PHUONG THUrc TUVCN DUNG QURN LRI CHO BO

MnV CHINH QUVCN NHJii Ni;6C THdl LV (1010-1225)

TRAN THI VINH*

au khi da dinh dd d Thang Long,

cung vdi viec kien toan bp may chinh
quyen Nha nUdc, cac vua nha Ly da
ehu y ngay tdi vipe xay dUng mdt he tho'ng
quan chUc theo phUdng thUe rieng cua ddng
hp Ly, De xay dUng dUde mpt he tho'ng
quan chUc theo phong each rieng ciia ddng
hp Ly, cac vua nha Ly mpt mat da tim each
day nhanh qua trinh qui tpc hoa tang ldp
qui tpc ddng hp Ly; mpt mat da sii dung cat
nhac nhUng cdng than khai quo'c va cuo'i
cung la xuc tien dan dan vipe dao tao dpi
ngu quan lai nho si mdi, bd sung vao bp
may ehinh quyen Nha nUdc,

PhUdng thUc tuyen dung quan lai d thdi

Ly dUde tien hanh bang ba con dUdng chinh
la: Tuyin cii, Nhiem tii va Khoa cii. NhUng,
vao budi ban dau khi chUa d i t khoa trUdng,
con dUdng xuat than eua quan lai d thdi ky
nay chii yeu phai dUa vao che dp tuyen cU,
rdi den che dp nhiem tU (dung con cua cac
quan) va them vao do la hinh thUc nop tien.
Sach Lich triiu hien chiicfng logi chi, mue
Quan chiic chi cua Phan Huy Chii eiing cho
biet ra't rd ve dieu nay la; "Ddi Ly khi chUa
dat khoa trUdng, dUdng xua't than quan lai
la'y tuyen cii lam trpng, rdi den nhiem tii,
sau nUa mdi den nop tien" (1).
Tuyen cii
VUdng trieu Ly khi mdi thanh lap, ben
canh viec sii dung lai tang ldp quan lai eii
"PGS.TS. Vipn Su hpc

ciia trieu Tien Le, nha Ly da ra't coi trpng

phUdng thUe tuyen cii de bd' sung them dpi
ngu quan lai mdi vao giup vipe trieu dinh.
PhUdng thUe tuyen c^ cu the nhU the nao
khdng tha'y sii sach ndi rd. NhUng chac
chan nhUng ngUdi dUdc dU vao hang tuyen
cii phai thupe tang ldp tren, vi theo ghi
chep eua Phan Huy Chii trong sach Lich
trieu hien chiidng logi chi thi "eon chau
nhUng ngudi thd thuyen, con hat va nd ty
deu khdng dUdc ghi ten vao danh sach
tuyen cii" (2). Sau khi lap Van mieu Qudc
Tii giam, vao nam Thai Ninh thU 5 (1076),
vua Ly Nhan Tdng da eho "la'y nhUng ngUdi
hien lUdng ed tai van vd cho giU vipe quan
dan, tuyen quan vien van chUc biet ehU bo
vao Qud'e TcL giam" (3). NhUng trUdc dd, khi
bat dau kien toan bp may chinh quyen Nha
nUde, de cd dii ngudi vao giiip viec trieu
dinh, vua Ly Thai To da phai tuyen cii
quan lai bang each tuyen chpn rdi bd dung
nhUng ngUdi tU trong hang ngu than tpc va
nhUng ngUdi cd cdng cao de dUa vao lam
vipe trong bp may chinh quyen Nha nUdc.
TUe thdi gian nay nha Ly da bd' dung quan
lai bang hai con dUdng chinh la tuyen dung
nhflng ngUdi tU hang ngu thdn tgc vk tH
hang ngd nhUng ngUdi gpi la thdn hudn.
Phan Huy Chu viet trong sach Li^h trieu
hien chUcfng logi chi rkng 'Thdi nha Ly ban
tUdc, lay tUdc vUdng tudc cdng dUng dSu eae

Phucfng thirc hryen dung quan loi...

than (than tdc eiia vua), huan (ngudi cd
cdng ldn)" (4).
Dd'i vdi hang ngu than toe, ngay sau
khi len ngdi, vua Ly Thai To' da ban ehUc
tudc cho hang loat eon chau va nhUng
ngUdi trong hp hang than thich. Cac
Hoang tii ciia nha vua deu dUdc phong
lam vUdng, nhu Hodng thai tu Phat Ma
lam Khai Thien vUdng, Hoang tii Bd lam
Khai Quo'c vUdng, Hoang ti( LUe lam
Ddng Chinh vUdng, rdi cac Hoang tii khae
lam Due Thanh vUdng, VU Uy vUdng...
Cae vUdng deu c6 phu dp rieng, nhU Khai
Thien vUdng Phat Ma dUdc d cung Long
DUc, Khai Qud'e vUdng Bd d phii TrUdng
Yen... Cac con gai (13 ngudi) deu dUde
phong lam Cdng chua. Cac vUdng hau va
cdng ehua thi deu dUdc quan cae thue
theo thU bac khae nhau (5). Sau dd, vua
Ly Thai To' cdn phong cho anh trai lam
Vd Uy vUdng, chii lam Vii Dao vUdng, con
Vii Uy vUdng la Trung Hien thi phong
lam Thai uy, con Duc Thanh vUdng lam
Phd td'ng quan (6)...
Do coi trpng che dp tuyen eii til trong
hang ngu than tpc nen nhieu ngUdi trong
ddng hp Ly da dUde giQ lau nhflng chUe vu
chii ehd't trong trieu, nhU Ly Dao Thanh
giu chUc Te tudng trong vai chuc nam sud't
tiif ddi Ly Thanh Tdng den Ly Nhan Tdng;
Ly Cdng Binh gifl ehUc Te tUdng cung hang
chuc nam trong hai ddi vua Ly Anh Tdng
va Ly Cao Tdng... Nhieu ngUdi khdng phai
hp Ly nhUng cd cdng phd vua, trd giup trieu
dinh Cling dUdc phdp "qui tpc hoa", nhU
dupe ban qud'e tinh mang ho Ly. TrUdng
hdp Ly ThUdng Kipt, vd'n hp Ngd, ton that
la Tua'n nhUng dUdc ddi thanh hp Ly va
ban la 'Thien tii nghia dp", rdi Do Anh Vu
eiing dUde ban la 'Thien tii tii tinh". Hay
nhieu ngUdi khae ciing dUde ddi sang hp Ly,
nhu Phi Cdng Tin, Do Ki'nh Tu, Mau Du

