CHAN LAP TH6| KY OAU (550 - 790)

N G O VAN DOANH*

L DIA BAN KHOl THUY CUA CHAN LAP

Theo cac n h a nghien cflu, cai ten Chela
ldn dau tien xiua't hien trong lich sif khi

Lap dUdc nhae tdi vao nam 616 hoac 617,

thi nUdc C h a n Lap da tdn tai dUdc gan hai
the ky.

ma bd sach Tuy thU thdi nha Tfly (589-

Qua nhflng ghi chep cua sfl lieu cflng

618) cua T r u n g Qudc cho biet rdng, vao

nhfl qua nhflng da'u tfch khao cd hgc, cac

nam 616 hoac 617, nu'dc: nay cd gfli sfl bg

nha khoa hgc cho rang, dia ban gdc ban

den trieu dinh T r u n g Qudc. Khi dd, nUdc

dau cua nude Chan Lap la vflng Basak

Chan Lap do vua I s a n a v a r m a n (I Xa Na

(nay la C h a m p a s a k d Hii Lao), ben bd

Tien) cai tri. C u n g chinh bg Tfly thfl cua

sdng Me Cdng. Trong nhflng tha]i nien

T r u n g Qudc da cd nhflng ghi chep kha ky

cudi the ky XX, cac nha khoa hgc da phat

ve dat nflde C h a n Laj). Tfly thit (Quyen

hicn nhieu da'u tich kien trflc va hien vat

82. Liet truyen 47) viet: "Nudc Chdn

Lgp

cua mdt khu vfle cfl trfl ldn gan Vat Phu.

tdy nam Ldm Ap. Vdn Id mdt thudc

Rat cd the, day la da'u tfch cdn lai cua dd

dphia

Nam

t h a n h S r e s h t h a p u r a , thu phu dau tien

60 ngdy di thuy in. Phia nam gidp nUdc

cua nflde Chan Lap ma cac tai heu cd

Xa Cd, phia tdy gidp nUdc Chdu

Giang.

thfldng nhae tdi. Roi thi, cung tai khu vfle

Vua nUdc dd hgc Id Sdt Ldi (Kshatrya-

Vat Phu, cd mgt khoi da tren dinh nui

ddng ca'ii chieii bmh), ten Id Chdt Da Tii

(nfli Phu Kau - nfli Bui Tdc) cd ten tieng

A''a(Sitrasena)"*". Cho den nay, cac nha

Trung Qud'c (nfli Ling-kia-po-po) va tieng

khoa hgc vdn chua tim ra nghia cua cai

chau Au (de chi cac ngdi chfla) la Ling

ten C h a n Lap (ca trong tieng P h a n va

(Lanh), ma cac nha nghien cflu cho la ten

tieng Chan Lap, khdng cd mdt t h u a t ngfl

ggi cua Lingaparvata (Linga vT dai). Cdn

nao tfldng flng) ma ngifdi Trung Qud'c

vi than ma sif sach Trung Qud'c ghi la Po-

dflng de ggi mdt diit nu'dc ma theo nha

to-li thi cac n h a

nghien cflu ndi tieng Pelliot, C h a n Lap

Bhadresvara (tflc Siva), vi t h a n dflde thd d

(Chenla) ma Tfly thfl ndi tdi chfnh la

Vat Phu.

qudc cua Phii Nam. Cdch qudn Nhdt

n g h i e n cflu cho la

Cambodia sau nay; cdn Cha't Da Tu Na,

P u a cac ghi chep ciia sif lieu Trung

ngfldi tan cong va kiem tfnh Phfl Nam

Qudc va cac da'u tfch vat chat, cac nha

chinh la Sitrasena''-'. Khi sfl bd cua Chan

khoa hgc cho rang, cai ndi cua nha nflde

* PGS.TS Ngo Van Doanh, Vien Nghien cflu Dong Nam A

Nghien ci'cu Dong Nam A 6/2009

Chan Lap la vflng Basac, dgc hai bd song
Me Cdng (nay la vflng Ha Lao) xung
q u a n h ha ngudn sdng Mun. Cac vi vua
ddu tien cua Chan Lap da md rdng dan
lanh thd xud'ng phfa nam.
II. K A M B U J A D E S A KHO'I D A U CUA

NU6c

CHAN LAP

Mora t r e n thien gidi ma t h a n Siva da ban

cho. Tfl cap hon phdi Kambu- Mora nay da
sinh ra ddng hg nhflng n h a vua C h a n Lap
dau tien. Cung theo cac t r u y e n thuyet,
S r u t a v a r m a n , vi v u a lich sif hay nifa lich
sfl, nifa t r u y e n t h u y e t cua ngudi
Kambuja, h a u due cua K a m b u va Mora,
da de lai ngdi b a u cho con trai minh la
S r e s h t h a v a r m a n , ngfldi ma bia ky Baksei
C h a m k r o n g cho biet, la cd ngudn gdc tfl
mot ddng lgc vua chfla Iflng danh, ditdc
s m h ra d nui Levant. Va, dieu dac biet la,
ten cua vi vua thfl hai cfla Kambuja dugc
dflng de dat ten cho t h u dd ciia nflde Chan
Lap: S r e s h t h a p u r a . Theo G.Coedes, thu
dd S r e s h t h a p u r a cua nUdc C h a n Lap nam
d chan qua nui ma t r e n dd cd ngdi den Vat
Phu d C h a m p a s a c (Ha Lao)*'**.

