th cht dinh dng, to thnh cht lng ca c
th, thc y qu trnh trao i cht. Nc l cht quan trng cc phn ng ha hc
v trao i cht din ra khng ngng trong c th, l mt dung mi, nh tt c cc
cht dinh dng a vo c th, sau c chuyn vo mu di dng dung dch
nc. nc cn c gi l du bi trn ca ton b khp xng trong c th, l mt
cht hon xung h thn kinh. i vi ngi gi li cn phi ung nhiu nc tng
cng sc khe, ko di tui th.
- Vai tr ca nc trong cng nghip thc phm:
Cht lng ca sn phm thc phm ni chung v i vi nc gii kht ni
ring ph thuc phn ln vo cht lng ca nc. Nc c tc dng nh mt dung mi
ha tan v tham gia vo cc phn ng gia cc cu t hoc tc ng ti cc phn t
khc to thnh sn phm. Hai yu t chnh c th sn xut nc gii kht l ngun
nc n nh v lu lng v cht lng; quy trnh x l nc hp l, vy nc ng
vai tr quan trng trong sn xut:
+ Dung mi ha tan v phn ng
+ Tham gia vo phn ng gia cc cu t hoc tc ng vi cc phn t cu
thnh sn phm
+ Ngoi ra nc cn l tc nhn lm lnh, lm sch, v sinh
1.4.2 Cc ch tiu cht lng ca nc
a. Ch tiu vy l
- 29
BO CO THC TP
- Mu sc: L mu do cc cht gumid, cc hp cht keo ca st v s pht trin

ca mt s vi sinh vt, thc vt ( rong, to ) gy nn, n v o mu ca nc l TCU,
nc cng trong ( mu thp) th cht lng cng cao.
- Nhit : Ph thuc iu kin mi trng kh hu, s thay i nhit ph
thuc vo tng ngun nc. i vi ngun nc ngm th nhit tng i n nh
17-270C.
- c: n v o c ca nc l TCU, c ca nc do cc cht l
lng bao gm cc loi ht ca kch thc nh nh ht keo n nhng h phn tn th
nh huyn ph, cn, t ct.
- Mi v v: C th do cc mi t nhin ( bn , t, vi sinh vt, clo, phenol) hay
cc mi nhn to khc khi khsi thc nc to ln, nn mi v ca nc ph thuc vo
thnh phn c trong nc, ch yu l cc cht ha tan trong nc quyt nh. Bng
phng php cm quan chia mi v ra thnh 5 cp:
+ Khng mi (v ).
+ Mi v rt nh.
+ Mi v nh.
+ C mi vi.
+ C mi v hi mnh
+ C mi v mnh
- Cht rn: n v tnh ca cht rn l (g/l ), l phn cn li sau khi bay hi nc
v sy nhit 103-1050C. c cc loi cht rn: ha tan, l lng; bay hi v khng
bay hi.
- dn in : o bng V/cm, lin quan n lng v cc loi ion c trong
nc. Ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo thnh phn v s lng cc cht kh ha tan trong
nc nh CO2, NH2. T dn in khng tnh c lng mui khong c trong
nc, nhng khi trong nc c hm lwonhj nht nh cc loi ion, tng nng ion
cng ln th dn in cng cao. Ngi ta c th da vo dn in nhn xt hm
lng mui khong.
b. Cc ch tiu ha hc:
- 30
BO CO THC TP
- kim: c trng cho kh nng kt hp ca nc vi cc acid mnh. Biu

din bng mg E ca cc ion OH-, CO32-, HCO3- v mt s ion khc ca cc acid hu c
yu nh gumat, hydrat, c trong 1ml H2O.
kim c chia ra: kim bicacbonat, cacbonat, v hydrat. y l ch s quan
trng v ch tiu ca nc. Nu qu ln nh hng n qu trnh sinh hc, ha hc khi
ng ha v ln men, tiu tn nhiu acid thc phm khi sn xut nc ngt pha ch.
- pH: l nng H+ c trong nc(pH = - log [H+]).
pH 5.5: nc c tnh acid mnh.
5.5 < pH < 6.5: nc c tnh acid yu.
7.5 < pH < 10.5: nc c tnh kim yu.
pH 10.5: nc c tnh kim mnh.
- cng: do cc mui Ca2+, Mg2+ gy nn. n v tnh cng mg ng lng
(mg E ) ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ trong mt 1lt nc.
cng chia ra:
cng tm thi (hay cng cacbonat) do s c mt ca bicacbonat , cacbonat
canxi v magie c trong nc, cc loi mui ny b kt ta khi un si theo phn ng:
A.(HCO3)2
ACO3
cng vnh cu ( cng sunfat) do cc mui ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ kt hp vi cc

gc mui ca acid v c mnh. Cc mui ny lun ha tan trong nc (khng kt ta
khi un si). V d CaCl2, MgCl2, MgSO4, Ca(NO3)2,
cng chung: l tng cng tm thi v cng vnh cu. biu th cng:
10 cng tng ng vi 20.04 CaO hay 7.19 MgO/1lit nc v mt mg ng lng
tng ng vi 20.04 mg ion Ca hay 12,16 mg ion Mg/ 1lit nc. cng ca nc
c chia ra 5 loi:
+ Nc rt cng: > 10 mg E
+ Nc cng : 6 10 mg E
- 31
BO CO THC TP
+ Nc hi cng: 3 6 mg E
+ Nc mm: 1.5 3 mg E
+ Nc rt mm: < 1.5 mg E
cng l ch s quan trng ca nc dng trong sinh hot v cc ngnh cng
nghip khc nhau c bit l cng ngh ch bin nc gii kht.
- oxy ha (l ch s oxy ha):
Biu th oxy ha l s mg KMnO4, l c trng cho hm lng tp cht hu c
v mt s cht d oxy ha c trong nc (cht nhy, keo, acid hu c ) ch s ny
cng cao th nc b bn nhiu.
- cn ton phn:
Biu th bng mg/l, l tng cc cht v c (ha tan hay khng ha tan) khng k
cc cht kh c trong nc. xc nh cn ton phn bng cch un cho bc hi ht
mt dung tch nc nht nh v sy kh 105 110 0C n khi trng lng khng i.
Hm lng cn cng cao th vic x l cng phc tp.
c. Cc ch tiu vi sinh:
Vi sinh vt gy nh hng n sc khe ngi tiu dng v nh hng rt ln
cht lng sn phm, lm h hng sn phm trong qu trnh bo qun.
Ch s sinh hc: c trng cho s xm nhp v pht trin ca cc loi vi sinh,
thc vt c trong nc. c biu din bng s lng vi sinh vt c trong 1 ml H2O.
Ngi ta cn qui nh thm v a ra hai khi nim l chun s Ecoli v ch s
Ecoli.
Ch s Ecoli: l s trng ng rut c trong q ml nc.
Chun s Ecoli: th tch nc t nht cho php pht hin 1 vi trng ng rut.
Quy nh chung:
Chun s E coli: 300
Chun s E coli: 3
- 32
BO CO THC TP
Bng ch tiu cht lng nc x l ti cng ty Tn Quang Minh.

Tn tiu chun
Cm quan
Vi sinh
n v tnh
Mu
Mi
V
c
pH
cng tng cng
oxy ha
St tng cng
NH4+
ClNO2NO3SO42Mn2+
Cu2+
Pb2+
Zn2+
Cd2+
Al3+
Hg2+
H2S
Tng cht rn ha
tan
Colifom
Ecoli
Cl. Sulphate
Strepcocus Feacalis
- 33
TCU
Nc x l
Khng mu
Khng mi
Khng v
NTU
mg CaCO3/l
mg O2/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
MPN/100 ml
CFU/100 ml
CFU/100 ml
CFU/100 ml
0
0
0
0
BO CO THC TP
1.4.3 C s l thuyt ca qu trnh x l nc:

1.4.3.1 Qu trnh x l c hc (qu trnh lc):
L qu trnh lc ph bin v t s dng ha cht, t nh hng n cht lng sn
phm.
Mc ch : lm sch, nng cao cht lng ca nc. L qu trnh trung gian
chun b cho cc qu trnh tip theo (lc trc khi lng lc cho vic nu ng sa, sinh
hot v sinh, )
Nguyn tc: da vo kch thc l ca b mt lc. loi nhng phn t c kch
thc ln hn kch thc l lc.
Cty TN QUAN MINH s dng b lc, ct lc.
Vt liu dng lm vch lc:
Dng ht: ct si, than,
Dng tm: tm kim loi c l, li kim loi.
Dng si: si bng, si ay, si tng hp,
Dng vt xp: s, si thy tinh, cao su, giy,
Tnh nng vch lc:
Gi cho cc pha rn cng nhiu cng tt.
Phn b u cc l xp trn b mt vch lc.
Chu c tc ng ca mt trng: thm nc, p sut, nhit , ha
hc, chy n, iu kin ti sinh,
c im v tc dng ca mt s vt liu lm vch ngn lc:
a) Vt liu ct, , si:
Kch thc trung bnh 0.5 1 m t trng 2.6 g/cm3. lp vt liu s gi li lp
cn l lng c kch thc ln hn kch thc ca vt liu lc m thng qua cng on
lng khng loi ra c. Lp ct cn l ni bm ca vi sinh vt, va oxy ha cht hu
c nn s loi i mt s vi sinh vt gy bnh trong nc.
b) Vt liu than hot tnh:
- 34
BO CO THC TP
C b mt rt ln, c kh nng hp th cc phn t dng rn v dng lng ha

tan trong nc trn b mt than. Nc khi qua than hot tnh s c kh mu. C hai
phng php kh mi v v mu ca than hot tnh:
a nc vo sau x l vo lc trc tip qua b lc than hot tnh. Pha trn
than tn nh n kch thc nh n kch thc vi chc m vo b trn nc cng
phn vi liu lng t 3 15 mg/l hp th cc hp cht gy ra mi, v, mu cho
nc (loi i 80 90 % cht bn).
c) Vt liu bng bng, ch giy:
Vt liu bng: loi i cc tp cht l lng trong nc nh bn phn,
Vt liu ch (si nilong): dng li, ng knh l lc 1 m, loi i cc tp cht
c kch thc 1 m. Ngoi ra c th loi i mt s vi khun c trong nc nh:
Bacillus, Cl. Botulium,
1.4.3.2 Qu trnh x l ha hc:
a) Mc ch ca qu trnh:
Lm mm nc (kh cc loi ion Ca2+, Mg2+ n nng yu cu), kh mui
(di dng cation v anion ca cc loi mui n nng yu cu).
b) Phng php x l:
Kh Fe2+:
Trong nc, st tn ti dng ion, ha tr thng l II l thnh phn ca cc mui
ha: Fe(HCO3)2, FeSO4. Nc c lng st cao nn c mi tanh, nhiu cn bn mu
vng lm nh hng xu n cht lng nc. V vy tin hnh kh nc c hm lng
st cao. Cc phng php hin nay:
Kh st bng phng php lm thong.
Kh st bng phng php ha hc.
Kh bng phng php khc.
Ti nh my ca cng ty BIDRICO s dng phng php lm thong.
Lm thong: to iu kin cho oxy trong khng kh oxy ha Fe2+ thnh Fe3+, hp
cht ca Fe3+ t tan trong nc c gi li thng qua b lc. Qu trnh oxy ha thc
hin bng cch thng gi qua nc trong cc gin phun ma.
- 35
BO CO THC TP
Lm mm nc: ph thuc vo hm lng cc ion c trong nc m c cc

phng php khc nhau:
Phng php nhit: s dng i vi nc c cng tm thi. Do trong nc
x gc (HCO3)- ca Ca2+, Mg2+ nn un nng s to ra kt ta ri em lc:
ACO3
A.(HCO3)2
+ CO2 + H2O
Phng php trao i ion: l phng php kinh t v n gin nht. S dng ph
bin i vi cc nh my sn xut nc gii kht. Thng lm mm nc c cng
tng i thp (sau khi lm mm, lng lc s b, ) ng thi loi b cc cht c
hm lng thp.
Nguyn tc: s dng cc cht c kh nng trao i ion c trong nc. Cht c
kh nng trao i ion (+) trong nc gi l cationnit v cht c kh nng trao i vi
ion ( ) gi l anionit. Anionit c dng loi b cc acid v gc acid. Cationnit
c dng loi b cc ion gy nn cng.
Nc c li qua cationnit H[R] th cc ion Na+, K+, Mg2+, cha trong nc
s c gi li:
2H[R] + CaCl2
2H[R] + NaSO4
Ca[R]2 + H2O
SO4[R]2 + H2O
Qua hai giai on trao i cation v anion ta loi tr c hu ht cc ion kim

loi k c 3 v 2 , nh nc nhn c c cng rt nh v cha t tp
cht c nh hng n cht lng nc.
Kh mui mn nc: dng phng php chng ct, ng bng, lc qua mng bn
thm (mui t 10-4 35. 10-3 mg/l ), trao i ion, in phn, in gii.
1.4.3.3 Qu trnh x l vi sinh:
Mc ch: loi cc vi sinh vt gy hi v kh trng nc.
- 36
BO CO THC TP
Phng php x l:
a. Phng php x l nhit:
Nguyn tc: s dng nhit tiu nhit vi sinh vt.
Khi x l 100 0C, hu ht cc vi sinh vt u b tiu dit. Cc sinh vt bo t
cn x l 120 0C. Phng php ny khng mang li hiu qu kinh t trong cng ngh
sn xut nc gii kht.
b. Phng php lc
Nguyn tc: s dng kch thc l mng lc nh hn kch thc vi sinh vt trong
nc loi chng ra.
Phng php ny tn km chi ph cho trang b nn hin nay t c s dng .
c. Phng php ha cht:
Clo:
Cl2
+ H2O
HClO
+ HCl
Clorua vi
Ca(OCl2)2
+ H2O
HClO
+ HCl
HClO, Clorua vi: c tnh cht st khun v ph hy c h men ca vi sinh vt