31
Dd... Bien nien sii ghi ro "Cdng Tin vd'n hp
Phi, trUdc kia, do chUc Phung ngU thU gia
thang len den Ta ty lang trung, rdi cho ddi
la hp Ly" va cho phep "dUdc ra vao thang
trong cung ca'm tau bay mpi viec" (7). Hoac
Dd Kinh Tu, ngUdi huypn Van Canh (TU
Liem- Ha Ndi ngay nay) dUdc ban qud'e ti'nh
mang hp Ly la Ly Kinh Tu, gifl chUc Binh
tao, cung vdi Td Hien Thanh lam phu chinh
cho vua Ly Anh Tdng, nam 1184 cdn dUdc
ban hieu la de sU (8) (thay cua vua). Hay
trUdng hdp Mau Du Dd cung la ngUdi cd
cdng phd giup vua Ly Than Tdng khi len
ngdi, dupe phong lam Gian nghi dai phu (9)
va dupe mang hp Ly.
Cung vdi viec qui tpc hoa qui tpc ddng hp
Ly, cac vua nha Ly cdn de cao vai trd ngoai
tdc, dUa nhflng ngUdi than thich cua eae
hoang hau vao giU nhflng ehUe vu chu ehdt
trong trieu dinh nha Ly, ddng vai trd nhU
la qui tpc eua ddng hp Ly. Nam 1028, sau
khi Iftp cac hoang hau, vua Ly Thai Tdng
da cat nhac ludn cha cila Mai hoang hau la
HUu lam An qud'e ThUdng tUdng, cha cila
VUdng hoang hau la Dd lam Phu qudc
thUdng tudng, cha ciia Dinh hoang hau la
Ngd ThUdng lam Khudng quoc thUdng
tudng (10). Day la nhflng tUdc hieu ra't cao
phong cho ngUdi ngoai thich ma sau nay sii
than Ngo SI Lien da len tieng phe phan
rang "... lay thich thupc cung phai lay ngUdi
cd tai. Bpn HUu qua la ed tai chang? Thi
khong eU la cha cua Hoang hau cung dung
la phai. Qua khdng ed tai chang ? Thi ban
cho lpc hau la phai, trao tudc phong la
khdng phai" (11). Vi coi trpng ea ben hp
ngoai nhu the, nen d thdi Ly, vai trd eua
ngoai thich dae biet ldn, nhU trUdng hdp Dd
Anh Vu, em Dd Thai hau dUdi trieu vua Ly
Anh Tdng da tUng gay thanh the ldn trong
trieu va ddi khi edn lam nhflng viee khuynh
loat ca trieu dinh.

22

Ben canh viec bo' dung quan lai dUa vao

tieu chuan than tpc nha Ly cdn dung "than
huan", tUe dung nhflng ngUdi than thich cd
cdng cao vao giup viec trieu dinh. Vao thdi
Ly, hang loat cdng t h i n dUde ca't nhac ngay
trong nhflng nftm d i u tien xay dUng ehinh
quyen. NhU Dao Cam Mpc dUde phong lam
Tin Nghia hau va dUde lam Pho ma cua
nha Ly, ket hdn vdi TrUdng cdng chua.
Nhflng ngUdi khae nhu Tran Cao dUdc gifl
chUc Tudng cdng, Ngd Dinh lam Khu mat
sU, Dao Thac Phu lam Thai bao, Dang Van
Hieu lam Thai phd. Phi Xa Loi lam Ta Kim
ngd, Ve Triic lam Hflu Kim ngd. Dam Than
lam Ta vu ve, Dd Gian lam Hflu vu ve (12),
Ve viee nay Phan Huy Chu cung ghi trong
sach Lich triiu hien chiicfng logi chi rang:
"Ly Thai To, nam Thuan Thien thU nha't
(1010), phong quan tUdc cho ngUdi than
thude va ngUdi cd cdng, cd cac danh hieu;
Thai sU, Thai pho. Thai bao, Tong quan,
Tudng cdng, Cd mat sU, Ta hUu kim ngd,
Ta hUu vu vp, Vien ngoai lang" (13),
Sang thdi Ly Thai Tdng, nhflng hi.y tdi
than tin cd cdng cung tiep tuc dUdc trpng
dung, nhu Le Phung Hieu la ngUdi cd cdng
dpp loan ba vUdng bao ve ngdi vua dUpc Ly
Thai Tdng cho lam tdi chUc Dd thd'ng
thupng tudng quan va dUdc ban tUdc hSu
(14); Ly Nhan Nghia ciing Le Phung Hieu
tham gia vao vu dpp loan nay cung dUdc
nha vua trpng dung vao gifl nhflng chUe vu
chu ehdt trong trieu ([km Hflu phuc tam)
va dupe b lai gifl kinh sU trong dip nha vua
di danh dep phu TrUdng Yen vao thang 4
nam 1028 (15). Cung nam nay, vua Ly Thai
Tdng cung ca't nhac va ban chUc tUde cho
hang loat bay tdi, nhU; Ludng Van Nham
lam Thai sU, Ngd ThUdng Dmh lam Thai
phd, Dao Xu Trung lam Thai bao, Ly Dao
Ky lam Ta khu mat, Ly Triet lam Thieu su,
Xung Tan lam Hflu khu rriat, Ly Mat lam

