Tables Derivative Integral PDF

Section IV: Calculus
15
DERIVATIVES
Definition of a Derivative
Suppose y = f(x). The derivative of y or f(x) is defined as
15.1.
dy
f ( x + h) f ( x )
f ( x + x ) f ( x )
= lim
= lim
x
dx h0
h
x 0
where h = x. The derivative is also denoted by y, df/dx or f (x). The process of taking a derivative is called
differentiation.
General Rules of Differentiation

In the following, u, , w are functions of x; a, b, c, n are constants (restricted if indicated); e = 2.71828 is the
natural base of logarithms; ln u is the natural logarithm of u (i.e., the logarithm to the base e) where it is assumed
that u > 0 and all angles are in radians.
15.2.
d
(c) = 0
dx
15.3.
d
(cx ) = c
dx
15.4.
d
(cx n ) = ncx n1
dx
15.5.
d
(u w
dx
15.6.
d
du
(cu) = c
dx
dx
15.7.
d
d
du
+
(u ) = u
dx
dx
dx
15.8.
d
dw
d
du
+ uw
+ w
(u w) = u
dx
dx
dx
dx
15.9.
d u (du /dx ) u(d /dx )

=
2
dx
)=
15.10.
d n
du
(u ) = nu n1
dx
dx
15.11.
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
du d dw
dx dx dx
(Chain rule)
62
Copyright 2009, 1999, 1968 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
DERIVATIVES
15.12.
du
1
=
dx dx/du
15.13.
dy dy/du
=
dx dx/du
63
Derivatives of Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions

15.14.
d
du
sin u = cos u
dx
dx
15.15.
d
du
cos u = sin u
dx
dx
15.16.
d
du
tan u = sec 2 u
dx
dx
15.17.
d
du
cot u = csc 2 u
dx
dx
15.18.
d
du
sec u = sec u tan u
dx
dx
15.19.
d
du
csc u = csc u cot u
dx
dx
15.20.
d
1
du
sin 1 u =
dx
1 u 2 dx

1
2 < sin u < 2
15.21.
d
1 du
cos 1 u =
dx
1 u 2 dx
[0 < cos 1 u < ]
15.22.
d
1 du
tan 1 u =
dx
1 + u 2 dx

1
2 < tan u < 2
15.23.
d
1 du
cot 1 u =
dx
1 + u 2 dx
[0 < cot 1 u < ]
15.24.
d
1
1
du
du
=
sec 1 u =
dx
| u | u 2 1 dx u u 2 1 dx
+ if 0 < sec 1 u < / 2

if / 2 < sec 1 u <
15.25.
d
du
1
1
du
=
csc 1 u =
2
2
dx
| u | u 1 dx u u 1 dx
if 0 < csc 1 u < / 2

+ if / 2 < csc 1 u < 0
Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

15.26.
loga e du
d
loga u =
dx
u dx
15.27.
d
d
1 du
ln u =
loge u =
dx
dx
u dx
15.28.
d u
du
a = a u ln a
dx
dx
a 0, 1
DERIVATIVES
64
15.29.
d u
du
e = eu
dx
dx
15.30.
d
d ln u
d
du
d
u =
e
= e ln u
[ ln u] = u 1
+ u ln u
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
Derivatives of Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

15.31.
d
du
sinh u = cosh u
dx
dx
15.32.
d
du
cosh u = sinh u
dx
dx
15.33.
d
du
tanh u = sech 2 u
dx
dx
15.34.
d
du
coth u = csch 2 u
dx
dx
15.35.
d
du
sech u = sech u tanh u
dx
dx
15.36.
d
du
csch u = csch u coth u
dx
dx
15.37.
d
sinh 1 u =
dx
1
du
u 2 + 1 dx
15.38.
d
cosh 1 u =
dx
1 du
u 2 1 dx
15.39.
d
1 du
tanh 1 u =
dx
1 u 2 dx
[1 < u < 1]
15.40.
d
1 du
coth 1 u =
dx
1 u 2 dx
[u > 1 or u < 1]
15.41.
d
1
du
sech 1u =
2
dx
u 1 u dx
if sech 1 u > 0, 0 < u < 1

+ if sech 1 u < 0, 0 < u < 1
15.42.
d
du
1
1
du
=
csch 1u =
2 dx
2 dx
dx
| u | 1+ u
u 1+ u
[ if u > 0, + if u < 0]
Higher Derivatives
The second, third, and higher derivatives are defined as follows.
15.43.
Second derivative =
d dy d 2 y
=
= f ( x ) = y
dx dx dx 2
2
3
15.44. Third derivative = d d y = d y = f ( x ) = y
2
dx dx dx 3
15.45.
n 1
n
nth derivative = d d y = d y = f ( n ) ( x ) = y ( n )
n 1
dx dx dx n
+ if cosh 1 u > 0, u > 1

if cosh 1 u < 0, u > 1
DERIVATIVES
65
Leibnizs Rule for Higher Derivatives of Products

Let Dp stand for the operator
15.46.
dp
d pu
so that D p u = p = the pth derivative of u. Then
p
dx
dx
n
n
D n (u ) = uD n + ( Du)( D n 1 ) + ( D 2 u)( D n 2 ) +
1
2
+ D nu
n n
where , , are the binomial coefficients (see 3.5).
1 2
As special cases we have
15.47.
d2
d 2
du d
d 2u
(u ) = u 2 + 2
+ 2
2
dx
dx
dx dx
dx
15.48.
d3
d 3u
d 3
du d 2
d 2 u d
(u ) = u 3 + 3
+3 2
+ 3
3
2
dx
dx
dx
dx dx
dx dx
Differentials
Let y = f(x) and y = f ( x + x ) f ( x ). Then
15.49.
y f ( x + x ) f ( x )
dy
=
= f ( x ) + =
+
x
x
dx
where 0 as x 0. Thus,
15.50.
y = f ( x )x + x
If we call x = dx the differential of x, then we define the differential of y to be

15.51.
dy = f ( x ) dx
Rules for Differentials

The rules for differentials are exactly analogous to those for derivatives. As examples we observe that
15.52.
d (u w
) = du d dw
15.53.
d (u ) = u d + du
15.54.
u du u d
d =
2
15.55.
d (u n ) = nu n1du
15.56.
d (sin u) = cos u du
15.57.
d (cos u) = sin u du
DERIVATIVES
66
DERIVATIVES
Partial Derivatives
Let z = f (x, y) be a function of the two variables x and y. Then we define the partial derivative of z or f(x, y) with
respect to x, keeping y constant, to be
15.58.
f
f ( x + x , y) f ( x , y)
= lim
x
x x 0
This partial derivative is also denoted by z/x , f x , or z x .

Similarly the partial derivative of z = f (x, y) with respect to y, keeping x constant, is defined to be
15.59.
f
f ( x , y + y) f ( x , y)
= lim
y
y y0
This partial derivative is also denoted by z/y, f y , or z y .

Partial derivatives of higher order can be defined as follows:
15.60.
2 f
f
,
2 =
x x
x
15.61.
2 f
f
=
,
x y x y
2 f
f
2 =
y y
y
2 f
f
=
y x y x
The results in 15.61 will be equal if the function and its partial derivatives are continuous; that is, in such
cases, the order of differentiation makes no difference.
Extensions to functions of more than two variables are exactly analogous.
Multivariable Differentials
The differential of z = f(x, y) is defined as
15.62.
dz = df =
f
f
dx + dy
x
y
where dx = x and dy = y. Note that dz is a function of four variables, namely x, y, dx, dy, and is linear in the
variables dx and dy.
Extensions to functions of more than two variables are exactly analogous.
EXAMPLE:
Let z = x2 + 5xy + 2y3. Then
zx = 2x + 5y
and
zy = 5x + 6y2
and hence
dz = (2x + 5y) dx + (5x + 6y2) dy

Suppose we want to find dz for dx = 2, dy = 3 and at the point P (4, 1), i.e., when x = 4 and y = 1. Substitution
yields
dz = (8 + 5)2 + (20 + 6)3 = 26 + 78 = 104
16
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Definition of an Indefinite Integral

dy
= f ( x ), then y is the function whose derivative is f(x) and is called the anti-derivative of f(x) or the indefidx
dy
nite integral of f(x), denoted by f ( x ) dx. Similarly if y = f (u) du, then
= f (u). Since the derivative of a
du
constant is zero, all indefinite integrals differ by an arbitrary constant.
For the definition of a definite integral, see 18.1. The process of finding an integral is called integration.
If
General Rules of Integration

In the following, u, , w are functions of x; a, b, p, q, n any constants, restricted if indicated; e = 2.71828 is
the natural base of logarithms; ln u denotes the natural logarithm of u where it is assumed that u > 0 (in general,
to extend formulas to cases where u < 0 as well, replace ln u by ln |u|); all angles are in radians; all constants of
integration are omitted but implied.
16.1.
a dx = ax
16.2.
af ( x ) dx = a f ( x ) dx
16.3.
(u w
16.4.
u d = u du
) dx = u dx
dx w dx
(Integration by parts)
For generalized integration by parts, see 16.48.
16.5.
f (ax ) dx = a f (u) du
16.6.
F{ f ( x )} dx = F(u) du du =
16.7.
u du = n + 1 ,
16.8.
dx
u n+1
F (u)
du where u = f ( x )
f ( x )
n 1 (For n = 1, see 16.8)
du
= ln u if u > 0 or ln(u) if u < 0
u
= ln | u |
16.9.
16.10.
e du = e
u
a du = e
u
u ln a
du =
e u ln a
au
=
, a > 0, a 1
ln a ln a
67
68
16.11.
sin u du = cos u
16.12.
cos u du = sin u
16.13.
tan u du = ln sec u = ln cos u
16.14.
cot u du = ln sin u
16.15.
sec u du = ln (sec u + tan u) = ln tan 2 + 4
16.16.
csc u du = ln(csc u cot u) = ln tan 2
16.17.
sec
16.18.
csc
16.19.
tan
16.20.
cot
16.21.
sin
16.22.
cos
16.23.
sec u tan u du = sec u
16.24.
csc u cot u du = csc u
16.25.
sinh u du = cosh u
16.26.
cosh u du = sinh u
16.27.
tanh u du = ln cosh u
16.28.
coth u du = ln sinh u
16.29.
sech u du = sin
16.30.
csch u du = ln tanh 2
16.31.
sech u du = tanh u
u du = tan u
u du = cot u
u du = tan u u
u du = cot u u
u du =
u sin 2u 1
= (u sin u cos u)
2
4
2
u du =
u sin 2u 1
+
= (u + sin u cos u)
2
4
2
(tanh u) or 2 tan 1 eu
u
or coth 1 e u
69
16.32.
csch u du = coth u
16.33.
tanh u du = u tanh u
16.34.
coth u du = u coth u
16.35.
sinh u du =
sinh 2u u 1
= (sinh u cosh u u)
4
2 2
16.36.
cosh u du =
sinh 2u u 1
+ = (sinh u cosh u + u)
4
2 2
16.37.
sech u tanh u du = sech u
16.38.
csch u coth u du = csch u
16.39.
16.40.
16.41.
16.42.
du
u
= sin 1
2
a
a u
16.43.
du
u
= ln(u + u 2 + a 2 ) or sinh 1
2
a
u +a
16.44.
du
= ln (u + u 2 a 2 )
u a2
16.45.
u a
16.46.
du
1 a + u2 + a2
=
ln
a
u
u2 + a2
16.47.
du
1 a + a2 u2
=
u a 2 u 2 a ln
u
16.48.
u
du
1
= tan 1
a
+ a2 a
u
du
1 u a
1
=
ln
= coth 1 u 2 > a 2
a
a
a 2 2a u + a
u
du
1 a + u 1
=
ln
= tanh 1 u 2 < a 2
a
u 2 2a a u a
2
du
2
(n)
u
1
sec 1
a
a
g dx = f ( n 1) g f ( n 2) g + f ( n 3) g
This is called generalized integration by parts.
(1)n
fg
(n)
dx
70
Important Transformations
Often in practice an integral can be simplified by using an appropriate transformation or substitution together
with Formula 16.6. The following list gives some transformations and their effects.
16.49.
F(ax + b)dx = a F(u) du
16.50.
F(
16.51.
F(
16.52.
F(
a 2 x 2 ) dx = a
F(a cos u) cos u du
where x = a sin u
16.53.
F(
x 2 + a 2 ) dx = a
F(a sec u) sec
where x = a tan u
16.54.
F(
x 2 a 2 ) dx = a
F(a tan u) sec u tan u du
16.55.
F (e
16.56.
F(ln x ) dx = F(u) e du
16.57.
F sin
where u = ax + b
ax + b ) dx =
2
a
u F(u) du
where u = ax + b
ax + b ) dx =
n
a
where u = n ax + b
ax
) dx =
1
a
n 1
F(u) du
u du
F (u)
du
u
where u = eax
where u = ln x
x
dx = a
a
where x = a sec u
F(u) cos u du
where u = sin 1
Similar results apply for other inverse trigonometric functions.