Phng php ny t s dng trong phng php sn xut nc gii kht v thng li
mi c trng nhng s dng nhiu trong nc sinh hot.
d. Phng php UV
Dng tia cc tm c = 254 nm c kh nng tiu dit vi sinh vt cao nht. Cc
nh my s dng n thy phn p lc thp pht ra tia cc tm, n c np thnh
b, t trong hp thy tinh khng hp th tia cc tm pht tia cc tm v ngn cch
n v nc. Trong hp ng c vch ngn phn phi khi nc chy qua hp c
trn u nhm tng thi gian tip xc gia vi cinh vt costrong nc vi tia cc tm l
cao nht. Lp nc i qua n vi dy l 6nm, nng lng tiu th t 600013000mw cc loi n thy ngn hin nay c cng sut 30000 mw/s vi bn
3000- 4000h.
- 37
BO CO THC TP
u im : khng to mi l, lm mt tnh cht, to mi l cho nc, tiu dit

hon ton vi sinh vt v bo t ca chng.
Nhc im : chi ph cao c ca nc v cc cht nhn bm vo n ngn
cn tia cc tm tc dng vo vi sinh vt nn hiu qu kh trng thp.
e. Phng php kh trng ozon:
Phng php ny rt ph bin, ng dng rng ri trong nh my sn xut nc
gii kht.
Ozon 03 c tnh cht oxy ha mnh ( tc dng mnh gp 300-600 ln so vi clo )
c tc dng ph hy bo t vi sinh vt. C tc dng cao hn hn cc loi ha cht ci
cc loi siu vi trng l vi khun con men. C kh nng oxy h cc cht hu c gy
mu, mi, v, trong nc rt tt.
Cc th nghim cho thy :
Sau 2 pht ci lng d Ozon 0.45ml/l th cc siu vi trng c th b tiu dit.
Ozon l cht c nh mu tm, nhit bay hi -1120C. t ha tan trong nc so
vi Clo, ha tan ph thuc vo nhit . Trong nc, ozon phn hy rt nhanh thnh
oxi phn t v nguyn t. Ozon c kh nng oxy ha nhanh cc ion Fe2+, Mn2+, S2+,
NO2- nhng khng oxy ha NH4+.
i vi cc hp cht hu c, ozon c kh nng oxy ha trc tip cc lin kt
C=C . Sn phm oxy ha ca cc qu trnh n thng l cc cht giu oxy v gim
khi lng phn t cc cht.
u im ca phng php ny l thi gian tc ng nhanh, hiu qu cao i vi
vi khun , vi rt, to cn lng cht hu c tng phn cc, khng to cc
trihalogenmetan gy c nh Clo nhng gi thnh u t cao, sau khi kh trng phi x
l sinh hc.
1.4.4 Quy trnh x l nc :
1.4.4.1 S ca thit b x l nc
- 38
BO CO THC TP
10
10 a
1
4
Hot
cht ti
sinh
6a
6b
7b
10 b
7a
8
ng x nc
Nc
x l
Ghi ch:
1. Lc s b.
2. B cha.
3. Bm.
4. Lc vi bng.
5. Lc.
6a, 6b. Ct lc vi bng.
7a, 7b. Ct trao i ion.
8. Bn cha.
9. Lc.
10a, 10. H thng n cc tm.
11. Bn iu.
12. Gin ma.
- 39
11
BO CO THC TP
1.4.4.2 Quy trnh x l nc :
Nc
Lc s b
Lc th
Lc tinh ln 1
Trao i ion
Lc tinh ln 2
X l UV
Nc x
l
Thuyt minh quy trnh:
Nc: cng ty Tn Quang Minh s dng hai ngun nc mt t thy cc khu
cng nghip Vnh Lc ( c thp, pH n nh) v ngun nc ngm c su 100m
(nhit n nh 23 270C).
a. Lc s b:
Mc ch: loi b cc tp cht c kch thc ln nh ct, t, rc... v cc tp cht
gy mi l nh Clo, H2S... Nc c bm vo b lc dng phun ma kh st v
oxy ha cc cht c trong nc nh Clo...
Li lc c 3 lp:
Lp trn cng l ct,si.
- 40
BO CO THC TP
Lp gia l than (ngn cch gia lp trn v lp gia l lp vi ln nc v

than).
Lp di cng l trng.
B cha vt liu lc cao 1,2m, 80% th tch b l vt liu lc, pha trn b l h
thng phun ma bng cc ng nha c l v c ng h o nhit nc vo. Pha
di b lc l b cha nc lc.
Nguyn l hot ng: Nc phun t dn phun xung kh mi v oxi ha Fe2+
thnh Fe3+, Fe3+ kt hp vi nc to thnh Fe(OH)3 kt ta bm trn b mt vt liu
lc. Cc tp cht nh bn, phn, cc cht gy mi cng c gi trn b mt lp vt
liu lc. Nc s c chy vo b cha.
b. Lc th
Mc ch: loi cc tp cht l lng dng keo, huyn ph.
Cu tao:
Bn lc c dng hnh tr, pha trn c ng h p sut, bn trong c 4 tr nh v
bng inox di l =70 cm, ng knh d = 2 cm, tng ng vi 4 cy inh lc.
Cy lc l mt ng rng hnh tr c c l, ng knh cy lc 5 cm. Bn ngoi
qun mt lp bng dy 5 cm, thm t bng nc v bc bn ngoi bng mt lp vi v
buc cht bng dy thun. Mi ngy thay lp bng gn mi v ra sch vi, dy thun
bng nc.
c. Lc tinh
Mc ch: loi b tp cht c kch thc > 1 m .
Cu to:
H thng x l c 3 bn lc tinh bng inox, trn bn c ng h o p sut. S
lng vy nh v trong 3 bn ln lt l 24, 30, 60 cy. Chiu di cc cy nh v l 51
cm, cy lc l 50 cm. ng knh trong cy nh v l 3 cm, ngoi ra l 7 cm, ng
knh l lc l 1 m .
V sinh: mi ngy tho ng lc ch ngm trong dung dch H2O2 15%, dng nc
ra sch trong v ngoi ng.
d. Trao i ion
Mc ch: lm mm nc v a nc v pH = 6-8 ph hp cho sn xut.
- 41
BO CO THC TP
Cu to: Thit b trao i ion c 2 ct trao i anion v cation, chiu di mi

ct l l = 2m, ng knh l d = 50 cm, bn trong l cc ht nha cationit v anionit
c gi li nh hai mt bch. Mi mt bch c 12 ng nh c chiu di l 20 cm,
ng knh l 4,2cm. Trn mi ng u c cc rnh nh dn nc vo, kch thc cc
l ca cc rnh nh hn kch thc ht nha nhm gi cc ht nha, pha di mi ng
c l dn nc vo.
Ht cationit v anionit c kch thc rt nh mu vng nht (trong ht cationit
mu sm hn). Nh my c 3 h thng trao i ion.
Nguyn l hot ng:
Nc c di chuyn ln lt t ct cation n ct anion.
Ti ct trao i cation: nc i t di ln tip xc vi ht nha cationit R[H+],
cc cation nh Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+ ... Tc dng ha hc vi catinoit v c gi li, nc i
ra c hm lng ion kim loi thp nhng c tnh axit.
Ti ct trao i anion: loi b cc ion OH-, Cl- ... Nc ra khi ct anion mm,
t tp cht.
e. Tit trng UV
Mc ch: tiu dit vi sinh vt v bo t bng nh sng cc tm.
Cu to: L mt ng hnh tr di 50cm ng knh d = 12cm, bn trong l
ng thy tinh ngn khng cho nc thm vo bng n v trong cng l n cc tm.
Nguyn l hot ng: dng nc qua h thng ny di tc dng ca tia
cc tm t nh sng ca n cc tm c bc sng 2500 2600 A0 tiu dit vi sinh

vt v bo t. nc ra t h thng tiu dit UV l nc sch.
Cc yu t nh hng ti mc kh trng ca n UV:
-
Cng bc x ca tia UV
S lng vi sinh vt trong nc v thi gian lu thit b
c ca nc (tp cht hu c v tp cht l lng ), cc tp cht ny
phn tn tia t ngoi nn tia t ngoi khng i xuyn ht lp nc. Hiu qu kh

trng cao hn khi nc c c thp.
-
y l l do h thng x l nc tit trng UV t cui cng sau cc qu
trnh lc v trao i ion.

- 42
BO CO THC TP
Tin hnh:
Nc c bm t b cha ln lt qua bn lc th loi b tp cht c kch
thc > 1 m , qua bn lc tinh loi b tp cht nh hn. Tip nc qua ct cation
ca h thng trao i ion loi cc ion kim loi, qua ct anion loi cc ion m nh
Cl- , SO42-
Nc tip tc qua bn 100 ml, ti y nc c ly mu kim tra, nu t yu
cu th chuyn tip qua bn lc tinh ln hai gi li cc ht c kch thc rt nh (<1
m ) nc tip tc vo h thng lc vi sinh bng n cc tm loi b vi sinh vt v
cc bo t c trong nc.
- Cui cng nc c dn qua bn 200 l c ly mu kim tra. Nu t yu cu
th c bm i sn xut. Nc s dng tha c hi lu v bnh cha.
f. KCS x l nc:
Sau mi gi KCS tin hnh ly mu kim tra nc. Mi ln ly 4 mu: 3 bnh
1000 lt v mt bnh 2000 lt.
Cc ch tiu ca nc:
Cm quan: trong sut khng mu, khng mi, khng v.
Ha l:
pH = 6.5 7.5
dn in: 0 50
cng: cc ion kim loi cn xt li khng ng k.
Vi sinh:
Ch s Ecoli: < 3
Vi khun k kh trong 1ml H2O: l 0
Vi khun hiu kh trong 1 ml H2O: < 10 khun lc sau 24 h 37 0C.
- 43
BO CO THC TP
g. S c v cch khc phc:

Thit b
S c
B lc s b
+ Ct c kch thc nh lt qua l
li, lng xung y.
+ Vt liu gim kh nng lc lm
nc c.
+ B lc b nght do tp cht, bn,
ct,
Ct lc bng
+ Vi lc v dy thun v sinh khng
sch hoc dy thun qun khng cht
lm nc lc khng trong.
Ct lc ch
+ V sinh cy lc khng sch.
+ Do ti s dng nhiu ln nn kch
thc l mao qun ln, dn dn
gim kh nng gi cc ht keo l
lng v cn nh.
Ct trao i ion + Cc ht nha gim kh nng hp
th theo thi gian, nu khng nh
k ti sinh th pH nc khng t
lm nc b chua.
+ Mi hn ca ct lc b x lm
nc chy ra ngoi.
+ B cc ct chn nha lm ht
nha bung ra ngoi.
ng lc vi sinh + Mi hn b h, nc chy qua
ng thy tinh lm n chy.
Cc ng ng + B b hoc b x do lu lng
nc khng n nh.
Bm
+ Bm b hng do lu lng nc
qu ln.
- 44
Cch khc phc

+ Thng xuyn sc ra
b.
+ Thay lp ct, ra sch
v ti s dng.
+ Sc ra b nh k.
+ Lm v sinh tht sch
vi lc v qun dy thun
cht.
+ V sinh tht k.
+ nh k phi thay cy
lc mi.
+ nh k ti sinh cc ht
nha.
+ Kim tra cc mi hn
thng xuyn.
+ Thay cc ct nha mi.
+ Phi hn li mi hn v
thay bng n mi.
+ iu chnh lu lng
nc.
+ Kim tra thng xuyn
lu lng nc, cc van
hi lu gim p lc
bm.
+ Thay bm mi hoc sa
cha.
BO CO THC TP
1.4.5 Lm lnh nc
Mc ch:
+ Lm lnh nc 1-20C tng kh nng ha tan ca CO2 v gi CO2 trong nc
+ Gim tn tht CO2 khi chit rt
+ Trnh nhim vi sinh vt trong qu sn xut
Tin hnh:
+ Nc x l c bm qua thit b lm lnh dng tm kiu khung bn trao
i nhit gin tip vi glycol
+ Nc v dung mi ti lnh i ngc chiu nhau v lm lnh xung 1-20C
+ Nc sau lm lnh c a vo thit b bo ha CO2
1.4.6 Bo ha CO2
Mc ch:
+
Tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm, to v cay t u li khi ung
CO2 bay hi lm gim nhit c th, gy cm gic mt d chu.
Bo qun, hn ch s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt
Tin hnh:
+
Ti bn bo ha nc c bm qua b phn dng chp nn tng din
tch tip xc vi CO2