Rghien cuu Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008

Ta tham tri ehinh sU, Kieu Bdng lam Hflu
tham tri chinh sU, Lieu Gia Trinh lam
Trung thu thi lang. Ha Vien lam Ta gian
nghi dai phu, Nguyen Quang Ldi lam Thai
uy. Dam Toai Trang lam Dd thdng, Vu Ba
Tu lam Uy ve thUdng tudng, Nguj'ln
Khanh lam Dinh thang dai vUdng, Dao Van
Loi lam Ta phuc tam, Ly Nhan Nghia lam
Hflu phuc tam va Phan Dudng Liet lam
Npi thi (16).
Vipe phong chUc tUdc cho nhflng cdng
than phd giup nha vua van cdn phd bien
trong nhflng ddi sau. Nam 1128, sau khi
len ngoi, Ly Than Tong da ban chUc tUdc
cho hang loat cdng than cd cdng phd ta liic
nha vua len ngdi. Phong cho Npi vu vp Le
Ba Ngpc ldm Thai Uy, tUde hu; Npi nhan
hoa dSu Luu Ba va DUdng Anh Nhi lam
Thai phd, tudc Dai lieu ban; Trung thifa
Mau Du Dd lam Gian nghi dai phu, thang
trat chu ve; Ndi nhan hoa diu Ly Khanh,
Nguyen Phuc va Cao Y lam Thai bao, tUdc
Ndi thupng che; Npi chi hau quan giap Ly
Sdn lam Dien tien chi huy sU, tUde Dai lieu
ban; Linh nhan Ngd Toai dUdc phong tUdc
Thupng che; NgU khd thU gia TU Dien lam
Ngoai lang (17)...
Vdi che dp tuyen cii rpng rai nhU the, ldp
quan lai bd sung cho bo may chinh quyen
nha nude thdi Ly cung da dUdc gia tang
dang ke. NhUng de bd sung them va cung
la de tang them dac quyen dac ldi cho dpi
ngu qui tpc quan lieu, nha Ly da duy tri
them hinh thUe nhipm tii ma hai trieu
Di ih va Tien Le trUdc dd da tifng lam.
Nhiem tH
Nha Ly trpng dung quan chUc khdng chi
dUa vao phUdng thde tuyen cii qua cdn
dudng than tpc vk huan cdng nhU tren ma
vipe nhiem t^ - dung con chau cac quan lai
dUde tap a'm cung la mpt phUdng thUc lUa
chpn de la'y ngudi lam quan. Che dp nhipm

Phuang fhuc hiyen dung quan Ini..

tii cd tU thdi Dinh va Tien Le trUdc dd, den
nha Ly vSn edn tiep tuc. NhUng viec dung
con cai cac quan vao lam quan nhU the nao
ciing khdng tha'y svf eu ghi lai eu the. Ve
viee nay, Phan Huy Chu cung ndi trong
sach Lich trieu hien chiicfng logi chi rang;
'TU ddi TrSn trd ve trUde, ca'p bac phong
^m khdng the ke cUu... viee phong a'm cho
cac quan van vd cung khdng the ke cUu
dupe" (18). Nhu vay, ta chi eo the biet rang
vao thdi Ly trong each bd dung quan lai
vSn cdn cd con dUdng nhiem tii- tap a'm cho
con chau quan lai, nhUng eu the ra sao thi
chUa rd. Song, chac chan den thdi Ly ehe dp
nhiem tii cQng khdng cdn coi trpng nhU d
hai thdi ky trUde vi che dp nay khdng the
dam bao eha't lUdng ciia dpi ngii quan chUe
trong tinh hinh mdi va dae biet vdi che dp
"con quan lai lam quan" vd hinh trung da
mang den cho tSng ldp qui tdc quan lieu
them nhieu dac quyen dac ldi trong khi
nhu cu ve dpi ngu quan chUe cd trinh dp
va nang lUc ra giiip nUdc thi lai bi han che.
Chinh tU nhflng dieu ba't cap nay, nha L^
da bat diu nghi tdi vipe md mang khoa cii
de tuyen chpn quan lai xua't than tU con
dudng nho hpc. Chi cd nhu vlly nidi dam
bao sU ben vflng cho mpt the che quan chii.
Vi vay, khoa eii dUdc coi la phUdng thUc
tuyen dung quan lai quan trpng thU hai
ciia nha Ly. Tuy nhien, khi chUa md dUdc
cac khoa thi de tuyin chpn nhan tai thi nha
Ly vSn cdn cd them hinh thUc gpi la nop
tien de trao quan tUdc.
Nop tien
PhUdng thUe nop tien de dUde trao quan
tudc d thdi Ly chac chua the thinh hanh
nhu d nhflng thdi ky sau. Vi vay, khdng
tha'y bien nien sii ghi ve mUc dp tien nop cy
thi vk miic trao quan tUde cy t h i ma chi
tha'y each Lich triiu hien chiicfng logi chi
ghi rang; "NgUdi quyen nop ticn, bat dSu

