16th NordicGeotechnicalMeeting

Copenhagen

GeotechnicalSiteExploration
intheYear2012andBeyond
PaulW.Mayne,PhD,P.E.
GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology
10May2012

Purposes:GeotechnicalSiteInvestigation
Amustpriortoallgeotechnicalprojects
Determinegeostratigraphy forsitedevelopment
Informationforconstructionandfoundation
selection
Collectgeotechnicaldataforparameterevaluation
InputtoanalyticalmodelsandnumericalFEM
Minimizesurprisesduringconstruction
Mitigatepotentialforlegalinvolvement

GeotechnicalSiteCharacterizationin2012
StateoftheArt(SOA) =WhatweCANdo
StateofthePractice(SOP)=whatweARE
doing
BriefremarksonInternationalGeotechnical
ExperimentationSites(IGES)
GeotechEducation:overemphasisonlab
BestPractices:....smallprojects....vs.medium
.....vs.largeprojects
Thistalk=shortSOA toimprovecurrentSOP

MayneSOB

InitialConditions
INDICES

STATE

GeologicOrigin
Zw
Age,AG
GrainSizes,D50
Mineralogy
Plasticity,PI
Shape(fractals)
Soil
Sphericity,Sph
ElementA
Roundness,Rn
Angularity,Ang
Packinglimits:emax andemin
SpecificSurface,SS
ParticlecharacteristicsforDEM
(crushingstrength,modulus,
roughness,friction)

VoidRatio,e0
Z

UnitWeight,T
RelativeDensity,DR
StateParameter,
VerticalStress,vo
HydrostaticPressure,uo
YieldStressRatio,YSR
Saturation,S(%)
GeostaticK0 =ho/vo
Stiffness,G0 =Gmax
StateParameter,
Degreeofcementation
Fabricandvoidindex,Ivo
Continuity(intactorfissured)

GeotechnicalParameters
CONDUCTIVITY
Hydraulic:kv,kh

Thermal:ke
Electrical:
Chemical:Df
Transmissivity,Tm
Permittivity,Pm

COMPRESSIBILITY
Recompressionindex,Cr

YieldStress,y'(andYSR)
Preconsolidation,p(andOCR)
CoefficientofConsolidation,cv
VirginCompressionindex,Cc
Swellingindex,Cs

RHEOLOGICAL

Strainrate,t
Timesinceconsolidation(T)
Coef.secondarycompression,C
Creeprate,R
Timetofailure,tf

STIFFNESS
Stiffness:G0 =Gmax

ShearModulus,G'andGu
ElasticModulus,E'andEu
BulkModulus,K
ConstrainedModulus,D
TensileStiffness,KT
PoissonsRatio,
EffectsofAnisotropy(Gvh/Ghh)
Nonlinearity(G/Gmax vs s)
Subgrade Modulus,ks
SpringConstants,kz,kx,k,k

STRENGTH
DrainedandUndrained,max

Peak(su,c, )
Postpeak,'
Remoldedstrength
Softenedorcriticalstate,su (rem)
Residual(cr, r)
CyclicBehavior(cyc/vo')

...whenyoucanmeasurewhatyouare
speakingaboutandexpressitinnumbers,
youknowsomethingaboutit;butwhen
youcannotexpressitinnumbers,your
knowledgeisofameagerand
unsatisfactorykind"LordKelvin(1883)
Jaksa(2005)

USNationalGeotechnicalExperimentationSites(NGES)

EstablishedinUSAjointlyby:

NationalScienceFoundation
(NSF)

FederalHighwayAdministration
(FHWA)

ASCE GeoInstitute

6NGES incontinentalUSA
ASCE Geotechnical
SpecialPublication
(GSP)No.93(2000)

NGES:TexasA&MSandSite
USNationalGeotechnicalTestSite
(Briaud&Gibbens,1999;Briaud,2007)
SPTNvalue,N60(bpf)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

TipResistance,qt(MPa)

LimitPressure,PL(kPa)

10

20

500

1000 1500

Velocity,Vs(m/s)

DMTPressures(bars)
0

10 20 30 40 50

100

200

300

Upper
PleistoceneClean
Sands(SP)

CHT

DMT

2
3

siltySands(SPSM)

SiltytoClayey
Sands(SCSM)

Depth(meters)