+
CO2 sch c o lu lng v i vo thit b bo ha
Nc v CO2 c phun vo nhau ri i vo bn cha
CO2 u tin ha tan, sau lin kt t bo ha. Lc ny, p sut
to trn b mt l 3-4 kg/cm2

+
CO2 d c thi b ti bn bo ha ny
Nc bo ha c y qua phng chit rt nh p sut y ca CO2
- 45
BO CO THC TP
1.4.7 Chit rt sn phm

Mc ch:
+ Ko di thi gian bo qun nh trnh tc ng bn ngoi
+ Thun li cho qu trnh phn phi, vn chuyn sn phm
+ Hon thin sn phm
Tin hnh:
+ Chit rt vo chai: Qu trnh chit rt c thc hin th cng 5 0c v p sut
0,5-1atm.
Chai pet sau khi ra sch bng nc sch 2 ln sau ra bng dung dch
chlorine 200ppm, cui cng ra li bng nc sch 2 ln nhm m bo sch chlorine.
Soda t thit b bo ha theo ng ng bm vo phng chit rt. Soda c lc tinh
ln na loi b tp cht ng ng
Soda c bm vo chai n 1 lng nht nh, th tch sc khong 1.125lit
Thm 1 lng siro bn thnh phm, chm thm soda nu cha th tch 1,25lit
Sau em i ng np ngay trnh tn tht CO2.
Chit rt vo lon
Lon ra bng nc sch v chlorine trn h thng my ra. Sau lon c a
vo h thng my chit rt.
Nc gii kht c phi ch trong thit b bo ha CO 2 s i qua b phn chit
rt bng cch dng CO2 to lc y v nc gii kht i vo bn cha ca my chit rt
t ng
u tin lon c chy theo bng chuyn n my chit rt, tip theo my s gi
v a lon ln bn cha lon v nc gii kht t thng cha c rt vo lon. Tip theo
lon nc s n b phn ng np t ng. Np c a n t 1 bng chuyn khc.
Sau lon s qua cng on kim tra ri qua qu trnh hp
Hp- lm kh chai, lon
- 46
BO CO THC TP
1.4.8 Hp chai, lon

Mc ch
+ Nng nhit ca chai, lon n nhit thng chai cng cng ln thun
li cho qu trnh dn nhn, n nh hnh dng chai, lon
+ Ngn nga s ti nhim ca vi sinh vt
Tin hnh
+ Chai, lon sau chit rt c nhit 5-10 0c i vo thit b hp. Thit b hp gm 3
bung :
Bung 1 : t0 = 24-260c
Bung 2 : t0 = 25-270c
Bung 3 : t0 = 36-370c
Chai, lon i qua thit b hp s tip xc trc tip vi nc m c nhit tng dn
mi bung hp. Khi nhit sn phm cng tng dn n nhit thng. Chai
sau lm m c lm sch bng nc lnh trc khi ra khi bung hp. Nc sau
truyn nhit c bm hon lu tr li.
1.4.9 Lm kh
Mc ch: lm kh hon ton chai chun b cho qu trnh indate v dn nhn.
Tin hnh:
+ Chai sau khi ra khi bung hp c nhit t 30-33 0c i qua cc qut thi
gn dc bng ti. Khng kh nng c thi t cc qut s lm bay hi nc trn chai.
+ Chai sau khi lm kh i qua my indate. Ti y, h thng cm ng s pht
hin v phun mc in ln np chai i vi chai pet v phun y i vi lon.
+ Chai sau khi indate c a i dn nhn.
1.4.10 Dn nhn, v thng
Mc ch
+ Tng gi tr cm quan
- 47
BO CO THC TP
+ Cung cp thng tin v sn phm

+ Thun li cho qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun sn phm
+ Qung b thng hiu
Tin hnh :
+ Nhn c lm bng giy v ph PE. Trn nhn ghi y thng tin v sn
phm
+ Khi sn phm chy trn bng ti,ngi cng nhn s a nhn vo chai ng
v tr quy nh
+ Chai c a n mm xoay c xp vo thng
1.4.11 Kim tra thnh phm
Kim tra bao b :
+ Hnh dng : khng c mp mo
+ kn : chai khng b thng, khng b x gaz
+ Nhn : dnh cht vo chai
+ cng : chai phi t cng nht nh, cn loi b nhng chai mm
Cm quan :
+ Mu sc, mi v : c trng cho sn phm
+ Trng thi : lng, ng nht
+ trong : ty c tnh sn phm
+ ngm gaz : phi t yu cu t 3,5-4 g/l
Ha l
+ Hm lng CO2 : 3-4 g/cm2
+ Hm lng natri benzoat, kim loi nng : theo TCVN
+ Xc nh Bx : 60-70 g/l
+ Xc nh chua sn phm
Vi sinh
+ Xc nh tng vi sinh vt hiu kh : 10 khun lc/ml
+ Xc nh coliform, e.coli : 0/1ml
+ Xc nh tng s bo t nm men, nm mc : 0/1ml
+ Cc vi khun gy bnh khc : 0/1ml
- 48
BO CO THC TP
2. SN XUT NC NGT KHNG GAS

2.1. S quy trnh:
ng
Ho tan
Acid citric
Nc
Chuyn ha
Lc
Lm ngui
Nc tinh lc
Chai sch
Pha ch
Mu, hng
liu, ph gia
Chit rt
Ghp m
Th x
Lm kh
Dn nhn
V trng
Thnh phm
- 49
BO CO THC TP

a/ Chun b siro trng
- Mc ch: chun b cho qu trnh pha ch siro mi.
- Phng php thc hin:
Thc hin bng phng php un nng gin tip.
Qu trnh nu siro trong sn xut nc ngt c gas, c tn tr sn xut nc ngt
khng gas. Ngha l qu trnh nu siro trong sn xut nc ngt khng gas hon ton
ging vi cng on nu siro trong sn xut nc ngt c ga.
b/ Pha ch:
- Mc ch: ha tan cc thnh phn vi nhau to thnh nc gii kht khng gas c mu
sc hng v c trng ca tng loi sn phm nh: cam, du, x x, da, to
- Phng php: siro trng c bm qua bn pha ch sau phi trn hng mu, ph
gia v nc tinh lc to thnh siro mi ri bm sang bn cao v chuyn vo chit rt.
c/ Chit rt
i vi nc ngt khng gas, nh my tin hnh chit rt siro mi theo phng
php th cng. Th tch chit rt 80ml.
d/ Ghp np
Sau chit rt xong th chai c a sang ghp np v chai c th tch nh, ming
chai nh nn c ghp np bng giy nhm, dng sc nng hn kn giy nhm vi
ming chai.
e/ Th x
Ghp np xong ta tin hnh th x kim tra m hn c dnh cht ming chai
khng, nu khng t phi em i hn li.
f/ Hon thin sn phm
Chai c lau kh dn nhn c d dng. Yu cu nhn phi c dnh vo
chai.
Dn nhn nhm mc ch cung cp thng tin v hnh nh to s hp dn cho sn
phm.
Cui cng chai c xp vo thng v c a i bo qun nh kho trc khi
xut hng.
- 50
BO CO THC TP
2.3. Kim tra sn phm:

a/ Kim tra bao b
- Hnh dng
- kn
- Nhn
- Vt liu bao b
b/ Cm quan:
- Mu sc c trng cho tng sn phm.
- Mi v
- trong
c/ Ha l
- Brix, pH
d/ Vi sinh:
- Kim tra E.Coli
- Kim tra t cu khun
- Kim tra nm men.
- 51
BO CO THC TP
3. CNG NGH SN XUT TR B AO

1. Quy trnh
ng,
211, ph
gia khc
Ha tan
Acid citric
Gia
Gia mhit
nhit
Ct b ao,
hng liu, mu
Phi trn
Lon nhm
Lc Siro
Sc ra
Chit rt
nh lng Nit
Nit lng
Ghp np
In Date
Hp tit trng
Lm ngui
V thng
V mng co
Tr B
ao
- 52
BO CO THC TP
2.Thuyt minh
2.1 Qu trnh nu
- u tin nh cc nguyn liu : caramel, ng, ct b ao, acid citric. Sau
a cc nguyn liu ny vo ni nu.
- Mc ch : chuyn cc cht ha tan v dng dung dch chun b cho qu trnh
chit rt.
- Phng php : hn hp nguyn liu c ha tan nhit 80 0c trong thi gian
5-10 pht. Khi dung dch t yu cu th chuyn ln bn trung gian a qua b phn
chit rt.
2.2 Qu trnh chit rt
Mc ch :
+ Ngn chn s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt vo sn phm

+ D vn chuyn, d phn phi, tin s dng
+ Ko di thi gian bo qun ca sn phm
- Phng php :
+ Chit rt nng 750c nhm mc ch : ngn chn oxy khng kh, vi khun xm
nhp vo sn phm v bi kh
+ Trong qu trnh chit rt c s dng nito lng. Nito lng c phun trc tip
vo lon ngay sau khi chit rt v trc khi ng np, nhm mc ch : lm cng lon v
lon bng nhm rt d b bin dng trong qu trnh chit rt. Nhit nit lng l
-2000c, p sut 5kg/cm2
+ Khi phun nit lng vo sn phm th kh nng ha tan vo sn phm rt t.
Trong thi gian bo qun, nit tch pha v nm trn b mt sn phm. Do , khi ngi
tiu dng s dng, np lon c m ra th nit bay ra ht nn khng nh hng ti sc
khe ngi tiu dng.
+ Thit b chit rt : s dng my chit rt ca sn phm nc ngt c gas dng
lon.
- 53
BO CO THC TP
2.3. Hp
- Mc ch: h nhit t 750c xung 300c to iu kin cho qu trnh vn chuyn
sang cng on tit trng c d dng hn.
- Thit b: s dng thit b hp ca sn phm nc ngt c gas dng lon.
- Sau khi hp, lon c a qua my qut thi kh v indate.
2.4. Tit trng
- Mc ch: tiu dit hon ton vi sinh vt cn li sau qu trnh chit rt.
- Nhit tit trng l 1200c trong 10 pht.
- Thit b : s dng my tit trng ca sn phm nc yn ngn nh. Lm ngui
- Mc ch : h nhit sau tit trng xung nhit phng.
- Phng php : s dng nc thng phun trc tip ln sn phm n khi nhit
t yu cu th ngng qua trnh lm ngui.
- Sau khi sn phm c lm ngui s c lau kh v xp thng, mi thng 6
lon.
- 54
Hnh 3.1:
BO CO THC TP
4. CNG NGH SN XUT NC YN NGN NH.

4.1. S quy trnh. (Qui trnh cn nhiu li sai cn sa li)
ng RE,
gum, 211, ph
gia khc
Nm
tuyt
Trn kh
Ngm nc
Ha tan
X l
Hydrat ha
Ra sch
Khuy u
T0 = 70 0C
T0 = 85 0C/10 pht
Ha tan
(85oC)
Cht
n
nh
Xay nh
Ry
KCS
Dung dch
gel
Lm ngui
1
T0 = 75 0C
Lon
Phi hng
Dung dch
gel
Chit rt
Ra sch
nh
llohng
Ghp m
indate
Lm ngui
2
Np
y
KCS
Hp tit
trng
T0 = 125 0C/12-15
pht P = 2 at
Lm kh
T0 = 35-40
0
C
Bao mng
co
ng
thng
24 h
Cha kho
tm
ttamjta
- 55
o thng,
lc u
Nc
Yn
Ngn
Nh
BO CO THC TP
4.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh.

4.2.1. Nguyn liu
Nguyn liu gm c RE, nc tinh lc, gum, nm tuyt, benzoat, ph gia khc ...
Cc qu trnh
+ Trn kh
- Mc ch : trn chung vi nguyn liu ng, benzoat, gum ... To iu kin
thun li cho qu trnh ha tan.

+ Ha tan
- Mc ch : ha tan hn hp nguyn liu ng, benzoat, gum thnh dung dch
ng nht, ng thi gim thi gian hydrat ha.
to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh ha tan, nc c nng nhit ln 70 0c
ri mi cho hn hp vo ha tan.
+ Hydrat ha
Qu trnh hydrat ha c thc hin 850c trong thi gian 10 pht.
- Mc ch : to iu kin thch hp cho hydrat ha hon ton to thnh dung dch
snh c kh nng treo l lng cc mnh nm tuyt. Ngoi ra nhit ny rt n nh
c th ha tan tt v nhit ny c tc dng thanh trng sn phm.
+ Khuy u
Mc ch : khuy u trn u hn hp, to dung dch gel ng nht.
+ Lc
- Mc ch : lc tch cc tp cht c th ln vo trong nguyn liu nhm nng
cao cht lng sn phm.
+ Lm ngui 1
- 56
BO CO THC TP
- Mc ch : dung dch sau khi hydrat ha c nhit 85 0c do ta phi lm

ngui xung 750c to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh phi hng, gim tht thot
hng.
+ Phi hng
- Mc ch : phi hng thm tng gi tr cm quan, to hng v c trng
cho sn phm nc yn ngn nh.
+ Chit rt
-
Nc yn c chit rt ng p nhit 700 C.
- Mc ch : chit rt nng hn ch nhim vi sinh vt v trnh oxi ha mt s

cht.
- Yu cu : lon phi c ra sch trc khi chit rt, lon khng c mp mo,
trn lon phi in y cc thng tin v sn phm nh thnh phn, hng dn s dng ...
+ Ghp m :
- Mc ch : lm kn sn phm, trnh nhim vi sinh vt.
- Yu cu : np y c in date r dng. Trc khi a vo ghp m y phi
c ra bng nc nng lm sch bi bn v hn ch nhim vi sinh vt vo sn
phm.
+ KCS :
- Mc ch : KCS kim tra bao b : lon khng mp mo, mi ghp kn, hn s
dng c r rng.
+ Hp tit trng: Nc yn sau khi ghp m c cht vo xe bng inox sau
cho vo ni hp tin hnh hp 125 0c trong thi gian 12- 15 pht p sut 2at bng hi
nc.
- Mc ch : tiu dit hon ton h vi sinh vt v bo t ca vi sinh vt trong nc
yn nhm ko di thi gian bo qun.
+ Lm ngui: Nc yn sau khi hp xong c lm ngui qua 2 giai on :
- 57
BO CO THC TP
Giai on 1 : lm ngui ngay trong ni hp bng vi nc.
Giai on 2 : lm ngui bn ngoi bng vi nc.
Mc ch : lm ngui xung nhit 35-400c thun li cho vic thao tc
cc cng on hon thin sn phm v lm ngui bo qun.

