CONTENTS

CONTENTS
25.ElementsofElectro-mechanicalEnergyConversion

801818

IntroductionSalient aspects of conversionsEnergy-balanceMagnetic-fieldsystem:EnergyandCo-energyLinear

SystemA Simple Electromechanical SystemIn terms of
FieldEnergyIntermsoffieldCo-energyEnergyintermsof
ElectricalparametersRotaryMotionDescriptionofSimple
SystemEnergy stored in the coilsDifferent Categories
One coil each on Stator and on RotorVital Role of Air-gap
Statically induced emf and Dynamically induced emf.

26.D.C.Generators...

819862

GeneratorPrincipalSimpleLoopGeneratorPracticalGeneratorYoke Pole Cores and Pole ShoesPole Coils

ArmatureCoreArmatureWindingsBushesandBearings
Pole-pitchConductor-CoilandWindingElementCoil-span
orCoil-pitchPitchofaWindingBackPitchFrontPitch
ResultantPitchCommutatorPitchSingle-layerWinding
Two-layer WindingDegree of Re-entrancy of an Armature
WindingMultiplexWindingLapandWaveWindingSimplex-lapWindingNumberingofCoilsandCommutatorSegmentsSimplexWaveWindingDummyorIdleCoilsUses
of Lap and Wave WindingsTypes of GeneratorsBrush
Contact DropGenerated E.M.F. or E.M.F. Equation of a
GeneratorIron Loss in ArmatureTotal loss in a D.C.
GeneratorStray LossesConstant or Standing Losses
PowerStagesConditionforMaximumEfficiencyObjective
Tests.

27.ArmatureReactionandCommutation
ArmatureReactionDemagnetisingandCross-magnetising
ConductorsDemagnetisingATperPoleCrossmagnetising
AT per poleCompensating WindingsNo. of CompensatingWindingsCommutationValueofReactanceVoltage
MethodsofImprovingCommutationResistanceCommutationE.M.F. CommutationInterpoles or Compoles
EqualisingConnectionsParallelOperationofShuntGeneratorsParallelingD.C.GeneratorLoadSharingProcedure
for Paralleling D.C. Generators Compound Generators in
ParallelSeriesGeneratorsinParallelObjectiveTests.

...863889

28.GeneratorCharacteristics

... 890915

CharacteristicsofD.C.GeneratorsSeparately-excitedGeneratorNo-load Curve for Self-excited GeneratorHow to

find Critical Resistance R? How to draw O.C.C. at Different
Speeds ?Critical SpeedVoltage Build up of a Shunt GeneratorCondition for Build-up of a Shunt GeneratorOther
factors Affecting Voltage Building of a D.C. Generator
External CharacteristicVoltage RegulationInternal or TotalCharacteristicSeriesGeneratorCompound-woundGeneratorHow to calculate Required Series Turns?Uses of
D.C. Generators Questions and Answers on D.C. GeneratorsObjective Tests.

29. D.C. Motor

... 916949

Motor PrincipleComparison of Generator and Motor ActionSignificance of the Back emfVoltage Equation of a
MotorConditions for Maximum PowerTorqueArmature Torque of a MotorShaft TorqueSpeed of a D.C.
MotorSpeed RegulationTorque and Speed of a D.C. MotorMotor CharacteristicsCharacteristics of Series MotorsCharacteristicsofShuntMotorsCompoundMotors
Performance CurvesComparison of Shunt and Series MotorsLossesandEfficiencyPowerStagesObjectiveTests.

30.SpeedControlofD.C.Motors

...9501006

Factors Controlling Motor SpeedSpeed Control of Shunt

MotorsSpeedControlofSeriesMotorsMeritsandDemerits of Rheostatic Control MethodSeries-Parallel Control
Electric BrakingElectric Braking of Shunt MotorElectric
Braking of Series MotorsElectronic Speed control Method
for D.C. MotorsUncontrolled RectifiersControlled RectifiersThyristor ChoppersThyristor InvertersThyristor
Speed Control of Separately-excited D.C. MotorThyristor
SpeedControlofD.C.SeresMotorFull-waveSpeedControl
of a Shunt MotorThyristor Control of a Shunt Motor
Thyristor Speed Control of a Series D.C. MotorNecessity of
a StarterShunt Motor StarterThree-point StarterFourpoint StarterStarting and Speed Control of Series Motors
GradingofStartingResistanceShuntMotorsSeriesMotor
StartersThyristor Controller StartersObjective Tests.

