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Optics1 08apr14 PDF
Optics1 08apr14 PDF
Optics1 08apr14 PDF
Marc Levoy
Computer Science Department
Stanford University
Outline
thin lenses
thick lenses
depth of field
special lenses
telephoto, zoom
Marc Levoy
Marc Levoy
Marc Levoy
Panasonic 45-200/4-5.6
zoom, at 200mm f/4.6
$300
Canon 100-400mm/4.5-5.6
zoom, at 300mm and f/5.6
$1600
Canon 300mm/2.8
prime, at f/5.6
$4300
Marc Levoy
Christiaan Huygens
(Hecht)
Marc Levoy
(Hecht)
10
as waves change
speed at an interface,
they also change direction
xi
xt
sin i
sin t
nt
ni
air = ~1.0
water = 1.33
Marc Levoy
(Hecht)
12
(Hecht)
A. a hyperbola
13
Spherical lenses
hyperbolic lens
spherical lens
(Hecht)
(wikipedia)
14
Marc Levoy
(gtmerideth)
15
(Canon)
Marc Levoy
Paraxial approximation
object
image
e
P'
assume e 0
Not responsible on exams
for orange-tinted slides
16
Marc Levoy
Paraxial approximation
object
image
l
u
h
e
P'
17
assume e 0
assume cos u z / l 1
3 5 7
+ ...
assume first term of sin = +
3! 5! 7!
i.e. sin
2 4 6
assume first term of cos = 1 +
+ ...
2! 4! 6!
i.e. cos 1
so tan sin
these are the
Taylor series for
sin and cos
(phi in degrees)
18
Marc Levoy
Paraxial focusing
i
object
P
(n)
i'
(n ')
Snells law:
n sin i = n ' sin i '
paraxial approximation:
n i n' i'
image
equivalent to
P'
sin i
n
= t
sin t
ni
with
n = ni for air
n ' = nt for glass
i, i ' in radians
i , t in degrees
19
Marc Levoy
Paraxial focusing
i = u+a
u h/z
u' h / z'
i'
i
h
r
a
(n)
u'
(n ')
P'
z'
n i n' i'
20
Marc Levoy
Paraxial focusing
i = u+a
u h/z
u' h / z'
a = u' + i'
a h/r
i'
i
h
r
a
(n)
u'
(n ')
P'
z'
n (u + a) n ' (a u ')
n (h / z + h / r) n ' (h / r h / z ')
n i n' i'
21
Marc Levoy
Focal length
(n)
P'
(n ')
What happens if z is ?
z'
n / z + n / r n' / r n' / z'
n / r n' / r n' / z'
z ' (r n ') / (n ' n)
22
f focal length = z
Marc Levoy
Lensmakers formula
so
si
(Hecht, edited)
23
1
1
= (nl 1)
R2
R1
Marc Levoy
1
1
= (nl 1)
R2
R1
24
1
1
= (nl 1)
R2
R1
1
.
fi
Marc Levoy
image
yo
yi
so
25
si
positive y is upward
Marc Levoy
image
yo
yi
so
si
yi
si
=
yo
so
y
26
Marc Levoy
object
yo
yi
so
yi
si
=
yo
so
y
27
and
si
yi
si f
=
f
yo
.....
1
1
1
+
=
so
si
f
Marc Levoy
to focus on objects
at different distances,
move sensor relative to lens
(Flash demo)
http://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/
cs178/applets/gaussian.html
28
sensor
1
1
1
+
=
so
si
f
Marc Levoy
to focus on objects
at different distances,
move sensor relative to lens
sensor
at so = si = 2 f
we have 1:1 imaging, because
1
1
1
+
=
2f
2f
f
1
1
1
+
=
so
si
f
Marc Levoy
to focus on objects
at different distances,
move sensor relative to lens
sensor
at so = si = 2 f
we have 1:1 imaging, because
1
1
1
+
=
2f
2f
f
30
1
1
1
+
=
so
si
f
Marc Levoy
Recap
31
Que s t ions?
Marc Levoy
32
35
(Pamplona)
Marc Levoy
using diopters
Ptot = P1 + P2
example
1
1
1
+
=
200mm
500mm
143mm
36
-or-
Marc Levoy
Close-up filters
1/500mm = +2 diopters
(wikipedia)
37
Close-up filters
Panasonic 45-200
38
-or-
Close-up filters
si =
1 1
f so
1
1
1
200mm 1000mm
= 250mm
3
closer!
with the closeup filter and the same settings of focal length
and image distance, the in-focus object distance becomes
so =
39
1
1 1
f si
1
1
1
143mm 250mm
= 334mm
Marc Levoy
Close-up filters
40
Marc Levoy
Magnification
object
image
yo
yi
so
si
MT
41
yi
si
!
=
yo
so
Marc Levoy
Close-up filters
si
250
=
=
= 1:4
so
1000
si
250
=
=
= 3:4
so
334
Marc Levoy
Thick lenses
(Smith)
43
Marc Levoy
Center of perspective
(Hecht)
in a thin lens, the chief ray from a point traverses the lens
(through its optical center) without changing direction
in a thick lens, the intersections of this ray
with the optical axis are called the nodal points
for a lens in air, these coincide with the principal points
44
Marc Levoy
(Flash demo)
http://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/
cs178/applets/thinlens.html
(Hecht)
45
Marc Levoy
46
Recap
47
Que s t ions?
Marc Levoy
Depth of field
f
N=
A
48
(London)
(Kingslake)
1
N=
'
2 sin
49
Cinematography by candlelight
Stanley Kubrick,
Barry Lyndon,
1975
50
Marc Levoy
Cinematography by candlelight
Stanley Kubrick,
Barry Lyndon,
1975
51
Marc Levoy
52
MT
yi
si
!
=
yo
so
depth of
field
depth of
focus
object
53
image
Marc Levoy
C
CU
MT
f
depth of
field
depth of
focus
object
54
image
Marc Levoy
C
CU
MT
f
depth of
field
C
f
N
D2
D1
object
55
depth of
focus
D1
U D1
NCU 2
..... D1 = 2
=
CU / f
f /N
f + NCU
image
NCU 2
D2 = 2
f NCU
Marc Levoy
2NCU 2 f 2
= D1 + D2 = 4
f N 2C 2U 2
2NCU 2
f2
where
N is F-number of lens
C is circle of confusion (on image)
U is distance to in-focus plane (in object space)
f is focal length of lens
56
Marc Levoy
DTOT
2NCU 2
f2
N = f/4.1
C = 2.5
U = 5.9m (19)
f = 73mm (equiv to 362mm)
DTOT = 132mm
N = f/6.3
C = 2.5
U = 17m (56)
f = 27mm (equiv to 135mm)
DTOT = 12.5m (41)
N = f/5.6
C = 6.4
U = 0.7m
f = 105mm
DTOT = 3.2mm
Canon MP-E
65mm 5:1 macro
N = f/2.8
C = 6.4
U = 78mm
f = 65mm
(use N = (1+MT)N at short conjugates (MT=5 here)) = f/16
DTOT = 0.29mm!
(Mikhail Shlemov)
so
si
normal
macro
61
Marc Levoy
62
Marc Levoy
Canon 25mm
63
Canon f = 500mm
Canon 25mm
64
Canon f = 500mm
Nikon 1.4
DTOT
2NCU 2
f2
(Flash demo)
http://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/
cs178/applets/dof.html
f/2.8
65
f/32
Marc Levoy
2NCU 2
f2
(Flash demo)
http://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/
cs178/applets/dof.html
(London)
66
Marc Levoy
Hyperfocal distance
NCU 2
D2 = 2
f NCU
becomes infinite if
f2
U
! H
NC
67
N = f/6.3
C = 2.5 2816 / 1920 pixels
U = 17m (56)
f = 27mm (equiv to 135mm)
DTOT = 18.3m on HD projector
H = 31.6m (104)
NCU 2
H
D1 = 2
=
2
f + NCU
(Flash demo)
http://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/
cs178/applets/dof.html
Marc Levoy
2NCU 2
f2
(Flash demo)
http://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/
cs178/applets/dof.html
(London)
68
Marc Levoy
2NCU 2
f2
69
Marc Levoy
if we zoom in (increase f )
and stand further back (increase U ) by the same factor
DTOT
2NCU 2
f2
(juzaphoto.com)
50mm f/4.8
71
200mm f/4.8,
moved back 4 from subject
Marc Levoy
72
(wikipedia.org)
73
Marc Levoy
Natasha Gelfand
75
Marc Levoy
(Fredo Durand)
76
Marc Levoy
77
for a pixel focused on the subject, some of its rays will strike the occluder,
but some will pass to the side of it, if the occluder is small enough
the pixel will then be a mixture of the colors of the subject and occluder
thus, the occluder reduces the contrast of your image of the subject,
but it doesnt actually block your view of it
Marc Levoy
Tradeoffs
affecting
depth of field
See http://graphics.stanford.edu/
courses/cs178/applets/dof.html
78
(Eddy Talvala)
Marc Levoy
Recap
useful sidelights
bokeh refers to the appearance of small out-of-focus features
you can take macro photographs using a telephoto lens
depth of field blur is not the same as blurring an image
79
Que s t ions?
Marc Levoy