+ Lm kh- bao mng co ng thng :
- Mc ch: hon thin sn phm
+ Cha kho tm- o thng lc u: Nc yn trong qu trnh hp nhit cao
lm nht ca dung dch gel gim do khng c kh nng gel l lng cc mnh nm
tuyt b sa lng xung y lon. Sau khi cha kho tm 24h, nhit ca sn phm n
nh, lc ny dung dch c kh nng gel tt do ta o thng lc u cho cc mnh
nm tuyt b lng phn y lon x ln phn trn v c gel l lng.
Nm tuyt
Nm tuyt c ngm nc cho trng n mm sau tin hnh ct b cung,
phn h ri ra sch xay. Sau c nu nhit 90 0c trong 10 pht, lm chn,
gip kh mi v tiu dit mt phn vi sinh vt. Nm tuyt sau khi nu c em i xay
nh sau ra s bng nc m ng thi loi ra nhng mnh khng t yu cu, ri
ro nc. Sau cho vo ry cho vo nc kim tra nu nc t yu cu th tin
hnh nh lng vo lon a i chit rt.
Mt s thng tin v sn phm:
Thnh phn:
+ Hm lng ng 77g/l
+ X th 0-3 g/l
+ Ngn nh 5-10g/l
+ Natri benzoat < 0,6g/l
Hng dn s dng: lc trc khi ung.
Hn s dng 2 nm.
- 58
BO CO THC TP
5. SA CHUA UNG YOBI

5.1. S quy trnh.
Nc x
l
Sa bt
Lm ngui gin
tip
T0 = 600C
Ha tan ng +
n nh
Thanh trng
Gia nhit
Lm ngui
Lm ngui
Lm ngui
T0 = 850C/ 10
pht
Lm ngui gin
tip
T0 = 450C
Lm ngui trc tip
T0 = 350C
ng RE, cht
bo qun, acid
citric
Phi trn
Yohurt
Gia nhit
T0 = 750C
ng ha
P = 200
bar
KCS
Chai, hp
nha
Thanh trng
T0 = 920C/ 5 pht
KCS
Lm ngui
T0 = 700C
Sc, ra sch
Phi trn ph
Chai, hp nha
sch
Chit rt
Hng liu,
mu
T0 = 650C
Hon thin sn
phm
- 59
Thnh
phm
BO CO THC TP

5.2.1 Chun b dch yoghurt
a. Sa bt
Sa bt nguyn kem trc khi a vo nh my cn c tin hnh kim tra cc
ch tiu cht lng nh: hm lng cht bo, cht m, ng lactose, tng vi sinh vt,
trc khi a vo sn xut.
Cht lng sa bt c nh gi thng qua cc nhm ch tiu sau:
- Ch tiu cm quan: trng thi, mu sc, mi, v.
- Ch tiu ha l: m, t trng, kh nng ha tan, chua, kch thc ht, hm
lng cht dinh dng.
- Ch tiu vi sinh: tng s vi khun hiu kh, s vi sinh vt gy bnh nh: E.coli,
Salmonela, Staphylococcus, Clostridium
b. Ha tan
- Mc ch:
+ Ha tan hon ton sa bt thnh dng dung dch ng nht, to iu kin thun
li cho qu trnh ln men.
+ Hon nguyn sa tr v trng thi ban u.
- Tin hnh
+ Sa bt c kim tra cht lng v nh lng cho tng m nu.
+ Kim tra, v sinh sch thit b, ni nu.
+ Bm nc vo theo t l tng ng vi lng bt.
+ M van hi gia nhit nc n 450c trong thit b ni 2 v.
+ Khi ng cnh khuy tc 120 vng/pht.
+ Cho sa bt nguyn kem nh lng vo ni, cho t t kh nng ha tan
sa bt l cao nht.
- 60
BO CO THC TP
+ Nu ha tan nhit thp kh ha tan hon ton c sa, dung dch ln men
s khng ng nht lm nh hng n qu trnh ln men. Mt khc, nhit thp s
ko di thi gian gy nh hng n hiu qu sn xut. Nhng nu ha tan sa bt
nhit cao qu s gy hin tng vn cc. Phi thng xuyn kim tra ha tan ca
dch sa ln men nng ln nhit thanh trng.
c. Thanh trng
- Mc ch
+ Tiu dit cc vi sinh vt gy bnh v v hot cc enzyme trong sa.
+ Lm bin tnh s b cc protein, lm yu cc lin kt trong nguyn liu to iu
kin cho vi khun lactic d dng hot ng.
- Tin hnh
+ M rng thm van hi vo, gia nhit dch sa ln 750c, gi nhit ny 10
pht.
+ Trong sut qu trnh thanh trng, cnh khuy hot ng lin tc.
+ Khi thi gian thanh trng th kha van hi li, a dch sa i lm ngui
chun b ln men.
d. Lm ngui,
- Mc ch:
+ a sa v nhit thch hp cho qu trnh ln men.
+ Sa tr v trng thi ban u( protid trng n, cc mui trng thi cn bng,
kh nng ha tan trit hn,)
- Tin hnh
+ Sa sau thanh trng c bm qua bn ln men v sinh sch.
+ Lm ngui bng dng nc lnh chy gia 2 lp v ca bn ln men n nhit
43- 440c. Gi nhit ny trong khong 1- 2 gi sa tr li trng thi ban u.
- 61
BO CO THC TP
e. Ln men
- Mc ch
+ Chuyn ha ng lactose thnh acid lactic, ng thi to ra nhng cht thm
cho sn phm.
+ Chun b dch yoghurt cho qu trnh phi trn.
- Tin hnh
+ Men dng ln men sa chua ung yobi l loi men c kt hp gia 2
chng vi khun Sthermophylus v L. Bugaricus. Chng c kh nng lm gim pH n
3,7- 3,8 v to hng rt mnh, sinh nhiu acetaldehyt, aceton v diacetyl.
+ Men c bo qun - 100c, khi cn s dng ly ra mt t.
+ Trc khi cho men vo dch sa tin hnh ln men, phi ha tan men vo mt t
dch sa, khuy u 10 pht ri mi cho vo trong bn ln men.
+ Tin hnh khuy dch sa khong 15 pht lng men cho vo phn tn u
trong dch, tt cnh khuy chun b ln men.
+ Kim tra nhit ca dch, p sut trong ni qua nhit k v p k trn thn
ni. Kim tra xem ni kn cha v bt u tnh thi gian ln men.
+ Nhit ln men 43- 440c thun li cho vi khun lactic hot ng
+ Thi gian ln men 9- 10 gi
+ Sau khi ln men c 9 gi ta ly 1 cc sch ly mu sa, kim tra pH, cm
quan mi v, trng thi ca mu yoghurt. Kim tra thng xuyn n khi pH bng 4,04,1 th dng qu trnh ln men, chun b a i phi trn.
Lu
o Nu ln men qu thi gian m pH cha t, cn b sung acid citric theo yu
cu
o Thit b c th np cnh khuy thc y qu trnh chuyn khi trong mi
trng, tng tc ha tan khi b sung cht iu chnh pH
- 62
BO CO THC TP
o Trong qu trnh ln men khng cn gia nhit v qu trnh ny sinh nhit. Chnh
nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men gip cho nhit trong thit b lun t yu
cu 43- 440c
o Chun b dch siro v dch n nh
f. Ha tan
- Mc ch:
+ To dung dch ng nht, n nh
+ Chun b dch sirro cho qu trnh phi trn
- Tin hnh:
+ V sinh sch s thit b nu v cc thit b ph tr
+ Bm nc vo theo t l tng ng vi lng bt cho vo
+ M van hi, gia nhit nc ln 600c trong thit b ni 2 v
+ Khi ng cnh khuy, tc 100 vng/pht
+ Ly 1 phn trong lng ng cn cho vo trong cng thc phi trn kh
theo t l: cht n nh/ ng = 1/5, cht n nh/ nc = 1/40 v cho t t vo ni
nu. V cht n nh rt kh tan, kh nng trng n ln, rt d b vn cc nn phi cho
cnh khuy hot ng tc cao nhm t c ha tan trit .
g. Gia nhit
- Mc ch:
+ Tiu dit cc vi sinh vt trong nguyn liu
+ Ha tan trit cc cht to hn hp ng nht
- Tin hnh:
+ Nc tip tc c gia nhit ln 850c v gi nhit ny trong 10 pht
+ Cnh khuy lin tc hot ng khuy o khi siro
+ Ly mu kim tra ha tan
- 63
BO CO THC TP
h. Lm ngui
- Mc ch: lm ngui dch siro xung 450c gn bng vi nhit yoghurt
chun b cho qu trnh phi trn.
- Tin hnh:
+ M van cho nc lnh chy vo gia hai v ca bn ln men.
+ Lm ngui khi dich siro n 450c.
+ Cho mt t nc x l vo trong dch h nhit d xung 35-400C.
5.3. Sn xut sa chua ung.
a. Phi trn 1, gia nhit.
- Mc ch:
+ Trn dch siro, yoghurt, cht bo qun chun b sn xut sa chua.
+ Tng kh nng ha trn trit vo nhau gia cc thnh phn hn hp.
+ To hn hp ng nht.
+ Gia nhit n nhit thch hp cho qu trnh ng ha.
- Tin hnh:
+ Ni nu phi c v sinh sch s, bt cnh khuy tc thp.
+ M van cho dch siro v yoghurt ti cc bn cha vo ni nu theo t l cn phi
trn.
+ Tip tc cho phn ng cn li vo ni.
+ Khuy u v gia nhit 750c, cho cht bo qun vo.
+ Trong qu trnh phi trn, KCS thng xuyn ly mu kim tra pH, cm
quan v. Nu cha t chua cn thit th s b sung thm axit citric n pH=3,9-4,0.
+ Khi hn hp ng nht th tin hnh bm dch i dng ha.
* Ch
- 64
BO CO THC TP
- Khi tin hnh phi trn, phi h nhit dch siro tng ng vi nhit
yoghurt trnh hin tng tch lp trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun.
- Phi trn theo ng cng thc.
- Phi m bo cc thng s k thut m ba cht lng sn phm.
b. ng ha
- Mc ch:
+ Lm gim kch thc cc ht cu bo, lm chng phn tn u trong sa to hn
hp ng nht.
+ Chng lai s tch pha cht bo, to vng sa trn b mt trong qu trnh bo
qun nh tng din tch tip xc b mt cc pha v tng sc cng b mt ca chng.
+ Gim kh nng oxi ha cht bo,
+ Tng cht lng sn phm sa nh s phn tn cream, thay i thnh phn tnh
cht protein.
+ Tng gi tr cm quan.
+ Gip c th hp thu d dng.
- Tin hnh:
+ My ng ha trc khi s dng phi c v sinh sch s
+ Sa sau phi trn 1 c gia nhit n 75 0c trong ni 2 v c cnh khuy, c
bm vo thit b ng ha 2 cp.
+ H xilanh, pittong hot ng y sa qua cc van ng ha, cc cu bo s b
chia nh. My ng ha hot ng p sut 200 bar, 75-800c.
+ Sa trong qu trnh ng ha c hon lu lin tc vo thit b gia nhit ban
u.
+ KCS kim tra dch sa sau ng ha.
+ Sa sau ng ha c bm vo thit b tit trng.
- 65
BO CO THC TP
c. Thanh trng
- Mc ch:
+ Tiu dit vi sinh vt trong sa, trnh gy bin i cht lng sn phm, c th
bo qun sn phm trong khong thi gian di.
- Tin hnh:
+ Sa sau ng ha c bm sang ni nu v thanh trng gin tip bng hi
nc nhit 920c trong vng 5 pht.
+ Do pH ca sn phm thp, pH=3,9-4,0 nn c tc dng hn ch s pht trin
ca vi sinh vt rt tt. Ngoi ra, trong sa c s dng mt s cht bo qun nn ta ch
cn thanh trng 920c l t yu cu, sn phm sau khi thanh trng c th bo qun
c ti 1 nm.
Yu cu: trnh thanh trng nhit cao trong thi gian di s lm thay i cc
thnh phn trong sa theo hng xu: gy mu xu cho sn phm do phn ng caramen
ha, protein bin tnh gy kt ta.
d. Lm ngui.
- Mc ch:
+ a nhit sa v nhit thch hp cho qu trnh rt nng 60-650c.
+ To iu kin cho qu trnh phi trn 2.
- Tin hnh:
+ Sa sau tit trng c bm vo ni inox 2 v dng hnh chp.
+ Cho cnh khuy hot ng.
+ M van cho nc lnh i vo v ni trao i nhit gin tip vi sa bn
trong.
+ Sau thi gian truyn nhit, nhit sa h xung 65-70 0c l nhit thch hp
cho phi trn.
+ Nc sau truyn nhit c x ra ngoi qua y thit b.
- 66
BO CO THC TP
e. Phi trn 2
- Mc ch
+ Phi trn mu, hng cho sa tng gi tr cm quan.
+ Lm a dng dng sa chua.
- Tin hnh
+ Sa sau lm ngui n 65 0c c bm qua thit b phi trn c cu to nh ni
lm ngui, cho cnh khuy hot ng.
+ Hng liu, mu thc phm c nh lng v cho vo thit b qua phu np
liu.
+Khuy trn hn hp trong thi gian nht nh cc thnh phn trn u vo
nhau
+ Theo di mu sc, ng u qua ng thy.
+ Bm dch sa ln bn trung gian tin hnh chit rt.
f. Chit chai v hon thin sn phm
- Mc ch: Qu trnh chit rt c thc hin 65-700C nhm:
+ Hn ch ti thiu lng oxi ha tan.
+ Hn ch ti a s bin i cht lng sn phm do qu trnh oxi ha
+ Trnh s pht trin ca vi sinh vt hiu kh trong sn phm.
+ Gim thiu s nhim khun t bn ngoi trong qu trnh chit rt.
Hon thin sn phm c tc dng:
+ Thng tin cho ngi tiu dng v: cht lng sn phm, thnh phn, ch tiu,
thi hn s dng.
+ Thun li cho ngi tiu dng trong qu trnh s dng
+ Hng dn cho ngi s dng cch bo qun s dng.
+Qung b thng hiu.
- 67
BO CO THC TP
+Bo qun v vn chuyn d dng.