16.58.
2u
F(sin x , cos x ) dx = 2 F 1 + u
1 u 2 du
1 + u 2 1 + u 2
where u = tan
x
2
x
a
17
TABLES of SPECIAL INDEFINITE

INTEGRALS
Here we provide tables of special indefinite integrals. As stated in the remarks on page 67, here a, b, p, q, n
are constants, restricted if indicated; e = 2.71828 . . . is the natural base of logarithms; ln u denotes the natural
logarithm of u, where it is assumed that u > 0 (in general, to extend formulas to cases where u < 0 as well, replace
ln u by ln |u|); all angles are in radians; and all constants of integration are omitted but implied. It is assumed in
all cases that division by zero is excluded.
Our integrals are divided into types which involve the following algebraic expressions and functions:
(1)
ax + b
ax + b
(2)
(3)
ax + b and px + q
ax + b and px + q
ax + b and px + q
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
ax 2 + bx + c
(13)
(25)
eax
(14)
x3 + a3
(26)
ln x
(15)
(27)
sinh ax
(16)
x a
x n an
(28)
cosh ax
(17)
sin ax
(29)
sinh ax and cosh ax
(18)
cos ax
(30)
tanh ax
(19)
sin ax and cos ax
(31)
coth ax
x +a
x a , with x > a
a x , with x < a
(20)
tan ax
(32)
sech ax
(9)
x +a
(21)
cot ax
(33)
csch ax
(10)
x 2 a2
(22)
sec ax
(34)
inverse hyperbolic functions
(23)
csc ax
(24)
inverse trigonometric functions
a2 x 2
(12) ax2 + bx + c
(11)
Some integrals contain the Bernouilli numbers Bn and the Euler numbers En defined in Chapter 23.
(1) Integrals Involving ax b

dx
x dx
17.1.1.
ax + b = a ln (ax + b)
17.1.2.
ax + b = a a
17.1.3.
ax + b =
17.1.4.
17.1.5.
17.1.6.
(ax + b)
17.1.7.
b
2
ln (ax + b)
(ax + b)2 2b(ax + b) b 2
+ 3 ln (ax + b)
a3
a
2a 3
dx
1 x
= ln
x (ax + b) b ax + b
x 2dx
a ax + b
dx
1
=
+ ln
bx b 2 x
(ax + b)
1
a(ax + b)
x dx
b
1
(ax + b)2 = a 2 (ax + b) + a 2 ln (ax + b)
dx
17.1.8.
x 2 dx
ax + b
b2
2b
=
(ax + b)2 a3 a3 (ax + b) a3 ln (ax + b)
17.1.9.
x (ax + b)
dx
1
1 x
+ ln
b(ax + b) b 2 ax + b
71
TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
72
dx
a
1
2a ax + b
=
+
ln
(ax + b)2 b 2 (ax + b) b 2 x b 3 x
17.1.10.
17.1.11.
(ax + b)
17.1.12.
(ax + b)
17.1.13.
x 2 dx
2b
b2
1
=
(ax + b)3 a3 (ax + b) 2a3 (ax + b)2 + a3 ln (ax + b)
17.1.14.
(ax + b)n dx =
17.1.15.
x (ax + b)n dx =
1
2(ax + b)2
1
b
+ 2
a (ax + b) 2a (ax + b)2
dx
x dx
(ax + b)n+1
. If n = 1, see 17.1.1.
(n + 1)a
(ax + b)n+ 2 b(ax + b)n+1
, n 1, 2
(n + 2)a 2
(n + 1))a 2
If n = 1, 2, see 17.1.2 and 17.1.7.
17.1.16.
(ax + b)n dx =
(ax + b)n+3 2b(ax + b)n+ 2 b 2 (ax + b)n+1
+
(n + 3)a 3
(n + 2)a 3
(n + 1)a 3
If n = 1, 2, 3, see 17.1.3, 17.1.8, and 17.1.13.
nb
x m +1 (ax + b)n
n 1
m
m + n + 1 + m + n + 1 x (ax + b) dx
x m (ax + b)n+1
mb
x m (ax + b)n dx = (m + n + 1)a (m + n + 1)a x m1 (ax + b)n dx
m +1
n +1
x (ax + b) + m + n + 2 x m (ax + b)n+1 dx
(n + 1)b
(n + 1)b
17.1.17.
(2) Integrals Involving
ax b
17.2.1.
dx
2 ax + b
=
a
ax + b
17.2.2.
x dx
2(ax 2b)
=
ax + b
3a 2
ax + b
x 2 dx
2(3a 2 x 2 4 abx + 8b 2 )
=
ax + b
15a 3
ax + b
17.2.3.
17.2.4.
dx
=
x ax + b
17.2.5.
17.2.6.
17.2.7.
dx
2
ax + b
ax + b dx =
ax + b b
ln
b ax + b + b
2
b
tan 1
ax + b
b
ax + b
a
2b
bx
dx
ax + b
2 (ax + b)3
3a
ax + b dx =
2(3ax 2b)
(ax + b)3
15a 2
(see 17.2.12.)
2(15a 2 x 2 12abx + 8b 2 )
(ax + b)3
105a 3
17.2.8.
x 2 ax + b dx =
17.2.9.
ax + b
dx = 2 ax + b + b
x
17.2.10.
ax + b
ax + b a
dx =
+
2
x2
x
17.2.11.
xm
2 x m ax + b
2mb
dx =
(2m + 1)a
(2m + 1)a
ax + b
17.2.12.
17.2.13.
x m ax + b dx =
17.2.14.
ax + b
ax + b
a
dx =
+
xm
(m 1) x m 1 2(m 1)
17.2.15.
ax + b
(ax + b)3/ 2 (2m 5)a
dx
=
xm
(m 1)bx m 1 (2m 2)b
17.2.16.
(ax + b)
17.2.17.
x (ax + b)
17.2.18.
x 2 (ax + b)m / 2 dx =
17.2.19.
(ax + b)m / 2
2(ax + b)m / 2
+b
dx =
x
m
17.2.20.
(ax + b)m / 2
(ax + b)( m + 2)/ 2 ma
dx =
+
2
2b
bx
x
17.2.21.
x (ax + b)
dx
(See 17.2.12.)
ax + b
dx
(See 17.2.12.)
ax + b
dx =
m/2
dx =
dx
m/2
x m 1
dx
ax + b
dx
ax + b
(2m 3)a
=
(m 1)bx m 1 (2m 2)b

ax + b
m/2
73
m 1
dx
ax + b
2x m
2mb
(ax + b)3/ 2
(2m + 3)a
(2m + 3)a
m 1
m 1
ax + b dx
dx
ax + b
ax + b
dx
x m 1
2(ax + b)( m + 2)/ 2

a 2 (m + 2)
2(ax + b)( m + 4 )/ 2 2b(ax + b)( m + 2)/ 2
a 2 (m + 2)
a 2 (m + 4)
2(ax + b)( m +6)/ 2 4 b(ax + b)( m + 4 )/ 2 2b 2 (ax + b)( m + 2)/ 2
+
a 3 (m + 4)
a 3 (m + 2)
a 3 (m + 6)
(ax + b)( m 2)/ 2

dx
x
(ax + b)m / 2
dx
x
2
1
( m 2 )/ 2 +
b
(m 2)b(ax + b)
dx
x(ax + b)
( m 2 )/ 2
(3) Integrals Involving ax b and px q

dx
x dx
px + q
17.3.1.
(ax + b)( px + q) = bp aq ln ax + b
17.3.2.
(ax + b)( px + q) = bp aq a ln (ax + b) p ln ( px + q)
74
dx
px + q
17.3.3.
(ax + b) ( px + q) = bp aq ax + b + bp aq ln ax + b
17.3.4.
(ax + b) ( px + q) = bp aq bp aq ln px + q a(ax + b)
17.3.5.
q2
x 2 dx
b2
1
b(bp 2aq)
=
+
(ax + b)2 ( px + q) (bp aq)a 2 (ax + b) (bp aq)2 p ln ( px + q) + a 2 ln (ax + b)
17.3.6.
(ax + b)
x dx
ax + b
dx
1
1
=
( px + q)n (n 1)(bp aq) (ax + b)m 1 ( px + q)n1
(ax + b)
+ a(m + n 2)
ax + b
dx
( px + q)n1
ax bp aq
ln( px + q)
+
p
p2
17.3.7.
px + q dx =
17.3.8.
(ax + b)m +1
(ax + b)m
1
+ (n m 2)a
dx
n 1
n 1
+
q
)
(
n
)(
bp
aq
)
(
px
1
(
px
+
q
)
(ax + b)m
(ax + b)m
(ax + b)m 1
1
( px + q)n dx = (n m 1) p ( px + q)n1 + m(bp aq) ( px + q)n dx
1 (ax + b)m
(ax + b)m 1
a
m
( px + q)n1 dx
n 1
(n 1) p ( px + q)
ax b and px q
px + q
2(apx + 3aq 2bp)
dx =
3a 2
ax + b
17.4.1.
17.4.2.
p(ax + b) bp aq
1
ln
bp aq p p(ax + b) + bp aq
dx
( px + q) ax + b =
2
p(ax + b)
tan 1
aq bp
aq bp p
ax + b
2 ax + b
bp aq p(ax + b) bp aq
+
ln
p p
ax + b
p(ax + b) + bp aq
dx =
px + q
p(ax + b)
2 ax + b 2 aq bp
tan 1
p
aq bp
p p
17.4.3.
17.4.4.
( px + q)
17.4.5.
( px + q)
17.4.6.
17.4.7.
( px + q)
ax + b dx =
dx
n
ax + b
2( px + q)n+1 ax + b
bp aq
+
(2n + 3) p
(2n + 3) p
dx =
( px + q)n
ax + b
ax + b
(2n 3)a
+
(n 1)(aq bp)( px + q)n1 2(n 1)(aq bp)
( px + q)n
2( px + q)n ax + b 2n(aq bp)
dx =
+
(2n + 1)a
(2n + 1)a
ax + b
ax + b
ax + b
a
n 1 +
1) p
2
(
n
(n 1) p( px + q)
( px + q)n1 dx
ax + b
( px + q)
dx
n 1
ax + b
( px + q)
dx
n 1
ax + b
17.5.1.
ax b and
dx
=
(ax + b)( px + q)
ln
ap
2
ap
75
px + q
a( px + q ) + p(ax + b)
tan 1
p(ax + b)
a( px + q)
17.5.2.
x dx
=
(ax + b)( px + q)
(ax + b)( px + q) bp + aq
ap
2ap
17.5.3.
(ax + b)( px + q) dx =
2apx + bp + aq
(bp aq)2
(ax + b)( px + q)
8ap
4 ap
17.5.4.
px + q
dx =
ax + b
17.5.5.
( px + q)
(ax + b)( px + q) aq bp
+
a
2a
dx
2 ax + b
=
(ax + b)( px + q) (aq bp) px + q
(6) Integrals Involving x2 a2

17.6.1.
17.6.2.
17.6.3.
x
dx
1
= tan 1
a
+ a2 a
x dx
1
= ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
+ a2 2
x 2 dx
x
= x a tan 1
2
a
+ a2
x 3 dx
x 2 a2
=
ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
2
2
x 2 + a2
17.6.4.
17.6.5.
x(x
17.6.6.
17.6.7.
x (x
17.6.8.
(x
17.6.9.
(x
17.6.10.
x2
dx
1
= 2 ln 2
2
x + a 2
+ a ) 2a
dx
1
1
1 x
2
2 = 2 3 tan
a
(x + a )
a x a
x2
dx
1
1
= 2 2 4 ln 2
2
2
x + a 2
+a )
2a x
2a
dx
x
x
1
tan 1
=
+
a
+ a 2 ) 2 2a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 ) 2a 3
x dx
1
=
+ a 2 )2 2( x 2 + a 2 )
(x
x
x 2 dx
1
x
tan 1
2 2 =
2
2 +
a
2( x + a ) 2a
+a )
dx
(ax + b)( px + q)
dx
(ax + b)( px + q)
dx
(ax + b)( px + q)
76
x 3dx
a2
1
=
+ ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
2 2
2
+a )
2( x + a 2 ) 2
17.6.11.
(x
17.6.12.
x(x
17.6.13.
17.6.14.
x (x
17.6.15.
(x
17.6.16.
(x
17.6.17.
x(x
17.6.18.
x m dx
( x 2 + a 2 )n =
17.6.19.
dx
1
1
x2
2 2 =
2
2
2 +
4 ln 2
+a )
2a ( x + a ) 2a
x + a 2
dx
1
x
3
1 x
4 2
2 2 = 4
2
5 tan
a
(x + a )
a x 2a ( x + a ) 2a
2
dx
1
1
1 x2
2 2 =
4 2
4
2
2 6 ln 2
+a )
2a x
2a ( x + a ) a
x + a 2
dx
x
2n 3
=
+
+ a 2 )n 2(n 1)a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 )n1 (2n 2)a 2
dx
1
1
=
+
+ a 2 )n 2(n 1)a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 )n1 a 2
x m 2 dx
( x 2 + a 2 )n1 a 2
dx
1
=
( x 2 + a 2 )n a 2
dx
1 x a
=
ln
a 2 2a x + a
17.7.1.
17.7.2.
dx
+ a 2 )n1
dx
1
( x 2 + a 2 )n1 a 2
17.7.3.
x 2 dx
a x a
= x + ln
2
2 x + a
a2
or
x
1
coth 1
a
a
x 3dx
x 2 a2
=
+ ln ( x 2 a 2 )
x 2 a2 2
2
17.7.4.
17.7.5.
x(x
17.7.6.
x (x
17.7.7.
x (x
17.7.8.
(x
dx
1
x 2 a2
2 =
2 ln
a ) 2a
x 2
dx
1
1
x a
2
2 =
2 +
3 ln
a ) a x 2a
x + a
x(x
dx
+ a 2 )n1
x m 2 dx
( x 2 + a 2 )n
x dx
1
ln ( x 2 a 2 )
2 =
2
a
x dx
1
2 n =
+a )
2(n 1)( x 2 + a 2 )n1
(7) Integrals Involving x2 a2, x2 > a2
(x
dx
1
1
x2
2
2 =
2 2
4 ln 2
a ) 2a x
2a
x a 2
dx
x
1
x a
2 2 =
2
2
2
3 ln
a )
2a ( x a ) 4 a
x + a
m2
dx
( x 2 + a 2 )n
x dx
1
=
a 2 )2 2( x 2 a 2 )
17.7.9.
(x
17.7.10.
(x
17.7.11.
x 3dx
a2
1
=
( x 2 a 2 )2 2( x 2 a 2 ) + 2 ln ( x 2 a 2 )
17.7.12.
x(x
17.7.13.
x (x
17.7.14.
x (x
17.7.15.
(x
17.7.16.
(x
17.7.17.
x(x
17.7.18.
(x
17.7.19.
x 2 dx
x
1 x a
=
+
ln
a 2 )2 2( x 2 a 2 ) 4 a x + a
dx
1
1
x2
2 2 =
2
2
2 +
4 ln 2
a )
2a ( x a ) 2a
x a 2
dx
1
x
3
x a
= 4 4 2
ln
a 2 )2
a x 2a ( x a 2 ) 4 a 5 x + a
dx
1
1
1 x2
2 2 =
4 2
4
2
2 + 6 ln 2
a )
2a x
2a ( x a ) a
x a 2
dx
x
2n 3
=
a 2 )n 2(n 1)a 2 ( x 2 a 2 )n1 (2n 2)a 2
dx
1
1
2 n =
2
2
2 n 1 2
a )
2(n 1)a ( x a )
a
x m dx
=
a 2 )n
(x
dx
a 2 )n1
x dx
1
=
a 2 )n 2(n 1)( x 2 a 2 )n1
(x
x m 2 dx
+ a2
a 2 )n1
dx
1
=
( x 2 a 2 )n a 2
m2
dx
1 a + x
=
ln
x 2 2a a x
1
x
tanh 1
a
a
17.8.2.
17.8.3.
x 2 dx
a a + x
a 2 x 2 = x + 2 ln a x
17.8.4.
x 3dx
x 2 a2
=
a 2 x 2 2 2 ln (a 2 x 2 )
17.8.5.
x (a
17.8.6.
or
dx
a 2 )n1
x m 2 dx
2
a 2 )n
dx
1
( x 2 a 2 )n a 2
17.8.1.
x(x
(x
(8) Integrals Involving x2 a2, x2 < a2
x dx
1
= ln (a 2 x 2 )
2
x2
77
dx
1
x2
2 =
2 ln 2
x ) 2a
a x 2
dx
1
1
a + x
= 2 + 3 ln
(a 2 x 2 )
a x 2a
a x
dx
( x 2 a 2 )n1
78
dx
1
1
x2
2
2 =
2 2 +
4 ln 2
(a x )
2a x
2a
a x 2
17.8.7.
17.8.8.
(a
17.8.9.
(a
17.8.10.
(a
17.8.11.
(a
17.8.12.
x (a
17.8.13.
x (a
dx
x
1
a + x
=
+
ln
x 2 )2 2a 2 (a 2 x 2 ) 4a 3 a x
x dx
1
=
x 2 )2 2(a 2 x 2 )
x 2 dx
x
1 a + x
=
ln
x 2 )2 2(a 2 x 2 ) 4 a a x
x 3dx
a2
1
=
+ ln (a 2 x 2 )
2 2
2
x )
2(a x 2 ) 2
2
dx
1
1
x2
2 2 =
2
2
2 +
4 ln 2
x )
2a (a x ) 2a
a x 2
dx
1
x
3
a + x
=
+
+
ln
x 2 )2 a 4 x 2a 4 (a 2 x 2 ) 4 a 5 a x
dx
1
1
1 x2
2 2 =
4 2 +
4
2
2 + 6 ln 2
x (a x )
2a x
2a (a x ) a
a x 2
17.8.14.
17.8.15.
(a
17.8.16.
(a
17.8.17.
x (a
17.8.18.
x m dx
(a x 2 ) n = a 2
17.8.19.
dx
x
2n 3
=
+
x 2 )n 2(n 1)a 2 (a 2 x 2 )n1 (2n 2)a 2
dx
1
1
2 n =
2
2
2 n 1 + 2
x )
2(n 1)a (a x )
a
x m 2 dx
(a 2 x 2 ) n
dx
1
=
(a 2 x 2 ) n a 2