Vao budi binh m m h cua lich sif, trong

khu viic ma sau nay trd t h a n h cai noi cua
n h a nflde Chan Lap, nhflng ngfldi Khdme
da cd mat d khu vfle, ndi sdng Mun hda
vao sdng Me Cong. Theo cac nha khoa hgc,
dfl khdng phai la dan ban dia, thi ngu'di
Khdme cflng hoac theo sdng Mun xud'ng,
hoac di qua nhflng ndi ma nay thudc da't
Thai Lan va Lao de tdi lap quo'c d vflng
Basac. Thong qua nhflng t h a n h qua
nghien cflu khac nhau, cac nha khoa hgc
Khdng chi ndi ve ngudn go'c cac vi vua
cho rang, nhflng ngfldi Khmer da chiem dau lien cua Kambujadesa, bia ky Baksei
vflng da't Basac (Champasac) cua ngu'di Chamkrong cd de cap tdi cac khia canh
Cham va, tai day, hg da tiep n h a n nhflng khac ve ddi sd'ng van hda, tin ngUdng cua
anh hfldng cua tdn giiio, van hda... An Do. ngudi Khdme xUa. Do vay, chung tdi xin
Lflc dau, ngfldi Khmer, nhif ciic tin lieu trich dan dfldi day mgt vai doan cua bia ky
T r u n g Qudc da ghi, cdn nam trong vdng nay. Ve hai vi td cua cac vua Kambujadesa,
cai q u a n cua Phfl N a m . Nhflng rdi, bia
ky
viet:
"Tdn
sung
Kambu
S r u t a v a r m a n "da giiii phdng dUdc dan Svayambhuva
md niem uinh quang gidng
ban dia khdi xich xieng ciia trieu cdng". nhu mdt vi tinh tu mgc d chdn trdi, md
Rd rang la, S r u t a v a r m a n da giai phdng dong doi cao quy khi thiic hien dUdc sii hdp
Kambuja khdi sii phu ihugc vao Phu Nam nhdt tdc Mat trdi vdi tgc Mat trdng dd ggt
va nitdc Chan Lap dgc lap da ra ddi. Sii bo sii ngu dd't ra khoi td't cd cdc sustra, dd
kien nay, Iheo cac nha khoa hgc, cd the toa rdng sdc mgnh cua minh, dd ddnh thue
xay ra vao ddu the ky V. Cac truyen nhe vd hodn thien trong mgi nghe thudt...".
t h u y e t ve cac vudng trieu ciia ngUdi Sau hai doan ndi ve hai vi td, bia ky bat
Khmer (difdc luu gifl Irong mgt bia ky the ddu ngcii ca vi v u a ddu tien cua
ky X, bia ky Baksei Chamkrong)''", ke Kambujadesa la S r u t a v a r m a n :
"Nhdng
rang, S r u t a v a r m a n , vi vua Chan Lap dau ngiidi mang ganh ngng cua trdi ddt cua Sri
tien la con trai cua vi thay lu an sT Kambu Kambu bdt ddu tii Srutavarman,
dd kieu
Svayambhuva, vi td m a n g ten ggi cua hdnh gigt ddt ngay td ddu, sdi ddy trdi
nhflng ngu'di Kambuja va n a n g lien nfl huge cua sii cdng ngp..."

Ngo Vdn Doanh - Chdn Lgp thai ky ddu (550 - 790)

N h u vay, cac v u a d a u tien cua
Kambujadesa coi minh la thudc ddng tgc
hay vifdng trieu M a t trdi chfl khdng phai
cd ngudn gdc tfl ddng tdc M a t t r a n g nhfl
cac vua Phfl Nam. Ngudn go'c ten ggi cua
hai ddng tdc hay hai vUdng trieu Mat trdi
va M a t t r a n g vd'n b a t ngudn tfl cac truyen
thuyet sif thi cua An Do: tdc Mat t r a n g
hay S o m a v a m s a (lay ten cua tien nfl
Soma) vdi ngfldi dai dien tieu bieu nha't la
Krishna, hda t h a n cua t h a n Visnu; cdn tgc
Mat trdi hay S u r y a v a m s a (la'y ten cua vi
t h a n M a t trdi Surya) vdi ngfldi dai dien vT
dai la Rama, cflng la mdt trong nhflng hda
t h a n cua t h a n Visnu. Dieu dac biet d day
la ca hai thudc tinh Mat trdi va Mat t r a n g
cua hai vfldng t n e u (theo tieng Sanskrit,
vamsa cd ca hai nghia: ddng tgc va vfldng
trieu) Kambujadesa va Phfl Nam deu gan
vdi ddng me: Mora la tien nfl d thien gidi.
Lieu Diep hay nagiri Soma la con gai cua
vua ran Naga diidi nu'dc.

canh gid. Hg kinh trgng quy thdn den nhU

vdy. Phdn

ddng nhdn

ddn thd Phdt,

cdng tin dgo si. Phdt

tUdng

hg

vd dgo si deu lap

dqudn'^^K

Nhflng tai lieu bia ky (bia Ta Prohm)

ndi rang S r e s h t h a v a r m a n cd ngudn go'c tfl
ddng vua chfla Iflng danh, la ngUdi con
trai thudc ddng tgc Sri Kambu, dUdc sinh
ra d nfli Levant, lai dflde viet rat muon ve
sau.

Hdn

the

nfla,

bia

ky

Baksei

Chamkrong cflng khdng cho biet ai la

ngfldi tri vi sau khi S r e s h t h a v a r m a n chet
cung nhfl ve do dai cua khoang thdi gian
gifla vi vua nay va B h a d r a v a r m a n , ngfldi
dflde coi la do Kambujarajalakshmi

dita

len ngdi vua C h a n Lap. Cdn bia ky cua

Chan Lap sau nay (bia ky Ta Prohm, cd
nien dai the ky XII)'''*, khi ndi ve viec
Kambujarajalakshmi tri vi Chan Lap, cd
cho biet, ba sinh ra Irong ddng me cua vua
(vua S r e s h t h a v a r m a n ) . Bia ky cdn ndi
rang, Bhavavarmadeva la chdng cua ba

Chac chan la ngu'di dan Kambujadesa

da tiep thu nhieu iinh hudng cua An Do (cd
the la qua ngUdi Cham), the nhUng, trong
phong tuc va sinh hoat cua hg, van cdn gifl
lai nhieu ban sac rieng. Chinh sach Tfly
thfl cua T r u n g Qud'c da ft nhieu cho biet ve
dieu nay: "NgUdi nUdc dy di ddu, Idm gi
cung mang do gidp, gdy gdc, neu cd viec
chinh phuc Id tien dung ngay. Tuc cua hg,
neu khdng phdi Id con do vd cd cua vua de
ra thi khdng ctUdc Idm vua....Gdn kinh dd
CO nui Ldng Gid Bdt Bd
(Ling-kia-po-po).
Tren nui co den thd thdn, thudng cd 5.000
qudn ddng gid. Phia dong thdnh cd than
Bd Ldi Da (Po-to-li), tethdn ndy phdi diing
thit ngiidi. Mdi ndm, vua niidc dy phdi giet
mdt ngiicfi, ban dem dem tdi dd cdu ddo
thdn. d ddy cung co hdn 1.000 qudn tuc ve

L a k s h m i , vi nfl h o a n g cfla

Kambuja

(Kambujaraja), hau due cua ddng me cua

vua

Sreshthavarman.