- Tin hnh:
+ Chun b chit rt:
V trng my rt bng nc nng, chai l c ra sch bng dung dich clorine
200ppm, sau c ra li bng nc sch v thi kh.
Cng nhn phi c trang b gng tay, khu trang, m v st khun bng cn.
Dung dch sa chun b chit rt 65 0c v c a t bn trung gian vo bn
chit rt.
+ Chit rt: sa chai 110ml c rt bng my, hn kn t ng vi tc
1200ml/h sau chai c chuyn n my dn nhn, p mng co, indate, xp lc ri
v thng.
+ Sa thnh phm c kim tra sch s trong sut qu trnh hon thin sn phm.
KCS phi thng xuyn quan st h ca mi hn, dn nhn, indate
kp thi loi b sn phm khng t yu cu.
g. Kim tra thnh phm.
- Cc ch tiu cm quan
+ Trng thi: dung dch ng nht, mn, snh, khng tch lp v khng c cn li.
+ Mu sc c trng cho tng loi sn phm.
+ Mi hng: c trng ca sa ln men v hng tri cy cng tn vi sn phm.
+ V: sn phm c v chua ngt hi ha, khng c v l.
- Ch tiu ha l.
- Ch tiu vi sinh.
6. SN XUT RAU CU
- 68
BO CO THC TP
6.1. S quy trnh

ng RE, 211, bt
rau cu, cht to
ng khc
Thch
Da
Trn kh
Ngm nc
lnh
Ha tan
Ngm nc si
Nu
850C/ 10 pht
700C
Sn ng 20
%
Phi trn
Hng,
mu, citrric
KCS
Chit rt
Chn
nha
nh lng
Hn hp
Mng phc
hp
KCS
Ngm nc
nng
850C/ 5pht
Lm ngui
Sy kh
nh lng
Bao gi
Rau cu
- 69
BO CO THC TP
6.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh.

6.2.1. Nguyn liu
Nguyn liu sn xut rau cu gm: ng RE, nc tinh lc, bt rau cu, cht
bo qun 211, hng thc phm, mu thc phm v mt s cht to ng khc.
6.2.2 Cc qu trnh
6.2.1. Trn kh
Mc ch: cc nguyn liu ng, agar, 211 c trn chung vi nhau nhm to
iu kin cho vic ha tan c ng u.
6.2.2. Ha tan
- Mc ch: ha tan ng, bt rau cu, 211 thnh dung dch ng nht.
- to iu kin thun li cho vic ha tan, ta nng nhit ca nc ln 85 0c v
nhit ny kh nng ha tan ca bt rau cu v 211 l tt nht.
- h tr cho qu trnh ha tan ta dng thit b ha tan.
6.2.3. Nu
- Mc ch: to iu kin thun li cho bt rau cu v cht to ng trng n tt,
ngoi ra cn c tc dng thanh trng.
- Qu trnh nu c tin hnh 850c trong vng 10 pht
6.2.4. Phi trn
- Mc ch; phi trn hng, mu ,citric nhm to mu sc, hng v c trng
cho sn phm, a dng ha sn phm.
- Dung dch sau khi nu 85 0c c lm ngui 700c sau tin hnh phi trn
trnh tht thot hng, to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh phi hng.
- Yu cu: hng liu s dng phi nm trong danh mc ca b y t.
- 70
BO CO THC TP
6.2.5. Chit rt.

Qu trnh chit rt c thc hin 700c.
- Mc ch: chit rt nng nhm:
+ Trnh nhim vi sinh vt.
+ To iu kin thun li cho vic chit rt do dung dch c nht cao.
6.2.6. Ghp m.
- Mc ch:
+ Lm kn sn phm trnh nhim vi sinh vt.
+ Qung b thng hiu, cung cp thng tin cho ngi tiu dng.
6.2.7. Ngm nc nng
Mc ch: ngm trong nc nng 80-850c c tc dng thanh trng sn phm.
6.2.8. Lm ngui
Mc ch: sn phm sau khi ngm nc nng c nhit cao khong 70 0c cn
lm ngui bng nc xung nhit 35-40 0c to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh sy
kh.
6.2.9. Sy kh
- Mc ch:
+ Lm kh nc dnh t bn ngoi
+ Lm ngui sn phm v nhit phng d bo qun
Qu trnh sy c thc hin bng thit b sy bng ti/
- 71
BO CO THC TP
7. Cng ngh sn xut nc tinh khit

7.1 Quy trnh cng ngh
Nc x l
Np cha x l
Lc than hot tnh
Ngm cn
Lc ch
Ra sch bng nc x
l
Thng cha x l
Ngm nc mui
Ra nc
Lc giy
Ra Cloramin B
Sc Ozon
Ra bng nc sch
UV
Kim tra
Bc vng
Nc tinh
khit
Chit rt ng
np
Dn nhn
Mng co
7.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh

Nc sau khi x l c bm vo bn ti phng sn xut nc tinh khit, nc
c x l qua cc cng on sau:
7.2.1 Lc than hot tnh
- Mc ch: loi b mu, mi hp th cc cht tr v mt ha hc, cc tp cht
cn li trong nc sau khi x l s b.
- Yu cu sau khi lc
+ Nc khng c mi v l.
+ Mu ca nc o bng n v TCU.
+ c 2 n v NTU.
7.2.2 Lc ch
Sau khi lc than hot tnh, nc c a i lc ch c kch thc 1m.
- Mc ch: Loi b nhng cn mn sau khi lc than v loi b 1 phn VSV trong
nc.
- 72
BO CO THC TP
7.2.3 Lc giy
Sau khi qua lc ch nc c a qua lc giy c kch thc l 0,2m.
- Mc ch: loi b nhng cn c kch thc < 1 m ng thi loi b 1 phn
VSV trong nc do vi sinh vt c kch thc > 0,2 m s c gi li trn lp giy lc.
Nc sau khi qua lc ch v lc giy phi tha mn yu cu:
+ Hm lng cn khng tan 3mg/l.
+ Vi khun k kh 1ml nc = 0.
7.2.4 Kh trng nc
Sau qu trnh x l a s vi khun b gi li nhng trong nc vn cn cha
VSV, v vy nc c em i kh trng. nh my Tn Quang Minh qu trnh x l
qua 2 giai on: x l Ozon v bng tia cc tm.
Kh trng bng Ozon: Khi Ozon c sc vo nc Ozon s phn ly thnh Oxi
v Oxi nguyn t.
Oxi nguyn t xm nhp vo t bo VSV, siu vi khun qua 2 giai on:
-
Giai on 1: Khuch tn
Giai on 2: ph hy men t bo, ph hy nguyn sinh cht.
+ u im:
Ph hy nguyn sinh cht gip tiu dit vi khun m cc ha cht khc khng
tiu dit c do vi khun u c men.
Lm gm nng cht hu c, gim nng cc cht hot tnh.
Lm tng nng Oxi ha tan
Chuyn ha NH thnh NO 4
+ Nhc im
Vn u t ban u cao
Tiu tn in.
- 73
BO CO THC TP
- Kh trng bng tia cc tm

Tia cc tm l tia c bc x in c bc sng khong 4 400 m. Tia cc tm
c tc dng lm thay i DNA ca t bo vi khun khi bc sng bng 254 m. Tia
cc tm c kh nng kh trng cao nht.
nh my Tn Quang Minh dng n thy ngn p lc thp pht tia cc tm
vi bc sng 254 m.
+ u im:
Khng lm thay i tnh cht ha hc v vt l ca nc
Vi sinh b tiu dit mt cch nhanh chng
+ Nhc im:
Chi ph vn hnh cao.
c ca nc v cht nhn bm vo n c th lm ngn cn tia cc tm tc dng
vo vi khun lm cho hiu qu kh trng thp.
+ Yu cu
Nc sau khi kh trng phi c v trng hon ton
7.2.5 X l bao b
- X l bnh
Do bnh l vt liu c lu ngy c ti s dng nn phi em i x l trc
khi a vo chit rt m bo v sinh.
+ Cch tin hnh
Trc tin bnh c ngm trong dung dch nc mui c nng 10% trong 30
pht loi bt VSV ri ra qua nc x l sau ra bng Cloramin B 120 ppm
dit hon ton vi sinh vt v ty trng bnh.
Sc ra bng nc x l bnh sch khng cn ha cht, m bo sc khe cho
ngi tiu dng. Sau khi thng t yu cu s c bc vng m ri a qua khu
chit rt.
- 74
BO CO THC TP
- X l np
Np l vt liu ti s dng nn phi c x l. Np sau khi v sinh sch c
ngm trong cn 75 kh trng ri ra sch em i qua khu chit rt.
7.2.6 Chit rt hon thin sn phm
Nc sau khi t tiu chun ca nc tinh khit s c em i chit rt, sau
em i dn nhn cung cp thng tin sn phm v c a vo qu trnh mng co.
Sn phm nc tinh khit gm c bnh 21 lt, 5 lt, 1,5 lt, 500ml.
7.3 Kim tra cht lng nc tinh khit
Nc tinh khit sau khi ng chai s tha mn cc ch tiu ca b y t:
Cc ch tiu
n v tnh
Nc x l
Nc tinh khit
Cm quan
Mi
Mu
6,5 7,5
6,5 7,5
mg CaCO3/l
0,5
oxy ha
mg/l
0,3
0,2
St tng cng
mg/l
Tng cht rn ha
mg/l
260
200
Ha l
c
pH
cng
tan
- 75
BO CO THC TP
7.4 Cc s c v bin php khc phc
Thit b
Cc s c
Bin php khc phc
Lc than hot tnh
Than hot tnh khng ti sinh dn Ti sinh v thay than hot

n hp th mi km
Lc giy
Nght l do kch thc l qu b Thay ct lc,ti sinh nh

dn n lc khng hiu qu
Lc ch
tnh nh k
Khng thng xuyn thay ct ch, Thay ct ch v v sinh

lm mt kh nng lc
ct ch nh k
H thng x l Ozon B h hng khng sinh Ozon dit vi Vn hnh thit b ng

khun
nguyn tc, c phng

php sa cha v thay th
kp thi
n cc tm
B m, h hng
Thay bng n nu n b
h hng hay m, v sinh
sch v nha hay ng
thy tinh
Cc ng ng
B x do khng cn bng p hay lu Kim tra ng ng nh

lng nc qu ln dn n p sut k v c bin php thay
tng cao gy b ng ng dn nc th sa cha.
7.5 V sinh thit b

m bo cht lng nc thnh phm cn kim tra v sinh thit b sau mi ca sn
xut cn thit. Nu vic kim tra v v sinh thit b c thc hin tt s rt c li cho
khu sn xut, hn ch s c c th xy ra 1 cch thp nht ng thi x l cc s c
7.5.1 Bn lc than hot tnh
- 76
BO CO THC TP
_ Than sau 1 thi gian s dng s mt hoc gim kh nng kh mi, mu. Do cn
phi c ti sinh than hot tnh
_ Cch tin hnh: Than em ngm trong nc x l 1 ngy ri phi kh v em rang,
thi gian 2 ngy ti sinh 1 ln, bn ra sch bng nc.
7.5.2 Bn lc ch
Bn v cc thanh Inox c nh phi ra bng nc.
Ct ch lc x l v lm sch bng cch: Ct ch lc c ngm trong oxy gi 5
6 % trong 1 ngy sau c x l ri ro, sau 1 ngy thay ct lc 1 ln.
- 77
BO CO THC TP
8. Cng ngh sn xut nc tng lc