CPT

5
6
7
8

SPT

9
10

HardEoceneClay
Shale

11
12

PMT

p0
p1

Crosshole21

400

NGES:Opelika,Alabama
Piedmontresidualfinesandysilts
(VinsonandBrown,1997;Mayne&Brown,2003)

OpelikaNGES,Alabama PiedmontResiduum
LABTESTING
Grainsize

Hydrometer
Plasticityindices
Unitweights
Triaxial shear(CIUC,CIDC)
Directshear,UU,andUC
Fixedwallpermeameter
Flexwallpermeability
Resonantcolumntests
Onedimconsolidation

FULLSCALELOADTESTS

Drilledshaftfoundations
Axialtestsondrilledshafts
Lateraltestsondrilledshafts
Timeandconstructioneffectsstudies
Drivenpipepilesatvariedrates
DeWaalpiles
Lateralloadingtestingofpilegroups
Shaftswithselfcompactingconcrete

INSITUTESTINGandGEOPHYSICS
Standardpenetrationtests(SPT)
Fulldisplacementpressuremeter (FDPMT)
Menardpreboredpressuremeter (PMT)
Flatplatedilatometertests(DMT)
Conepenetrationtests(CPT)
Piezocone testswithdissipations(CPT)
Seismicdilatometertests(SDMT)
Dualelementpiezocones (CPTu1u2)
Resistivitycones(RCPTu)
Seismicpiezocones (SCPTu)
Dielectriccones(DCPTu)
Boreholesheartests(IBST)
Geophysicalcrosshole tests(CHT)
Spectralanalysisofsurfacewaves(SASW)
TorquemeasurementsfollowingSPT
Penetrationrateeffectsstudies
FrequentintervalVs profiling
Surfaceresistivitysurveys

GeotechnicalExperimentationSites
Todate:68InternationalTestSites
Volumes1and2(2003)

Volumes3and4(2007)

HolmenSandSite,Norway(Lunne,etal.2003)

NGI:1956to2012
=56yearstesting

InternationalGeotechnicalTestSites

Each site required decades of study

Years worth of laboratory tests

Many types of field testing

Considerable amount of funds needed

Backfigured soil engineering parameters

from full-scale load tests

Not have enough time !

Conclusion: Need multiple measurements

CONVENTIONAL
DRILLING
&SAMPLING

Drop
Hammer

Oscilloscope

UD
tube

SOILSLABORATORY

Pumping

kvh
Cased
Boreholes

Crosshole

Vs,Vp
Gmax

TX CSRCPM
Dynamic
Penetration
SPT:

N60

DENSE
SAND

'
DR

VaneShear(VST):
suv =shearstrength
St =sensitivity

FIRM
CLAY

TX=triaxial shear
CS=consolidation
RC=resonantcolumn
PM=permeameter

Pressuremeter (PMT)
P0 =lateralstress
G=shearmodulus
suPMT =shearstrength
PL =limitpressure

GeotechnicalLaboratoryTestingDevices
Hyd

Cup

UC

Sieves

TTx

Oed

Fall
Cone

Consolidometers

DSB

PSCPSE

HCRCT

BE
DSS

wn

Pp

Tv
Permeameters

RS

DSC

Iso
Consol

CIUC
CIDC

CKoUC
CKoDC

CKoUE
CKoDE

Vst
Pan

Grainsizeanalyses
Hydrometer
Watercontentbyoven
Liquidlimitcup
Electronmicroscopy
Plasticlimitthread
Fallconedevice
Pocketpenetrometer
Torvane
Unconfinedcompression
Miniaturevane
Digitalimageanalysis

Mechanicaloedometer
Consolidometer
Constantrateofshear(CRS)
Fallingheadpermeameter
Constantheadpermeameter
Flowpermeameter
Directshearbox
Xraydiffraction
Ringshear
Unconsolidatedundrained Tx
Simpleshear
Directionalshearcell

Triaxial apparatus(isoconsols,
CIUC,CKoUC,CAUC,CIUE,CAUE,
CKoUE,stresspath,CIDC,CKoDC,
CIDE,CKoDE,constantP)
Planestrainapparatus(PSC,PSE)
Truetriaxial (cuboidal)
Hollowcylinder
Torsional Shear
ResonantColumnTestdevice
Nonresonantcolumn
Benderelements