dx
x (a
dx
1
+
(a 2 x 2 )n1 a 2
x 2 + a2
x
a
x +a
17.9.2.
x dx
= x 2 + a2
x 2 + a2
17.9.3.
x 2 dx
x x 2 + a2 a2
=
ln( x + x 2 + a 2 )
2
2
2
2
x +a
x 3 dx
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
=
a2 x 2 + a2
3
x 2 + a2
dx
x 2 )n1
x m 2 dx
(a x 2 )n1
17.9.4.
dx
x 2 )n1
17.9.1.
x dx
1
=
x 2 )n 2(n 1)(a 2 x 2 )n1
(a
= ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 ) or sinh 1
m2
dx
(a 2 x 2 ) n
17.9.5.
17.9.6.
17.9.7.
17.9.8.
17.9.9.
dx
1 a + x 2 + a2
=
ln
a
x
x x 2 + a2
dx
x 2 + a2
=
a2 x
x 2 + a2
a + x 2 + a2
dx
x 2 + a2
1
=
+
ln
2
2
3
x 3 x 2 + a2
x
2a x
2a
2
2
2
x x +a
a
x 2 + a 2 dx = 2 + 2 ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
2
2
x
x
a
dx
+
=
3
x ( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2 a 2 x x 2 + a 2 a 4
ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
4
8
8
17.9.10.
17.9.11.
x 3 x 2 + a 2 dx =
17.9.12.
a + x 2 + a2
x 2 + a2
dx = x 2 + a 2 a ln
x
x
17.9.13.
x 2 + a2
x 2 + a2
dx =
+ ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
2
x
x
17.9.14.
x 2 + a2
x 2 + a2
1 a + x 2 + a2
dx =
ln
3
2
x
2a
x
2x
17.9.15.
(x
17.9.16.
(x
17.9.17.
(x
17.9.18.
x 3 dx
( x + a 2 )3 / 2 = x 2 + a 2 +
17.9.19.
x(x
17.9.20.
x (x
17.9.21.
x (x
17.9.22.
( x 2 + a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
17.9.23.
x(x
x 2 + a 2 dx =
( x 2 + a 2 )5 / 2 a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
5
3
dx
x
=
+ a 2 )3 / 2 a 2 x 2 + a 2
x dx
=
+ a 2 )3 / 2
1
x + a2
x 2 dx
=
+ a 2 )3 / 2
x
+ ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
x + a2
a2
x 2 + a2
dx
1
1 a + x 2 + a2
3 ln
2 3/ 2 =
2
2
2
x
+a )
a
a x +a
dx
x 2 + a2
x
4 2
2 3/ 2 =
a4 x
+a )
a x + a2
a + x 2 + a2
dx
3
3
1
l
+
n
2 3/ 2 =
5
x
+a )
2a 2 x 2 x 2 + a 2 2a 4 x 2 + a 2 2a
x ( x 2 + a 2 )3/ 2 3a 2 x x 2 + a 2 3 4
+
+ a ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
4
8
8
+ a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
( x 2 + a 2 )5 / 2
5
79
80
17.9.24.
x 2( x 2 + a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
x ( x 2 + a 2 )5 / 2 a 2 x ( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2 a 4 x x 2 + a 2 a 6
ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
6
24
16
16
17.9.25.
x 3( x 2 + a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
( x 2 + a 2 ) 7 / 2 a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 )5 / 2
7
5
17.9.26.
a + x 2 + a2
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
2
2
2
3
=
+
+
ln
dx
a
x
a
a
3
x
x
17.9.27.
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2 3 x x 2 + a 2 3 2
=
+
+ a ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
dx
x2
2
2
x
17.9.28.
a + x 2 + a2
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2 3 2
3
2
dx
x
a
a
ln
=
+
+
3
2
x
x
2
2
2x

dx
x 2 a2
x a
17.10.2.
x 2 dx
x x 2 a2 a2
=
+ ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
2
2
x 2 a2
17.10.3.
x 3 dx
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
=
+ a2 x 2 a2
3
x 2 a2
17.10.4.
17.10.5.
= ln ( x + x 2 a 2 ),
dx
x a
2
dx
=
x 2 a2
x 2 a2
a2 x
dx
1
x 2 a2
x
+ 3 sec 1
2 2
2a x
2a
a
17.10.7.
17.10.8.
x x 2 a 2 dx =
17.10.9.
x 2 x 2 a 2 dx =
17.10.10.
17.10.11.
17.10.12.
x 2 a2
x 2 a2
x 2 a 2 dx =
= x 2 a2
x
1
sec 1
a
a
17.10.6.
x dx
17.10.1.
x x 2 a2 a2
ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
2
2
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
3
x ( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2 a 2 x x 2 a 2 a 4
+
ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
4
8
8
x 3 x 2 a 2 dx =
( x 2 a 2 )5 / 2 a 2 ( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
+
5
3
x 2 a2
x
dx = x 2 a 2 a sec 1
x
a
x 2 a2
x 2 a2
dx =
+ ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
2
x
x
1
x 2 a2
x 2 a2
x
=
+
dx
sec 1
3
2
2x
2a
x
a
17.10.13.
17.10.14.
(x
17.10.15.
(x
17.10.16.
(x
17.10.17.
x 3 dx
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2 = x 2 a 2
17.10.18.
x(x
dx
x
= 2 2
a 2 )3 / 2
a x a2
x dx
=
a 2 )3 / 2
1
x a2
2
x 2dx
x
=
+ ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
2
2
a 2 )3 / 2
x a
a2
x 2 a2
dx
1
x
1
=
sec 1
a 2 )3 / 2 a 2 x 2 a 2 a 3
a
dx
x 2 a2
x
4 2
2 3/ 2 =
x (x a )
a4 x
a x a2
17.10.19.
17.10.20.
17.10.21.
( x 2 a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
17.10.22.
x(x
17.10.23.
17.10.24.
x 3 ( x 2 a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
17.10.25.
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
x
dx
=
a 2 x 2 a 2 + a 3 sec 1
x
3
a
17.10.26.
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2 3 x x 2 a 2 3 2
dx
=
+
a ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
2
x
x
2
2
17.10.27.
dx
1
3
3
x
=
sec 1
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2 2a 2 x 2 x 2 a 2 2a 4 x 2 a 2 2a 5
a
x ( x 2 a 2 )3/ 2 3a 2 x x 2 a 2 3 4
+ a ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
4
8
8
a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
( x 2 a 2 )5 / 2
5
( x 2 a 2 )3/ 2 dx =
x ( x 2 a 2 )5 / 2 a 2 x ( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2 a 4 x x 2 a 2 a 6
+
+ ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
6
24
16
16
( x 2 a 2 ) 7 / 2 a 2 ( x 2 a 2 )5 / 2
+
7
5
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2
( x 2 a 2 )3 / 2 3 x 2 a 2 3
x
+
a sec 1
dx =
3
2x 2
2
2
x
a

17.11.1.
dx
x
= sin 1
a
a2 x 2
17.11.2.
x dx
= a2 x 2
a2 x 2
a2 x 2
81
82
x 2 dx
x a2 x 2 a2
x
=
+ sin 1
2
2
a
2
2
a x
17.11.4.
x 3 dx
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2
=
a2 a2 x 2
3
a2 x 2
17.11.5.
17.11.6.
17.11.3.
dx
1 a + a2 x 2
=
ln
a
x
a2 x 2
dx
a2 x 2
=
2
2
a2 x
a x
a + a2 x 2
dx
a2 x 2
1
=
ln
x
2a 2 x 2
2a 3
a2 x 2
17.11.7.
17.11.8.
17.11.9.
x a 2 x 2 dx =
17.11.10.
x 2 a 2 x 2 dx =
17.11.11.
x 3 a 2 x 2 dx =
a 2 x 2 dx =
x a2 x 2 a2
x
+ sin 1
2
2
a
(a 2 x 2 ) 3 / 2
3
x
x (a 2 x 2 )3 / 2 a 2 x a 2 x 2 a 4
+
+ sin 1
4
8
8
a
(a 2 x 2 ) 5 / 2 a 2 (a 2 x 2 )3 / 2
5
3
17.11.12.
a + a2 x 2
a2 x 2
dx = a 2 x 2 a ln
x
x
17.11.13.
a2 x 2
a2 x 2
x
dx =
sin 1
2
x
a
x
17.11.14.
a2 x 2
a2 x 2
1 a + a2 x 2
dx =
+
ln
3
2
x
2a
x
2x
17.11.15.
(a
17.11.16.
(a
17.11.17.
x 2 dx
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2 =
17.11.18.
(a
17.11.20.
x dx
=
x 2 )3 / 2
1
a x2
2
x
x
sin 1
2
a
a x
2
x 3 dx
a2
a2 x 2 +
2 3/ 2 =
2
x )
a x2
dx
1
1 a + a2 x 2
2 3/ 2 =
3 ln
x
x (a x )
a2 a2 x 2 a
17.11.19.
17.11.21.
dx
x
=
x 2 )3 / 2 a 2 a 2 x 2
dx
a2 x 2
x
+ 4 2
2 3/ 2 =
a4 x
(a x )
a a x2
2
a + a2 x 2
dx
3
3
1
=
+
l
n
x
x 3 (a 2 x 2 )3/ 2 2a 2 x 2 a 2 x 2 2a 4 a 2 x 2 2a 5
83
x (a 2 x 2 )3/ 2 3a 2 x a 2 x 2 3 4 1 x
+
+ a sin
a
4
8
8
17.11.22.
(a 2 x 2 )3/ 2 dx =
17.11.23.
x (a 2 x 2 )3/ 2 dx =
17.11.24.
17.11.25.
x 3 (a 2 x 2 )3/ 2 dx =
17.11.26.
17.11.27.
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2
(a 2 x 2 )3/ 2 3x a 2 x 2 3 2 1 x
dx
=
a sin
x2
x
2
2
a
17.11.28.
a + a2 x 2
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2 3 a 2 x 2 3
dx
a
l
=
+
n
x3
x
2
2
2x 2
(a 2 x 2 )5 / 2
5
(a 2 x 2 )3/ 2 dx =
x
x (a 2 x 2 ) 5 / 2 a 2 x (a 2 x 2 ) 3 / 2 a 4 x a 2 x 2 a 6
+
+
+ sin 1
6
24
16
16
a
(a 2 x 2 ) 7 / 2 a 2 (a 2 x 2 )5 / 2
7
5
a + a2 x 2
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2
(a 2 x 2 )3 / 2
dx =
+ a 2 a 2 x 2 a 3 ln
x
x
3
(12) Integrals Involving ax2 bx c

