CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)

Bilabial

Labiodental

Dental

Alveolar Postalveola
Retroflex
r

Palatal

Velar

Uvular

Plosive
Nasal
Trill
Tap or Flap
Fricative
Lateral
fricative
Approximant
Lateral
approximant
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas
denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
Clicks
Bilabial
Dental
(Post)alveol
ar
Palatoalveol
ar
Alveolar
lateral

Voiced implosives

Ejectives

Bilabial

Examples:

Dental/alveol
ar

Bilabial

Palatal

Dental/alveolar

Velar

Velar

Uvular

Alveolar fricative

Pharyngeal

Glottal

OTHER SYMBOLS
Voiceless labial-velar
fricative
Voiced labial-velar
approximant
Voiced labial-palatal
approximant
Voiceless epiglottal
fricative

Alveolo-palatal
fricatives
Alveolar lateral flap
Simultaneous

and

Affricates and double

articulations can be
Voiced epiglottal fricative represented by two symbols
joined by a tie bar if
necessary.
Epiglottal plosive

Close
Close-mid
Open-mid
Open

VOWELS
Front

DIACRITICS

Central

Back

Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.

Voiceless

Breathy voiced

Dental

Voiced

Creaky voiced

Apical

Aspirated

Linguolabial

Laminal

Labialized

Nasalized

Palatalized

Nasal release

More
rounded
Less
rounded

Advanced

Velarized

Lateral release

Retracted

Pharyngealized

No audible
release

Centralized

Velarized or
Pharyngealized

Midcentralized

Raised

Syllabic

Lowered

Nonsyllabic

Advanced Tongue Root

Rhoticity

Retracted Tongue Root

( =voiced alveolar fricative)

( = lowered bilabial
approximant)

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.

SUPRASEGMENTALS
Primary stress
Secondary stress

Long
Half-long
Extra-short
Minor (foot) group
Major (intonation) group
Syllable break
Linking (absence of a break)

TONES AND WORD ACCENTS

LEVEL
or

Extra high

CONTOUR
or

Rising

High

Falling

Mid

High rising

Low

Low rising

Extra low

Rising-falling

Downstep

Global rise

Upstep

Global fall