CIUE
CIDE

EvolutionofGeotechnicalSiteCharacterization
ModifiedafterLacasse (1985)

GeotechnicalMethodsforSiteInvestigation
SoilsLaboratoryInSituTestingGeophysics

LabRatFieldMouseFruitBat

Fieldmousewith
ballpenetrometer

"Typical"IntroUndergradGeotechnicalTextbook
TableofContent

Lectures

Labs

Soilisa3phasematerial
1
0
Grainsizedistribution
1
1
Atterberg limits
1
1
Proctorcompaction
1
1
Siteinvestigation
0.5
0
Overburdenstresses
1
0
Permeability
1
1
Consolidationtheory
2
1
Stressstrainbehaviorofsoils
2
1
Triaxial testingandstrength
2
1
Bearingcapacity
2
0
Footingsettlements OVEREMPHASISONLAB
0.5
0

Laboratory Soils Testing

LimitedNumber(discretepoints)
LongDurationforCompletion
Expensive(TimeisMoney)
Costperspecimen:
Oedometer =$500(2weeks)
AutomatedConsolidation=$700(23days)
CIUC Triaxial =$500(2to3days)
CK0UC Triaxial =$1200ea(5days)
ResonantColumn=$2000ea(1week)
Permeability=$600(1to2weeks)

LargeProjects

Storeblt Link,Denmark

OffshorePlatforms,Norway

Swedish Landslides

FinnishRailwaySystem

ConsolidationData Burswood,Australia
(courtesyofMarkRandolph,Univ.WesternAustralia)
Effective Stress, v' (kPa)
0

50

100

150

p'(lab)

Depth (m)

Overconsolidation, OCR
200

10

10

12

12

14

14

16

vo'

16

18

18

20

20

n=14

erosion
(OCD =20kPa)
plussecondary
compression

PortofAnchorage:CIUC Triaxial Tests

POA Triaxial Summary

OC Envelope

400

TB 9 (138 ft)

q = (1 -

3) (kPa)

TP11 (155 ft)

Effective Strength Envelope

' = 27o
c' = 0

300

TB15 (109 ft)

TB15 (124 ft)
TB15 (149 ft)
TB25 (69 ft)
TB25 (90 ft)
TB25 (190 ft)

200

TB28 (95 ft)

TB31 (126 ft)
TB31 (126 ft)
TB31 (126 ft)

100

n=18

TB39 (115 ft)

TB39 (160 ft)
TB47 (120 ft)

TB49 (100 ft)

100

200

300

400

p' = (1' + 3')

500

(kPa)

600

TB49 (115 ft)

TB56 (115 ft)

LabBasedSiteCharacterization
Expensiveandtimeconsuming
Predominantapproachinourtextbooks
Onlypossibleonlargeorcriticalprojects
For99%ofgeotechnics (small tomedium
sizeprojects,insufficientfunding+
inadequateamountoftime.......
Therefore,asalastresort...
OverrelianceonsimpleSPT Nvalues
Overuseofplasticityindexcorrelations

EstimatingUndrained StrengthfromPlasticityIndex
0,6

CLAYSITES:
Gosport
Fens
Waterview
Shellhaven
Drammen

Value of c/p' ratio

0,5

0,4

Rio
Grangemouth
Koping
Herten
Tilbury
Manglerud

Skempton (1957)

0,3

0,2

Raw VaneData:
c/p'=0.11+0.0037PI

0,1

n=19;r2 =0.946:SEY =0.028

0,0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Plasticity Index, Ip (%)

80

90

100

EstimatingUndrained StrengthfromPlasticityIndex
RawVane

EstimationofFrictionAnglefromPlasticityIndex

Home
Appliances
Telegraph

1902
Stove

Office
Equipment

Casagrande Cup

SewingMachine

Abacus
Horse&Buggy

Note:Nottoscale

SplitSpoon

Home
Appliances
Telephone

Television

1950

Office
Equipment

Casagrande Cup
SplitSpoon

Refridgerator

Washer

SlideRule
GasAutomobile

Note:Nottoscale

Home
Appliances

2012
LiquidLimit

smartphone
3dLEDTelevision
Refridgerator

Washer
Tablet

ElectricAutomobile

Note:Nottoscale

Office
Equipment
SplitSpoon

cu = undrained strength

Is One Number Enough???