17.12.1.
2
2ax + b
tan 1
2
4 ac b 2
dx
4 ac b
=
ax 2 + bx + c
2ax + b b 2 4 ac
1
ln
b 2 4 ac 2ax + b + b 2 4 ac
If b 2 = 4 ac, ax 2 + bx + c = a( x + b / 2a)2 and the results 17.1.6 to 17.1.10 and 17.1.14 to 17.1.17 can be used.
If b = 0 use results on page 75. If a or c = 0 use results on pages 7172.
17.12.2.
ax
17.12.3.
ax
17.12.4.
ax
x dx
1
b
=
ln (ax 2 + bx + c)
2a
+ bx + c 2a
ax
dx
+ bx + c
x 2 dx
x
b
b 2 2ac
= 2 ln (ax 2 + bx + c) +
+ bx + c a 2a
2a 2
x m dx
x m 1
c
=
+ bx + c (m 1)a a
ax
x m 2 dx
b
+ bx + c a
ax
ax
x m1dx
+ bx + c
17.12.6.
dx
b
ax 2 + bx + c 1 b 2 2ac
= 2 ln
cx + 2c 2
x (ax + bx + c) 2c
x2
17.12.7.
17.12.8.
(ax
17.12.9.
(ax
ax
dx
+ bx + c
dx
1
b
=
(ax 2 + bx + c)
(n 1)cx n1 c
n 1
dx
+ bx + c
x2
dx
1
b
ln
=
2
2
c
2
x (ax + bx + c)
ax + bx + c 2c
17.12.5.
ax
dx
a
(ax 2 + bx + c) c
dx
2ax + b
2a
=
+
+ bx + c)2 (4 ac b 2 )(ax 2 + bx + c) 4 ac b 2
x dx
bx + 2c
b
=
+ bx + c)2
(4 ac b 2 )(ax 2 + bx + c) 4 ac b 2
ax
dx
+ bx + c
n 2
dx
(ax 2 + bx + c)
dx
+ bx + c
ax
dx
+ bx + c
84
17.12.10.
x 2 dx
(b 2 2ac) x + bc
2c
=
(ax 2 + bx + c)2 a(4ac b 2 )(ax 2 + bx + c) + 4ac b 2
17.12.11.
x m dx
x m 1
(m 1)c
=
(ax 2 + bx + c)n (2n m 1)a(ax 2 + bx + c)n1 + (2n m 1)a
x 2 n1dx
1
=
+ bx + c)n a
17.12.12.
(ax
17.12.13.
x (ax
17.12.14.
17.12.15.
(n m )b
(2n m 1)a
(ax
(ax
x 2 n3 dx
c
+ bx + c)n1 a
dx
1
b
=
+ bx + c)2 2c(ax 2 + bx + c) 2c
(ax
dx
1
3a
2 =
2
(ax + bx + c)
cx (ax + bx + c) c
dx
+ bx + c
x m 2 dx
(ax 2 + bx + c)n
x m 1dx
+ bx + c)n
(ax
2
x 2 n3 dx
b
+ bx + c)n a
dx
1
+
+ bx + c)2 c
(ax
ax
(ax
x (ax
dx
2b
2
c
+ bx + c)
dx
1
(m + 2n 3)a
=
(m 1)c
(ax 2 + bx + c)n
(m 1)cx m 1 (ax 2 + bx + c)n1
(m + n 2)b
(m 1)c
m 1
x 2 n 2 dx
+ bx + c)n
dx
+ bx + c)
x (ax
x
m2
dx
+ bx + c)2
dx
(ax 2 + bx + c)n
dx
(ax 2 + bx + c)n
ax 2 bx c
In the following results if b 2 = 4 ac, ax 2 + bx + c = a ( x + b / 2a) and the results 17.1 can be used. If b = 0
use the results 17.9. If a = 0 or c = 0 use the results 17.2 and 17.5.
17.13.1.
1
2
a ln (2 a ax + bx + c + 2ax + b)
dx
=
ax 2 + bx + c 1 sin 1 2ax + b or 1 sinh 1 2ax + b
b 2 4 ac
4 ac b 2
a
a
17.13.2.
x dx
=
ax + bx + c
17.13.3.
x 2 dx
2ax 3b
3b 2 4 ac
2
=
ax
+
bx
+
c
+
2
4a
8a 2
ax 2 + bx + c
17.13.4.
ax 2 + bx + c
b
2a
a
dx
ax 2 + bx + c
dx
ax + bx + c
1
2 c ax 2 + bx + c + bx + 2c
ln
x
dx
c
2
x ax + bx + c 1
1
bx + 2c
bx + 2c
1
1
c sin | x | b 2 4 ac or c sinh | x | 4 ac b 2
17.13.5.
17.13.6.
dx
ax 2 + bx + c b
=
2c
cx
ax 2 + bx + c
ax 2 + bx + c dx =
dx
ax + bx + c
2
(2ax + b) ax 2 + bx + c 4 ac b 2
+
4a
8a
dx
ax + bx + c
2
17.13.7.
x ax 2 + bx + c dx =
85
(ax 2 + bx + c)3/ 2 b(2ax + b)
ax 2 + bx + c
3a
8a 2
b(4 ac b 2 )
16a 2
dx
ax + bx + c
2
6ax 5b
5b 2 4 ac
(ax 2 + bx + c)3/ 2 +
2
24 a
16a 2
17.13.8.
17.13.9.
ax 2 + bx + c
b
dx = ax 2 + bx + c +
x
2
17.13.10.
ax 2 + bx + c
ax 2 + bx + c
dx
=
+a
x2
x
17.13.11.
(ax
17.13.12.
(ax
17.13.13.
x 2 dx
(2b 2 4 ac) x + 2bc
1
=
/
3
2
(ax + bx + c) a(4ac b 2 ) ax 2 + bx + c + a
17.13.14.
x (ax
17.13.15.
ax 2 + bx + c dx =
ax + bx + c
2
dx
ax + bx + c
2
x
b
2
dx
ax + bx + c
2
dx
ax + bx + c
2
x dx
2(bx + 2c)
3/ 2 =
2
+ bx + c)
(b 4 ac) ax 2 + bx + c
+c
ax 2 + bx + c dx
dx
2(2ax + b)
3/ 2 =
+ bx + c)
(4 ac b 2 ) ax 2 + bx + c
dx
1
1
=
+
+ bx + c)3/ 2 c ax 2 + bx + c c
dx
ax 2 + 2bx + c
b 2 2ac
+
3/ 2 = 2
2
(ax + bx + c)
2c 2
c x ax + bx + c
17.13.16.
(ax 2 + bx + c)n+1/ 2 dx =
17.13.17.
x (ax
17.13.18.
(ax
(ax
(ax
dx
+ bx + c)3/ 2
dx
+ bx + c)3/ 2
dx
ax + bx + c
2
(2ax + b)(ax 2 + bx + c)n+1/ 2 (2n + 1)(4 ac b 2 )

+
(ax 2 + bx + c)n1/ 2 dx
4 a(n + 1)
8a(n + 1)
+ bx + c)n+1/ 2 dx =
b
(ax 2 + bx + c)n+3/ 2
2a
a(2n + 3)
(ax
+ bx + c)n+1/ 2 dx
dx
2(2ax + b)
n +1/ 2 =
+ bx + c)
(2n 1)(4 ac b 2 )(ax 2 + bx + c)n1/ 2
+
x (ax
3b
2c 2
dx
ax + bx + c
2
dx
b
ax 2 + bx + c 2c
17.13.19.
dx
8a(n 1)
(2n 1)(4 ac b 2 )
(ax
dx
+ bx + c)n1/ 2
dx
1
n +1/ 2 =
2
+ bx + c)
(2n 1)c(ax + bx + c)n1/ 2
+
1
c
x (ax
dx
b
n 1/ 2
2c
+ bx + c)
(ax
dx
+ bx + c)n+1/22
86

Note that for formulas involving x3 a3 replace a with a.
17.14.1.
17.14.2.
17.14.3.
( x + a) 2
dx
1
1
2x a
= 2 ln 2
tan 1
+
3
2
x ax + a a 2 3
+a
6a
a 3
x dx
1 x 2 ax + a 2
1
2x a
=
ln
tan 1
+
3
2
+a
6a ( x + a) a 3
a 3
x 2 dx
1
ln ( x 3 + a 3 )
3
3 =
3
+a
dx
1
x3
=
ln
x ( x 3 + a 3 ) 3a 3 x 3 + a 3
17.14.4.
17.14.5.
17.14.6.
(x
( x + a) 2
1
dx
x
2
2x a
tan 1
=
+
ln
+
3
+ a 3 )2 3a 3 ( x 3 + a 3 ) 9a 5 x 2 ax + a 2 3a 5 3
a 3
17.14.7.
(x
x 2 ax + a 2
1
x dx
x2
1
2x a
=
+
tan 1
ln
+
3
+ a 3 )2 3a 3 ( x 3 + a 3 ) 18a 4 ( x + a)2 3a 4 3
a 3
17.14.8.
(x
17.14.9.
x(x
17.14.10.
17.14.11.
17.14.12.
x 2 ax + a 2
dx
1
1
1
2x a
tan 1
= 3 4 ln
3
3
( x + a)2 a 4 3
(x + a )
a x 6a
a 3
x 2 dx
1
=
+ a 3 )2
3( x 3 + a 3 )
dx
1
1
x3
3 2 =
3
3
3 +
6 ln 3
+a )
3a ( x + a ) 3a
x + a 3
dx
1
x2
4
= 6 6 3
6
3 2
3
(x + a )
a x 3a ( x + a ) 3a
3
x dx
+ a3
(See 17.14.2.)
x m dx
x m2
x m 3dx
=
a3 3
3
3
m2
x + a3
+a
n
dx
1
1
3
3 =
3
n 1 3
a
( x + a ) a (n 1) x
n3
dx
( x 3 + a3 )

x 2 + ax 2 + a 2
x 2
dx
1
1 1 x 2
3
ln
tan 1 a tan 1 1 + a
4 =
3
2
2
+a
4 a 2 x ax 2 + a 2a 2
17.15.1.
17.15.2.
17.15.3.
x 2 ax 2 + a 2
x 2
x 2 dx
1
1 1 x 2
ln 2
tan 1 1 +
tan 1
4
4 =
2
a
a
+a
4 a 2 x + ax 2 + a 2a 2
2
x dx
1
1 x
4 =
2 tan
2
+a
2a
a
x 3 dx
1
= ln ( x 4 + a 4 )
x 4 + a4 4
17.15.5.
dx
1
x4
4 =
4 ln 4
x ( x + a ) 4a
x + a 4
17.15.6.
17.15.4.
x 2 ax 2 + a 2
dx
1
1
5
ln 2
4
4 = 4
(x + a )
a x 4 a 2 x + ax 2 + a 2
+
17.15.8.
2a
1 x 2
x 2
tan 1 a tan 1 1 + a
2
dx
1
1
x
x a
=
ln
tan 1
a
a 4 4 a 3 x + a 2a 3
x dx
1
x 2 a2
4 =
2 ln 2
x a
4a
x + a 2
x
x 2 dx
1 x a 1
ln
tan 1
=
+
4
a
a 4 4 a x + a 2a
17.15.10.
1
5
2
dx
1
1
1 x
4
4 =
4 2
6 tan
2
x (x + a )
2a x
2a
a
17.15.7.
17.15.9.
87
x 3dx
1
= ln ( x 4 a 4 )
4
4
x a
4
17.15.11.
17.15.12.
x(x
17.15.13.
17.15.14.
dx
1
x 4 a4
4 =
4 ln
a ) 4a
x 4
dx
1
1
1
x
x a
=
+
ln
tan 1
+
a
( x 4 a 4 ) a 4 x 4 a 5 x + a 2a 5
dx
1
1
x 2 a2
4
4 =
4 2 +
6 ln 2
( x a ) 2a x
4a
x + a 2
(16) Integrals Involving xn an

17.16.1.
x(x
17.16.2.
17.16.3.
(x
17.16.4.
xn
dx
1
= n ln n
n
x + a n
+ a ) na
x n1dx 1
= ln ( x n + a n )
n
+ an n
x m dx
=
+ a n )r
(x
x m n dx
an
+ a n )r 1
dx
1
=
( x n + a n )r a n
x m n dx
n
+ a n )r
(x
dx
1
( x n + a n )r 1 a n
x n + an an
dx
1
ln
=
x x n + a n n a n x n + a n + a n
17.16.5.
17.16.6.
x(x
dx
1
x n an
n =
n ln
a ) na
x n
mn
dx
( x n + a n )r
88
x n 1dx 1
= ln ( x n a n )
x n an n
17.16.7.
17.16.8.
(x
17.16.9.
17.16.10.
17.16.11.
x m dx
x m n dx
x m n dx
n
n r = a
n
n r +
n
a )
(x a )
( x a n )r 1
dx
1
=
( x n a n )r a n
dx
x n an
n an
mn
cos 1
dx
1
( x n a n )r a n
dx
( x n a n )r
an
xn
m
x + a cos[(2k 1) /2m]
x p1dx
1
(2k 1) p
sin
tan 1
=
2m
2m
2m p
x +a
ma
2m
a sin[(2k 1) /2m]
k =1
1
(2k 1) p 2
(2k 1)
cos
ln x + 2ax cos
+ a 2
2m p
2ma
2m
2m
k =1
where 0 < p 2m.