Rd

rang

B h a v a v a r m a n khong phiii la ngifdi thugc

vfldng tdc Mat trdi cua Kambu va Mora,
cdn viec B h a v a v a r m a n dflde de nghi len
lam vua Chan Lap la nhd vao cudc hdn
n h a n cua dng vdi nfl hoang Lakshmi. Vay,
B h a v a v a r m a n la ai va vi sao con ngfldi
nay lai trd t h a n h vua cua Kabujadesa?
III. BHAVAVARMAN I v A KHOl DAU
S U HUNG THINH CUA C H A N LAP
Trong mdt sd' bia ky cd ndi rdng, cha
cua B h a v a v a r m a n la Viravarman. Ong
cua B h a v a v a r m a n cflng du'dc bia ky ndi
tdi

vdi

cai

ten

Sarvabhauma.Theo

Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 6/2009

B h a v a v a r m a n da len lam v u a tri vi da't
nflde cua vfldng trieu n h a vcl. Cflng nhfl
mdt hien tfldng vd'n k h a phd bien trong
lich sif, sau khi len lam vua (dfl la nhd vd),
B h a v a v a r m a n b a t d a u khdng cha'p n h a n
vfldng trieu M a t trdi khdi t h u y cua nifdc
Kambuja. Cac bia ky cua C h a n Lap hau
nhfl khdng ndi gi ve Kambuja, K a m b u hay
ve S r u t a v a r m a n va S r e s h t h a v a r m a n . Cac
bia ky ciia B h a v a v a r m a n va cua cac vua
ke vi lien tuc nhdc di, nhae lai r a n g hg la
nhflng t h a n h vien cua vfldng trieu Mat
T r a n g cua Kaundinya- Soma. Cung trong
cac bia ky C h a n Lap, ten nflde va cac lanh
dia dflde ggi thee ten ciia thii dd cua cac
nhfl
Bhavapura,
Isanapura,
B h a v a v a r m a n cflng cd mdt ngfldi con trai, vua,
ngUdi da tflng thay cha tri vi da't nflde mot V y a d h a p u r a , S a m b h u p u r a . . . The nhflng,
thdi gian ngan, khi (vao cud! ddi) dng vao nhfl cac n h a khoa hgc da chflng minh. Cai
tu vien sdng, nhifng lai khdng ke vi ngoi ten Chan Lap ma sif sach T r u n g Qud'c
dflng la de ggi va chi vfldng qud'c cd
bau khi dng mat.
Cflng cd nhflng y kitui kliiic ve nguon Kambuja cua ngfldi Khdme. Do vay, chi
gdc cua B h a v a v a r m a n . Vi du, Pelliot cho sau thdi tri vi cua vfldng trieu M a t Trang
rang B h a v a v a r m a n khdng jihai la h a u do B h a v a v a r m a n khdi dau, cac vua Chan
due cua cac vua Phfl N a m , vi r a n g Lap sau dd lai trd ve vdi viec cdng nhan
Somavamsa (tdc Miil Trang) la cua ddng vfldng trieu M a t Trdi la gdc. Theo cac nha
Balamdn, trong khi dd thi B h a v a v a r m a n nghien cflu, khdng chi cac sif lieu ma
lai la mdt K s h a t r i y a . Theo Pelliot, ngiidi Cambodia hien dai deu khdng dinh
B h a v a v a r m a n cd the la ngfldi cua nganh nhflng ngfldi Kambuja den dinh cfl d
ben'"". Cdn
Finot
lai
nghi
r a n g C h a n Lap, chfl khdng phai nhflng ngfldi
V i r a v a r m a n la t h a n h vien cua dong tdc Phfl Nam, la nhflng td tien ciia minh'^'.
Mat Trang, nen B h a v a v a r m a n van thugc
Dfl khdng cdng n h a n vfldng trieu Mat
ddng Somavamsa'''"'.
Trdi
ciia
KambuMora,
nhUng

G.Coedes, do cai ten S a r v a b h a u m a cd

nghTa la "vua cua the gidi", nen dng cua
B h a v a v a r m a n cd the la Rudravarman"''*.
Cha ciia B h a v a v a r m a n cd the da la mdt vi
vua chfl h a u cua Phfl Nam. Cd bia ky ndi
rang, V i r a v a r m a n da chet n a m 514, trong
Iran chien vdi J a y a v a r m a n . Cflng cd bia
ky cho biet cha va me ciia B h a v a v a r m a n
van cdn sd'ng sau khi dng da trd t h a n h vua
Chan Lap. Cdn, ngfldi em trai Sitrasena
cua B h a v a v a r m a n , thi, trong ca thdi tri vi
cua ngfldi anh, ludn la tdng chf huy q u a n
ddi. Va, khi ngfldi anh mat, Sitrasena da
len
ngoi
ke
vi
vdi
tfldc
hieu
Mahendravarman.
Dfldng
nhfl

Vi cd ngudn gdc vUdng gia danh gia cua

mgt nflde vd'n la chit ciia Chan Lap, cho
nen, B h a v a v a r m a n da khdng khd k h a n gi
khi la'y mgt nfl hoang cua mdt nflde chfl
hau (d day la nfl hoang Lakshmi cua
Kambuja). Va, nhfl mgi hien tfldng kha
phd bien trong lich sif cac qudc gia cd d
Ddng Nam a, sau khi lay vg la nfl hoang,