23

bd lam Lai, nop l i n thU hai dUde bd lam

ThUa tin lang; lam viee xUng chUc thi bd
Tri chau" (19). NhU vay, Tri chau la chUe
quan dUng d i u ca'p chau d thdi Ly ciing cd
the bd dung qua phUdng thUc nop tien.
NhUng hinh thUe nay chic chin khdng the
dem lai hieu qua mong mudn.
Hinh thUc dam bao nha't va cung la
chinh thd'ng nha't trong phUdng thUe tuyen
dung dpi ngu quan lai cho mdt ehinh the
quan ehu phai la hinh thUc tuyen dung qua
con dudng hpc nghiep. Dieu nay cung dUdc
Phan Huy Chu ndi rd trong phin Khoa
mue chi eiia sach Lich triiu hien chiicfng
logi chi r i n g "Con dudng tim ngUdi tai gioi,
trUdc het la khoa mue. Pham muo'n thu hiit
ngUdi tai nang, t u i n kiet vao trong pham vi
ciia minh, thi ngUdi lam vua mpt nUdc
khdng the nao khong ed khoa cii" (20). VSy,
khoa cxi la mdt trong phUdng thUc tuyen
dung quan lai kha quan trpng va dUdc xiic
tien bat d i u tU thdi Ly.
Khoa cvt
Hinh thUc khoa cii tuyen chpn nhan tai
qua con dUdng hpc van bat diu cd tU thdi
Ly. Lin d i u tien trong lich sii che dp quan
chu Viet Nam khoa cii dupe sii cu nhac den
la vao nam At Mao (1075), mua xuan,
thang 2, nha vua "xud'ng chieu tuyen Minh
kinh bac hpc va thi Nho hpc tam trUdng. Le
v a n Thinh dUde trung tuyen, eho vao h i u
vua hpc" (21). Sach Viet sit thdng gidm
ciicfng mue cdn n h i n manh "Khoa cii nUdc
ta bat d i u tu day" va "Le Van Thinh la
ngUdi khai hoa d i u tien" (22).
Nhu vay, Nho hpe bat d i u dUdc coi trpng
va dpi ngu Nho si dd dat bat d i u tU day
dUdc gia nhap vao trong td chUe chinh
quyen Nha nUde. Tuy nhien, vao thdi Ly,
khda cii mdi bat d i u ehU chUa trd thanh
ehe dp thUdng xuyen, nen khi da cd khoa cii
rdi ma trieu dinh nha Ly vin phai duy tri

24

hinh thUc tuyen cii. Ngay mdt nam sau khi

md khoa thi dau tien (1076), trieu dinh nha
Ly van phai ban hanh lenh "cat nhic
nhflng ngUdi hien lUdng cd tai van vd cho
quan viec quan dan" va cho "chpn quan
vien van chUc, ngUdi nao biet chU eho vao
Qudc tii giam" (23). Nam sau (1077), vao
mUa xuan, thang 2, trieu dinh mdi td chUc
khoa thi thU hai gpi la thi Lai vien. Thi
bing phep viet chfl, phdp tinh va hinh luat.
Ai triing tuyen thi dUdc bd dung (24). Rdi
chin nam nfla (1086), nha Ly mdi td chUc
khoa thi tiep theo, chpn trong so' nhflng ngUdi ed van hpe trong nUdc sung vao lam
quan d Han lam vipn. Khoa thi nay, Mae
Hien Tich dd d i u dUdc bd vao lam Han lam
Hpe si (25) (chUc quan dUng d i u Vien ban
lam- mpt cd quan quan trpng giup viec ben
canh vua). Mai 66 nam sau (1152), nha Ly
mdi lai cho md khoa thi dien (26) va sau 13
nam (1165), trieu dinh mdi lai md khoa thi
nfla gpi la thi hpc sinh (27). Rdi phai tdi 20
nam sau (1185), nha Ly mdi lai cho md tiep
ky thi si tii trong nUde, qui dinh tU 15 tudi,
ngUdi nao thdng hieu Thi, Thii thi dUdc vao
h i u vua hpc d ngU dipn. Ky thi nay Iiy dd
30 ngUdi, trong dd cd Bui Quo'c Khai (ngUdi
c i m Giang-Hai DUdng) va Dang Nghiem
(ngUdi Thu Tri-Thai Binh) (28). Tam nam
sau'(1193), nha Ly lai md khoa thi, mue
dich cung la de ebon ngUdi vao h i u vua hpe
(29). Cung nam nay, nha Ly cdn eho tien
hanh khao khoa cac quan van vd trong
ngoai de tiep tuc sii dung hay thang giang
(30). Ky thi cuo'i cung ma nha Ly td chUe la
ky thi tam giao vao nam 1195 (31). Trong
ky thi nay, Nho giao, Phat giao va Dao giao
dupe dem ra cho ke si thi va ai dd thi cho
x u i t than, tUc cho ra lam quan.
Trong sud't tam trieu vua Ly gdm hdn
200 nam tdn tai, nha Ly mdi md dUde ehUa
diy 10 khoa thi va eae khoa thi dupe md dd