17.16.12.
m 1
x p1dx
1
kp 2
k
cos
ln x 2ax cos
+ a 2
=
2m
2m
2m p
x a
2ma
m
m
k =1
x a cos (k /m)
1 m 1 kp
sin
tan 1
2m p
ma
m
a sin (k /m)
k =1
1
{ln ( x a) + (1) p ln ( x + a)}
2ma 2 m p
+
where 0 < p 2m.
17.16.13.
m
x + a cos[2k /(2m + 1)]
x p1dx
2(1) p1
2kp
sin
tan 1
=
2 m +1
2 m p+1
(2m + 1)a
m
+a
2
+
1
a sin[2k /(2m + 1)]
k =1
2 m +1
p 2
(1) p1
2kp
2k
ln x + 2ax cos
cos
+ a 2
2 m p+1
m
m
(2m + 1)a
2
+
1
2
+
1
k =1
(1) p1 ln( x + a)
(2m + 1)a 2 m p+1
where 0 < p 2m + 1.
17.16.14.
m
x a cos[2k /(2m + 1)]
x p1dx
2kp
2
sin
tan 1
=
2 m +1
2 m p+1
(2m + 1)a
2m + 1
a
a sin[2k /(2m + 1)]
k =1
2 m +1
1
2kp 2
2k
cos
ln x 2ax cos
+ a 2
2 m p+1
(2m + 1)a
2
1
2
m
1
m
+
+
k =1
+
where 0 < p 2m + 1.
ln ( x a)
(2m + 1)a 2 m p+1
89
(17) Integrals Involving sin ax

17.17.1.
sin ax dx =
cos ax
a
17.17.2.
x sin ax dx =
sin ax x cos ax
a
a2
17.17.3.
x 2 sin ax dx =
17.17.4.
3x 2 6
6x x 3
3
sin
=
sin
x
ax
dx
ax
+
a 2 a 4
a 3 a cos ax
17.17.5.
sin ax
(ax )3 (ax )5
dx = ax
+

3 3! 5 5!
x
17.17.6.
sin ax
sin ax
cos ax
+ a
dx =
dx (See 17.18.5.)
2
x
x
x
17.17.7.
sin ax = ln(csc ax cot ax ) = ln tan
ax
2
(ax )3 7(ax )5
x dx
1
=
+
+
+
ax
sin ax a 2
18
1800
x sin 2ax
sin 2 ax dx = 2 4a
2(22 n 1 1) Bn (ax )2 n+1
+
(2n + 1)!
17.17.8.
17.17.9.
2x
2 x2
sin
+
ax
a 3 a cos ax
a2
dx
17.17.10.
x sin 2 ax dx =
x 2 x sin 2ax cos 2ax
4
4a
8a 2
17.17.11.
sin
cos ax cos3 ax
+
3a
a
17.17.12.
sin ax dx =
17.17.13.
sin
17.17.14.
sin
17.17.15.
sin px sin qx dx =
17.17.16.
1 sin ax = a tan 4 +
17.17.17.
1 sin ax = a tan 4 +
17.17.18.
1 + sin ax = tan 4
17.17.19.
1 + sin ax = a tan 4
ax dx =
3x sin 2ax sin 4 ax
+
8
4a
32a
dx
1
= cot ax
2
a
ax
cos ax
ax
dx
1
ln tan
=
+
3
2
ax
2a sin 2 ax 2a
sin ( p q) x sin ( p + q) x
2( p q)
2( p + q)
(If p = q, see 17.17.9.)
dx
ax
2
x dx
ax
ax 2
+ 2 ln sin
2 a
4 2
dx
ax
2
x dx
ax 2
ax
+ ln sin +
2 a 2
4 2
90
dx
17.17.20.
(1 sin ax)
17.17.21.
(1 + sin ax)
17.17.22.
dx
1
ax 1
ax
tan + +
tan 3 +
2a
4 2 6a
4 2
ax 1
ax
1
tan
tan 3
2a
4 2 6a
4 2
1
2
1 p tan 2 ax + q
a p2 q 2 tan
2
p q2
dx
=
p + q sin ax
p tan 12 ax + q q 2 p2
1
ln
2
2
p tan 12 ax + q + q 2 p2
a q p
(If p = q, see 17.17.16 and 17.17.18.)

17.17.23.
dx
( p + q sin ax)
q cos ax
p
+
a( p2 q 2 )( p + q sin ax ) p2 q 2
dx
p + q sin ax
(If p = q, see 17.17.20 and 17.17.21.)
p2 + q 2 tan ax
p
dx
1
=
tan 1
p + q 2 sin 2 ax ap p2 + q 2
17.17.25.
p2 q 2 tan ax
1
1
tan
2
2
p
dx
ap p q
=
p2 q 2 sin 2 ax
q 2 p2 tan ax + p
1
ln 2
2
2
2ap q p
q p2 tan ax p
17.17.26.
x m sin ax dx =
17.17.27.
17.17.28.
sin n ax dx =
17.17.29.
sin
17.17.30.
sin
17.17.24.
x m cos ax mx m 1 sin ax m(m 1)

+
a
a2
a2
sin ax
sin ax
a
+
dx =
n
n 1
x
(n 1) x
n 1
m2
sin ax dx
cos ax
dx (See 17.18.30.)
x n 1
sin n1 ax cos ax n 1
+
an
n
dx
n2
cos ax
=
+
n
ax a(n 1) sin n1 ax n 1
sin
sin
n 2
ax dx
dx
n 2
ax
x dx
x cos ax
1
n2
+
=
n
ax a(n 1) sin n1 ax a 2 (n 1)(n 2) sin n 2 ax n 1
(18) Integrals Involving cos ax

sin ax
a
17.18.1.
cos ax dx =
17.18.2.
x cos ax dx =
17.18.3.
cos ax x sin ax
+
a
a2
cos ax dx =
2x
x2 2
sin ax
2 cos ax +
a
a a 3
x dx
n 2
ax
sin
3x 2 6
x 3 6x
cos ax dx = 2 4 cos ax + 3 sin ax
a
a
a a
17.18.4.
17.18.5.
cos ax
(ax )2 (ax )4 (ax )6
dx = ln x
+
+
x
2 2! 4 4 ! 6 6!
17.18.6.
cos ax
cos ax
a
dx =
2
x
x
17.18.7.
cos ax = a ln (sec ax + tan ax ) = a ln tan 4 +
17.18.8.
cos ax = a
17.18.9.
cos
sin ax
dx (See 17.17.5.)
x
dx
x dx
1 (ax )2 (ax )4 5(ax )6

+
+
+
2
8
144
2
ax dx =
17.18.11.
cos
17.18.12.
cos
17.18.13.
cos
17.18.14.
cos
17.18.15.
cos ax cos px dx =
17.18.16.
1 cos ax = a cot
17.18.17.
1 cos ax = a cot
17.18.18.
1 + cos ax = a tan
17.18.19.
1 + cos ax = a tan
17.18.20.
(1 cos ax)
17.18.21.
(1 + cos ax)
ax dx =
ax dx =
sin ax sin 3 ax
3a
a
ax dx =
3x sin 2ax sin 4 ax

+
+
8
4a
32a
dx
2
ax
ax
2
En (ax )2 n+ 2
+
(2n + 2)(2n)!
x 2 x sin 2ax cos 2ax

+
+
4
4a
8a 2
x cos
x sin 2ax
+
2
4a
17.18.10.
17.18.22.
91
tan ax
a
sin ax
dx
1
ax
ln tan +
=
+
3
ax 2a cos 2 ax 2a
4 2
dx
ax
2
x dx
ax 2
ax
+ ln sin
2 a2
2
dx
ax
2
x dx
ax 2
ax
+ ln cos
2 a2
2
dx
dx
sin(a p) x sin(a + p) x
+
2(a p)
2(a + p)
(If a = p, see 17.18.9.)
1
ax 1
ax
cot
cot 3
2a
2 6a
2
1
ax 1
ax
tan
tan 3
+
2a
2 6a
2
2
1
tan 1 ( p q) / ( p + q) tan ax
2
2
2
dx
a p q
=
tan 1 ax + (q + p) / (q p)
p + q cos ax
1
2
ln
a q 2 p2 tan 1 ax (q + p) / (q p)
2
(If p = q, see 17.18.16

and 17.18.18.)
92
dx
17.18.23.
( p + q cos ax )
17.18.24.
q sin ax
p
a(q 2 p2 )( p + q cos ax ) q 2 p2
(If p = q see 17.18.19

and 17.18.20.)
dx
p + q cos ax
dx
1
p tan ax
=
tan 1
+ q 2 cos 2 ax ap p2 + q 2
p2 + q 2
1 p tan ax
ap p2 q 2 tan
p2 q 2
dx
=
p tan ax q 2 p2
p2 q 2 cos 2 ax
1
ln
2ap q 2 p2 p tan ax + q 2 p2
17.18.25.
17.18.26.
17.18.27.
17.18.28.
cos
17.18.29.
cos
17.18.30.
cos
x m sin ax mx m 1
m(m 1)
+
cos ax
a
a2
a2
cos ax dx =
cos ax
cos ax
a
dx =
xn
(n 1) x n 1 n 1
n
ax
m2
cos ax dx
sin ax
dx (Seee 17.17.27.)
x n 1
sin ax cos n1 ax n 1
+
an
n
cos
n2
sin ax
+
a(n 1) cos n1 ax b 1
cos
ax dx =
dx
n 2
ax dx
dx
n 2
ax
x dx
x sin ax
1
n2
=
+
n
ax a(n 1) cos n1 ax a 2 (n 1)(n 2) cos n 2 ax n 1
(19) Integrals Involving sin ax and cos ax

17.19.1.
sin ax cos ax dx =
sin 2 ax
2a
17.19.2.
sin px cos qx dx =
cos( p q) x cos( p + q) x
2( p q)
2( p + q)
17.19.3.
sin ax cos ax dx =
sin n+1 ax
(n + 1)a
17.19.4.
cosn ax sin ax dx =
cos n+1 ax
(n + 1)a
17.19.5.
sin
x sin 4 ax
8
32a
17.19.6.
sin ax cos ax = a ln tan ax
17.19.7.
sin
17.19.8.
sin ax cos
17.19.9.
sin
ax cos 2 ax dx =
dx
1
1
ax
= ln tan +
ax cos ax a
4 2 a sin ax
dx
(If n = 1, see 17.20.1.)
dx
(If n = 1, see 17.21.1.)
ax
ax
1
1
ln tan
+
a
2 a cos ax
dx
2 cot 2ax
=
a
ax cos 2 ax
x dx
cos
n 2
ax
sin 2 ax
93
sin ax 1
ax
+ ln tan +
a
a
2 4
17.19.10.
cos ax dx =
17.19.11.
cos 2 ax
cos ax 1
ax
sin ax dx = a + a ln tan 2
17.19.12.
cos ax (1 sin ax ) = 2a(1 sin ax ) + 2a ln tan 2
17.19.13.
sin ax (1 cos ax ) = 2a(1 cos ax ) + 2a ln tan
17.19.14.
sin ax cos ax = a
17.19.15.
sin ax cos ax = 2 2a ln (sin ax cos ax )
17.19.16.
sin ax cos ax = 2 + 2a ln (sin ax cos ax )
17.19.17.
p + q cos ax = aq ln ( p + q cos ax )
17.19.18.
p + q sin ax = aq ln ( p + q sin ax )
17.19.19.
( p + q cos ax )
17.19.20.
( p + q sin ax)
17.19.21.
p sin ax + q cos ax = a
17.19.22.
dx
ax
dx
ax
2
dx
sin ax dx
1
2
sin ax dx
cos ax dx
sin ax dx
cos ax dx
1
aq(n 1)( p + q cos ax )n1
1
aq(n 1)( p + q sin ax )n1
dx
ax
ln tan
2 8
1
cos ax dx
+
4
ax + tan 1 (q / p)
ln tan
p2 + q 2
1
p + (r q) tan(ax / 2 )
2
tan 1
a r 2 p2 q 2
r 2 p2 q 2
dx
=
2
2
2
p sin ax + q cos ax + r
p p + q r + (r q) tan (ax / 2 )
1
ln
2
2
2
p + p2 + q 2 r 2 + (r q) tan (ax / 2 )
a p + q r
(If r = q see 17.19.23. If r2 = p2 + q2 see 17.19.24.)
dx
17.19.23.
p sin ax + q(1 + cos ax ) = ap ln q + p tan
17.19.24.
p sin ax + q cos ax
17.19.25.
17.19.26.
dx
p2 + q 2
ax
2
1
ax + tan 1 (q / p)
tan
4
2
a p2 + q 2
dx
1
p tan ax
=
tan 1
sin 2 ax + q 2 cos 2 ax apq
q
dx
1
p tan ax q
ln
=
sin 2 ax q 2 cos 2 ax 2apq p tan ax + q
94
17.19.27.
sin m 1 ax cos n+1 ax m 1

sin m 2 ax cos n ax dx
+
a(m + n )
m+n
m
n
sin ax cos ax dx = sin m+1 ax cosn1 ax n 1
sin m ax cos n 2 ax dx
+
m+n
a (m + n )
17.19.28.
sin m 1 ax
m 1 sin m 2 ax
a(n 1) cos n1 ax n 1 cos n 2 ax dx
sin m +1 ax
sin m ax
mn+2
sin m ax
cosn ax dx = a(n 1) cosn1 ax n 1 cosn2 ax dx
m 1 sin m 2 ax
sin m 1 ax
dx
+
a(m n) co
os n1 ax m n cos n ax
17.19.29.
cos m 1 ax
m 1 cos m 2 ax
1
n
a(n 1) sin ax n 1 sin n 2 ax dx
cos m +1 ax
cos m ax
cos m ax
mn+2
dx
=
a(n 1) sin n1 ax n 1
sin n2 ax dx
sin n ax
cos m 1 ax
m 1 cos m 2 ax
dx
+
n 1
a(m n) sin ax m n sin n ax
17.19.30.
1
m+n2
a(n 1) sin m 1 ax cos n1 ax + n 1

dx
sin m ax cosn ax =
1
m+n2
+
m 1
a(m 1) sin m 1 ax cos n1 ax
dx
ax cos n 2 ax
dx
sin m2 ax cosn ax
sin
(20) Integrals Involving tan ax

1
17.20.1.
tan ax dx = a ln cos ax = a ln sec ax
17.20.2.
tan
17.20.3.
tan
17.20.4.
tan n ax sec2 ax dx =
17.20.5.
sec 2 ax
1
tan ax dx = a ln tan ax
17.20.6.
tan ax = a ln sin ax
17.20.7.
x tan ax dx = a
17.20.8.
17.20.9.
x tan 2 ax dx =
ax dx =
tan ax
x
a
ax dx =
tan 2 ax 1
+ ln cos ax
2a
a
dx
tan n+1 ax
(n + 1)a
1 (ax )3 (ax )5 2(ax )7

+
+
+
2
15
105
3
tan ax
(ax )3 2(ax )5
+
+
dx = ax +
9
75
x
22 n (22 n 1) Bn (ax )2 n+1

+
(2n + 1)!
22 n (22 n 1) Bn (ax )2 n1
+
(2n 1)(2n)!
x tan ax 1
x2
+ 2 ln cos ax
2
a
a
dx
17.20.10.
p + q tan ax =
17.20.11.
tan n ax dx =
95
px
q
ln (q sin ax + p cos ax )
2 +
2
p +q
a( p + q 2 )
2
tan n 1 ax
tan n 2 ax dx
(n 1)a
(21) Integrals Involving cot ax

1
17.21.1.
cot ax dx = a ln sin ax
17.21.2.
cot
17.21.3.
cot 3ax dx =
17.21.4.
cot
17.21.5.
csc 2 ax
1
cot ax dx = a ln cot ax
17.21.6.
cot ax = a ln cos ax
17.21.7.
x cot ax dx = a
17.21.8.
cot ax
1 ax (ax )3
=
dx
x
ax 3
135
17.21.9.
x cot 2 ax dx =
ax dx =
cot ax
x
a
cot 2 ax 1
ln sin ax
2a
a
ax csc 2 ax dx =
cot n+1 ax
(n + 1)a
dx
1
(ax )3 (ax )5
ax
2
9
225
dx
22 n Bn (ax )2 n+1