B h a v a v a r m a n da b a t d a u qua trinh chinh

phuc Phfl N a m va md rdng l a n h thd cho
Chan Lap. Va, nhfl cac n h a nghien cflu da
xac dinh, sfl kien S i t r a s e n a kiem tfnh Phfl
Nam dien ra vao k h o a n g gifla the ky VI,
khi B h a v a v a r m a n cdn tri vi. Khdng chi
chiem Phfl N a m , B h a v a v a r m a n cdn, nhfl
cac bia ky (bia Hanchey) cho biet, da danh

Ngd Vdn Doanh - Chdn Lgp thdi ky ddu (550 - 790)

bai cac vua cai q u a n cac vflng nfli, da

hiem xay ra), con cai thudc ve dang ca'p

chiem doat nhieu voi de dem dflng vao cac

ngUdi cha; thi ngUde lai, d Chan Lap-

cudc chien, da md nhflng cudc ta'n cong

thudc ve dang cap ngfldi me.

vao cac tdc ngfldi ngoai tdc, sau khi da

danh bai cac vua mien nfli, da chiem da't

VI.

nflde cua hg...Sfl cd m a t rdng k h a p cua cac

BHAVAVARMAN vA CONG CUOC

MCi RONG LANH THO

bia ky cflng nhfl nhflng da'u tich kien true

da cho tha'y, lanh t h d cua Chan Lap thdi
B h a v a v a r m a n I da md rdng tfl t h u phu
S r e s h t h a p u r a ve phfa tay ngflde sdng Se
Mun va xud'ng phfa n a m tdi khu vfle ha
lflu sdng Me Cdng. T h e nhflng, nhfl cac
nha nghien cflu suy luan, do khdng tha'y
cd m a t nhflng bia ky d vflng ha lflu sdng
Me Cdng,

nen,

rat

cd t h e , vao

thdi

B h a v a v a r m a n , Phfl N a m chi la mdt vflng

tu tri cua C h a n Lap ma thdi, chfl chfla hi

NHUNG

NGUdi

KE

VI

Dfla tren so' Ifldng cac bia ky de lai

cflng nhfl cac vflng da't chiem dflgc, cac
nha

khoa

hgc cho r a n g ,

dudng

nhfl

B h a v a v a r m a n da tai vi tren ngai vang

kha lau, cd the sang den ca dau the ky
VII. Ngfldi ke vi B h a v a v a r m a n chinh la
Sitrasena (khi len ngoi la'y vfldng hieu la
M a h e n d r a v a r m a n ) , ngfldi em trai, ddng
thdi la ngfldi da giup minh chinh phuc
Phfl Nam. Chac la vi vua ke tiep ciia

sap n h a p hoan toan vao C h a n Lap.

B h a v a v a r m a n tri vi khong dflde lau, vi

Cac bia ky dflde khac ghi vao thdi nay
cho biet, ngay tfl khi ra ddi, Chan Lap da
tiep thu nhflng chi dan tfl nhflng cud'n
sach thieng cua An Do. Vi du bia ky Veal
Kantel

ndi

rang

hinh

than

rdng nhflng bia ky dfldng thdi va nhflng

sif lieu cua T r u n g Qud'c chfl yeu ndi ve
thdi ky trfldc khi len ngdi cua vi vua nay,
thdi cdn la Sitrasena.

T r i b h u v a n e s v a r a (Siva) cdn phai dflde the

Gid'ng nhfl ngfldi anh, vi vua tien bdi,

hien theo hinh M a t Trdi. Theo ndi dung

M a h e n d r a v a r m a n dflde cac bia ky ca tung

cua cac bia ky, trong nhflng dd dang cflng

nhfl mdt chien binh vT dai. Mdt bia ky cua

cua vi b a l a m d n

C h a m p a (bia My Sdn khac n a m 657 cua

ten

la

Somasarman,

rdng,

dng

ban sao chep ddy dii sit thi M a h a b h a r a t a ,

( M a h e n d r a v a r m a n ) la ngfldi anh

hflng

sif thi R a m a y a n a va cac P u r a n a . . . Rd r a n g

tren the gidi nay, la ngfldi tieu diet cac

la, n h u cac bia ky t h u d n g hay ndi tdi, he

lien minh day tfl hao cua cac ke thfl, la

thd'ng ddng cap cua An Do da di vao cudc

ngfldi sanh n g a n g vdi cac t h a n Indra, vua

sd'ng ctia

The

ciia cac thdn ve quyen lflc. Chfnh cac sif

nhUng, d C h a n Lap, nhflng quy dinh ciia

lieu lich sit va bia ky da chflng minh rang,

cac ddng cap t h o a n g va tfl do hdn so vdi d

khi vi vua tien bdi cdn tri vi, dng da danh

An Do. Vf du, d C h a n Lap, chuyen ket hdn

chiem dflde Phfl Nam, cdn khi tri vi, dng

gifla nhflng ngfldi khac ddng ca'p la kha

da chiem dflcSc ca vflng chau thd ha lflu

chdng cua em gai BhavfTvarman, cd cac

trieu

dinh

Chan

Lap.

Prakasadharma)

cd

ndi

phd bien (ngiidi b a l a m d n lay ngfldi ksha-

sdng Mun. Cflng gid'ng nhfl ngfldi anh,

triya). Rdi thi, neu nhU d An Do, trong

M a h e n d r a v a r m a n da r a t sflng kinh than

nhflng tritdng hdp hdn n h a n hdn hdp (rat

Siva va da lap nhflng den thd ldn nhd cho

Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 6/2009

vi t h a n tdi thfldng nay. Ngdai ra, cac bia
ky cdn cho biet, M a h e n d r a v a r m a n da phai
mgt sfl bg do S i m h a d e v a dan dau sang
gap vua C h a m p a . Ra't tiec la cac bia ky
khdng cho biet vi vua C h a m p a la ai,
nhflng, theo cac n h a nghien cflu, cd the la
Fan Chi ( S i m h a v a r m a n ) .
Khong cd mgt tai lieu van bia nao va
cflng khdng cd mgt tai lieu T r u n g Qud'c
nao cho biet dflde chfnh xac thdi gian tri vi
cua

hai

anh

em

Bhavavarman

va

M a h e n d r a v a r m a n . Cac tai lieu tren chf

cho biet la hg da song vao khoang thdi
gian gifla tfl n a m 540, nien dai sdm n h a t
ma Tuy thU xep vao n a m C h a n Lap dflde
giai phdng, den n a m 616/17 (nam Dai
Nghiep thfl 13), nien dai ciia doan sfl t h a n

I s a n a v a r m a n , trong dd cd nhflng bia ky cd

nien dai, nhfl cac bia ky P r a s a t Toe (nam
620), B a y a n g (624), Vat C h a k r e t (626627), Sambor- Prei Kuk (627- 628) va
Kdei Ang C h u m n i k (628- 629). Qua sfl
p h a n bd' va ngi d u n g cua cac bia ky cflng
nhfl cac di tfch, cac n h a khoa hgc cho
rang, I s a n a v a r m a n da chinh phuc dugc ca
vflng tay bac C a m p u c h i a hien nay va
vflng giap vdi ddng b a n g song Menam
(den t a n v u n g da't giap vdi n h a nflde Mon
cd Dvaravati). Chinh vi lanh thd dflde md
rong them, nen, I s a n a v a r m a n da ddi dd tfl
t h u phii b a n d a u d k h u vfle Vat P h u xud'ng
gan tdi Bien Hd (nay la k h u di tfch
S a m b o r P r e i - K u k , each t h a n h pho'
Kompong Thom hien nay chflng 20 dam
ve phfa bac).

dau tien dflde n h a vua ke vi hg giii tdi

Trung Qud'c. Vi vua ke vi nay la con cua
Mahendravarman

lay

vifdng

hieu

hi

Isanavarman.
Cflng cac tai lieu T r u n g Qudc cho biet
I s a n a v a r m a n da chinh phuc du'dc nhieu
thanh va da cai qudn mgt da't nitdc rdng
ldn vdi thii phu la I s a n a p u r a (dflng ten
vua de dat ten cho t h u dd). Sach Tfly thfl
cd doan chep ve C h a n Lap thdi

vua

I s a n a v a r m a n nhfl sau: "... Vua d thdnh

Xa Na (Isanapura),

dudi thdnh cd hdn hai

vgn nhd. Trong thdnh co mdt toa nhd ldn.

Dd Id chd vua coi chdu. Vua thd'ng linh 30
thdnh ldn. Mdi thdnh cd udi ngdn nhd, ud
deu cd bg siiy""*.
Khdng chi cac tai lieu cua T r u n g Qud'c,
ma nhflng bia ky hien dflde biet dflde khac
vao thdi ky niiy cflng cho biet nhflng thdng
tm ve cdng c:ugc md rc)ng lanh thd cua
I s a n a v a r m a n . Cho den nay, da phat hien
dUdc

hdn

mgt

chuc

bia

ky

cua

Cac bia ky da cho biet, dfldi thdi tri vi

cua I s a n a v a r m a n , viec thd p h u n g Siva
kha p h a t trien. Bia ky Ang Pou ndi tdi
viec dflng Imga. Bia ky ciia Ang Chumnik
cho biet ve sii phuc diing va td diem cho
chiec linga da dUdc l a m tfl thdi
M a h e n d r a v a r m a n . Hai bia ky ciia Bayang
ndi ve viec dflng Sivapada (da'u chan cua
Siva). The nhflng, vao thdi I s a n a v a r m a n ,
Balamdn giao d C h a n Lap m a n g hinh
thflc thd H a r i h a r a - Visnu va Siva dUcic
the h i e n vao c h u n g mdt t h a n the.
Khong chi la mdt q u a n vfldng cd tai chinh
chien va td chflc, I s a n a v a r m a n cdn la mgt
vi vua de lai nhieu cdng t r i n h xay dflng.
T h u dd I s a n a p u r a ma vi vua nay cho xay
dflng d Sambor Prei Kuk, khdng tinh den
nhflng bo s u n g t h e m cua cac vua sau nay,
la qudn the kien true ldn nha't cua nflde
Campuchia thdi ky tien Angco.
Nhd vao mgt bia ky ciia C h a m p a ma
chung ta biet dflde ddi chflt ve gia dinh

Ngd) Vdn Doanh - Chdn Lcip thai ky ddu (550 - 790)

cua I s a n a v a r m a n . Bia ky C h a m p a cho
biet, I s a n a v a r m a n cd mdt co con gai ten la
Sri Sarvani. Con gai cua I s a n a v a r m a n da
la'y chdng la mdt hoang tfl C h a m p a ten la
J a g a d d h a r m a , ngfldi ma, vi mgt tinh
hud'ng nao da'y, da den B h a v a p u r a (cd the
vao thdi B h a v a v a r m a n I). Hai ngfldi da cd
mdt ngfldi con trai ten la P r a k a s a d h a r m a ,
ngitdi sau nay da trd ve que va len lam
vua
Champa
vdi vfldng
hieu
la
V i k r a n t a v a r m a n (tac gia cua bai bia ky
khde n a m 657).
Vao khoang nam 630, khi I s a n a v a r m a n
thdi tri, trong trieu dinh Chan Lap, hinh
nhfl da xay ra mdt bien cd Idn: mdt ngfldi
ngoai tgc da len ngoi vua vdi vfldng hieu la
B h a v a v a r m a n (II). Do vay, cd the tha'y, vdi
sfl len ngdi cua vi vua ngoai tdc nay, da ket
thflc ca mdt thdi ky tri vi cua vfldng trieu
B h a v a v a r m a n I. Khdng phai ngau nhien
ma mdt bia ky cua C h a m p a (bia My Sdn
khde n a m 657 cua ngfldi con re
P r a k a s a d h a r m a ) da khai quat ve ta't ca
bd'n vi vua cua vifdng t n e u nay nhfl sau:
"Vua Bhauavarman,
ngiicfi sinh ra trong
mdt dong una tinh khiet, md cho den gid,
vdn con Id niem kieu hdnh ciia thdn ddn
nhd ddc do khdng the khien trdch diidc cua
minh. Ngdi, ddc uua Bhauavarman
ndi
danh ha ldn sdc mgnh ud da ddnh tan
niem kieu hdnh nggo mgn cua nhdng ke
thu qud thda long qud cam vd sdc mgnh
chien binh, cd mgt ngUdi em trai (tdc
Sitrasena) Id anh hung cdi the, Id ngUdi
huy diet nhdng lien minh ddy kieu hdnh
cua cdc ke thu. Id ngiidi md uy liic tdng len
nhd sdc mgnh. Id ngiidi md ue ddng uy
nghi tdi thUdng nhU mat trdi toa sdng td
trong ra. Ngdi, Sri Mahendravarma
ldng
danh, sdnh ngang ue long qud cdm vdi

Indra, vua cda cdc thdn, dd sinh ra ngUdi

con trai dUdc men chudng khdng khde gi
qud nui ndy sinh ra td cdch xd sU cua
nhdng

con ngUdi thdng

Isanavarma,
dnh

sdng

phUdng,

tue.

Ngdi,

Sri

vua cua mgi ngUdi, ngUdi md

rUc rd toa chieu

tdi

mudn

dd sinh ra ngUdi con gdi vi sU

thinh vUdng duy nhdt, gid'ng nhU nhdng le

hien te'ldm ndy sinh ra cd sU thinh vUdng
vgt chdt ldn sdc mgnh sieu nhien"''^'^\
Cho den nay, 'viec I s a n a v a r m a n ma't
nhfl the nao va Bhavavarman II len ke vi
ngdi vua ra lam sao van cdn la mdt da'u hdi.
The

nhflng,

chdc chdn

Bhavavarman

khdng phai la con hay ngfldi ke vi dflde

chap t h u a n ctia Isanavarman. Khong chi
len ngdi mdt each khdng binh thfldng, ma
thdi ky tri vi ciia Bhavavarman II cflng lai
rat ngdn ngiii. Qua cac da'u tfch cdn lai ciia
cac bia ky va cac cdng trinh xay dflng, cac
nha khoa hgc doan rang Bhavavarman II
da ddng dd d Angkor Borei. Cflng cac bia ky
cho biet, Balamdn giao van la ton giao
chfnh cua Chan Lap thdi ky nay.
Trong khoang thdi gian cudi cflng cua
B h a v a v a r m a n II, tfl 640 den 657, theo cac
tai lieu bia ky, mdt ngfldi (cd the la con
trai cua B h a v a v a r m a n II) da len ngoi vua
Chan Lap vdi vfldng hieu la J a y a v a r m a n .
Rat may la J a y a v a r m a n da de lai kha
nhieu bia ky, trong dd cd 13 bia ky cd nien
dai. Hdu bet cac bia ky nay dflde viet bang
chfl Sanskrit, chi mgt sd'bia ky la cd tflng
doan bang chfl Khdme. Cac bia ky deu
ngdi ca J a y a v a r m a n d ca hai khia canh:
chien binh va con ngfldi, Mgt sd bia ky coi
vua "la ngfldi chinh phuc cac ke thfl", "la
con sfl tfl lay Iflng gifla cac vua chfla", "la
vi vua ludn chien t h a n g mgi ke thfl"...

10

Nghien cdu Dc'mg Nam A 6/2009

Qua cac bia ky, cac n h a khoa hgc cho

rang, ngay viio nhflng n a m dau tri vi,

J a y a v a r m a n da chinh phuc vflng da't ma
nay la mien T r u n g va Thfldng Lao. Cac tai
lieu T r u n g Qud'c cho biet, vao khoang
nhflng nam 650 - 656, nu'dc Sang Kao (d
vflng Cammon va mgt so nu'dc nhd khacnhflng nflde da phai sfl t h a n den T r u n g
Qud'c vao n a m 638, da bi Chan Lap chiem.
Cac qudc gia nay cd the da md rong ve
phfa bac tdi nhflng vflng ngitdi Kha sinh
sdng, giap vdi khu viic cua n h a nUdc Nam
Chieu mdi hinh t h a n h d Van Nam.

V. CHAN LAP BI CHLA DOI THANH

LUC CHAN LAP vA THUY C H A N LAP
Su hien dien cua nhieu bia ky trong

"Ddi Dudng, td ndm Vii Ddc (618- 626)

den ndm Thdnh Lich (698), Chdn Lgp tdt
cd bd'n ldn tdi trieu ed'ng. Td nien hieu
Thdn Long (705-706) ue sau chia ldm hai.
Nda niidc phia bdc nhieu nui ldn nen ggi
Id Luc Chdn Lgp. Nda nUdc phia nam bd
bien, ddt thap, phi nhieu, ddm nhieu, ggi
Id thiiy Chdn Lgp'^^K The nhflng, cac tai
lieu lai cho biet ra't ft ve Luc Chan Lap.
Nhu cac n h a nghien cflu da nhiin tha'y, ve
Luc Chan Lap, cac tai lieu chi cho biet ve
hai sfl kien: mdt la vao nfla dau the ky
VIII cd mdt sfl bg n a m 717 va mdt cucic
vien chinh tdi T r u n g Ky n a m 722 de giflp
mdt t h u linh b a n sfl trong cudc ndi loan
cua dng chong T r u n g Hoa. T h u linh bdn
sfl ndi day d T r u n g Bd chfnh la Mai Thuc
Loan (Mai Hac De).

nhflng thdi diem khac n h a u da p h a n nao

cho tha'y thdi ky tri vi cua J a y a v a r m a n la
kha dai (ft nha't la den nam 681). Sau nam
681, bail libit khdng cd mgt bia ky cd nien
dai nao du'dc tim thiiy. Chi cd mot bia ky
tim tha'y d Baray Tii\' cua .Angkor Thom la
nhae tdi mgt ngitdi tri

vi cd ten

la

Jayadevi. Theo nghien cifu cua G.(Coedes

(ngifdi dich bia ky nay), Ja\'adevi la vd gda
cua J a y a v a r m a n I va da Iri vi Chan Lap
sau khi chong mat. Hai mfldi lam hoac ba
mudi nam nay la cd mcit thdi ky mfl md
n h a t cua lich sif Campuchia. Khong mdt
tai

lieu

niio

cho

biet

khi

nao

thi

J a y a v a r m a n thdi nam quyen life va khi

inio thi ngitdi vd cua dng len Iri vi. The
nluing, nigt so tiii lieu bia ky vii sfl lieu
cfla T r u n g Quo'c cho biel, sang den ddu
the ky VIII, Chim Laj) bi chia lam hai
nu'dc 111 Luc Chan Laj) vii Thiiy Chan Lap.

Vdi nhflng tai lieu t h a t it di va tiin

man, nen viec dflng lai lich sfl cfla Thuy
Chim L.ap la mgt cdng vice thiit khd khan.
The nhifng, cac nha khoa hgc cflng da
phiic dung dflde mdt bfle t r a n h khai litdc
ve Thuy Chan Lap. Cd le, ngay sau khi
J a y a v a r m a n I chet, la ca mdt thdi ky xung
dot ndi bg. Hai vfldng trieu mdi da ndi len
va t r a n h cha'p quyen life ten cao vdi vfldng
tneu

cua

Vyadhapura.

Nripatindravarman,

Rd
Isvara

rang

la
cua

A n i n d i t a p u r a da phuc hdi lai vfldng qud'c

xfla cua hg va da kiem soat dflde ca dai
phfa lay ciia ddng bdng sdng Md Cdng vdi
thu phu la B a l a d i t y a p u r a d Angkor Borei.
Trong khi dd thi vfldng trieu mdi cua
S a m b h u p u r a lai thiet liip vfldng qud'c d bd
dong cua sdng Me Cdng, d vflng SambdrKralie hien nay. P u s h k a r a k s h a , cen trai
cua N r i p a t i n d r a v a r m a n , cifdi con gai vua

Sfl siich T r u n g Qudc, nhif "Van hien

cua S a m b h u p u r a va trd t h a n h vua cua

thdng khao" cua Mii Doan Liini, cho biet:

nu'dc nav. Su viec nav cd the da xav ra

Ngd Vdn Doanh - Chdn Lgp llufi ky ddu (550 - 790)

trUdc khi N r i p a t i n d r a v a r m a n

ma't. Do

Ngoai cac vfldng trieu va cac dng vua

vay, dfldng nhfl P u s h k a r a k s h a len tri vi

ldn ra, tai Thuy Chan Lap hdi dd, cdn cd

Sambhujiura vao nam 716. Cdn cac vua

nhflng vfldng trieu khac, cd the la cac

tdi cao (Adhiraja) cua V y a d h a p u r a , nhflng

vfldng trieu chfl h a u cua cac vfldng trieu

ngfldi ke vi cfla J a y a v a r m a n I lhi sao?

Icin. Trong sd cac vi vua nhd dd, dang ke

Theo cac nha nghicMi cflu, thi, dfldng nhfl

nhat la mdt J a y a v a r m a n khac (G.Coedes

cac vua V y a d h a p u r a da t h u minh vao deo

^at la J a y a v a r m a n I his) ma cac bia ndi

dai hep dgc sdng Me Cdng d vflng thfl do

^di. Dfl khong gdn vdi mdt vfldng tgc ldn

Xfla cfla J a y a v a r m a n I (vflng Ba Phnom-

"^o- "^^^i^^ J a y a v a r m a n I hi^

Banteav Prei Nokor

^^^ "^'^ ^'^^^ ^'^' ^^^ ^^ ^^^ '^^^^ ^^ vfldng

trieu cua I n d r a p u r a , mdt n h a n h cua
,,
,,
, , , , , \,> , , 3
. ,
S a m b h u p u r a . Co ba ly do de khang oinh
. , ,,
.-,,., ^.-^ . ~-..
gia thuyet tren: 1. tat ca deu m a n g mgt
- A.. v -.'
1
o ^-'.^ ' j - ten hieu giong nhau; 2. tat ca deu gan vdi
^ . ^ ^-^ ^^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^
3 ^^^ ^^^ ^^ j ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^g^ J a y a v a r m a n II
(^g^^j ^^^^ l^^p ^..^ ^^^,^g ^^.^g^ Angkor)
^ p ^hfl dd d a u tien cfla minh tax

,
Cucic hdn n h a n cua P u s h k a r a k s h a vdi
ngfldi

thfla

ke

nfl

cua

Sambhupura

(G.Coedes coi day la cudc xam Ifldc tra

J

hinh) cd the' la nguyen n h a n d i n de'n sfl ly

khai ciia Luc Chan Lap, ma sd sach
T r u n g Qud'c ndi la xay ra vao k'hodng nam
707. Sau n a m 716 mgt thdi gian,

nay, theo

P u s h k a r a k s h a len ngdi ke vi cha minh d

i n d r a p u r a . Cd the la J a y a v a r m a n I bis,

Aninditapura, va, cd^the da de.con trai

cha cua J a y a v a r m a n II, la ngfldi sang lap

minh la S a m b h u v a r m a n

d liii cai tri

^a nha nflde chfl hau I n d r a p u r a ngay sau

S a m b h u p u r a . Va, dc'n day thi gia tdc nay

khi S a m b h u p u r a n h a p vao Thuy Chan

da cai quan toan bg vflng ddng bang. Sau

Liip. Chdc la J a y a v a r m a n I bis da trj vi d

da'y, S a m b h u v a r m a n cudi nfl n h a n thfla

vflng I n d r a p u r a vao dau nhflng thap nien

ke ngdi bau cac Adhiraja ciia Vyadhapura

cudi cua the ky VIII. Va, dang le ngfldi con

(cd the la mdt cudc xam Iflclc nfla?). Nhfl

trai ciia J a y a v a r m a n I his phai dflOc len

vay la, toan bd Thiiy C h a n Liip da dflde

ke vi ngdi vua thay cho vi vua bat h a n h hi

thd'ng nha't. Den R a j e n d r a v a r m a n ,

con

trai va hi ngfldi ke vj cda S a m b h u v a r m a n ,

giet, thi mdt sfl cd quan trgng da xay ra:

Snvijaya chiem mien nam Campuchia.

thi da hi sfl hda huyet cfla ca ba ddng mau

Mgt trong nhflng nguyen n h a n quan

cua ba viidng tricu ldn ddi dich n h a u d

trgng khien cac dai vfldng Srivijaya tan

Thuy Chan Lap. Sfl viec nay cd the da xay

cdng mien n a m Campuchia la de t h a u tdm

ra vao gifla the ky VIII. R a j e n d r a v a r m a n

cac m a n g Ifl-di budn ban vd'n da tflng tdn

1 cd the da tri vi cho de'n tan mdt hai thap

tai tfl trfldc dd d vflng ven bien ciia Viet

nien cudi cua the ky VIII, khi con trai dng

Nam. Cac tai lieu cua ngfldi A Rap sau

la M a h i p a t i v a r m a n len k e v i ong. Thu do

nay

khi dd cd the dat d B a l a d i t y a p u r a .

Srivijaya da tan cdng lanh dia I n d r a p u r a

cho

biet

d mien n a m

cac

chien

Campuchia

thuyen
vao

cda

khoang

VII. I N D R A P U R A BI SRIVIJAYA XAM

nhflng nam tfl 782 den 790, dfldi thdi tri vi

CHIEM

ctia vi vua S a n g r a m a d h a n a n j a y a

(ngfldi

12

Nghien ci'di Dong Nam A 6/2009

ke vi cua D h a r m a s e t u ) thudc ddng

Sailendra. Cuoc xam Ifldc nay da dflde sif
gia ngu'di A Rap Abu Zaid H a s a n chep
trong van ban cd nien dai khoang n a m
916 va cd ten la "Zabag" (ten ma ngu'di A
Rap thfldng dflng de chi S n v i j a y a ) ' " ' .
Dfl cd nhieu chi tiet hoang dfldng, tai
lieu cua Abu Zaid van cho cac-nha nghien
cflu nhflng cfl lieu lich sfl q u a n trgng. Tfl
lieu A Rap nay da gdp phdn k h d n g dinh
cho viec Srivijaya da nha't thdi (tfl n a m
782 den n a m 802) kiem soat dUdc vudng
qudc Cambodia, cdn mgt h o a n g t h a n
Cambodia ten la J a y a v a r m a n II dflde
Samaratunga,
ngfldi
ke
vi
ciia
S a n g r a m a d h a n a n j a y a , phai tfl J a v a ve
niidc de cai quan do thi T n d r a p u r a cfla
Cambodia. Ma, ngiidi cai quiin thfldng chi
dflde cfl di den nhflng nflde chit hau. Do
vay, I n d r a p u r a chac la da naiii dudi sii
kiem soat cua Srivijaya. Chf den nam 802,
vi vua Khmer cd ten la J a y a v a r m a n II,
ngUdi sang lap ra vfldng t n e u Angco va
cflng la ngitdi cd gan bd nhieu vdi
Srivijaya vao thdi tri vi cua dai vfldng
S a m a r a t u n g a , mdi gidi phdng dflde mien
nam Cambodia khdi sfl kiem soat cua
Srivijaya.
Nhfl vay hi, trong sud't 240 nam (tfl 550
den 790), tfl mgt khu vuc nhd d nien t r u n g
sdng Me Cdng, nhflng ngu'di Khdme da
xay dflng cho minh mgt vfldng quo'c n e n g :
vfldng qud'c Kambuja, rdi r a t n h a n h chdng
theo thdi gian, cac trieu vua ndi tiep n h a u
da cirng cd'va md rdng lanh thd cita vfldng
qud'c minh ra cd mgt vflng rdng ldn keo dai
tfl bac Lao d jihia bac tcii bien d phia n a m
va tfl phfa lay day Tru'dng Sdn phfa ddng
ldi khu giap ddng b a n g sdng M e n a m d
phfa lay. Dfl rang, trong suot 240 nam tdn

tai, cd luc t h i n h , lflc suy, lflc tan, luc hdp,

nhiing vfldng qud'c C h a n Lap ludn phat
trien va da tao ra ca mdt nen mdng vflng
chac ve nhieu m a t cho da't nflde ciia ngfldi
Khdme bfldc vao ky nguyen Angkor huy
hoang (802- 1432)./.

CHU THICH
1. Dan theo ban dich tieng Viet cua Nguyen
Hiiu Tam trong "Vdn hoa Oc Eo & vUdng
quo'c Phil Nam, Nxb.The gidi, Ha Ngi,
2008, tr.298-300.
2. P.Pelliot, Le Fou-nan. BEFEO. Ill, tr.272.
3. G.Coedes, Inscriptions
du
Cambodge,
Hanoi. 1937. IV, tr.96. Ban dich tieng Viet
ciic bia ky Chan Liip cua GS.LUdng Ninh
trong: "Vuong quo'c Phd Nam- lich sd vd
vdn hoa", Nxb. Van boa thong tin, Ha Noi,
2005, tr. 239- 291.
4.

G.Coedes, The indianized

states
Southeast Asia. Honolulu, 1968, tr.66

of

5. G.Coedes, La stele de Ta Prohm, B.E. 6

(1906):44-81.
6.

G.Coedes, The indianized

Southeast Asia, Sdd., tr. 61.

states

of

7. P.Pelhot, Le Fou-nan, tr.302

8. L.Finot, Sur quelqiies traditions
noises, B.C.A.I. 11 (1911), tr.36.

indochi-

9. L.P. Briggs, The ancient Khmer empire,

American
Philosophical
Society,
Philadelphia, 1951, tr.40.
10. R.C. Majumdar, The inscriptions
of
Champa, Gian Publishing House, Shakti
Nagar, Delhi, 1985, tr.23- 24
11. Ve viec Srivijaya tan cdng Campuchia, xem:
Paul Michel Munoz, Early Kingdoms of the
Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay