D.A.V.V.

,INDORE
LAWOFCRIMES
December2012

SolvedBy
MadhuChauhan,LLBStudentDeviAhilyaVishwaVidyalaya,Indore
Contents

Q1:mensreaisimportantforconstructionofoffence.Explainthisstatementwithillustration?
Q2:ExplaindifferentkindsofpunishmentgivenunderIndianPenalCode?
Introduction:
Kindsofpunishment:
Explanationofpunishments:
Q3:WhatisPrivateDefense?Discussrelevantprovisions.
Introduction:
Privatedefense:
Extentofrighttoprivatedefense:
Limitsofprivatedefense:
Whentherightofprivatedefenseofbodyextendstocausingofdeath:
Whentherighttoprivatedefenseofpropertyextendscausingdeath:
Q4:Whatdoyoumeanbyabetment?Differentiateitwithcriminalconspiracy?
Q5:Explaincriminalliabilityofunsoundmindperson.Discusswithrelevantcaselaws?
Q6:Explaincriminalliabilityofchildren?Discusswithrelevantcaselaws?

Introduction:
Liabilityofchildrenunder7yearsofage:
Liabilityofchildrenabove7yearsbutbelow12yearsofage.
Thetestofqualifiedimmunityundersection83dependsuponthreefactors:
Q7:Definemurderandgivedifferencebetweenmurderandculpablehomicide?
Q8:whatistheft?Explainessentialelementsandcasesoftheft?
Introduction:
Ingredientsoftheft:
Punishment
Q9:Definerobbery?Howitisdifferentfromtheftandextortion?
Que10:ExplaincriminalmisappropriationofpropertyanddistinguishitwithcriminalbreachofTrust.
Introduction:
Criminalmisappropriationofpropertyhasbeenexplainedunderchapter17ofIndianpenalcodecaptionedoffencesrelatingtopropertywhich
extendsfromsection378tosection462.Criminalmisappropriationofpropertyhasbeenundersection303andsection304.
Meaninganddefinition:
Ingredients:
DishonestMisappropriationorconversionofpropertytoonesownuse:
Differences:

Q1:mensreaisimportantforconstructionofoffence.Explainthisstatementwith
illustration?
Notanswered.

Q2:ExplaindifferentkindsofpunishmentgivenunderIndianPenalCode?
Introduction:
Chapter3ofIndianPenalCode1860captionedPunishmentdealswithvariouskindsofpunishmentstowhichoffendersareliableunder
thecode.Thischapterextendsfromsection53tosection75.
Punishmentisthesufferinginpersonorpropertyinflictedbythesocietyorthepublicservantsontheoffenderswhoisadjudgedguiltyof
crimeunderthelaw.Theadministrationofpunishmentinvolvestheintentiontoproducesomekindofpainwhichmaybephysicalor
monetaryorboth.Prof.Hartdefinespunishmentintermsofthefollowingfiveelements:
i.

Itmustinvolvepainorotherconsequentnormallyconsideredunpleasant

ii.Itmustbeforanactualorsupposedoffenderforhisoffence.

iii.Itmustbeforanoffenceagainstlegalrules.

iv.Itmustbeintentionallyadministeredbyhumanbeingsotherthantheoffender.

v.Itmustbeimposedandadministeredbyanauthorityconstitutedbyalegalsystemagainstwhichtheoffenceiscommitted.

Kindsofpunishment:
Section53ofthecodementionsthekindofpunishments.Itsaysthepunishmenttowhichoffendersareliableunderthecode
are:

i. Death(Capitalpunishment)
ii.Imprisonmentforlife.Thewordimprisonmenthasbeensubstitutedbyact26of1955asTransportation.
iii.Imprisonmentwhichisoftwodescription;simpleandrigorous
iv.Forfeitureofpropertyfine.