T = unit weight

DR = relative density

IR = rigidity index

T = unit weight

' = friction angle

LI = liquefaction index

OCR = overconsolidation

' = friction angle

K0 = lateral stress state

c' = cohesion intercept

eo = void ratio

eo = void ratio

Vs = shear wave

qa = bearing capacity

E' = Young's modulus

Cc = compression index

qb = pile end bearing

fs = pile skin friction

k = permeability

qa = bearing stress

CLAY

p' = preconsolidation

SAND

Vs = shear wave

E' = Young's modulus

= dilatancy angle
qb = pile end bearing

fs = pile skin friction

WhatthePublicSeesand
OurImagetoStructuralEngineers&Architects
Both Pictures from DFI European Foundations - Fall 2009

GeotechSiteInvestigation

NewConstructionEquipment

DirectPushBoreholeMethods
ContinuousPushSampling

SonicDrilling
ContinuousSamplingofSoil &Rock

ElectroVane Equipment
torque and rotation measured downhole

Computerized DMT
Flat Plate Dilatometer Systems

p0
p1
VP
VS

MenardPressuremeter (PMT)
PushinPressuremeter (PiPMT)
SelfBoringPressuremeter (SBPMT)
FullDisplacementType(FDPMT)

Po, G, su or ', and PL

Specialty probes

VisionCone
ResistivityProbesandCone
ConductivityMeasurements
DielectricPiezocone
GammaandNuclear

Hryciw (2005)

FullFlowPenetrometers

Plate
Tbar
Ballpenetrometer
Piezoball

Applications:
Verysoftsoils
Offshoreseabed
Minetailings

Randolph (2004); DeJong et al. (2010)

New Developments: Twitch Testing

Randolph & Hope (2004); Randolph (2004)
Drained

Partiallydrained

Undrained

FieldGeotechnicalInSituTestingMethods
SPT
TxPT

SPLT

PMT
VST

CPMT
DMT

TSC

FullFlowPenetrometers

MPT

SWS

RCPTu

PV
K0SB

HF

CPT
BST

SPT =StandardPenetrationTest
TxPT =TexasPenetrationTest
VST =VaneShearTest
PMT=Pressuremeter Test
CPMT =ConePressuremeter
DMT =DilatometerTest
SPLT =ScrewPlateLoadTest
ISB =IowaK0 SteppedBlade
SWS =SwedishWeightSounding
HF =HydraulicFracture
BST =BoreholeShearTest

FTS

RapSochs

CPTu

SCPTu

BPT
PBPT
TBPT PPT
PLT HPT

SDMT

TSC =TotalStressCell(spadecell)
FTS =Freestand Torsional Shear
PV=Piezovane
MPT =MacintoshProbeTest
CPT =ConePenetrationTest
CPTu =Piezocone Penetration
RCPTu =ResistivityPiezocone
SCPTu =SeismicCone
SDMT =SeismicFlatDilatometer
TBPT =TBarPenetrometer Test
BPT =BallPenetrometer

CPT

SPTT
DMT

LPT
SCPMT
DEPPT

PPT =PlatePenetrationTest
PLT =plateloadtest
HPT =HelicalProbeTest
PBPT =piezoball penetrationtest
RapSochs =Rapidsoilcharacterizationsystem
CPT =piezodissipation test
DMT =DilatometerwithAreadingdissipations
SPTT =StandardPenetrationTestwithTorque
LPT =LargePenetrationTest
DEPPT =DualElementPiezoProbe Test
SCPMTu =SeismicPiezocone Pressuremeter

ManlyBeach
Sydney,Australia

ConePenetrationTests(CPT) Portsmouth,VA
Cone Tip Resistance

Sleeve Friction

Porewater Pressure

qt (tsf)

fs (tsf)

u2 (tsf)

100

200

300

400 0

-10

10

20

30

40

20

Depth (feet)

40

60

80

100

120

140

fs
u2
qt

CPT
CurrentPhaseTranformer
CrossProductTeam
CellularPagingTeleservice
ChestPercussionTherapy
CrisisPlanningTeam
ConsumerProtectionTrends
ComputerPlacementTest
CurrentProceduralTerminolgy
CostPerTreatment
ChoroidPlexusTumor
CardiopulmonaryPhysical
Therapy
CorrugatedPlasticTubing
CumulativePriceThreshold