Rghien cuu Lich sir. s6 9-t-lQ.20Q8

cung chUa theo mdt dinh ky nha't dinh nhu
d cac thdi ky sau, chi khi nao t h i y cin nha
nUdc mdi cho td chUe thi ma thdi. Hien sd
ngUdi dd trong eae khoa thi dUdc md vao
thdi Ly chinh xac la bao nhieu cung khdng
the ke cUu dUdc. Theo bien nien sil {Todn
thii vk Ciicfng mue) thi t r ^ hai khoa thi vao
nam 1075 va 1086, do d i u la Le Van Thinh
va Mac Hien Ti'ch (so' ngUdi khae khdng ro)
va nhflng khoa thi khae (5 khoa thi) vao
cae nam 1077, 1152, 1165, 1193, 1195
khdng thay sii ghi ngUdi dd, rieng chi co
khoa thi vao nam 1185 ghi sd ngUdi dd ca
thay la 30 ngUdi, trong dd cd Bui Qudc Khai
va Dang Nghiem. NhUng sach Lich triiu
hien chiicfng logi chi, p h i n Khoa mue chi
ciia Phan Huy Chu thi chi ghi ed 20 ngUdi
dd trong khoa thi nam 1185 (32). Vdi sd
ngUdi dd ghi chUa that day dii nhU tren (32
ngUdi gdm ca 2 ngUdi dd d i u hoac 22 ngUdi
gdm ea 2 ngudi do d i u eiia mpt khoa thi
trong so' gin 10 khoa thi cua hdn 200 nam)
thi chic chin so' lUdng Nho si do dat bd
sung vao bd may ehinh quyen nha nUdc
thdi Ly cung chUa phai la nhieu neu khdng
ndi la con so' qua khiem tdn.
Nhu the rd rang nha Ly da bat d i u md
rpng hpe nghipp va md khoa cii de tuyen
dung quan lai, nhUng quan lai x u i t than tCf
Nho si qua eon dUdng khoa cii vao thdi ky
nay edn qua it, vi sd lUdng khoa thi md
chUa nhieu. Cho nen, du ndi nha Ly da
trpng dung quan lai thdng qua khoa eii
nhung t i n g ldp quan lai x u i t than tU Nho
si qua eon dudng khoa cii lai chUa ddng vai
trd quan trpng trong bd may ehinh quyen
Nha nude vdi ty trpng khdng dang ke cua
nd so vdi nhflng hinh thUe trpng dung khae
nhu tuyen cii va nhiem tu. NhU vay, cd thi
ndi ring, khoa cii thdi Ly da b i t d i u dUdc
xiic tien va thdng qua hinh thUc khoa eii,
nha Ly da tuyen dung ducfc mpt dpi ngu

Phuang thuc hryen dung quan lai..

quan lai xua't than tU Nho si vao giup viec
trieu dinh, nhUng khoa cii d thdi ky nay
mdi chi bat ddu chii! chiia chiem vi tri quan
trgng trong phiictng thUc tuyen dung quan
lgi cda thdi Ly. Khoa eii ehi trd thanh mpt
phUdng thUc tuyen dung quan lai quan
trpng va chiem vi tri dang ke b nhflng thdi
ky sau, khi nd trd thanh phUdng thUe tuyen
dung chu. yeu. PhUdng thUc tuyen dung
quan lai bing khoa cii dUdc coi la phUdng
thUc tuyen chpn ehu yeu phai tinh tU thdi
T r i n (the ky XHLXIV) ve sau va dac biet la
tu thdi L e S d ( t h e k y XV).
Tuy khoa eii chUa trd thanh ehe dp qui
eu dl tuyin dung dUde that nhieu quan lai
cd hoc vao lam viec trong td chUc chinh
quyen Nha nUde nhUng dl nang eao nang
lUe va phim c h i t eiia dpi ngu quan lai vao
giiip vipe triiu dinh, nha Ly da thUc hipn
ehe dp "khao khoa" ngay tU khi ehUa tien
hanh khoa cii. B i t d i u tU nam 1051, nha
Ly da dinh phdp khao hach cac quan lai,
l^nh ban xud'ng r i n g "cac quan van vd, lam
viee ma khdng cd tdi ldi dUdc thang ehUe
tudc theo thU bac khae nhau" (33). Nam
1097, sau khi da tien hanh thi cii tuyin
chpn quan lai, vua Ly Nhan Tdng v i n ban
lenh "cho cac quan kiem diem hieu dinh
cac dieu lp ve diln chUdng cu, bien tap va
qui dinh lai rdi cho thi hanh" (34). Den thdi
Ly Anh Tdng, nam 1162, v i n tiep tuc ban
lenh khao khoa eho eae quan van vd, ngUdi
nao da dii nien ban khao ma khdng ed ldi
thi dupe thang trat. Va b i t d i u tU nam
nay, khao khoa dUde dinh lam lp thUdng, cU
9 nam lam mdt l i n khao (35). Nam 1179,
vua Ly Cao Tdng edn cho xdt cdng trang eae
quan lai, chia ra lam ba loai; NgUdi gifl
chUc sieng nang tai can nhUng khdng thdng
chfl nghia lam mdt loai; ngUdi ed chfl nghia
tai can lam mpt loai; ngUdi tudi eao hanh
thuin, biet rd vipe xUa nay lam mpt loai.