Explanationofpunishments:
i.Capitalpunishment(death):Theinflictionofdeathsentenceortakingawaytheoffenderslifebyauthorityasapunishment

foranoffenceiscapitalpunishment.InIndiaitisawardedinrarestofrarecases.Itmaybeawardedaspunishmentinthefollowing
offences:
a)WagingwaragainstthegovernmentofIndia(section121).
b)Abettingmutuallyactuallycommitted(section132)
c)Givingorfabricatingfalseevidenceuponwhichaninnocentpersonsuffersdeath(section194)
d)Murder(section302)
e)Murderbylifeconvicts(section303)
f)Abetmentofsuicideofaminororaninsaneorintoxicatedperson(section305)
g)Dacoityaccompaniedwithmurder.(section396)

h)Kidnappingforransom(section364A)

ii.Transportationforlife:Initsordinaryconnotationimprisonmentforlifemeansimprisonmentforthewholeoftheremaininglifeperiod

oftheconvictedpersonsnaturallife.Accordingtosection57imprisonmentsforlifeshallbereckonedasequivivalenttoimprisonmentfor20
years.
Butonlyforcalculatingfractionsoftermsofpunishmentimprisonmentforlifeshallbereckonedasequivalenttoimprisonmentfor20yrs.But
otherwisethesentenceofimprisonmentforlifeisofindefiniteduration.

iii.Imprisonment:

a)Simpleitisapunishmentinwhichtheoffenderisconfinedtojailonlyandnotsubjectedtoanyhardlabour.Thefollowingaresome
offenceswhicharepunishablewithsimpleimprisonment
Wrongfulrestraint(section341)
Utteringanywordormakinganysoundorgesturewithanintentiontoinsultthemodestyofawomen(section509)
Misconductinapublicplacebyadrunkenperson(section510)
Defamation(section500,501,502)
Criminalmisappropriationofproperty(section403)
b)Rigorousinthiscasetheoffenderisputtohardlaboursuchasgrindingcorn,digging,cuttingwoodetc.InstateofGujaratv/shon.high
courtofGujaratitwasheldthatimpositionofhardlabouronprisonersundergoingrigorousimprisonmenthasbeenheldtobelegal.The
followingaresomeoffenceswhicharepunishablewithrigorousimprisonment
Kidnappinginordertomurder(section364)
Robbery(section392)
Dacoity(section395)
Housebreakinginordertocommitoffencepunishablewithdeath(section449)

iv.Forfeitureofproperty:

Thepunishmentofabsoluteforfeitureofallthepropertyoftheoffenderisnowabolishedbyact16of1921.

v.Fine:

Finecanbesimplydefinedasmonetarypunishment.Almostallthesectionrelatedwithawardingpunishmentincludesfineaspunishment
.Howeversection63sayswherensumisexpressedtowhichafinemayextend,theamountoffinetowhichtheoffenderisliableisunlimited,
butshallnotbeexcessive.

Q3:WhatisPrivateDefense?Discussrelevantprovisions.
Introduction:
Therighttoprivatedefensehasbeenexplainedinchapter4ofIndianpenalcode1860.Chapter4captionedgeneralexceptionextends
fromsection76tosection106anddealswithgeneralconditionsofnonimmutabilityorgeneralgroundsofexemptionfromcriminal

liability.
Ananalysisofsection76tosection106showsthattheydealwithcircumstanceswhichnegativetheexistenceofmensrea.

Privatedefense:
Amanisjustifiedinrepellingforcebyforceindefenseofhisperson,habitationorpropertyagainstonewhomanifestlyintends
andendeavorsbyviolenceorsurprisetocommitafelonyuponeither.
Section96saysnothingisanoffencewhichisdoneintheexerciseoftherightofprivatedefense.

Extentofrighttoprivatedefense:
Theextentofrightprivatedefensehasbeenmentionedinsection97ofIndianPenalCodewhichsays:everypersonhasaright
subjecttotherestrictioncontainedinsection99todefend;
a)Hisownbodyorotherhumanbeingsbody.
b)Thepropertywhethermovableorimmovableofhimselforofotherperson.

Illustration;Alivesinaflatalongwithhiswife.BentersintohishouseinnightwiththeintentionofkillingA.whileBattackedAhiswife
stabbedB.HereAswifeactedinprivatedefensetoprotectthebodyofotherhumanbeing(herhusband)andthusshewillgetprotection
underthissectionofi.p.c;
InNurMiah(1945)theaccusedwhowasattackedbyanumberofmenarmedvariousweapons,snatchedawayaweaponfromoneof
themstruckhimwithweaponcausinghisdeath.Itwasheldthattheaccusedhastherighttoprivatedefenseofbody.

Limitsofprivatedefense:
Section99laysdownthelimitswithinwhichtherightofprivatedefenseshouldbeexercised;
Itsaysthereisnorightofprivatedefenseagainstanact;
a)Whichdoesnotreasonablycausetheapprehensionofdeathorofgrievoushurt?
b)Whichisdonebyapublicservantactingingoodfaithunderthecolorofhisofficethoughthatactmaynotbestrictlyjustified?
c)Whichdoesnotreasonablycausetheapprehensionofdeathorofgrievoushurt?Anddoneorattemptedtobedonebythedirection
ofpublicservantactingingoodfaithunderthecolorofhisofficethoughthatactmaynotbestrictlyjustified.
d)Incaseswherethereissufficienttimetorecoursewithpublicauthorities.

InkanwarSingh(1965)cri.L.J.(S.c)casearaidingpartyorganizedbytheofficialsofthemunicipalcorporationtoroundupthestray
cattleswithinthelimitsofthecorporationwasattackedwhenithadroundedupsomecattlesandwasleadingittothecattlepound.It
washeldthattheactofraidingpartywasfullyjustifiedbylawandtheaccusedhadnorightofprivatedefense.

Whentherightofprivatedefenseofbodyextendstocausingofdeath:
Section100saystherighttoprivatedefenseextendstocausingofdeathonlywhenheoffencewhichoccasionsheexerciseofthe
rightisoneofthekinds;
a)Suchanassaultasmayreasonablycausetheapprehensionofdeath
b)Suchanassaultasmayreasonablycausetheapprehensionofgrievoushurt
c)anassaultwiththeintensionofcommittingrape
d)anassaultwiththeintensionofgratifyingunnaturallust
e)anassaultwiththeintensionofkidnapping
f)anassaultwiththeintensionofwrongfullyconfineaperson.
InsheopersonSinghv/sstateofU.P(1979)atruckoverrantwopersonssleepingontheroadatnightpeopleaheadofthetruckstoodin
themiddleofthetrucktostopthetruckdrivertooknoheedspeededawayoverrunningthepeopleandcauseddeathofseveralofthem.
Thedriverpleadedrighttoprivatedefenseashewasapprehensiveofthecrowdgrievouslyinjuringhim.Itwasheldthatitisnodoubt
truethatinmanycasesaftertheincidentthecrowdhasseriouslydealtwiththedriversbutitcannotbeacceptedasageneralrule.the
driverhadnorightofprivatedefenseinrunningawayfromthesceneofoccurrenceandcausingthedeathofsomanypeople.

Whentherighttoprivatedefenseofpropertyextendscausingdeath:
Section103enumeratedthecasesinwhichtherighttoprivatedefenseofpropertyextendstothecausingofdeath
Apersonmaycausedeathofapersoninsafeguardinghispropertywhethermovableorimmovableorsomeoneelsepropertywhenthere
isareasontoapprehendthatthepersonwhosedeathhasbeencausedwasabouttocommitoneoftheoffencesmentionedbelow:
a)robbery
b)housebreakingbynight
c)mischiefbyfire
d)Theftmischieforhousetrespassundersuchcircumstancesasmayreasonablycauseapprehensionthatdeathorgrievoushurtwillbe
consequence.

Illustration;AenteredthehouseofBatthedeadofnightwiththeintensionofcommittingtheft.Bstruckhimwithalathiinthedarkand
AfelldownunconsciousgavehimonemoreblowwhichfellonAsheadcausingextensivebleedingandhisdeath.herethepleaofprivate
defenseofpropertybyBwouldnotbeavailablebecauseincaseoftheftonlyharmlessthandeathcouldbecaused.Therewasnodanger
ofdeathorgrievoushurttoB.

Q4:Whatdoyoumeanbyabetment?Differentiateitwithcriminalconspiracy?

NOTANSWERED

Q5:Explaincriminalliabilityofunsoundmindperson.Discusswithrelevantcaselaws?
NOTANSWERED

Q6:Explaincriminalliabilityofchildren?Discusswithrelevantcaselaws?
Introduction:
Criminalliabilityofchildrenhasbeenexplainedinchapter4ofIndianpenalcode1860.Chapter4captionedgeneralexception
extendsfromsection76tosection106anddealswithgeneralconditionsofnonimmutabilityorgeneralgroundsofexemptionfrom
criminalliability.Therecanbenocrimewithoutanevilmind.Itistheprincipalofallmostalllegalsystemsthattheessenceofanoffence
iswrongfulintentwithoutwhichitcannotexist.

Itispresumedthatchildrenlackmensreaandhencetheyarefreedfromcriminalliability.
Criminalliabilityofchildrenisdealtundertwosections82and83:
a)Section82dealswithcriminalliabilityofchildrenbelowsevenyears.
b)Section83dealswithcriminalliabilityofchildrenabovesevenbutbelow12yearsofage.

Liabilityofchildrenunder7yearsofage:
Infancyisadefectofunderstandingandinfantsareoughtnottobepunishedbyanycriminalprosecution.Inlegalsensebothboysand
girlswereheldtobeinfantsundertheageof7yearsandwereimmunefrompunishment.
Section82ofcodesaysthatnothingisanoffencewhichisdonebyachildunder7yearsofage.
Achildbelowsevenyearsofageisconsideredtobedoliincapax(i.e.incapableofunderstandingthenatureandconsequenceoftheact)
andthereforecannotbeheldguiltyofanyoffence.Merelytheevidenceofthatageistheconclusiveproofoftheinnocenceofachildand
wouldipsofactobeananswertoanychargesagainsthim.
Caselaw:Inmarshv/sloaderdefendantcaughtachildwhilestealingapieceofwoodfromhispremisesandgaveintothecustody.since
thechildwasundertheageofresponsibility(i.e.7yrs)hewasdischarged.Becauseachildbelow7yearsofageisabsolutelyimmunefrom
criminalliability.

Liabilityofchildrenabove7yearsbutbelow12yearsofage.

Theageatwhichapersonmaybesaidtohaveacquiredsufficientintelligencetojudgeofthenatureandconsequenceofhisactsvaries
withanddependsupontheclimaticcondition,education,precocityetc.
InIndiaachildabove7yearsbutbelow12yearsofageispresumedtobepossessedwithmaturityofunderstandingandcapacityto
commitacrime.Howeverthepresumptionisrebuttableandtheburdentorebutthepresumptionliesuponthedefendant.

Section83says:nothingisanoffencewhichisdonebyachildabove7yearsbut12yearswhohasnotattainedsufficientmaturityof
understandingtojudgeofthenatureandconsequenceofhisconductonthatoccasion.

Achildabove7yearsbut12yearsisqualifiedtoavailthedefenceofdoliincapax,ifitisprovedthathehasnotattainedsufficientmaturity
tounderstandthenatureandconsequenceofhisconductonthatoccasion.
Testofqualifiedimmunity:

Thetestofqualifiedimmunityundersection83dependsuponthreefactors:
a)Thenatureoftheactdone.
b)Subsequentconductoftheoffender.
c)Demeanorandappearanceoftheoffenderinthecourt.

InUllamahapatra(1950),theaccuseaboyofover11yearsbutbelow12yearspickedupaknifeandthreatenedtocutthedeceasedto
piecesanddidactuallykillhim.Itwasheldthathisactioncouldleadtoonlyoneinferencenamelythathedidwhatheintendedtodoand
thatheknewallalongthatoneblowinflictedwithaknifewouldeffectuatehisintention.Hewassenttoreformatoryschoolfor5years.

Inmussataimona(1864)theaccusedagedabout10yrssleptwithhermotherinlawonthenightbeforeshecommittedmurderher
husbandagedabout19yearssleptwithhisbrotherinanotherhutbutinthesamehomestead.Intheearlyhoursofthedaythemotherin
lawwokeuptheaccusedandtoldhertogoaboutherhouseholdduties.Shortlyafterthistheaccusedwasseenrunningoutofthehouse
andherhusbandwasfoundmortallywoundedontheneckshehideherselfinafieldandcouldbefoundonlyintheafternoon.shewas
heldbythecourttobedolicapaxbecauseitcouldbeinferredfromherconductthatshewaspossessedwithsufficientdegreeofcriminal
intentsoastojustifyherconviction.

Q7:Definemurderandgivedifferencebetweenmurderandculpablehomicide?
NOTANSWRED

Q8:whatistheft?Explainessentialelementsandcasesoftheft?
Introduction:

Theftcomesunderthepurviewofoffencesagainstpropertywhichextendsfromsection378tosection462.Thefthasbeendealtunder
section378to382

Theft:
Generalmeaningoftheftistakingawayofonespropertywithoutconsent.Accordingtosection378whoeverintendingtotake
dishonestlyanymovablepropertyoutofthepossessionofapersonwithouthisconsentandanymovinginordertosuchtakingissaidto
committheft.
Illustration:AfindsaringbelongingtoZonatableinthehousewhichZoccupies.HeretheringisinZspossession,andifA
dishonestlyremovesit,Acommitstheft.

Explanations:
Explanation1:Athingsolongasitisattachedtotheearth,notbeingmovablepropertyisnotthesubjectoftheft;butitbecomescapable
ofbeingthesubjectoftheftassoonasitisseveredfromtheearth.
Illustration:AcutsdownatreeonZsground,withtheintentionofdishonestlytakingthetreeoutofZspossessionwithoutZs
consent.Here,assoonasAhasseveredthetreeinordertosuchtaking,hehascommittedtheft.
Explanation2:Amovingaffectedbythesameactwhichaffectstheseverancemaybetheft.
Explanation3and4:theseexplanationsdealwiththevariousmodesofmovingofproperty.Thethreemodesaccordingtoexplanation3
are:
a)Actualmoving
b)Byseparatingitfromanyotherthing.
c)Byremovinganobstaclewhichpreventedtfrommoving.
Illustration:Aputsabaitfordogsinhispocket,thusinducesZsdogtofollowit.Here,ifAsintentionbedishonestlytotakethe
dogoutofZspossessionwithoutZsconsent.AhascommittedtheftassoonasZsdoghasbeguntofollowA
Explanation5:consentmaybeexpressorimpliedanditmaybegiveneitherbythepersoninpossessionorbyanypersonhavingauthority
expressorimpliedtogiveconsent.

Ingredientsoftheft:
Thefollowingaretheessentialrequirementsoftheft:
a)Dishonestintentiontotakeproperty:Intentionistheessenceoftheoffenceoftheft.Theintentionmustedishonestanditmust
soexistatthetimeoftakingoftheproperty.
Illustration;AingoodfaithbelievingpropertyofBtobehisownpropertytakesthatpropertyoutofBspossession.InthiscaseA

doesnottakedishonestlythereforeAwillnotbeliablefortheft.
Takingneednotbepermanent:theftmaybecommittedwithoutanintentiontodeprivetheownerofhispropertypermanently.
Illustration;AsnatchedawaysomebooksfromaboyBashecameoutoftheschoolandtoldhimthattheywouldbereturned
whenhecametohishouse.Awasheldguiltyoftheft.
b)Movableproperty:anythingwhichispermanentlyattachedwiththeearthorispermanentlyfastenedwithanythingwhichis
permanentlyattachedwiththeearthisknownasimmovableproperty.Athingotherthanaboveisamovableproperty.Taking
dishonestlymovablepropertyfromanotherspossessionwithouthisconsentconstitutestheft.
c)Takingoutofthepossessionofother:thepropertymustbeinthepossessionoftheprosecutorwhetherheistheownerofitoris
inpossessionofIinsomeothermanner.
Wherethepropertydishonestlytakenbelongedtoadeadpersonandmotinanyoneelsepossessionorwhereitis
lostpropertywithoutanyapparentpossessor,nottheoffenceoftheftbutofcriminalmisappropriationisconstituted.Therecan
benotheftofwildanimalsbuttheftcanbepossibleoftamedanimals,birdsorfishesetc.
d)Takingwithoutconsent:inordertoconstitutetheftthepropertymusthavebeentakenwithouttheconsentofthepersonin
possessionofit.Consentobtainedbyrepresentationwhichleadstoamisconceptionoffactswillnotbeavalidconsent.
Illustration:AbeingonfriendlytermswithZgoesintoZslibraryinZsabsenceandtakesawayabookwithoutZsconsentforthe
purposeofmerelyreadingitandwiththeintentionofreturningit.Here,itisprobablethatAmayhaveconceivedthathehadZs
impliedconsenttouseZsbook.ifthiswasAsimpression,Ahasnotcommittedtheft.
e)Movesthatproperty:theoffenceoftheftiscompletewhenthereisdishonestmovingoftheproperty.theleastremovalofthe
thingtakenfromtheplacewhereitwasbeforeamountstotakingthoughitmaynotbecarriedoff.Itisnotnecessarythatthe
propertyshouldberemovedoutofitsownersreachorcarriedawayfromtheplaceinwhichitwasfound.

Punishment
Section379:punishmentfortheft:whoevercommitstheftshallbepunishedwithimprisonmentofeitherdescriptionforaterm
whichmayextendtothreeyears,orwithfine,orboth.
Section380:theftindwellinghouseetc::whoevercommitstheftinanybuildingtentorvesselwhichisahumandwellingorused
forthecustodyofproperty,shallbepunishedwithimprisonmentofeitherdescriptionforatermwhichmayextendtosevenyearsand
shallalsobeliabletofine.
Section381:theftbyclerkorservantofpropertyinpossessionofmaster;
Whoeverbeingclerkorservantorbeingemployedinanycapacityofclerkorservant,commitstheftinrespectofanypropertyinthe
possessionofhismasteroremployer,shallbepunishedwithimprisonmentofeitherdescriptionforatermwhichmayextendtoseven

yearsandshallalsobeliabletopayfine
Section382:theftafterpreparationmadeforcausingdeath,hurtorrestraintinordertothecommittingofthetheft:whoever
commitstheftafterpreparationmadeforcausingdeath,hurtorrestraintinordertothecommittingofthetheftshallbepunishedwith
imprisonmentforatermwhichmayextendtotenyearsandshallalsobeliabletopayfine.

InHJRansomv/sTrilokinath(1942)(B),Bhadtakenabusonhirepurchasesystemfromacompanywhichhadreservedtherightof
seizingthebusincaseofdefaultinpaymentofinstalments.Thecompanytookthepossessionofthebusbyforcefromthedriverofthe
buswhowasBsservant.Itwasheldthatthepossessionofthedriverwaspossessionofthemasterandthecompanywasnotentitledto
recoverpossessionofthebuseventhoughdefaultinpaymentofinstallmenthadtakenplace.Thereforetheagentsofthecompanywho
hadtakenpossessionofthebusforciblywereliable.

Q9:Definerobbery?Howitisdifferentfromtheftandextortion?
NOTANSWERED

Que10:Explaincriminalmisappropriationofpropertyanddistinguishitwithcriminal
breachofTrust.
Introduction:
Criminalmisappropriationofpropertyhasbeenexplainedunderchapter17ofIndianpenalcodecaptioned
offencesrelatingtopropertywhichextendsfromsection378tosection462.Criminalmisappropriationof
propertyhasbeenundersection303andsection304.
Meaninganddefinition:
Definitionofcriminalmisappropriationofpropertyhasbeenexplainedinsection303,itsayswhoeverdishonestlymisappropriatesor
convertstohisownuseanymovablepropertyshallbepunishedwithimprisonmentofeitherdescriptionforatermwhichmayextendto
twotearsorwithfineorboth.
Illustration:AbeingonfriendlytermswithZgoesintoZslibraryinZsabsenceandtakesawayabookwithoutZsexpressconsent.Here,if
AwasundertheimpressionthathehadZsimpliedconsenttotakethebookforbookforthepurposeofreadingit.Ahasnotcommitted
theft.ButifAafterwardssellsthebookforhisownbenefitheisguiltyofanoffenceunderthissection.

AtakespropertybelongingtoZoutofZspossessioningoodfaith,believingatthetimewhenhetakesit,thatthepropertybelongsto
himself.Aisnotguiltyoftheft;butifA,afterdiscoveringhismistake,dishonestlyappropriatesthepropertytohisownuse,heisguiltyof
anoffenceunderthissection.

Ingredients:
Thefollowingaretheessentialrequirementofcriminalmisappropriation:
i. DishonestMisappropriationorconversionofpropertytoonesownuse.

ii.Suchpropertymustbemovable.

DishonestMisappropriationorconversionofpropertytoonesownuse:
Theessenceofoffenceunderthissectionisthatsomepropertybelongingtoanotherwhichcomesintothepossessionoftheaccused
innocentlyismisappropriatedorconvertedbytheaccusedtohisownuse.Theremustbeactualconversionofthethingmisappropriated
totheaccusedsownuse.Mereretainingofanarticlefounddoesnotamounttocriminalmisappropriation.Themisappropriationneed
notbepermanently,itmaybeevenforatemporaryperiodmaybe.
Illustration:Atookpossessionofastraycattleanditwasnotshownthatthecattlewasstolenpropertyandhedishonestlyretainedit,he
wasliableunderthissection.
Movableproperty:
Onlymovablepropertycanbethesubjectmatterofanoffenceunderthissection.

Explanations;
Explanation1:itrefersonlytothosecaseswherethereisadishonestmisappropriationofpropertyandmakesitclearthatsection403
includestemporaryaswellaspermanentmisappropriationofproperty.
Illustration:AfindsagovernmentpromissorynotebelongingtoZ,bearingablankendorsement.Aknowingthatthenotebelongsto
Z,pledgesitwithaBankerasasecurityforaloan,intendingatafuturetimetorestoreittoZ.Ahascommittedanoffenceunderthis
section.
Explanation2:thisexplanationmakesitclearthatthingabandonedcannotformapropersubjectofanoffenceunderthissection.For
constitutinganoffenceunderthissectionpropertyappropriatedmustbeownedbysomebody.Thisexplanationrequiresfinderofgoods,
beforeappropriatingthepropertyfound,tomakeattempttofindtheowner,iftheyhavemeanstodoso.thefinderofgoodsmustwait
forareasonabletimetoallowtheownertoclaimthatproperty,beforeheappropriatesit.
Illustration:Afinda100rupeesnoteonthehighroad,notknowingtowhomtherupeebelongs.Apicksuptherupee.HereAhasnot
committeddefinedinthissection.

Differences:
Thefollowingarethepointofdifferencesbetweencriminalmisappropriationofpropertyandcriminalbreachoftrust:

Pointofdifference

criminalmisappropriationof
property

criminalbreachoftrust

403and404

405

Section

Acquisitionofproperty

Propertycomesintothe
possessionoftheoffenderby
somecasualtyandhe
afterwardsmisappropriatesit.

Offenderislawfullyentrustedwith
thepropertyandhedishonestly
misappropriatesitorwillfullysuffers
anypersonsotodo.

Characterofpossession

Thereisnofiduciary
relationshipinthisoffence.The
propertycomesintothe
possessionoftheoffenderany
how

Thereisconversionofpropertyheld
byapersoninafiduciarycapacity.

Natureofpossession

Itmustbeofmovableproperty.

Propertymaybemovableor
immovable.

Punishment

2years+fine

Minimum3years+fineandextended
punishmentforgravecriminalbreach
ofpunishmenti.e.maximum10
years+fine.