31. Testing of D.C. Machines

Brake TestSwinburnes TestAdvantages of Swinburnes
TestMain DisadvantagesRegenerative or Hopkinsons
TestAlternative Connections for Hopkinsons TestMerits

...10071028

of Hopkinsons TestRetardation or Running Down Test

Fields Test for Series MotorsObjective TestsQuestions
and Answers on D.C. Motors.

32.Transformer...

10291122

Working Principle of TransformerTransformer ConstructionCore-type Transform ersShell type Transformers

ElementaryTheoryofanIdealTransformerE.M.F.Equation
ofTransformerVoltageTransformationRatioTransformer
with losses but no Magnetic LeakageTransformer on NoleadTransformer on LoadTransformer with Winding ResistancebutnoMagneticLeakageEquivalentResistance
MagneticLeakageTransformerwithResistanceandLeakage
ReactanceSimplifiedDiagramTotalApproximateVoltage
Drop in TransformerExact Voltage DropEquivalent CircuitTransformerTestsOpen-circuitorNo-loadTestSeparation of Core LossesShort-Circuit or Impedence Test
Why Transformer Rating in KVA?Regulation of a TransformerPercentageResistance,ReactanceandImpedance
KappRegulationDiagramSumpnerorBack-to-back-Test
Efficiency of a TransformerCondition for Maximum EfficiencyVariation of Efficiency with Power FactorAll-day
EfficiencyAuto-transformerConversion of 2-Winding
Transformer into Auto-transformerParallel Operation of
Single-phaseTransformersQuestionsandAnswersonTransformersObjectiveTest.

33.Transformer:ThreePhase

... 11231151

Three-phaseTransformersThree-phaseTransformerConnectionsStar/Star or Y/Y ConnectionDelta-Delta or ConnectionWye/DeltaorY/ConnectionDelta/Wyeor/YConnectionOpen-DeltaorV-VConnectionPowerSuppliedby

V-V BankScott Connection or T-T ConnectionThreephasetoTwo-PhaseConversionandvice-versaParallelOperationof3-phaseTransformersInstrumentTransformers
Current TransformersPotential TransformersObjective
Test.

34.InductionMotor
Classification of AC MotorsInduction Motor: General PrincipalConstructionSquirrel-cage RotorPhase-wound
RotorProductionofRotatingFieldThree-phaseSupply
Mathematical ProofWhy does the Rotor Rotate ?Slip
Frequency of Rotor CurrentRelation between Torque and
Rotor Power FactorStarting TorqueStarting Torque of a
Squirrel-cage MotorStarting Torque of a Slip-ring Motor

...11521217

Condition for Maximum Starting TorqueEffect of Change in

Supply Voltage on Starting TorqueRotor E.M.F and ReactanceunderRunningConditionsTorqueunderRunningConditionCondition for Maximum Torque Under Running ConditionsRotorTorqueandBreakdownTorqueRelationbetweenTorqueandSlipEffectofChangeinSupplyVoltageon
Torque and SpeedEffect of Change in Supply Frequency
TorqueandSpeedFull-loadTorqueandMaximumTorque
StartingTorqueandMaximumTorqueTorque/SpeedCurve
Shape of Torque/Speed CurveCurrent/Speed Curve of an
InductionMotorTorque/SpeedCharacteristicUnderLoad
Plugging of an Induction MotorInduction Motor Operating
as a GeneratorComplete Torque/Speed Curve of a Threephase MachineMeasurement of SlipPower Stages in an
Induction MotorTorque Developed by an Induction MotorTorque,MechanicalPowerandRotorOutputInduction
Motor Torque EquationSynchronous WattVariation in
Rotor CurrentAnalogy with a Mechnical ClutchAnalogy
with a D.C. MotorSector Induction MotorLinear Induction
MotorProperties of a Linear Induction MotorMagnetic
LevitationInduction Motor as a Generalized Transformer
Rotor OutputEquivalent Circuit of the RotorEquivalent
Circuit of an Induction MotorPower Balance Equation
Maximum Power OutputCorresponding SlipObjective
Tests.

35.ComputationAndCircleDiagrams

...12181270

GeneralCircleDiagramforaSeriesCircuitCircleDiagram
of the Approximate Equivalent CircleDetermination of G0
and B0 No-load TestBlocked Rotor TestConstruction
of the Circle DiagramMaximum QuantitiesStarting of
Induction MotorsDirect-Switching or Line Starting of Induction MotorsSquirrel-cage MotorsStarting of Slip-ring
MotorsStarterStepsCrawlingCoggingorMagneticLockingDoubleSqiurrel-cageMotorEquivalentcircuitSpeed
Control of Induction MotorThree-Phase A.C. Commutator
MotorsSchrageMotorMotorEnclosuresStandardtype
ofSquirrel-cageMotorsClassAMotorsClassBMotors
Class C MotorsClass D MotorsClass E MotorsClass F
MotorsQuestions and Answer on Induction MotorsObjectiveTests.

36.Single-PhaseMotors
Types of Single-phase MotorsSingle-phase Induction MotorDouble-field Revoling TheoryMaking Single-phase
Induction Motor Self-startingEquivalent Circuit of Singlephase Induction Motorwithout Core LossEquivalent

...12711300

CuicuitWith Core LossTypes of CapacitorsStart MotorsCapacitor Start-and-Run MotorShaded-pole Singlephase MotorRepulsion Type MotorsRepulsion Motor
Repulsion PrincipleCompensated Repulsion MotorRepulsion-start Induction-run Motor Repulsion Induction
MotorA.C. Series MotorsUniversal MotorSpeed Control of Universal MotorsUnexcited Single-phase SynchronousMotorsReluctanceMotorHysteresisMotorQuestionsandAnswersonSingle-phaseMotorsObjectiveTests.

37.Alternators

...13011383

Basic PrincipleStationary ArmatureDetails of ConstructionRotorDamper WindingsSpeed and Frequency

Armature WindingsConcentric or Chain WindingsTwolayer WindingWye and Delta ConnectionsShort-pitch
Winding: pitch factor/chording factorDistribution or Breadth
Factor or Winding Factor or Spread FactorEquation of
Induced E.M.F.Effect of Hormonics on Pitch and Distribution FactorsFactors Affecting Alternator SizeAlternator
onLoadSynchronousReactanceVectorDiagramsofLoaded
AlternatorVoltage RegulationDetermination of Voltage
RegulationSynchronous Impedence MethodRothert's
M.M.F.orAmpere-turnMethodGeneralCaseZeroPower
Factor Method or Potier MethodProcedural Steps of Potier
MethodOperation of Salient Pole Synchronous Machine
Phasor Diagram for a Salient Pole Synchronous Machine
Calculations from Phasor DiagramPower Developed by a
Synchonous Generatorparallel Operation of Alternators
Synchronizing of AlternatorsSynchronizing CurrentSynchronizing PowerAlternators Connected to Infinite BusbarsSynchronizingTorqueTsyEffectofLoadonSynchronizing PowerAlternative Expression for Synchronizing
PowerParallel Operation of two AlternatorsEffect of Unequal VoltagesDistribution of LoadTime-Period of OscillationMaximumPowerOutputQuestionsandAnswerson
AlternatorsObjectiveTests.

38.SynchronousMotor
SynchronousMotor-GeneralPrincipleofOperationMethod
of StartingMotor on Load with Constant ExcitationPower
Flow within a Synchronous MotorEquivalent Circuit of a
Synchronous MotorPower Developed by a Synchronous
MotorSynchronous Motor with Different ExcitationsEffect of increased Load with Constant ExcitationEffect of
ChangingExcitationofConstantLoadDifferentTorquesofa
Synchronous MotorPower Developed by a Synchronous
MotorAlternative Expression for Power DevelopedVari-

...13841426

ous Conditions of MaximaSalient Pole Synchronous MotorPower Developed by a Salient Pole Synchronous Motor
Effects of Excitation on Armature Current and Power
FactorConstant-PowerLinesConstructionofV-curves
HuntingorSurgingorPhaseSwingingMethodsofStarting
Procedure for Starting a Synchronous MotorComparison
between Synchronous and Induction MotorsSynchronous
MotorApplicationsQuestionsandAnswersonsynchronous
MotorsObjectiveTests.

39.SpecialMachines
IntroductionStepper MotorsTypes of Stepper Motors
VariableReluctanceStepperMotorsMulti-stackVRStepper
MotorPermanent-MagnetSteppingMotorHybridStepper
MotorSummaryofStepperMotorsPermanent-MagnetDC
MotorLow-inertia DC MotorsShell-type Low-intertia DC
MotorPrinted-circuit (Disc) DC MotorPermanent-Magnet Synchronous MotorsSynchrosTypes of Synchros
Applications of SynchrosControl Differential Transmitter
Control Differential ReceiverSwitched Reluctance Motor
Comparison between VR Stepper Motor and SR MotorThe
ResolverServomotorsDCServomotorsACServomotorsObjective Tests.

...14271456

VOLUME II

AC & DC MACHINES

GO To FIRST