25
T i t ca ba loai nay eU theo thU bac trao eho
quan chUe dl tri dan coi quan. Vdi vipe
khao hach ro rang nhU vay da "khien cho
quan chUe khdng lam nhung" (37). Cho den
nam 1193, vua Ly Cao Tdng vin tiep tuc
cho tien hanh khao khoa cae quan van vd
trong ngoai de rd viec nen thang hay giang
(38).
Vdi che dp khao khoa quan lai 9 nam
mpt l i n cua nha Ly nhU vay da p h i n nao
khuyen khich dUdc nhflng quan lai sieng
nang va ban ehe bdt dUdc nhflng quan lai
lUdi bieng, gdp p h i n nang eao chat lUdng
cua dpi ngu quan lai khi che dp khoa cii
tuyin chpn quan lai qua eon dUdng hpc
nghiep cdn chUa thinh hanh.
Tuy nhien, nien ban khao khoa kdo dai
9 nam mpt lin nhU vay cung chUa phai la
bipn phap td't nhat dl nang cao chit lUdng
dpi ngu quan lai. Vi vipe "thang giang quan
lai neu dl qua lau thi ngUdi hien tai khdng
khdi bi chim lip, ma ke vd tai thUdng dUpe
tam nUdng than" (39). Theo nhan xdt eua
Phan Huy Chu trong sach Lich triiu hien
chiidng logi chi thi "ph6p khao khoa ddi Ly,
ddi Trin, nien ban deu cham lau" (40). NhU
vay, tuy day la vipe lam hflu ich nhUng
hieu qua cila nd chic chin cdn ban che .
Thdng qua ba con dUdng tuyen dung
quan lai va ehe dp khao khoa 9 nam mpt
l i n tren day trong sudt hdn 200 nam tdn
tai, nha Ly da ed dUdc mpt dpi ngu quan
ehUc kha ddng dao vao giup viec trong bp
may chinh quyen Nha nUde theo mpt hp
thd'ng tu tren xudng dUdi tU chinh quyen
Trung Udng tdi chinh quyen dia phUdng.
Dpi ngii quan chUc ddng dao lam vipe trong
bd may ehinh quyen Nha nUde thdi Ly bao
gdm ba thanh p h i n chinh la; Qui tgc, Cong
thdn va Nho si mdi gia nhap qua con dUdng
khoa cii. Ngoai ba thanh p h i n chinh tren
day, vao thdi Ly cdn cd them mpt bp phfin

26

giup viec nfla trong bd may chinh quyen

Nha nUde la dpi ngu cao tdng hay cdn gpi la
Tang quan. Nha Ly da ke thUa td chUe tang
quan cua nha Dinh va Tien Le trUde dd.
Dudi thdi Dinh-Tien Le mdt so' cao tang cd
trinh dp hpc van uyen bac deu dUdc trieu
dinh trpng dung va dUdc phong la Qud'e sU,
giup vua va trieu dinh quan ly gidi Phat tii,
nhu Qud'e Su Van Hanh, Vien Chieu,
Thdng Bien, Vien Thdng, Khong Lp... Ben
canh viec ke thUa dpi ngu cao tang eiia thdi
ky trUdc, nha Ly da duy tri he tho'ng Tang
thd'ng. Tang luc. Tang chinh... Day cung la
mpt to chUe kha dpc dao cua nha Ly, dung
tang quan giiip nha vua vk tneu dinh quan
ly ve mat hanh chinh cac tang dd trong
nUdc.
Dpi ngu quan lai van vo lam \n^c trong
bp may chinh quyen Nha nUdc thdi Ly dupe
chia lam 9 p h i m va dUdc gifl nhieu trpng
ehUc khae nhau ca trong va ngoai trieu. 0
trong trieu, dd'i vdi cac bac van vd dai than
thi ed cac trpng chUc trong hang Tam Thai
va Tam Thieu nhu Thai sU, Thai phd. Thai
Bao va Thieu sU, Thieu phd, Thieu bao
cung vdi eae trpng chiic khae nhU Thai uy,
Thieu uy, Npi ngoai hanh dien dd tri sU va
Kiem hieu binh chUdng sU. Dudi cae trpng
ehflc eua cac bac dai t h i n la cac chUc Bd
ThUdng thu, Ta hUu tham tri, Ta hflu gian
nghi va Trung thU thi lang (thupe quan ed
cac chUc Trung thU thUa, Trung thU xa
nhan), Bd Thj lang, Ta hflu ty lang trung,
ThUdng thu sanh vien ngoai lang, Dong
Tay cap mdn sfl, Ta hflu phuc tam, Npi
thudng thi phii si sU, Dien hpe si, Han lam
hpc si, Ve dai phu, ThU gia cac hoa, ThUa
true lang, ThUa tin lang... ben hang van.
Ben hang vd thi cd Dd thd'ng, Nguyen soai,
Td'ng quan, Khu mat sU, Khu mat ta hflu
sU, Ta hflu kim ngd, ThUdng tudng, Dai
tudng, Dd tudng, Tudng quan cac ve (cd cae