(2n + 1)!
22 n Bn (ax )2 n 1
(2n 1)(2n)!
x cot ax 1
x2
+ 2 ln sin ax
2
a
a
px
q
ln (q sin ax + q cos ax )
2
2
p +q
a( p + q 2 )
17.21.10.
p + q cot ax =
17.21.11.
cot ax dx = (n 1)a cot
cot n 1 ax
n2
ax dx
(22) Integrals Involving sec ax

1
ax
+
4
17.22.1.
sec ax dx = a ln (sec ax + tan ax) = a ln tan 2
17.22.2.
sec ax dx =
tan ax
a
17.22.3.
sec ax dx =
sec ax tan ax 1
+
ln (sec ax + tan ax )
2a
2a
96
sec n ax
na
17.22.4.
sec
17.22.5.
sec ax =
17.22.6.
x sec ax dx = a
17.22.7.
sec ax
(ax )2 5(ax )4 61(ax )6
x dx = ln x + 4 + 96 + 4320 +
17.22.8.
x sec ax dx = a tan ax + a
17.22.9.
q + p sec ax = q q p + q cos ax
ax tan ax dx =
dx
sin ax
a
1 (ax )2 (ax )4 5(ax )6
+
+
+
2
8
144
2
dx
En (ax )2 n+ 2
+
(2n + 2)(2n)!
+
En (ax )2 n
+
2n(2n)!
ln cos ax
dx
sec n 2 ax tan ax n 2
+
a(n 1)
n 1
sec
n2
17.23.1.
csc ax dx = a ln (csc ax cot ax) = a ln tan
ax
2
17.23.2.
csc ax dx =
cot ax
a
17.23.3.
csc ax dx =
csc ax cot ax 1
ax
+
ln tan
2a
2a
2
17.23.4.
csc ax cot ax dx =
17.23.5.
csc ax =
17.23.6.
x csc ax dx =
17.23.7.
csc ax
1 ax 7(ax )3
dx
=
+
+
+
x
ax 6
1080
17.23.8.
x csc ax dx =
17.23.9.
q + p csc ax = q q p + q sin ax
17.22.10.
secn ax dx =
ax dx
(23) Integrals Involving csc ax
17.23.10.
dx
cos ax
a
(ax )3 7(ax )5
+
+
ax +
18
1800
1
a2
csc
csc n ax
na
2(22 n 1 1) Bn (ax )2 n+1

+
(2n + 1)!
2(22 n 1 1) Bn (ax )2 n 1
+
(2n 1)(2n)!
x cot ax 1
+ 2 ln sin ax
a
a
dx
dx
ax dx =
csc n 2 ax cot ax n 2
+
a(n 1)
n 1
(See 17.17.22.)
csc
n2
ax dx
(24) Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions

x
x
dx = x sin 1 + a 2 x 2
a
a
17.24.1.
sin
17.24.2.
x sin
17.24.3.
17.24.4.
sin 1 ( x /a)
x ( x/a)3 1 i 3( x/a)5 1 i 3 i 5( x /a)7
=
+
+
+
+
dx
x
a 2i 3i 3 2i 4 i 5i 5 2i 4 i 6i 7i 7
17.24.5.
17.24.6.
sin 1 a dx =
17.24.7.
cos
17.24.8.
x cos
17.24.9.
x
x x a2 x 2
x 2 a2
dx = sin 1 +
4
4
a
a
2
x
x3
x ( x 2 + 2a 2 ) a 2 x 2
sin 1 +
dx =
3
9
a
a
sin 1
sin 1 ( x /a)
sin 1 ( x/a) 1 a + a 2 x 2
dx =
ln
2
x
a
x
x
x
x
x sin 1 2 x + 2 a 2 x 2 sin 1
a
a
x
x
dx = x cos 1 a 2 x 2
a
a
x
x x a2 x 2
x 2 a2
dx = cos 1
a
a
4
4
2
cos 1
x
x3
x ( x 2 + 2a 2 ) a 2 x 2
dx =
cos 1
a
a
3
9
17.24.10.
cos 1 ( x /a)
sin 1 ( x/a)
dx = ln x
dx (See 17.2
24.4.)
x
2
x
17.24.11.
cos 1 ( x /a)
cos 1 ( x/a) 1 a + a 2 x 2
dx =
+ ln
2
x
a
x
x
17.24.12.
cos1 a dx =
17.24.13.
tan
17.24.14.
x tan
17.24.15.
x 2 tan 1
x
x
x cos 1 2 x 2 a 2 x 2 cos 1
a
a
x
x a
dx = x tan 1 ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
a
a 2
1
1
x
x ax
dx = ( x 2 + a 2 ) tan 1
2
a
a 2
x
x3
x ax 2 a 3
dx =
+ ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
tan 1
a
a
3
6
6
tan 1 ( x/a)
x ( x/a)3 ( x/a)5 ( x/a)7
+
dx =
+
x
a
32
52
72
17.24.16.
17.24.17.
tan 1 ( x/a)
1 1 x 1 x 2 + a 2
dx
tan
ln
=
x2
x
a 2a x 2
97
98
x
x a
+ ln (x 2 + a 2 )
dx = x cot 1
a
a 2
17.24.18.
cot
17.24.19.
x cot
17.24.20.
17.24.21.
cot 1 ( x/a)
tan 1 ( x /a)
dx = ln x
dx
x
2
x
17.24.22.
cot 1 ( x /a)
cot 1 ( x /a) 1 x 2 + a 2
+
dx =
ln
2
x
2a x 2
x
17.24.23.
1
x sec
x
1
sec a dx = 1
x sec
17.24.24.
x2
a x 2 a2
1 x
sec
2
a
x sec 1 a dx = x22
2
2
sec 1 x + a x a
2
2
a
17.24.25.
x3
ax x 2 a 2 a 3
1 x
ln(x + x 2 a 2 )
sec
3
6
6
a
2
1 x
x sec a dx = x 3
2
2
3
sec 1 x + ax x a + a ln(x + x 2 a 2 )
3
6
6
a
17.24.26.
17.24.27.
sec 1 ( x /a)
+
1
sec ( x/a)
x 2 dx = sec 1 ( x/a)
17.24.28.
1 x
2
2
x csc a + a ln ( x + x a )
x
csc
=
dx
a
x csc 1 x a ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
a
17.24.29.
x2
csc 1
1 x
x csc a dx = x22
csc 1
2
17.24.30.
x3
x ax x 2 a 2 a 3
+ ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
csc 1 +
3
6
6
a
x
x 2 csc 1 a dx = 3
x
ax x 2 a 2 a 3
1 x
ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
csc
6
6
a
3
1
x
x ax
+
dx = ( x 2 + a 2 ) cot 1
2
2
a
a
cot 1
x
x3
x
ax 2
a3
+
ln ( x 2 + a 2 )
cot 1
dx =
3
6
6
a
a
(See 17.24.16.)
x
<
a 2
x
< sec 1 <
2
a
x
a ln ( x + x 2 a 2 )
a
x
+ a ln (x + x 2 a 2 )
a
0 < sec 1
x
<
a 2
x
< sec 1 <
2
a
0 < sec 1
x
<
a 2
x
< sec 1 <
2
a
0 < sec 1
sec 1 ( x /a)
a (a/x )3 1i3(a/x )5 1 i 3 i 5(a/x )7

+
dx = ln x + +
+
+
x
2
x 2 i 3 i 3 2 i 4 i 5i 5 2 i 4 i 6 i 7i 7
x
<
a
2
x 2 a2
ax
0 < sec 1
x 2 a2
ax
x
< sec 1 <
2
a
x
<
a 2
x
< csc 1 < 0
2
a
0 < csc 1
x
a x 2 a2
x
+
<
0 < csc 1
a
a
2
2
2
2
x a x a
< csc 1
<0
2
2
a
a
0 < csc 1
x
<
a 2
x
< csc 1 < 0
2
a
99
17.24.31.
csc 1 ( x /a)
a (a /x )3 1 i 3(a /x )5 1 i 3 i 5(a /x )7
dx
x + 2i 3 i 3 + 2i 4 i 5 i 5 + 2i 4 i 6 i 7i 7 +
x
17.24.32.
csc 1 ( x /a)
x
csc ( x /a)
x 2 dx = 1
csc ( x /a)
+
x 2 a2
ax
0 < csc 1
x 2 a2
ax
17.24.33.
sin 1
1
x
x m +1
x
dx =
sin 1
a
m +1
a m +1
17.24.34.
x m cos1
1
x
x m +1
x
dx =
cos 1 +
a
m +1
a m +1
17.24.35.
x m tan 1
x
x m +1
x
a
tan 1
dx =
a
m +1
a m +1
17.24.36.
x m cot 1
x
x m +1
x
a
cot 1 +
dx =
a
m +1
a m +1
17.24.37.
x m +1 sec 1 ( x/a)
a
1
+
+1
m
m
m
1 x
x
sec
=
dx
a
a
x m +1 sec 1 ( x/a)
+
m +1
m +1
17.24.38.
x
< csc 1 < 0
2
a
x m +1
dx
a2 x 2
x m +1
a2 x 2
x m +1
dx
x 2 + a2
x m +1
dx
x 2 + a2
x m +1 sec 1 ( x /a)
a
+
1
+
+1
m
m
m
1 x
x
csc
=
dx
a
a
x m +1 csc 1 ( x /a)
m +1
m +1
x
<
a 2
dx
x m dx
x a
2
x m dx
x 2 a2
x m dx
x a
2
x m dx
x 2 a2
0 < sec 1
x
<
a 2
x
< sec 1 <
2
a
0 < csc 1
x
<
a
2
x
< csc 1 < 0
2
a
(25) Integrals Involving eax

e ax
a
17.25.1.
eax dx =
17.25.2.
xe
17.25.3.
x 2eax dx =
e ax
a
17.25.4.
x e
x n e ax n
a
a
ax
dx =
n ax
e ax
a
dx =
=
1
x a
e ax
a
2 2x 2
x a + a 2
n 1 ax
e dx
n(n 1) x n 2
(1)n n !
n nx n1

x a +
2
a
a n
e ax
ax (ax )2 (ax )3
+
+
+
dx = ln x +
1 i 1! 2 i 2! 3 i3!
x
17.25.5.
17.25.6.
e ax
a
e ax
dx
=
+
n
x
n 1
(n 1) x n1
e ax
dx
x n1
if n = positivee integer
100
17.25.7.
dx
x
1
=
ln (p + qe ax )
ax
p + qe
p ap
17.25.8.
dx
x
1
1
= 2 +
2 ln (p + qe ax )
ax 2
ax
( p + qe )
p
ap( p + qe ) ap
pe
17.25.9.
ax
dx
+ qe ax
1
p ax
tan 1
e
q
a pq
=
e ax q /p
1
ln ax
2a pq e + q /p
17.25.10.
eax sin bx dx =
e ax (a sin bx b cos bx )
a2 + b2
17.25.11.
eax cos bx dx =
e ax (a cos bx + b sin bx )
a2 + b2
17.25.12.
xeax sin bx dx =
xe ax (a sin bx b cos bx ) e ax {(a 2 b 2 ) sin bx 2ab cos bx}
(a 2 + b 2 ) 2
a2 + b2
17.25.13.
xeax cos bx dx =
xe ax (a cos bx + b sin bx ) e ax {(a 2 b 2 ) cos bx + 2ab sin bx}
(a 2 + b 2 ) 2
a2 + b2
17.25.14.
17.25.15.
17.25.16.
e ax ln x 1
a
a
e ax
dx
x
ax
ln x dx =
ax
sin n bx dx =
e ax sin n1 bx
n(n 1)b 2 ax n 2
(a sin bx nb cos bx ) + 2
e sin bx dx
2
2 2
a +n b
a + n2b2
ax
cos n bx dx =
e ax cos n1 bx
n(n 1)b 2 ax
(a cos bx + nb sin bx ) + 2
e cos n 2 bx dx
2
2 2
a +n b
a + n2b2
(26) Integrals Involving ln x

17.26.1.
ln x dx = x ln x x
17.26.2.
x ln x dx =
17.26.3.
x m ln x dx =
17.26.4.
ln x
1
dx = ln 2 x
x
2
17.26.5.
ln x
ln x 1
dx =
x
x
x2
17.26.6.
ln
17.26.7.
ln n x dx ln n+1 x
=
x
n +1
17.26.8.
dx
= ln (ln x )
x ln x
x2
ln x
2
1
x m +1
ln x
m +1
m + 1
( If m = 1, see 17.26.4.)
x dx = x ln 2 x 2 x ln x + 2 x
(If n = 1, see 17.26.8.)
dx
ln 2 x ln 3 x
= ln (ln x ) + ln x +
+
+
2 i 2 ! 3 i 3!
ln x
17.26.9.
17.26.10.
17.26.11.
ln x dx = x ln
17.26.12.
101
(m + 1)2 ln 2 x
(m + 1)3 ln 3 x
x m dx
= ln (ln x ) + (m + 1) ln x +
+
+
ln x
2 i 2!
3 i 3!
n
ln
xn
n 1
x dx
x m +1 ln n x
n
m +1
m +1
If m = 1, see 17.26.7.
x m ln n x dx =
17.26.13.
ln (x
17.26.14.
ln ( x
17.26.15.
ln n 1 xdx
x
a
+ a 2 ) dx = x ln (x 2 + a 2 ) 2 x + 2a tan 1
x + a
a 2 ) dx = x ln ( x 2 a 2 ) 2 x + a ln
x a
ln (x 2 a 2 ) dx =
2
x m +1 ln ( x 2 a 2 )
m +1
m +1
x m+2
dx
a2
(27) Integrals Involving sinh ax

cosh ax
a
17.27.1.
sinh ax dx =
17.27.2.
x sinh ax dx =
17.27.3.
17.27.4.
sinh ax
(ax )3 (ax )5
dx
=
ax
+
+
+
x
3 i3 !
5 i5 !
17.27.5.
17.27.6.
sinh ax
17.27.7.
x cosh ax sinh ax
a
a2
x2
2
2x
sinh ax dx =
+ 3 cosh ax 2 sinh ax
a
a a
sinh ax
sinh ax
dx =
+a
2
x
x
dx
1
ax
ln tanh
a
2
x dx
1
a2
sinh ax
sinh ax cosh ax x
2a
2
sinh
17.27.9.
x sinh 2 ax dx =
ax dx =
cosh ax
dx
x
(See 17.28.4.)
2(1)n (22 n 1) Bn (ax )2 n+1

(ax )3 7(ax )5
+
ax 18 + 1800 +
(
2
n
+
1
)!
17.27.8.
x sinh 2ax
cosh 2ax x 2
4a
4
8a 2
102
dx
coth ax
a
17.27.10.
sinh
17.27.11.
sinh ax sinh px dx =
ax
sinh (a + p) x sinh (a p) x
2(a + p)
2(a p)
For a = p see 17.27.8.
x m cosh ax
a
m m 1
x cosh ax dx
a
17.27.12.
x m sinh ax dx =
17.27.13.
sinh
17.27.14.
sinh ax
a
sinh ax
dx =
+
n
n 1
(n 1) x
x
n 1
17.27.15.
dx
n2
cosh ax
=
sinh n ax
a(n 1) sinh n 1 ax
n 1
17.27.16.
sinh
sinh n1 ax cosh ax
an
ax dx =
n 1
n
sinh
n 2
cosh ax
dx
x n 1
(See 17.28.12.)
ax dx
(See 17.28.14.)
dx
sinh
n2
ax
x dx
x cosh ax
1
n2
=
n
ax a(n 1)sinh n 1 ax a 2 (n 1)(n 2)sinh n 2 ax n 1
(28) Integrals Involving cosh ax

sinh ax
a
17.28.1.
cosh ax dx =
17.28.2.
x cosh ax dx =
17.28.3.
17.28.4.
cosh ax
(ax )2 (ax )4 (ax )6
+
dx = ln x +
+
+
2 i 2! 4 i 4 ! 6 i 6!
x
17.28.5.
cosh ax
cosh ax
dx =
+a
x
x2
17.28.6.
cosh ax
17.28.7.
cosh ax
17.28.8.
cosh
17.28.9.
x cosh
x sinh ax cosh ax
a
a2
cosh ax dx =
2 x cosh ax x 2
2
sinh ax
+
+
a2
a a 3
sinh ax
dx
x
(See 17.27.4.)
dx
2
tan 1 e ax
a
x dx
(1)n En (ax )2 n+ 2
1 (ax )2 (ax )4 5(ax )6
+
+ +
2
(2n + 2)(2n)!
8
144
a 2
ax dx =
2
x sinh ax cosh ax
+
2
2a
ax dx =
x 2 x sinh 2ax
cosh 2ax
+
4
4a
8a 2
x dx
sinh
n2
ax
dx
103
tanh ax
a
17.28.10.
cosh
17.28.11.
cosh ax cosh px dx =
17.28.12.
x m cosh ax dx =
17.28.13.
cosh n ax dx =
17.28.14.
cosh ax
a
cosh ax
dx =
+
n
n 1
x
(n 1) x
n 1
17.28.15.
sinh ax
dx
n2
=
+
cosh n ax
a(n 1) cosh n 1 ax
n 1
17.28.16.
1
n2
x dx
x sinh ax
+
=
+
cosh n ax
a(n 1) cosh n 1 ax (n 1) (n 2)a 2 cosh n 2 ax n 1
ax
sinh (a + p) x
sinh (a p) x
+
2(a p)
2(a + p)
x m sinh ax
a
m m 1
x sinh ax dx
a
cosh n 1 ax sinh ax
an
n 1
n
cosh
dx
cosh
sinh ax cosh ax dx =
sinh 2 ax
2a
17.29.2.
sinh px cosh qx dx =
cosh ( p + q) x cosh ( p q) x
+
2( p + q)
2( p q)
17.29.3.
sinh
17.29.4.
sinh ax cosh ax
17.29.5.
sinh
17.29.6.
sinh 2 ax
sinh ax 1
cosh ax dx = a a tan 1 sinh ax
17.29.7.
cosh 2 ax
cosh ax 1
ax
sinh ax dx = a + a ln tanh 2
dx
sinh 4 ax x
32a
8
1
ln tanh ax
a
dx
2 coth 2ax
=
2
ax cosh ax
a
ax dx
(See 17.27.14.)
17.29.1.
ax cosh 2 ax dx =
n2
sinh ax
dx
x n 1
(29) Integrals Involving sinh ax and cosh ax
(See 17.27.12.)
n2
ax
x dx
cosh
n2
ax
104
(30) Integrals Involving tanh ax

1
ln cosh ax
a
17.30.1.
tanh ax dx
17.30.2.
tanh
17.30.3.
tanh
17.30.4.
x tanh ax dx =
17.30.5.
ax dx = x
ax dx =
tanh ax
a
1
tanh 2 ax
ln cosh ax
a
2a
(1)n 1 22 n (22 n 1) Bn (ax )2 n+1

(ax )3 (ax )5 2(ax )7
+

+
15
105
(2n + 1)!
3
1
x 2 x tanh ax
x tanh 2 ax dx = 2 a + a 2 ln cosh ax
1
a2
(1)n 1 22 n (22 n 1) Bn (ax )2 n 1

tanh ax
(ax )3 2(ax )5
+

+
dx = ax
9
75
(2n 1)(2n)!
x
17.30.6.
17.30.7.
p + q tanh ax
17.30.8.
tanh
dx
ax dx =
px
q
ln (q sinh ax + p cosh ax )
p 2 q 2 a( p 2 q 2 )
tanh n1 ax
+ tanh n 2 ax dx
a(a 1)
(31) Integrals Involving coth ax

1
ln sinh ax
a
17.31.1.
coth ax dx =
17.31.2.
coth
17.31.3.
coth
17.31.4.
x coth ax dx = a
17.31.5.
x coth
ax dx = x
ax dx =
coth ax
a
1
coth 2 ax
ln sinh ax
a
2a
(1)n1 22 n Bn (ax )2 n+1
1
(ax )3 (ax )5
+
+
2 ax +
+
(
2
n
1
)!
9
225
ax dx =
x 2 x coth ax
1
+ 2 ln sinh ax
2
a
a
(1)n 22 n Bn (ax )2 n1
coth ax
1 ax (ax )3
+
+
+
dx =
(2n 1)(2n)!
x
ax 3
135
17.31.6.
17.31.7.
p + q coth ax
17.31.8.
coth
dx
ax dx =
px
q
ln ( p sinh ax + q cosh ax )
2
2
p q
a( p q 2 )
2
coth n1 ax
+
a(n 1)
coth
n 2
ax dx
105
(32) Integrals Involving sech ax

2
17.32.1.
sech ax dx = a tan
17.32.2.
sech
17.32.3.
sech
17.32.4.
x sech ax dx = a
17.32.5.
x sech
e ax
ax dx =
tanh ax
a
ax dx =
1
sech ax tanh ax
tan 1 sinh ax
+
2a
2a
(1)n En (ax )2 n+ 2
1 (ax )2 (ax )4
5(ax )6
+
+
+
2
+
(
2
n
2
)(
2
n
)!
2
8
144
ax dx =
x tanh ax 1
2 ln cosh ax
a
a
(1)n En (ax )2 n
sech ax
(ax )2 5(ax )4 61(ax )6
+
dx = ln x
+
+
4
96
4320
2n(2n)!
x
17.32.6.
17.32.7.
sech
ax dx =
sech n 2 ax tanh ax n 2
+
a(n 1)
n 1
sech
n 2
ax dx
(33) Integrals Involving csch ax

1
17.33.1.
csch ax dx = a ln tanh
17.33.2.
csch
17.33.3.
csch
17.33.4.
x csch ax dx =
17.33.5.
x csch
ax
2
ax dx =
coth ax
a
ax dx =
csch ax coth ax
1
ax
ln tanh
2a
2a
2
2(1)n (22 n1 1) Bn (ax )2 n+1

1
(ax )3 7(ax )5
ax
+
+
+
+
(2n + 1)!
18
1800
a2
ax dx =
x coth ax 1
+ 2 ln sinh ax
a
a
(1)n 2(22 n1 1) Bn (ax )2 n1

1
csch ax
ax 7(ax )3
+
+
+
dx =
6
1080
(2n 1) (2n)!
x
ax
17.33.6.
17.33.7.
csch n ax dx =
csch n 2 ax coth ax n 2
a(n 1)
n 1
csch
n 2
ax dx
106
(34) Integrals Involving Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

x
x
dx = x sinh 1 x 2 + a 2
a
a
17.34.1.
sinh
17.34.2.
x sinh
17.34.3.
x ( x /a)3 1 i 3( x /a)5 1 i 3 i 5( x /a)7

|x| < a
a 2 i3 i3 + 2 i 4 i 5 i 5 2 i 4 i 6 i 7i7 +
ln 2 (2 x /a) (a /x )2 1 i 3(a /x )4 1 i3 i5(a /x )6

sinh 1 ( x /a)
=
dx
+
x>a
x
2
2i2i2 2 i 4 i 4 i 4 2i 4 i 6 i 6 i 6
4
6
2
2
ln (2 x /a) + (a /x ) 1 i 3(a /x ) + 1 i3 i5(a /x )
x < a
2
2i2i2
2 i 4 i 4 i 4 2i 4 i 6 i 6 i 6
17.34.4.
cosh 1
17.34.5.
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
4 (2 x a ) cosh ( x /a) 4 x x a , cosh ( x /a) > 0
x
1
x cosh a dx = 1
(2 x 2 a 2 ) cosh 1 ( x /a) + 1 x x 2 a 2 , cosh 1 ( x /a) < 0
4
4
17.34.6.
x
x
x 2 + a2
x 2 a2
dx = + sinh 1 x
a
a
4
4
2
x cosh 1 ( x /a) x 2 a 2 , cosh 1 ( x /a) > 0

x
dx =
a
x cosh 1 ( x /a) + x 2 a 2 , cosh 1 ( x /a) < 0
cosh 1 ( x /a)
(a /x )2 1 i 3(a /x )4 1 i 3 i 5(a /x )6
1
+
+
+
dx = ln 2 (2 x /a) +
2
2
i
4
i
4
i
4
2
i
4
i
6
i
6
i
6
x
2
i
2
i
2
+ if cosh 1 ( x /a) > 0, if cosh 1 ( x /a) < 0
17.34.7.
tanh
17.34.8.
x tanh
17.34.9.
x
x a
dx = x tanh 1 + ln (a 2 x 2 )
a
a 2
x
ax 1 2
x
+ ( x a 2 ) tanh 1
dx =
2 2
a
a
tanh 1 ( x /a)
x ( x /a)3 ( x /a)5
+
+
dx = +
x
a
32
52
x
a
dx = x coth 1 x + ln ( x 2 a 2 )
a
2
17.34.10.
coth
17.34.11.
x coth
17.34.12.
17.34.13.
sech 1
x sech 1 ( x /a) + a sin 1 ( x /a), sech 1 ( x /a) > 0

x
dx =
a
x sech 1 ( x /a) a sin 1 ( x /a), sech 1 ( x /a) < 0
17.34.14.
csch
x
x
x
dx = x csch 1 a sinh 1
a
a
a
x
ax 1 2
x
dx =
+ ( x a 2 ) coth 1
a
a
2 2
coth 1 ( x /a)
a (a /x )3 (a /x )5
+ 2 +
dx = +
x
32
5
x
(+ if x > 0, if x < 0)
1
x
x m +1
x
sinh 1
dx =
a
m +1
a m +1
17.34.15.
17.34.16.
x m +1
1
m + 1 cosh
x
x m cosh 1 a dx = x m+1
1
m + 1 cosh
sinh 1
17.34.17.
tanh 1
x
x m +1
x
a
dx =
tanh 1
a
m +1
a m +1
17.34.18.
x m coth 1
1
x
x m +1
x
coth 1
dx =
a
m +1
a m +1
17.34.19.
x m +1
1
m + 1 sech
x
x m sech 1 a dx = x m+1
1
m + 1 sech
17.34.20.
csch 1
x m +1
x 2 + a2
1
x
a m +1
x
1
+
a m +1
107
x m +1
x 2 a2
x m +1
dx
x 2 a2
cosh 1 ( x /a) > 0
dx
cosh 1 ( x /a) < 0
x m +1
dx
x2
x m +1
dx
a2 x 2
x
a
+
a m +1
x m dx
x
1
a m +1
a2 x 2
x m dx
x 2 + a2
x
x m +1
x
a
csch 1
dx =
a
m +1
a m +1
dx
a2 x 2
x m dx
sech 1 ( x /a) > 0

sech 1 ( x /a) < 0
(+ if x > 0, if x < 0)
18
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Definition of a Definite Integral

Let f(x) be defined in an interval a x b. Divide the interval into n equal parts of length x = (b a)/n. Then
the definite integral of f(x) between x = a and x = b is defined as
18.1.
f ( x ) dx = lim{ f (a) x + f (a + x ) x + f (a + 2x ) x +
+ f (a + (n 1) x ) x}
The limit will certainly exist if f(x) is piecewise continuous.

d
If f ( x ) =
g( x ), then by the fundamental theorem of the integral calculus the above definite integral can
dx
be evaluated by using the result
18.2.
f ( x ) dx =
b
d
g( x ) dx = g( x ) = g(b) g(a)
a
dx
b
a
If the interval is infinite or if f(x) has a singularity at some point in the interval, the definite integral is called
an improper integral and can be defined by using appropriate limiting procedures. For example,
18.3.
18.4.
18.5.
18.6.
f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx
b a
f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx
a a
f ( x ) dx = lim
f ( x ) dx = lim
a +
f ( x ) dx
if b is a singular point..
f ( x ) dx if a is a singulaar point.
General Formulas Involving Definite Integrals

b
18.7.
18.8.
18.9.
18.10.
18.11.
108
{ f ( x ) g( x ) h( x ) } dx =
b
a
f ( x ) dx
b
a
cf ( x ) dx = c f ( x ) dx where c is any constant.

a
f ( x ) dx = 0
a
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx
b
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
g( x ) dx h( x ) dx
a
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
18.12.
109
f ( x ) dx = (b a) f (c)
where c is between a and b.
This is called the mean value theorem for definite integrals and is valid if f(x) is continuous in
a x b.
18.13.
f ( x ) g( x ) dx = f (c) g( x ) dx
where c is between a and b
This is a generalization of 18.12 and is valid if f(x) and g(x) are continuous in a x b and g(x) 0.
Leibnitzs Rules for Differentiation of Integrals

18.14.
d
d
2 ( )
1 ( )
F ( x , ) dx =
2 ( )
1( )
d
d
F
dx + F (2 , ) 2 F (1 , ) 1
d
d
d
Approximate Formulas for Definite Integrals

In the following the interval from x = a to x = b is subdivided into n equal parts by the points
a = x0, x1, x2, , xn1, xn = b and we let y0 = f(x0), y1 = f(x1), y2 = f(x2), , yn = f(xn), h = (b a)/n.
Rectangular formula:
18.15.
b
a
f ( x ) dx h( y0 + y1 + y2 +
+ yn1 )
Trapezoidal formula:
18.16.
b
a
f ( x ) dx
h
( y + 2 y1 + 2 y2 +
2 0
+ 2 yn1 + yn )
Simpsons formula (or parabolic formula) for n even:

18.17.
b
a
f ( x ) dx
h
( y + 4 y1 + 2 y2 + 4 y3 +
3 0
+ 2 yn 2 + 4 yn1 + yn )
Definite Integrals Involving Rational or Irrational Expressions

18.18.
18.19.
18.20.
dx
=
x 2 + a 2 2a
x p1dx
=
,
1+ x
sin p
0 < p<1
x m dx
a m +1 n
,
n
n =
n sin[(m + 1) /n]
x +a
0 < m +1< n
18.21.
x m dx
sin m
0 1 + 2 x cos + x 2 = sin m sin
18.22.
18.23.
a
0
a
0
dx
=
2
a2 x 2
a 2 x 2 dx =
a2
4
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
110
18.24.
18.25.
a
0
x m (a n x n ) p dx =
a m +1+ np [(m + 1)/n] ( p + 1)

n [(m + 1)/n + p + 1]
x m dx
(1)r 1 a m +1 nr [(m + 1)/n]
,
n r =
n sin[(m + 1) /n](r 1)! [(m + 1) /n r + 1]
(x + a )
n
0 < m + 1 < nr
Definite Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions

All letters are considered positive unless otherwise indicated.
18.26.
18.27.
18.28.
18.29.
18.30.
18.31.
18.32.
18.33.
18.34.
18.35.
18.36.
18.37.
0
m, n integers and m + n even
sin mx cos nx dx =
2
2
2m/ (m n ) m, n integers and m + n odd
/2
0
/2
0
/2
m, n integers and m = n
0 m, n integers and m n
cos mx cos nx dx =
ntegers and m = n
/2 m, n in
/2
m, n integers and m n
0
sin mx sin nx dx =
/2
sin 2 x dx =
sin 2 m x dx =
/2
0
sin 2 m +1 x dx =
cos 2 x dx =
/2
0
cos 2 m x dx =
/2
0
1 i 3 i 5 2m 1
,
2 i 4 i 6 2m 2
cos 2 m +1 x dx =
sin 2p1 x cos 2 q1 x dx =
2 i 4 i 6 2m
,
1 i 3 i 5 2m + 1
( p) (q)
2 ( p + q)
/2 p > 0
sin px
dx = 0 p = 0
x
/2 p < 0
0
sin px cos qx
dx = /2
x
/4
sin px sin qx
p/2
dx
=
x2
q/2
sin 2 px
p
dx =
2
x2
1 cos px
p
dx =
2
x2
p>q>0
0< p<q
p=q>0
0 < pq
pq > 0
m = 1, 2,
m = 1, 2,
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
18.38.
18.39.
18.40.
18.41.
18.42.
18.43.
18.44.
cos mx
ma
dx =
e
2a
x 2 + a2
x sin mx
dx = e ma
2
x 2 + a2
sin mx
dx = 2 (1 e ma )
x(x 2 + a2 )
2a
/2
0
18.46.
18.47.
18.48.
18.49.
18.50.
cos px cos qx
(q p)
dx =
2
x2
18.51.
cos px cos qx
q
dx = ln
x
p
18.45.
dx
=
a + b sin x
2
a b2
dx
=
a + b cos x
2
a b2
cos 1 (b / a)
dx
=
a + b cos x
a2 b2
dx
=
(a + b sin x )2
sin ax 2 dx =
sin ax n dx =
18.53.
18.54.
18.55.
18.56.
2
0
dx
2 a
2 =
2
(a + b cos x )
(a b 2 )3/2
0 < a <1
cos ax 2 dx =
1
2
a <1
a >1
m = 0, 1, 2,
2a
n >1
(1/n) cos ,
2n
na1/n
cos ax n dx =
sin x
dx =
x
a 2 < 1,
(1/n) sin ,
2n
na1/n
dx
2
,
2 =
1 2a cos x + a
1 a2
18.52.
cos mx dx
am
,
2 =
1 2a cos x + a
1 a2
( /a) ln (1 + a),
x sin x dx
2 =
1 2a cos x + a
ln (1 + 1/a),
111
n >1
cos x
dx =
2
x
sin x
,
p dx =
(
p
)
sin
( p /2)
2
x
cos x
,
p dx =
2
(
p
)
cos
( p /2)
x
sin ax 2 cos 2bx dx =
1
2
2a
0 < p<1
0 < p<1
b2
b2
cos a sin a
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
112
18.57.
18.58.
18.59.
18.60.
18.61.
18.62.
18.63.
cos ax 2 cos 2bx dx =
1
2
2a
b2
b2
cos a + sin a
sin 3 x
3
dx =
8
x3
sin 4 x
dx =
3
x4
tan x
dx =
x
2
/2
/2
dx
=
1 + tan m x 4
x
1 1
1
1
dx = 2 2 2 + 2 2 +
sin x
1 3
5
7
tan 1 x
1 1
1
1
dx = 2 2 + 2 2 +
x
1 3
5
7
1
0
18.64.
sin 1 x
0 x dx = 2 ln 2
18.65.
cos x
1 cos x
dx
dx =
0
1
x
x
18.66.
18.67.
1
dx
1 + x 2 cos x x =
tan 1 px tan 1 qx
p
dx = ln
x
2 q
Definite Integrals Involving Exponential Functions

Some integrals contain Eulers constant g = 0.5772156 . . . (see 1.3, page 3).
a
18.68. e ax cos bx dx = 2
0
a + b2
18.69.
18.70.
18.71.
18.72.
18.73.
ax
0
ax
e ax sin bx dx =
b
sin bx
dx = tan 1
x
a
e bx
b
dx = ln
x
a
e ax dx =
2
b
a + b2
1
2 a
e ax cos bx dx =
2
1 b /4 a
e
2 a
2
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
18.74.
18.75.
18.76.
18.77.
18.78.
18.79.
18.80.
1 ( b 4 ac )/4 a
b
e
erfc
2 a
2 a
e ( ax + bx +c ) dx =
2
where erfc (p) =
e x dx
2
e ( ax + bx +c ) dx =
2
x n e ax dx =
2
[(m + 1)/2]
2a ( m +1)/2
e ( ax + b/x ) dx =
2
( b 4 ac )/4 a
e
a
(n + 1)
a n+1
x m e ax dx =
113
1 2
e
2 a
ab
x dx
1 1
1
1
= +
+ +
+
e x 1 12 22 32 4 2
2
6
x n1
1
1
1
dx = (n) n + n + n +
x
e 1
2
3
1
For even n this can be summed in terms of Bernoulli numbers (see pages 142143).
18.81.
18.82.
x dx
1 1
1
1
=
+
+
e x + 1 12 22 32 4 2
2
12
x n1
1
1
1
dx = (n) n n + n
ex + 1
2
3
1
For some positive integer values of n the series can be summed (see 23.10).
18.83.
18.84.
sin mx
m
1
1
dx = coth
2 x
m
4
2
2
e 1
1
x dx
1 + x e x =
2
x
e x
dx = 12
x
18.85.
18.86.
e x
1
dx =
x
0 e 1
x
18.87.
18.88.
18.89.
e bx
1 b 2 + p2
dx = ln 2
x sec px
2 a + p2
ax
e bx
b
a
dx = tan 1 tan 1
x csc px
p
p
ax
ax
(1 cos x )
a
dx = cot 1 a ln (a 2 + 1)
2
2
x
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
114
Definite Integrals Involving Logarithmic Functions

18.90.
1
0
x m (ln x )n dx =
(1)n n !
(m + 1)n+1
m > 1,
n = 0, 1, 2,
If n 0, 1, 2, replace n! by (n + 1).
18.91.
ln x
2
dx =
0 1+ x
12
18.92.
ln x
2
dx =
0 1 x
6
18.93.
18.94.
18.95.
18.96.
18.97.
18.98.
18.99.
18.100.
18.101.
2
e x + 1
ln x dx =
0
4
e 1
18.102.
18.103.
18.104.
18.105.
18.106.
18.107.
ln (1 + x )
2
dx =
x
12
1
0
ln (1 x )
2
dx =
x
6
1
0
1
0
1
0
ln x ln (1 + x ) dx = 2 2 ln 2
ln x ln (1 x ) dx = 2
2
12
2
6
x p1 ln x
dx = 2 csc p cot p
1+ x
0 < p<1
xm xn
m +1
dx = ln
ln x
n +1
1
0
e x ln x dx =
( + 2 ln 2)
4
e x ln x dx =
2
/2
0
/2
0
0
2
/2
0
(ln sin x )2 dx =
x ln sin x dx =
/2
ln sin x dx =
ln cos x dx =
/2
ln 2
2
(ln cos x )2 dx =
3
(ln 2)2 +
2
24
2
ln 2
2
sin x ln sin x dx = ln 2 1
ln (a + b sin x ) dx =
2
0
ln (a + b cos x ) dx = 2 ln (a + a 2 b 2 )
a + a2 b2
ln(a + b cos x ) dx = ln
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
18.108.
18.109.
18.110.
18.111.
2 ln a, a b > 0
ln (a 2 2ab cos x + b 2 ) dx =
2 ln b, b a > 0
/4
/2
115
ln (1 + tan x ) dx =
ln 2
8
1 + b cos x
1
sec x ln
dx = {(cos 1 a)2 (cos 1 b)2}
2
1 + a cos x
sin a sin 2a sin 3a
ln 2 sin dx = 2 +
+ 2 +
2
22
3
See also 18.102.
Definite Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions
18.112.
18.113.
18.114.
18.115.
sin ax
a
dx =
tanh
2b
2b
sinh bx
cos ax
a
sech
dx =
2b
2b
cosh bx
x dx
2
= 2
sinh ax 4 a
x n dx
2n+1 1
1
1
1
= n n+1 (n + 1) n+1 + n+1 + n+1 +
sinh ax 2 a
1
2
3
If n is an odd positive integer, the series can be summed.
18.116.
18.117.
1
sinh ax
a
dx =
csc
b 2a
2b
e bx + 1
a
sinh ax
1
dx =
cot
b
2a 2b
e bx 1
Miscellaneous Definite Integrals

18.118.
f (ax ) f (bx )
b
dx = { f (0) f ()}ln
x
a
This is called Frullanis integral. It holds if f (x) is continuous and

1
dx 1 1
1
= +
+ +
x x 11 22 33
18.119.
18.120.
(a + x )m 1 (a x )n1 dx = (2a)m + n1
(m ) (n)
(m + n)
f ( x ) f ()
dx converges.
x

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Section IV: Calculus

General Rules of Differentiation

d u (du /dx ) u(d /dx )

Derivatives of Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions

[0 < cos 1 u < ]

[0 < cot 1 u < ]

+ if 0 < sec 1 u < / 2

if 0 < csc 1 u < / 2

Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Derivatives of Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

if sech 1 u > 0, 0 < u < 1

+ if cosh 1 u > 0, u > 1

Leibnizs Rule for Higher Derivatives of Products

If we call x = dx the differential of x, then we define the differential of y to be

Rules for Differentials

This partial derivative is also denoted by z/x , f x , or z x .

This partial derivative is also denoted by z/y, f y , or z y .

Let z = x2 + 5xy + 2y3. Then

dz = (2x + 5y) dx + (5x + 6y2) dy

dz = (8 + 5)2 + (20 + 6)3 = 26 + 78 = 104

Definition of an Indefinite Integral

General Rules of Integration

For generalized integration by parts, see 16.48.

n 1 (For n = 1, see 16.8)

tan u du = ln sec u = ln cos u

sec u du = ln (sec u + tan u) = ln tan 2 + 4

csc u du = ln(csc u cot u) = ln tan 2

sec u tan u du = sec u

csc u cot u du = csc u

sech u tanh u du = sech u

csch u coth u du = csch u

This is called generalized integration by parts.

F(ax + b)dx = a F(u) du

F(a cos u) cos u du

F(a sec u) sec

F(a tan u) sec u tan u du

Similar results apply for other inverse trigonometric functions.

TABLES of SPECIAL INDEFINITE

sinh ax and cosh ax

sin ax and cos ax

inverse hyperbolic functions

inverse trigonometric functions

(1) Integrals Involving ax b

(ax + b)2 2b(ax + b) b 2

(ax + b)2 a3 a3 (ax + b) a3 ln (ax + b)

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

(ax + b)3 a3 (ax + b) 2a3 (ax + b)2 + a3 ln (ax + b)

If n = 1, 2, see 17.1.2 and 17.1.7.

(ax + b)n+3 2b(ax + b)n+ 2 b 2 (ax + b)n+1

If n = 1, 2, 3, see 17.1.3, 17.1.8, and 17.1.13.

(2) Integrals Involving

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

(m 1)bx m 1 (2m 2)b

2(ax + b)( m + 2)/ 2

(ax + b)( m 2)/ 2

(3) Integrals Involving ax b and px q

(ax + b)( px + q) = bp aq a ln (ax + b) p ln ( px + q)

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

(4) Integrals Involving

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

(5) Integrals Involving

(6) Integrals Involving x2 a2

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS