Waves and Optics 1 (HPH103)

HPH103 Course Coverage

• Fundamentals of wave motion

• Sound and Electromagnetic motion

• Physical and geometric optics

 Physical and Geometric Optics
• Interference and diffraction
• Dispersion of light and the electromagnetic spectrum
• Huygens Principle
• Double slit and diffraction grating
• Newtons rings interference experience
• Lloyds mirror
• Coherence and laser sources
• Single slit diffraction
• Reflection and refraction; Mirrors; Lenses
 Lloyds Mirrors…
• Lloyd’s Mirror is used to produce two-source interference patterns that have
important differences from the interference patterns seen in Young's experiment.

• In a modern implementation of Lloyd's mirror, a diverging laser beam strikes a

front-surface mirror at a grazing angle, so that some of the light travels directly
to the screen (blue lines), and some of the light reflects off the mirror to the
screen (red lines).

• The reflected light forms a virtual second source that interferes with the direct
light.
Lloyds Mirror
Interference Pattern: Lloyds Mirror
Phase Changes in Interference
Lloyds Mirror Effect…
 Lloyds Mirrors Mathematics…
• When the wave travelling along the direct and reflected paths are in phase the
two waves add constructively, this gives a signal maximum.

• Reflection by the rigid laboratory bench changes the phase of the sound by 180.

• To bring the direct and reflected sound back in phase (for constructive
interference) the path difference must be an odd number of half wavelengths.
The equation for this situation is:

(n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4......)

• When the path lengths differ by an integral number of wavelengths the waves
are out of phase (due to the phase change during reflection) and interfere
destructively, this gives a signal minimum. The equation for this situation is:

path difference = n (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4......)

Interference Pattern: Lloyds Mirror
 App of Lloyds Mirrors and Merits …
• The most common application of Lloyd's mirror is in UV
photolithography and nanopatterning.

• Lloyd's mirror has important advantages over double-slit

interferometers.
– If one wishes to create a series of closely spaced interference
fringes using a double-slit interferometer, the spacing d between
the slits must be increased. Increasing the slit spacing, however,
requires that the input beam be broadened to cover both slits.
– This results in a large loss of power. In contrast, increasing d in
the Lloyd's mirror technique does not result in power loss, since
the second "slit" is just the reflected virtual image of the source.
– Hence, Lloyd's mirror enables the generation of finely detailed
interference patterns of sufficient brightness for applications
such as photolithography.
 Example of App of Lloyds Mirrors …
• Determining the position of galactic radio sources using Lloyd's mirror

• In the late 1940s and early 1950s, CSIRO scientists used a technique based on
Lloyd's mirror to make accurate measurements of the position of various galactic
radio sources from coastal sites in New Zealand and Australia.
• As illustrated in the Fig, the technique was to observe the sources combining
direct and reflected rays from high cliffs overlooking the sea.
• After correcting for atmospheric refraction, these observations allowed the paths
of the sources above the horizon to be plotted and their celestial coordinates to
be determined.
 Life Example of Lloyds Mirror Effect…
• The Lloyd mirror effect has been implicated as having an important
role in explaining why marine animals such as manatees and whales
have been repeatedly hit by boats and ships.

• Interference due to Lloyd's mirror results in low frequency propeller

sounds not being discernible near the surface, where most
accidents occur. This is because at the surface, sound reflections are
nearly 180 degrees out of phase with the incident waves.

• Combined with spreading and acoustic shadowing effects, the

result is that the marine animal is unable to hear an approaching
vessel before it has been run over or entrapped by the
hydrodynamic forces of the vessel's passage.
Types of Lenses/Mirrors
Lenses/Mirror Type & Properties
Formation of Image by Plane Mirror
 Plane Mirror Analysis
• The diagram shows a narrow bundle of light rays coming from a
point source P reflected in a plane mirror.
• After reflection the rays diverge as if they were from point P’
behind the plane of the mirror.
• The point P’ is called the image of object P. When these rays enter
the eye, they cannot be distinguished from rays diverging from a
point source P’ with no mirror.
• The image is called a virtual image because the light does not
actually emanate from the image but only appears to.
• If the source is an extended image object:
– A mirror is upright but appears reversed right to left.
– A mirror image appears to be the same distance behind the mirror that the
object is in front of the mirror.
– A mirror image is the same size as an object.
 Reflection from Plane Mirrors

• Your image is what someone standing 2 m

from you would see.
• Seeing an image of yourself in a mirror
involves two sets of reflections.
Seeing Reflections with Plane Mirrors

• Plane mirror –
Flat mirror that
does not distort
the image.
• Examples:
• Calm pool of
water
• Glass
 Virtual Images
• Light waves that are reflected off of you
travel in all directions.
• Light rays reflected
from your chin
strike the mirror at
different places.
• Then, they reflect
off of the mirror in
different directions.
Spherical Mirror: Concave (Converging)

A lense is called converging if it is thinner at the centre than the edges.

Spherical Mirrors: Concave (Converging)
Spherical Mirror: Convex (Diverging)

A lense is called converging if it is thicker at the centre than the edges.

Spherical Mirrors: Convex (Diverging)
Example of Convex Image
Example of Convex Image
Example of Concave Image
Spherical Mirror: Concave (Converging)
Spherical Mirror: Convex (Diverging)
Concave: Object Outside Center C
Concave: Object @ Center C
Concave: Object between C and F
Concave: @ Focal Point F
Concave:Object in Focal Point F
Convex Mirror Imaging
Intriguing Questions
 Steps of Analysing a Mirror Problem
• There are basically three steps to follow to analyze any mirror
problem, which generally means determining where the image of
an object is located, and determining what kind of image it is (real
or virtual, upright or inverted).

– Step 1 - Draw a ray diagram. The more careful you are in

constructing this, the better idea you'll have of where the
image is.

– Step 2 - Apply the mirror equation to determine the image

distance. (Or to find the object distance, or the focal length,
depending on what is given.)

– Step 3 - Make sure steps 1 and 2 are consistent with each other.
Mirrror/Lenses Equation

or
Mirror Equations
Sign Convetion
Sign Convetion
•
Question: Concave Mirror
A Star Wars action figure, 8.0 cm tall, is placed 23.0 cm in front of a concave mirror with a focal length of
10.0 cm. Where is the image? How tall is the image? What are the characteristics of the image?

• The first step is to draw the ray diagram, which should tell you that the image is real, inverted, smaller than
the object, and between the focal point and the centre of curvature. The location of the image can be found
from the mirror equation:

• which can be rearranged to:

• The image distance is positive, meaning that it is on the same side of the mirror as the object. This agrees
with the ray diagram. Note that we don't need to worry about converting distances to meters; just make
sure everything has the same units, and whatever unit goes into the equation is what comes out.

• Calculating the magnification gives:

• Solving for the image height gives:

• The negative sign for the magnification, and the image height, tells us that the image is inverted compared
to the object.

• To summarize, the image is real, inverted, 6.2 cm high, and 17.7 cm in front of the mirror.
 Question - a convex mirror
• The same Star Wars action figure, 8.0 cm tall, is placed 6.0 cm in front of a convex mirror
with a focal length of -12.0 cm. Where is the image in this case, and what are the image
characteristics?

• Again, the first step is to draw a ray diagram. This should tell you that the image is located
behind the mirror; that it is an upright, virtual image; that it is a little smaller than the
object; and that the image is between the mirror and the focal point.

• The second step is to confirm all those observations. The mirror equation, rearranged as in
the first example, gives:

• Solving for the magnification gives:

• This gives an image height of 0.667 x 8 = 5.3 cm.

• All of these results are consistent with the conclusions drawn from the ray diagram. The
image is 5.3 cm high, virtual, upright compared to the object, and 4.0 cm behind the
mirror.
 Mirror Images: Conclusion
• The different shapes of plane, concave, and convex
mirrors cause them to reflect light in distinct ways. Each
type of mirror has different uses.
Summary…