Rghien cuu Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008

hieu Uy ve, Kieu ve, Dinh thing), Chi huy
sU, Vu ve hoa diu, cung la sau binh tao Vii
tiep, Vu lam... Cac quan lam viec d ngoai
trieu cung dUde bd dung nhieu ehUe vu
khae nhau tuy theo cdng viec. Ben hang
van cd cac chUc Tri phu, P h i n phii va Tri
chau. Ben hang vo thi d cae lp, tran deu cho
dat quan va binh de ddng gifl (41).
Quan lai lam viee trong trieu va ngoai
cac phu, Id, chau thdi Ly deu khong dUde
hudng che dp lUong bdng thUdng xuyen
"quan trong thi bat t h i n vua thUdng cho;
quan ngoai thi giao cho dan mpt mien de
dat ngUdi thudc vien thu thue rudng dat hd
ao danh vao dan eay, dan ca ma Iiy ldi"
(42). Sach Dgi viet su: ky todn thii ghi, vao
nam 1042, vua Ly Thai Tdng chieu xud'ng
chieu ve viec thu thue ciia tram hp, cho
phdp quan thu thue, ngoai 10 p h i n phai
nop vao cdng qui thi dUde phdp lay them
mpt p h i n nfla gpi la hoanh diu. Liy qua
thi bi xii tdi (43). Mai den nam 1067, vua
Ly Thanh Tdng mdi b i t d i u cip bdng lpc
cho cae quan Dd hp phu si sU (tUe quan coi
ve hinh nguc) "moi ngUdi moi nam 50 quan
tien, 100 bd lua va ca mud'i mpi thUc, cho
nguc lai mdi ngudi 20 quan tien, 100 bd liia
de nudi dUc liem" (44).
*
Quan lai thdi Ly vUa khdng dUdc hUdng
che dp lUdng bdng thudng xuyen eua trieu
dinh vUa phai trai qua mpt che' dp tuyin
chpn tUdng ddi qui eu va che dp khao khoa
kha nghiem ngat nen c h i t lUdng quan lai
thdi ky nay chic chin dUdc dam bao. Nhd
the, vUdng trieu Ly cung nhu the che chinh
quyen Nha nude thdi Ly mdi cd dieu kien
dUng vflng trong hdn hai the ky, gdp p h i n
dua qudc gia Dai Viet thdi Ly phat triln
len mdt bude mdi vdi mdt nen kinh te phat
trien, nen quo'c phdng vflng manh va nen
van hoa Thang Long dae sic mang dam
da'u i n lich sii.

Phuang thurc h^yen dung quan lai.

CHU

27

THICH

(1). P h a n Huy Chii. Lich triiu hien chUOng logi

chi, Quan chUc chi, ban djch, Nxb. Sil hpc, Hfi Ndi,
1961, tfip II, tr, 69,

(18). P h a n Huy Chii. Lich triiu

(19). P h a n Huy Chii. Lich triiu

(2 ), P h a n Huy Chu, Lich trieu hien chuang logi

hien chUOng

logi chi, Quan chUc chi, tfip II, sdd, tr. 65.
hien

chuang

logi chi, Quan chile chi, tfip II, sdd, tr. 69.

chi, Quan chile chi, tfip II, sdd, tr, 69,

(3), Phan Huy Chu. Lich trieu hien chuang logi

hien

chuang

logi chi, Khoa mue chi, tap III, ban djch, Nxb. Sil

chi, Quan chUc chi, tfip II, sdd, tr. 87.

(4). P h a n Huy Chu. Lich trieu hien chUcfng logi

hpc, Hfi Ndi, 1961, sdd, tr. 5.

(21). Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tap I, quyln III,

chi, Quan chUc chi, tfip II, sdd, tr. 63.

(5). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, ban djch, Nxb.
Khoa hpc xfi hpi, Hfi Ndi, 1983, tfip I, quyen II, tr.
245.

sdd, tr. 290.

(22). Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chfnh bien,
tfip I, quyln III, sdd, tr. 349

(6). Dai vipt sit ky todn thu, tfip I, quyen 1, sdd,

tr. 239.
(7). Viet sd thdng gidm

(20). Phan Huy Chii. Lich triiu

(23). Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, quyln III,

sdd. tr. 292 Viet sd thdng gidm cuang mue, chinh

cUOng mue, ban djch,

bien, tfip I, q u y l n III, sdd, tr. 353. P h a n Huy Chii.

chinh bien, tfip I, quyen IV, Nxb. Giao due, Hfi

Lich triiu hien chUcfng logi chi, Quan chUc chi, tfip

Npi, 1998, tr, 390. Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I,

II, sdd. tr 87.

quyen III, sdd, tr. 325.

(24) Dgi viet ii? ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln III,

(8). Viet sd thdng gidm cUftng mue, chinh bien,

tfip I, quy^n V, sdd, tr. 421. Dai viet sd ky todn

sdd, tr. 293. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh

bien, t^p I, quyen III, sdd, tr, 355.

thu, t$p I, quyen IV, sdd, tr. 351.

(9). Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, quyen III,
sdd, tr. 315. Viet sd thdng gidm cUang mue, chinh

(25). Dgi viit sd ky todn thu, t$p I, quyln III,

sdd, tr. 295. Viit sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh
bien, tfip I, quyln III, sdd, tr. 360. Phan Huy Chii.

bien, tfip I, quyen IV, sdd, tr. 381.

(10). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyen II,

Lich triiu hien chuang logi chi. Khoa mi,ic chi, tfip
III, sdd, tr. 6

sdd, tr, 256,

(26). Dgi viit sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln IV,

(11), Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, q u y l n II,
sdd, tr, 256,

bien, tfip I, quvIn V, sdd, tr. 407. P h a n Huy Chii.

(12), Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, q u y l n I,

sdd, tr, 239,
(13), P h a n Huy Chii, Lich triiu

sdd, tr 341. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh

Lich triiu hien chUcmg logi rhi. Khoa mue chi, tfip
HI, sdd, tr, 6,

hien

chuang

logi chi, Quan chile chi, tfip II, sdd, tr. 6.

(14). Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, quyln II,
add, tr. 253.
(15). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I. q u y l n II,
add, tr. 256.
(16). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tap I, q u y l n II,
sdd, tr. 256-257.

(27), Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln FV,

sdd, tr. 346. Viel sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh
bien, tfip I, q u y l n V, sdd, tr 413. Phan Huy Chii.
Lich triiu hidn chuang logi chi, Khoa mi,ic chl, tfip
III, sdd, tr 6,
(28). Dgi vi^t sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln IV,
sdd, tr. 352. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh

(17). Dgi vi?t sd ky todn thu, tfip 1, q u y l n III,

bien, t|lp I, q u y l n V, sdd, tr. 422. P h a n Huy Chii.

sdd, tr. 315. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh

Lich triiu hien chuctng logi chi, Khoa mpc chi, tfip

bien, tfip I. q u y l n IV, sdd, tr. 381.

HI, sdd, tr. 6.

Rghign cuu Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008

28
(29). Dgt viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyen IV,
sdd, tr. 354. Phan Huy Chii. Lich triiu hie'n chUcfng logi chi, Khoa mue chf, tfip III, sdd, tr. 6.
(30). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyen IV,
sdd, tr. 354.
(31). Dgi viet sd ky todn thu, tfip I, quyen IV,
sdd, tr. 355. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chfnh
bien, tfip I, quyen V, sdd, tr. 425. Phan Huy Chii.
Lich triiu hie'n chUcfng logi chi, Khoa m\ic chf, tfip
III, sdd, tr. 6.
(32). Phan Huy Chii. Lich triiu hien chUOng
logi chi, Khoa mue chi, tfip III, sdd, tr. 36.
(33). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln II,
sdd, tr. 273. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh
bien, tfip I, quyln III, sdd, tr. 332 .
(34). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyen III,
sdd, tr. 297. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chinh
bien, tfip I, quyen IV, sdd, tr. 364.

(35). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, tfip I, quyln IV,

sdd, tr. 345. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chfnh
bien, tfip I, quyen V, sdd, tr. 412. Phan Huy Chii.
Lich triiu hien chUctng logi chi, Quan chile chf, t^p
II, sdd, tr. 98.
(36). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, t^ip I, quyln IV,
sdd, tr. 350. Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng mue, chfnh
bien, tfip I, quyen V, sdd, tr.419. Phan Huy Chii.
Lich triiu hien chUcfng logi chi, Quan chile chf, tfip
II, sdd, tr. 98.
(37). Dgi viet sd ky toan thU, t^ip I, quyen IV,
sdd, tr. 354.
(38), (39, (40), (41), (42). Phan Huy Chii. Lich
triiu hie'n chUcfng logi chi, Quan chile chf, t^p II,
sdd, tr. 98, 98, 7, 71, 71.
(42). Dgi viet sd ky todn thU, t^p I, quyen II,
add, tr. 271.

VI TRI CUA VIET NAM TRONG HE THONG

(Tiep theo trang 16)

int Casteel Batavia vant passerende doer ter plaetse

als over geheel Nederlandts-India

(The Hague:

Martinus Nijhoff and Batavia: Landsdrukkerij,

1887-1931), 1661, pp. 49-55. Xem them nhQng
nghien ciiu ve vfi'n de nfiy til: Hoang Anh Tuan,
'Tonkin

Rear

for

China

Front:

The

VOC's

Ebcploration for the Southern China Trade in the

16608". Paper

presented

at the

international

workshop Ports, Pirates and Hinterlands in the East

and Southeast Asia: Historical and Contemporary
Perspectives, Shanghai, China, November 2005;

Niu Junkai, "Pirates, Merchants and Mandarins:

Chinese and Vietnamese Pirates in Tongking Gulf
during 17"" century period" in A Mini
Mediterranean Sea: Gulf of Tongking through
History, sdd, tr. 201-209.
(52). Nguyen Long Kerry, "Bat Trang and the
Ceramic Trade in Southeast Asian Archipelagos",
in Phan Huy Le et aL, Bat Trang Ceramic, 14"^19^ Centuries (Hanoi: The Gioi PubUahers, 1994),
pp. 84-90; Hofing Anh Tufi'n, "Gom sil Dfing Ngofii
xufi't kh^u ra Ddng Nam A th^ ky XVII: Tu li$u vfi
nhfin thilc", sdd, tr. 28-39.