8.1 S cng ngh
Nguyn liu
Nc,
acid citric
Acid citric,
taurin, inositol,
vitamin (B1,
B6, B12, PP,
C), mu
thc phm
Nu
Chai nha,
lon
Siro trng
Ra
Nc
thng
Phi trn
Tit trng
Clorami
nB
200ppm
Ra ln 2
Nc tinh
khit
Thanh trng
Lm ngui
Chit rt
Chai
sch
Ghp np
Hon thin sn
phm
Thnh
phm
- 78
BO CO THC TP
8.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh

a. Nguyn liu
Nguyn liu sn xut nc tng lc gm: ng glucose, ng saccharose,
nc tinh khit, cht bo qun, taurin, inositol, hn hp vitamin, hng liu.
Cc nguyn liu trc khi a vo sn xut c KCS kim tra.
b. Qu trnh nu ng
Nc tinh khit c gia nhit ln 85 0C, sau cho ng, cht bo qun, tip
tc un ln 91 950C, trong qu trnh ny b sung thm acid citric chuyn ha
ng khong 10 pht. Kim tra t Brix th em i phi trn.
c. Phi trn
Siro trng c phi trn vi cc nguyn liu cn li to thnh siro mi c mu
sc v hng v c trng v pha ch vi nc tinh khit.
d. Thanh trng
Mc ch: tiu dit vi sinh vt, ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm.
Thanh trng nhit 910C/ 10 pht.
e. Lm ngui
Dung dch c lm ngui xung 600C qu trnh chit rt c d dng.
f. Chit rt
Chit rt nng 600C trnh s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt.
Bidrico nc tng lc c chit rt trong chai nha th tch 110 ml v lon
nha 250 ml.
Chai nha trc khi a vo chit rt c xc ra sch v KCS kim tra.
g. Hon thin sn phm
Sau khi chit rt xong chai, lon c ghp np v a i lau kh, dn nhn, v
mng co ri ng thng
- 79
BO CO THC TP
9. Hot ng qun l v kim tra cht lng sn phm ti cng ty

9.1. nh gi chung v cht lng sn phm ca cng ty
Sn phm ch yu ca cng ty l nc ngt c gas, nc tinh khit, nc tng
lc, tr b ao, sa chua, rau cu lun t cc tiu chun hng u Vit Nam trong nhiu
nm lin. Cc sn phm lun c cc khch hng tin cy v c uy tn trn th trng.
Nguyn nhn l:
Thi gian ny, my mc thit b cua cng ty cn mi. Nguyn vt liu
lun m bo v s lng v cht lng.
Cng ty d p dng h thng v qun l cht lng nh ISO, HACCP,
GMP nn lun m bo c cc yu cu ra.
Sn phm lm ra c t l h hng thp.
Cc c tnh, cng dng ca sn phm p ng c cc thay i ca
nhu cu th trng v m bo tiu chun cht lng m cng ty ng
k.
Th trng cng nh th phn ca cng ty khng ngng c m rng v
chim c lng tin ngy cng cao ca khch hng.
9.2. Tiu chun cht lng sn phm

Cc tiu chun cht lng cng nh yu cu v kinh t k thut cu cng ty u
theo tiu chun ng k v theo yu cu ca khch hng.
STT
Tn sn phm
VT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tr xanh A*nuta
Nc ngt c gas
Sa chua tit trng
Nc p tri cy
Nc tng lc Red Tiger
Nc ung tinh khit
Tr b ao
Rau cu
Sm cao ly
Nc yn ngn nh
Chai
Chai
Hp
Lon
Chai, lon
Bnh, chai
Lon
Bch
Lon
Lon
Mc cht
lng ng
k
TCVN
TCVN
TCVN
TCVN
TCVN
TCVN
TCVN
TCVN
TCVN
TCVN
Phng php ly
mu
Ly ngu nhin
Ly ngu nhin
Ly ngu nhin
Ly ngu nhin
Ly ngu nhin
Ly ngu nhin
Ly ngu nhin
Ly ngu nhin
Ly ngu nhin
Ly ngu nhin
(Ngun: Phng KCS cng ty TNHH TN QUANG MINH)
9.3. Cng tc qun l cht lng sn phm

9.3.1. Quy trnh kim sot
- 80
BO CO THC TP
Quy trnh c thit lp nhm a ra h thng kim sot v gim st cc qu

trnh sn xut m bo cht lng sn phm u ra v gim thiu sai st xy ra tr ong
qu trnh ch bin.
Tt c nhn vin phng KCS chu trch nhim gim st cc qu trnh, ghi chp
v ngn chn cc s c c kh nng nh hng n cht lng sn phm.
Ni dung gim st: kim sot ton b qu trnh phi trn, chit rt v hon thin
sn phm bng cc thng s vt l: nhit , p sut, m,...Kim sot cc cng on
x l nh: v sinh dng c bao gi, thi kh, lm lnh, phi trn, nu, chit rt, bao
gi,... m bo khng lm h hng sn phm.
- 81
BO CO THC TP
Quy trnh kim tra nguyn liu bao b

S kim tra
Yu cu kim tra
nguyn vt liu
Kim tra chng t

Bin php x l
Ly mu
Kim tra cht lng
Nguyn vt liu
khng ph hp
Bo co kt qu
Dn nhn
(nhp kho)
Lu h s
- 82
BO CO THC TP
Quy trnh kim tra cht lng sn phm
Yu cu kim tra
cht lng sn
phm
Ly mu
Sn phm khng
ph hp
Kim tra, nh gi
X l
Bo co
Kim tra
Lu h s
- 83
BO CO THC TP
9.4. Hot ng x l cc sn phm khng ph hp

Tt c cc cng on trong qu trnh sn xut t thu nhn nguyn liu u vo,
ch bin cho n hon thin sn phm phi c kim tra, o lng v gim st mt
cch cht ch nhm nhn dng v x l kp thi s khng ph hp, m bo tnh hon
thin ca sn phm.
Ni dung:
Dng li
Nguyn nhn
Hnh ng khc phc
Thc hin sai trnh t,
iu chnh kp thi cc
thao tc, cn ong sai
thng s nu c th
trng lng, ly sai
Con ngi
C lp l hng, m sn
nguyn liu
phm ch x l
Lp bo co, bin bn x
Cc yu t: nhit , p
l
sut, thi gian,...
Sn phm mt date
ngh CN vn hnh
my my khn cp
Ghp np khng at
My mc
Bo NV c in sa cha
Sn phm thiu CO2, N2
C lp hng ch x l
Sn phm chit b lng
Lp bin bn, bo co ch
hay qu y
x l
Bao b khng ph hp v
C lp l hng
kiu dng, cht liu, kch
Bo co nh cung cp
c
Lp bin bn, bo co ch
x l
Nhn mc khng ph hp Nguyn vt liu
v thng tin, mu sc,
kiu dng
Nguyn vt liu khng
t v ch tiu cht lng
Sn phm b tch, lng
Phng php
C lp l hng
Bo phng CN ch bin
Sn phm b nhim vi
Lp bin bn, bo co ch
sinh
x l
Sn phm b bin i
mu, mi v
Bao b thng (do cn
Bo qun
C lp l hng
trng cn ph)
Bo kho
Lp bin bn, bo co ch
x l
- 84
BO CO THC TP
10. Nng sut lao ng ca cc cng on.

Tn thit b
Dy chuyn
sn xut nc
ngt loi
330ml
Dy chuyn
sn xut tr
xanh, nc p
tri cy
Dy chuyn
sn xut nc
yn, sm cao
Dy chuyn
sn xut nc
tng lc
Dy chuyn
sn xut sa
chua Yobi
Dy chuyn
sn xut nc
ngt c gas
S lng
1
Cng sut
9600lon/h
Nc sn xut
Trung Quc
Nm sn xut
Mi
10.000 chai/h
Trung Quc
Mi
9000 lon/h
i loan
Mi
8000 chai/h
Trung Quc
Mi
12500 chai/h
Trung Quc
Mi
7200 chai/h
Trung Quc
Mi
PHN III: MY MC V THIT B CA NH MY

I. L HI
1. Cc thng s c bn:
Nhit l hi: 1800C
p sut: 10 at
Lng hi cung cp: 1000 kg/gi
Nhin liu chnh: Du FO
Hi c cung cp cho b phn nh my nh nu ng, nu sa, thanh trng,
hp lon, tit trung, cng ty ny s dng l hi LHD1-10. T hp ng l v ng la,
- 85
BO CO THC TP
l c kt cu t mt ng l, thn l v 2 dn ng la. Bung t c b tr trong

ng l.
2. Nguyn tc hot ng:

Nhin liu qua s hot ng ca h thng, nhin liu c t chy trong ng l,
ngn la v khi nng truyn nhit bc x cho thnh ng l ri i ra hp khi sau. T
hp khi sau, khi nng i theo dng ng la hai bn sn l truyn nhit i lu cho
dng ng v i ra hp khi trc. T hp khi trc, khi nng i ra theo dng ng la
trn ng l v truyn nhit i lu nt cho dng ng . Cui cng qua qut ht (nu
c) v thot ra ngoi qua ng khi.
3. Cch vn hnh (l hi LHD 1 10 ):

M van du FO ngoi bn cha.
M van nc x l.
Bt CB tng, bm du.
Bt CB con, bt bm nc ch AUTO.
Hm du s cp nhit 40 70o C.
Khi ng t l.
Khi p sut hi c th phc v cho sn xut th ta m van dn hi vo phc
v cho sn xut.
4. V sinh:
Thng thng 3 6 thng v sinh mt ln.
Dng ha cht hoc th cng c kh.
NaOH 2% bm vo ni hi (P = 1 3 kg/cm 2) duy tr trong 12 24h hoc lu
hn ty thuc vo dy ca lp o cn.
Cp nc vo l v v sinh c kh.
5. S c v cch x l:
5.1 L hi b cn nc nghim trng :
Cng nhn vn hnh khng quan st thng xuyn bm nc b sung.
- 86
BO CO THC TP
Bm nc b hng.
Ni cha b chy nc qua value kha ng x y hay qua ng cp nc do
van mt chiu khng kn.
Tin hnh ng ng ng ra ng thy v m van x y thng ng hi,
sau ng ng hi ra ng thy nu thy.
Nc c km hi thot ra ng x th ni cn nc nhng cha mc
nghim trng (nc c lp l ng thy) th ta tin hnh bm nc b sung gin
on cho ni.
Ch thy c hi thot ra th ni cn nc nghim trng, phi tin hnh x l
theo trnh t sau:
Tt in bm nc (tuyt i khng c bm nc vo ni)
ng tm chn khi trn ng khi v kha van hi ca np liu.
S tn khu vc nh l v bo co vi ngi c trch nhim.
Trng hp bm hng hoc cc van kha ng x, van mt chiu nc i
khng kn cng khng phi ngng l theo trnh t trn, l ngui v tin hnh kim
tra xem xt. Sau khi khc phc cc h hng trn mi c php vn hnh tr li.
5.2. L hi b y nc qu mc:
ng thy b ngp nc, c ting va p ben ben trong ni do cng nhn vn hnh
qu mc qui nh giai on nhm l hoc trong qu trnh vn hnh hay h thng nc
cp b hng (khng dng khi nc cp ); ci ch bm nc qu cao.
Tin hnh x value y gin on, khi mc nc t yu cu th cho ni vn
hnh tr li.
5.3. Cc b phn ca l hi b chy nc, b nt:
Hi nc thot qua ng khi v km theo ting xo xo (hin tng nc chy
ni c kim loi hoc mi hn b h ) do cn bm qu dy lm cn tr s truyn nhit
dn n qu nhit lm bin dng kim loi hay do b chu p b mn, mng qu gii hn
cho php khng chiu c p lc dn n b nt.
- 87
BO CO THC TP
Tin hnh m valve x kh v ngng du t nu kim loi b bin dng, hay tin
hnh tt h thng t nu b nt kim loi.
5.4 N ng sinh hi.
C ting n trong bung t hi nc v khi ra m mt do ng sinh hi qu
mng s dng lu ngy khng thay th hoc do ngng l qu lu khng bo qun ng
k thut dn n b n mn hoc b mc.
Tin hnh ngt cu dao in v kha valve hi ci (khng c m ca np liu
v nc phun ra lm bn cng nhn vn hnh).
5.5 ng thy bo mc nc gi to:
Mc nc ng thy ng yn khng giao ng do ngi vn hnh khng lm v
sinh ng thy hng ngy.
Nu khng c kh nng theo di p sut l thng qua mt thit b no khc th
phi tin hnh ngng l theo th t nh qui trnh vn hnh.
- 88
BO CO THC TP
5.6 Valve an ton khng kn v khng lm vic:

p sut trong l qu mc qui nh m valve an ton vn khng lm vic hay
cha n p sut qui nh c hi nc thot ra do cng nhn vn hnh khng thc
hin kim tra cng ch trong qu trnh vn hnh nn b mt tip xc b bn hoc l xo
b kt.
Tin hnh kim tra cng ch valve, nu vn khng khc phc c th phi
ngng l, tho valve sa cha v kim nh li.
5.7. Ngun in:
Ngun in ca cng ty c ti t trm pht in ca khu cng nghip Vnh
Lc.
5.8. Ngun nc:
Nc ca cng ty s dng c ly t trm cp nc ca khu cng nghip Vnh
Lc v nc thy cc su ln hn 70m.
Nc at tiu chun s dng cho sn xut, do cng ty c cc b phn lc:
Nc sinh hot (lc ct, si, lc th), nc x l (trao i ion, lc tinh, UV).
II. H thng x l CO2

1. Cu to h thng
H thng bao gm 3 thit b chnh: Tc cha CO 2 lng, thp ha kh CO2 lng,
nhm cc bnh lc.
1.1 Tc cha CO2 lng:
Tn thit b: Tc cha CO2 lng.
K hiu: L CO2 -40/22 0707
Tiu chun ch to: TCVN 6513 6156/96
Dung tch: 40.000 lt
Trng lng rng:
- 89
BO CO THC TP
p sut (P) lm vic: 22 bar

p sut thit k: 23 bar
Nhit lm vic: -40oC
Nm ch to: 2007
V chn khng:
+ p sut lm vic: -1 bar
+ p sut mng phng n: +0,5 bar
+ Nhit lm vic: +35oC
1.2 Thp gia nhit:
Dng thp ng chm thng ng c cnh trao i nhit, bn trn c vi nc
Vi nc
Kh CO2
CO2 lng
Hnh : S cu to thp ha kh CO2 lng
- 90
BO CO THC TP
1.3 Nhm 3 bnh lc kh CO2:

Bnh th nht cha dung dch NaHCO3: ha 150g NaHCO3 trong 250 lt nc.
Dung dch chim khang 2/3 th tch bnh.
Bnh th hai cha than hot tnh cha trong cc bao ti.
Bnh th ba cha dung dch KMnO 4: liu lng ha thuc tm nh sau: ha tan
khong 3 mung c ph trong 500 lt nc.
2. Nguyn tc hot ng:

CO2 lng c nhit -40oC t tc cha c p sut cao s theo ng dn n thp
ha kh v i vo cc ng chm c cnh trao i nhit. Ti y, CO 2 lng c nhit
thp s nhn nhit ca lp khng kh xung quanh cnh trao i nhit lm tng nhit
v theo chiu di ng ng n s dn chuyn sang trng thi kh. n on cui ng
ng ca thp ha kh th ton b CO2 lng chuyn ht sang trng thi kh v theo
ng ng dn n cc bnh lc.
Lp khng kh xung quanh cnh trao i nhit s trao i nhit i lu vi cnh
trao i nhit lm nhit gim xung nhanh chng, m trong lp khng kh s ha
tuyt v bm ln cnh trao i nhit lm gim hiu qu trao i nhit ca thit b.
khc phc tnh trng ny ngi ta cho vi nc chy t trn xung di thp lm tan
chy lp tuyt bm, tng hiu qu trao i nhit.
Kh CO2 dn trc tin qua bnh cha dung dch NaHCO3 nhm mc ch loi
tp cht, tng cng ion Na+ cho nc s a. Sau CO2 c dn qua bnh lc bng
than hot tnh. Than hot tnh s ng vai tr l lp lc c tc dng hp th cc cht mi
v cc tp cht bi bn khc. Cui cng kh CO 2 c dn qua bnh cha dung dch
KMnO4. Dung dch ny c tnh oxy ha rt mnh s oxy ha cc cht mi, kh mi bi
than, tiu dit vi sinh vt. Kh CO2 sch c dn theo ng ng n ni s dng.
- 91
BO CO THC TP
Vi phun nc
Kh CO2 sch
Thp
ha
kh
CO2
lng
Bnh cha dung dch

Bnh cha dd Bnh cha than
KMnO4
NaHCO3
hot tnh
Tc cha CO2
lng
Hnh : S h thng x l CO2
III.Thit b trao i nhit

III.1.Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trao i nhit
Thit b c cu to dng
cc tm c ghp song song
Cht ti lnh ra
(Glycol)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cht ti
lnh vo
(Glycol)
vi nhau thnh nhng hp

rng v c ni vi nhau to
thnh li chuyn ng cho
Nc ra
Nc vo
TN
nc v cht ti lnh. Gia

tm bn c cc tm m kn
m bo ngn cch hai lp
S nguyn l thit b
trao i nhit
cht chuyn ng. Bn ngoi

c cc gi p cht cc
tm bn li vi nhau. Nc v cht ti lnh chuyn ng ngc chiu do tc trao
- 92
BO CO THC TP
i nhit cao, nng sut ca thit b ln. Thit b c s dng tt vi nhng thc phm
dng lng, cc loi ung, nc p tri cy, cc sn phm sa....
Cht ti lnh vo
(Glycol)
Nc ra
Cht ti
lnh ra
(Glycol)
Nc vo trao
i nhit
- 93
BO CO THC TP
IV. Thit b hp
1. Cu to
Cu tobung my hp chai,lon
S h thng my hp chai,lon
- My hp gm:
Bung 1: nhit t 24-26 0C
- 94
BO CO THC TP

Mi bung u c cu to ging nhau l c 4 ng rut g dn hi nng, nhit
hi nng bng 120 0C .Nc c phun t trn gin xung nh 1 my bm 130 m 3/h.
di y bung hp c li lc lc cn ct trong nc trnh hin tng lm nght
cc u phun v nght bm.
- Bng ti chai lon c chia lm 3 on:
on 1: T my chit rt n ca bung vo ca my hp, c bi x phng
lm trn gim ma st:
on 2: Dn chai t lon i bn trong cc bung ca my hp, c kch thc
ngang rng m bo cha c lng chai lon trong bung hp v tc bng ti rt
chm m bo thi gian hp.
on 3: T ca ra ca bung hp n mm xoay, sn phm c di nc lnh
nhm lm sch chai lon ln cui trc khi dn nhn. Ngoi ra cn c my thi kh chai,
lon v my in date.
2. Nguyn l hot ng
Chai lon sau khi chit rt c nhit khong 8- 10 0C s c bng ti chuyn
vo my hp. Ti y chai, lon s c tip xc trc tip vi nc lm ngui c nhit
tng dn mi bung hp. Khi xy ra s trao i nhit lm gim nhit ca
nc v lm tng nhit ca chai, lon. Nc c bm hi lu, sn phm chai pet
c di sch bng nc lnh ri a qua cng on thi kh in date, dn nhn. Cn
lon s c thi kh in date.
3. Cch vn hnh
Bc 1: Kim tra van hi, hi nn, van nc.
Bc 2: M cu dao, m van bm nc ngn 1, 2, 3 ch tay khi nc ,
cho cc bm 1, 2, 3 hot ng.
- 95
BO CO THC TP
Bc 3: Chuyn cc bm 1, 2, 3 hot ng t ng.

Bc 4: M van hi nng t t, iu chnh nhit hp l, bung 1, 2, 3, canh
ch t ng qua ng h nhit k cm ng.
Bc 5: Cho bng ti chy, tip cht bi trn (x phng).
4. S c v cch khc phc

Nhit ca chai sau khi hp vn cha t yu cu (nhit cn qu
thp) do nhit ca nc thp hoc tc bng ti bn trong my hp
nhanh - tng lu lng hi nng nc phun, gim tc bng ti.
Chai lon b tc, khng di chuyn hay di chuyn rt chm trn bng ti do
ma st ln - tng lng x phng trn bng ti gim ma st.
Chai lon b nght bn trong bung hp - dng thit b ly sn phm ra.
Nhit chai lon sau khi hp qu cao- gim lng hi nng.
V. Thit b nu siro(n i n u qu nh )
- 96
BO CO THC TP
1.S thit b h thng nu:
1
4
S h thng nu ng
1. Ni nu ng
2. Bn lm ngui
3. Bn trung gian
4. Bm
2. Qu trnh nu sir c tin hnh nh sau.

u tin nc c bm vo thit b nu l ni 2 v (1) , m van hi, un nc
0
ln n nhit
1 60-70 C.Sau , cho ng vo tip tc gia nhit nc ln n 90-
4
95 0C, duy tr nhit ny trong thi gian khong10-15
pht. Trong qu trnh cho cnh
3
khuy hot ng lin tc nhm trnh hin tng gia nhit cc b gy hin tng
2 trnh nu lng acid c b sung vo nhm to mi

caramen lm xu mu sir. Qu
trng acid cho cc phn ng chuyn ho din ra d dng hn to ra v thanh du cho

- 97
BO CO THC TP
nc gii kht, ng thi c th thm cht bo qun nhm tng thi gian bo qun sn
phm.
Sau khi ho tan ta em lc v c lm ngui (2) l ni 1 v, bn trong c ng
xon rut g qua thit b ny nc s lm gim nhit ca dch c lm ngui
xung 30- 45 0C.
Siro trng c h thng bm (4) bm vo ni cha (3) v chun b cho qu
trnh tip theo. y ta cng cho cnh khuy hot ng trnh hin tng ng b
kt lng y bn.
Thit b ni nu ng:
- Cu to l ni 2 v gia 2 lp l lp bo n c tc dng gi nhit cho ni nu
ng, ng thi hi cng c cp vo gia 2 lp ny. Bn trn ni c gn mot n
c gn vi cnh khuy trn ho tan ng vo trong nc, trnh hin tng ng b
chy v vn cc nh hng n cht lng ca sn phm sau ny. Tc cnh khuy
trung bnh 50-60 vng/ pht.
Thit b lm ngui
- Cu to l ni 1 v bn trong l ni 1 v, bn trong c ng xon ruut g nc c
lm ngui xung 30- 40 0C. Bn trong thit b cng c cnh khuy cu to ging nh
ni nu ng, cnh khuy c tc dng o trn nhm lm ngui dch ng nhanh
hn, u hn. Bn ngoi c ng thu tinh nhm quan st dch ng cha bn trong.
Bn cha:
- Cu to l ni 1 v, tc dng l sau khi dch ng c lm ngui s a qua y
chun b cho qu trnh pha ch giai on tip theo. Thit b cng c cnh khuy, cnh
khuy hot ng nhm trnh cho dch ng b lng di y bn. Bn ngoi bn c
ng thu ging thit b lm ngui nhm mc ch gip cho cng nhn quan st mc
dch cn li trong bn. Bn di y bn c van x cn nh c van ny cn s c loi
b ra ngoi.
VI. H thng sc ra thit b

1. V sinh thit b.
- 98
BO CO THC TP
1.1. C s l thuyt ca qu trnh ty ra v kh trng

+ Ty ra: L qu trnh ly cc vt bn ra khi h thng sn xut.
+ Kh trng: L qu trnh tiu dit vi sinh vt: Vi khun, nm mc, bo t cn li
trong qu trnh sn xut.
- Mc ch ca qu trnh ty ra v kh trng:
+ Lm sch b mt tthiees b nh xng.
+ Loi tr vi sinh vt nhim tp.
+ m bo cht lng sn phm.
+ m bo cho sc kho ngi tiu dng.
- Cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh:
+ Cht lng nc
+ B mt ty ra.
+ Nhit ty ra
+ Thi gian ty ra
+ Nng cht ty ra.
1.2. V sinh thit b trong x l nc:

STT
Tn ho cht
Cng dng
u im
Cn
Ty ra, st trng.
Hiu qu ra tt
H2O2
Ngm ty ra ng lc tinh
R c kh nng st
St trng hp
trng cao
bn d s dng
Cloramin B
St trng cc bao b nha
NaOH
Ti ch Anion
v sinh thit b bo ho CO2
V sinh my
HCl
Ti ch cation
HNO3
- 99
V sinh thit b tit trng
C kh nng loi
UHT
ttt cc cn v c
BO CO THC TP
Lc s b: Sau 3 thng v sinh 1 ln bng cch: Thay lp ct mi, than v ti

ch s dng li.
Bn cha: mi tun v sinh 1 ln bng cch ra bng nc sch, ra cloramin B,

ri ra li bng nc sch.
Lc th: V sinh mi ngy sau ca sn xut.
Ly ct lc ra khi bn
Tho dy thun, vi qun v lp bng gn.

Dng vi nc c p sut cao ra sch dy thun, vi, bng gn.
ro
Trc inox cng c ra sch bng vi nc trn.
V sinh xong tin hnh qun li cy ct lc.
+ Lc tinh: V sinh sau mi ca lm vic:
Ly ct lc ra khi thit b lc.
Ngm cy lc trong H2O2 5-6 %, trong 7-8 gi.
Sau dng vi nc sch.
+ Trao i ion:
1 tun ti sinh ht nha 1 ln.
i vi ct cation: S dng dung dch HCl 1-1,5 % ( 30 lt + 170 lt nc).
i vi ct anion: S dng dung dch NaOH 1-1,5 % ( 7kg + 300 lt nc)
Tin hnh x ngc dung dch HCl, NaOH vo 2 ct cation v anion.
Ri x ngc bng nc.
Sau x thun bng nc 1 ln na
Thi gian ti sinh l 4 gi.
- 100
BO CO THC TP
Lc than hot tnh: 2- 3 ln/ tun.Than c ly ra phi ro nc ri em rang
tht kh.
+
ng lc vi sinh: Mi ngy v sinh 1 ln bng cch ngm trong dung dch H2O2
trong thi gian 1 ngy. Cc ng ng phi c ngm nh k bng H2O2 cui mi

tun.
1.3. V sinh thit b chit rt nc tinh khit:
Cui ca lm vic v sinh bng nc tinh khit. Cui tun, ngm bn cha nc tinh
khit v ra my chit rt bng H2O2 trong 24 h.
1.4. V sinh Thit b ln men: Sau mi ca sn xut ni ln men c ra bng nc
nng 80 0C.
1.5. V sinh thit b thanh trng:

V sinh bng nc nng 80 0C.
Nu lu khng nu th dng H2O2 35% ngm trong thi gian 6- 12 h. Sau
ra li bng nc x l, cui cng ra li bng nc nng.
1.6. V sinh my ng ho:
Dng nc nng 80 0C
V sinh my chit rt:
Thng cha c v sinh bng nc nng 80 0C.
H thng thit b bn ngoi c v sinh bng nc x l
1.8. V sinh thit b lm sch CO2:
Bn cha bt tr lc v thuc tm: 1 ngy /ln vo cui ngy. V sinh bng nc sinh
hot. u tin x y cc dung dch trong bn, ng li ri bm nc sinh hot vo y
bn ri x y n khi sch.
- 101
BO CO THC TP
Bn cha than hot tnh: 2-3 ngy/ ln. Sau 1 thi gian lm vic kh nng hp ph
mi ca than hot tnh gim do cn phc hi kh nng hp ph mi ca than bng
cch ly than ra khi bn v ngm than trong nc khong 24h, sau phi nng cho
ro nc ri em i rang tht kh bng trng rang.
1.9. V sinh my bo ho CO2:
V sinh nh k: 1 tun / ln. qua 4 ln:
Ln 1: 1000 lt nc nng 80 0C pha vi 2,5 kg NaOH.
Ln 2: ra bng nc nng 80 0C.
Ln 3: ra bng nc nng 80 0C.
Ln 4 : ra bng nc lnh.
Bn ngoi thit b c ra bng x phng ri ra li bng nc sinh hoat.
My hp:
My hp s c v sinh mi tun 1 ln.
Bng ti v sinh bng nc x l sau 1 ca lm vic
PHN IV: TM HIU MT S VN KHC

. Cch t chc, iu hnh mt ca sn xut
1.1. Thi gian lm vic ca cng ty
Thi gian lm vic ca cng ty c chia lm 2 ca:
Ca ban ngy: T 7h sng n 16h, thi gian ngh gia ca t 11h30-12h30.
Ca ban m: T 8h ti n 6h sng, thi gian ngh gia ca t 1h-2h.
1.2. i hnh sn xut

Cng nhn trong cng ty c qun l bi qun c v c chia lm nhng t
sn xut nh. Ngi ng u mi t l t trng.
Hot ng ca cng nhn c gim st bi t trng, v KCS.
- 102
BO CO THC TP
I.3. Cc quy nh v v sinh c nhn, v sinh thit b, phn xng

nhm m bo cht lng v v sinh v an ton cho ngi, sn phm.
Trc khi vo trong phn xng lm vic, cng nhn phi nhng chn qua bn
c cha nc chlorine v bn nc sch kh trng. Ngoi ra, phi mang y dng
c bo h lao ng: khu trang, gng tay, ng, o Blouse ty thuc vo yu cu ca mi
khu sn xut.
Sau mi ca sn xut, cng nhn tin hnh v sinh nh xng, my mc
chun b cho ca sn xut tip theo
- 103
BO CO THC TP
II. H thng x l nc thi

II.1. Quy trnh x l
Nc thi
Loi tp cht
NaOH
Trng ha
Bn vi sinh
Kh mu, mi
Lng
Nc x l
II.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh

Nc thi s c lc s b bng cch b tr cc song chn rc ti ng cng
cn cc vt c kch thc ln nh: bao nilong, hp, ba cactong, Sau nc th
s c bm ln b 1 l b x l s b v trung ha vi p lc ln. Song song vi
ng dn nc thi l ng dn dung dch NaOH 0,25% vo b trung ha. Hai
ng ny hot ng ng thi khi ngng nc thi th dung dch NaOH cng ngng
cung cp. Ti y c b tr cc ng ng sc kh nc c khuy trn gip phn ng
trung ha c din ra mt cch trit , ng thi y cc tp cht kh ln trn b mt,
cc tp cht ny s c vt ra ngoi bng vt li trnh nght ng ng. b ny
c b tr mt phao v tr c nh, khi nc dng ln ti phao th bm s bm nc t
b ny sang b 2 l b kh mu v kh mi bng bn vi sinh.
- 104
BO CO THC TP
Ti b 2 c cha bn vi sinh ng thi b tr nhiu ng ng sc khng kh

vo nc nui bn. Lng bn vi sinh khong 400ml bn/l nc. Khi thy bn kt
lng c mu vng l kh tt. Khi mc nc s t chy trn vo cc ng ng dn
qua b (3) l b lng. cc ng ng ny cch y ca b (3) khong 1,5m to dng
nc vo nh nhng trnh b khuy ng gy nh hng n qu trnh lng.
B lng c dng cn, di y c hai l hnh chp nn ng knh 50cm
cha bn lng. Trn mi l c b tr cch gt gom bn vo l, vn tc ca cnh gt
rt chm: 1 vng/10pht to trng thi tnh cho cc thnh phn l lng c th lng
c. Bn hai l s c bm tr v b (2).
Nc b (3) c x l c pH=7- 8 ( o bng giy qu), nc c mu xanh
l cy. Ti b (3) c b tr 1 ng kn hai u, trn ng c c nhiu l khi mc nc
dng ln s chy trn vo cc l ny v i ra ngoi. Mc ch l trnh khuy ng
nc, ng thi gi li mt t bn chn rc nu cn st li.
Vn hnh:
Trn t iu khin :
- M bm nc thi t hm cha ln b (1): bm ch t hot ng theo phao.
- M bm nc thi t b (1) qua b (2) tip xc: bm ch t hot ng theo
phao.
- M my thi kh, sc kh vo b (2): m my lin tc ch cho my ngh khong 3
gi bo qun my.
- M bm nh lng NaOH t ng theo bm
Trm x l thc hin cc thao tc:
+ iu chnh cc van kh u vo b (2).
+ Dng vt li vt cc tp cht ni ln trn.
+ M van sc kh vo b (3).
Kim tra bn hot tnh: hng ngy kim tra bn hot tnh bng cch ly
becher 1000ml mc y bn hot tnh trong b (2), sau lng trong khong mi
pht. Quan st bn trong becher khong 200ml l bn hot tnh tt.
-
Nu bn di vch 200ml cn b sung bn.
Nu bn trn vch 200ml cn x bn ra b cha bn.
- 105
BO CO THC TP
Bo tr my mc thit b :
+ Thng xuyn theo di, kim tra cc my mc thit b, nu pht hin h hng
phi sa cha ngay.
+ nh k 3 thng thay du m cho bm lng ha cht.
+ nh k 2 thng thay du m cho my thi kh.
+ Thng xuyn kim tra cc ng dy in pht hin h hng, r r in,
nu pht hin h hng phi sa cha ngay.
+ Lun v sinh sch xung quanh trm x l.
II.3. S c v cch khc phc
-
Rc lm nght ng ng ta phi thng ng bng cch dng bm c cng sut

ln bm nc vo ng ng y rc ra ngoi.
ng dn b nt v do p lc ln, do thi tit ta phi thay i ng ng.
Lng khng kh sc vo b thiu do ng ng dn b x lm qu trnh tng

sinh khi ca khi bn chm, hiu qu hot ng ca bn km ta phi hn li
ng ng hoc thay ng ng mi.
M van hi bn ln, bn s khng c hi lu v (2) m phng vt ln cao ra

ngoi do lc ht lownsthif phi m van t t.
- 106
BO CO THC TP
S h thng x l nc thi:
10
B 2
7
4
9
1
B 3
B 1
- 107
BO CO THC TP
Ghi ch:
1. ng dn nc thi.
2. ng dn dung dch NaOH 0,25%.
6. ng nc t b (2) chy trn vo

ng ng qua b (3).
3. ng dn nc t b (1) sang b (2).
7. ng dn khng kh.
4. ng hi bn.
8. L cha bn lng.
5. Nc t b (3) chy trn vo ng ra

ngoi.
9. Cnh gt bn.
10. ng sc kh vo nc.
III. An ton lao ng.

III.1. Phng chy cha chy.
t bm cu ha cc v tr:
+ B cha nc sau khi lc s b.
+ Khu vc s l nc thi.
Bnh cha chy km theo bng ni qui phng cha chy t tt c cc cng
on sn xut, nh xng, nh kho, v cc phng ban.
Kho cha nguyn liu c h thng phng chy cha chy y v l ni d
chy nht. Ngoi ra, phi kh ro, thong mt, v sinh thng xuyn trnh chut b,
cn trng,
III.2. An ton i vi nh xng v ngi lao ng.

L hi: c chung bo t ng khi c s c v phi c nhn vin kim tra
thng xuyn.
X l nc: khi lm vic mang y dng c b h lao ng nh: gng tay,
ng. mt n, o bo h,
Bng ni qui vn hnh my km theo cc thng s k thut hng dn chi tit
c th cho cng nhn vn hnh c t tt c cc cng on tng ng.
Nhn vin vn hnh my nm vng thao tc vn hnh.
Nh sn khng c trn trt, phi c rnh thot nc.
- 108
BO CO THC TP
III.3. An ton i vi sn phm.

Khng mang dp c nhn vo trong xng sn xut.
Cng on chit rt: cng nhn trang b y bo h nh gng tay, khu
trang, m, o bo h v ng. Trc khi vo phng chit rt phi st trng tay bng cn.
Kho cha sn phm kh ro, thong mt, sch s trnh cn trng gy hi.
Phng chit rt phi v trng.
Khng c mang n trang vo khu chit rt.
- 109
BO CO THC TP
Cng ty TNHH sn xut & thng mi Tn Quang Minh, mt cng ty hot

ng trong lnh vc sn xut nc gii kht vi hai thng hiu ni ting
BIDRICO & YOBI t rt nhiu danh hiu nh: Hng Vit Nam cht lng
cao, danh hiu Sao Vng t Vit, huy chng vng cc k hi ch
Sau thi gian thc tp v c lm vic ti cng ty chng em c tham
quan, tm hiu cc quy trnh sn xut cc sn phm ti cng ty, t chng em
rt ra c rt nhiu kin thc v thc t sn xut, t nguyn liu u vo n sn
phm u ra v h thng qun l cht lng sn phm cng nh qun l sn xut.
y l thi gian v cng qu bu i vi chng em tch ly kinh nghim sau
ny khi ra trng chng em s khng b b ng khi tham gia vo sn xut.
Chng em tin tng rng, cng ty s ngy cng pht trin v a ra th
trng nhiu dng sn phm mi hn p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng.
- 110
BO CO THC TP
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Gio trnh cng ngh ch bin sa v cc sn phm t sa, TS. Lm Xun
Thanh, NXB Khoa Hc K Thut.

2. Cng ngh ch bin sa v cc sn phm sa, L Th Lin Thanh, NXB Khoa
Hc K Thut.
3. Nc gii kht, Nguyn nh Thng, NXB Khoa Hc K Thut.
4. X l nc thi, Nguyn Ngc Dung. NXB Xy Dng.
5. Bo co thc tp tt nghip.
- 111

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BO CO THC TP

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

Knh tha qu thy c Trng i Hc Nha Trang cng cc c ch anh em

NHM SV TRNG H NHA TRANG

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

Ngy nay, do vic ng dng cc thnh tu v Khoa Hc K Thut vo mi

NHM SV TRNG H NHA TRANG

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

Tng quan v nh my....................................................................................................5

NHM SV TRNG H NHA TRANG

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

PHN I: TM HIU CHUNG V NH MY

2. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca nh my

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

Cng trnh ph khc: 100m2

trnh pht trin cc sn phm ca nh my

1. Tnh hnh sn xut

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

Nc ngt c gaz: 42.000.000 lt/nm

2. Chng loi sn phm:

NHM SV TRNG H NHA TRANG

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

Nc gii kht khng gas:

Sa chua ung hp nha:

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

Cht to chua (acid citric khong

Cht bo qun 211

chua / acid citric

NHM SV TRNG H NHA TRANG

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

Hm lng ng: 77 g/l

Natri benzoat : 0.6g/l

Acid citric: Acid citric: 2g/l

Cht bo qun 211

Cht bo qun: 1g/l

Hm lng cht kh 100g/l

Cht to v (acid citric)

Acid citric 3g/l

Cht bo qun 211

Cht bo qun 1g/l

NHM SV TRNG H NHA TRANG

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

Cht to chua: 34 g/l

Cht bo qun 1g/l

Cht bo qun 211

3. Vn thu mua nguyn liu v tnh hnh tiu th sn phm:

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

NHM SV TRNG H NHA TRANG

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

CNG TY TN QUANG MINH

III.2. NHIM V V CHC NNG CA TNG B PHN

Xng sa cha ot, c kh , in my

NHM SV TRNG H NHA TRANG