CertifiedProctologyTechnologist
CellPreparationTube
CentralPaymentTool
CockpitProceduresTrainer
ConePenetrationTest
ColorPictureTube
CriticalPittingTemperature
CertifiedPhelbotomy Technician
ControlPowerTransformer
CostProductionTeam
ChannelProductTable
ConditionalProbabilityTable
CommandPostTerminal

Cone Penetrometers
10-cm2
15-cm2
mechanical
electric
cabled
piezo electronic
seismic digital
wireless

Cone Penetrometers
2- 10- 15- 40-cm2 33- 15- 10- 5- 1-cm2

Mini-CPTs for Centrifuge

0.5 cm2

100-cm2

Harpoon CPT
US Navy XDP
Canadian FFCPT
German MARUM

Micro-Cone Penetrometers
Kim, Choi, Lee & Lee: Korea University
(GeoFlorida 2010)

FBG = Fibre Bragg Grating sensor

Cone Penetrometer Rigs

AutoCoson - Robotic CPT

by A.P. van den Berg, Holland

PROD = Portable
Remotely Operated Drill
by Benthic Geotech Australia

Cone Penetrometer Testing

Chinese CPT Equipment

www.madeinchina.com

Interpretation Methods for In-Situ Tests

Empirical

Analytical

qt u 2
1

OCR 2
1.95 M 1 vo '

Statistical

(1 / )

Dislocation Theory

Interpretation Methods for In-Situ Tests

Finite Elements

Finite Differences

Strain Path Method

Discrete Elements

Cone Penetrometer Testing

Hand-held electronic cone penetrometers
Measured Penetration Resistance
Spectrum
Scout SC 900

Rimik CP40

Excellent Repeatability

Eijkelcamp

RecentEconomicLossesinPensions
NONSEQUITUR
ByWileyMiller

TheNEWGeoRETIREMENT PLAN

NaturalCleanSiliceousSands

GeorgiaTech

FrictionAngleofSands
CIDC Triaxial Tests
6

sin '

( 1 ' / 3 ' ) 1
( 1 ' / 3 ' ) 1

41.5
41.0

Stress Ratio, 1'/3'

P' = peak friction angle

38.8
36.7

35.2
33.7
3

DR = 82.6 %
DR = 74.5 %
DR = 59.3 %

DR = 38.5 %

DataonSaturated
QuartzSand
(Koerner,1970)

DR = 22.3 %
1
0

10

15

20

Axial Strain, a (%)

GeorgiaTech

25

30

35

cv'

Undisturbedvs.ReconstitutedSands
Reconstituted:Artificial

AirPluviation
MoistTamped
WaterSedimented
Slurried
Compacted
Vibration

Undisturbed:Natural
1dFreezing(tubesorcoring)
AgarInjection
GeorgiaTech

InterpretedFrictionAngle:
CLASSAMETHOD
Undisturbed
Frozen
Specimens
InSitue0
InplaceDR
Fabric
OC
Anisotropy
Structure
Age

Coolant
System

TriaxialTesting

Young
Artificial
Specimens

Coring

Air
Pluviation
Moist
Tamped
Water
Sedimentation
Slurry

Estimated
NC
e0
DR

Vibration
Compaction

SPTSCPTu

1d
Ground
Freezing
Liquid
Nitrogen
(20)

METHODB

PreparationMethods

Vs
fs
qt
N60

ub

wn

Estimated
Relative
Density,DR

DisturbedSoil
Augering
RotaryDrill
TubeSample
DriveSample

Silty Sand(Heg,Dyvik,&Sandkken,2000)

Shear Stress, 1 - 3)

600

500

e0 (consolidated) = 0.71
vc' = 500 kPa; hc' = 250 kPa

400

300

Undisturbed

200

Pluviated
100

Slurried
0

10

15

Axial Strain, a (%)

GeorgiaTech

20

25

Undrained Behaviour:Undisturbedvs.ReconstitutedSands

Porewater Pressure, u (kPa)

Silty Sand(Heg,Dyvik,&Sandbkken,2000)
200

CAUC Triaxial Tests

100

BadNews
0

Undisturbed
Pluviated
-100

Slurried

-200
0

10

15

Axial Strain, a (%)

SOA-1: 17 ICSMGE - Egypt 2009

20

25

Undrained Behavior:Undisturbedvs.ReconstitutedSands
DatafromHeg,Dyvik,&Sandkken (ASCE JGGE,2000)

Shear Stress, q = 0.5( 1 - 3)

1000

Undisturbed

800

Pluviated
600

'=36.5
c'=0

sin'

Slurried

400

200

GoodNews

0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

Average Stress, p' = 0.5( 1' + 3')

SOA-1: 17 ICSMGE - Egypt 2009

1200

Undisturbedvs ReconstitutedSand
DrainedTriaxial CompressionTests(Mimura2003)

Deviator Stress = (1 - 3) kPa

400
Edo River Sand
(Mimura, 2003)
CIDC Triaxial Tests
Depth = 3.7 to 4.0 m
c ' = 49 kPa

300

D 50 = 0.29 mm
UC = 2.2
e 0 = 1.04 G s = 2.68
e max = 1.227 e min = 0.812
D R = 45%

200

100

Reconstituted (air pluviation)

Undisturbed (1-d freezing)

0
0

10

Axial Strain, a (%)

SOA1:17thICSMGE2009 Alexandria

12

14

16

Undisturbedvs ReconstitutedSand
DrainedTriaxial CompressionTests(Mimura2003)
Shear Stress, s = 0.5(1 - 3) (kPa)

150

Edo River Sand

Undisturbed

sin' = 0.661

Pluviated

100

(q/p')f

GoodNews
50

' = 41.4o
c' = 0 kPa
0
0

50

100

150

Ave Stress, p' = 0.5(1' + 3') (kPa)

SOA1:17thICSMGE2009 Alexandria

200

FrictionAngleofQuartzSilicaSandsfromCPT
Triaxial Friction Angle, ' (deg.)

50

Cleansilicato
quartzsands

(q / )
t
atm
' (deg) 17.6 11 log
( ' / )
vo
atm

45
Sands with mica, smectite, illite,
and other minerals

Hibernia

40

35

Yodo River
Tone River
Mildred Lake
Kidd
LL-Dam
Holmen
Gioia Tauro

Duncan
Dam

Natori River
Edo River
Massey
J-Pit
Highmont
W. Kowloon
K&M'90

30
0

50

100

150

200

250

Normalized Tip Resistance, qt1 = (qt/atm)/(vo'/atm)0.5

300

Sandbox

Whywasthesandwet?
Becausetheseaweed

FrictionAngle'fromCPTU forclays&silts
NTH:(Senneset,etal1989;Sandven,etal.1995)
Robertson & Campanella (1983) for Sands

Notes for NTNU Method:

Bq = 0

Bq

Resistance Number, Nm

100

0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

Qt

10

1. Define Cone Resistance

Number: Nm = (qt-vo)/(vo'+a')
2. Attraction: a' = c'cot' where '
= effective friction angle and
c' = effective cohesion intercept.
3. For case where a' = c' = 0:
NM = Q = (qt-vo)/vo'
4. Define Porewater Pressure
Parameter: Bq = u2/(qt-vo)

'

(degrees)

1
20

25

Approx: ' 29.5 Bq

30
0.121

35

40

45

[0.256 + 0.336Bq + logQ ]

5. Approximate Expression
Given for Ranges: 0.1<Bq < 1.0
and 20 < ' < 45

6.Plastification angle,p =0

CPTu Sounding,Sandpoint,Idaho
Tip Resistance, qt (MPa)
0
0

10

Depth (meters)

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Pore Pressure, u2 (MPa)

Sleeve Friction, fs (kPa)

10

50

100

150

Net Cone Resistance, qt - vo (kPa)

Evaluating atSandpoint,Idaho(NTHMethod)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000

Nm = Q = 4.2

500
0

100

200

300

400

500

Effective Vertical Stress, vo' (kPa)

600

Evaluationof atSandpoint,Idaho(NTHMethod)

Excess Pressure, u2 - u0 (kPa)

2500

2000

1500

1000

Bq = 0.75

500

1000

2000

Net Cone Resistance, qt - vo (kPa)

3000

Evaluationof byCPTu (NTHMethod)

B q = 0.1

Resistance Number, Nm

100

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

NM = (q t- vo)/ vo'

10

B q = (u 2-u 0)/(q t- vo)

1
20

30

40

0
(degrees)
' =32.3

50

Triaxial Data SandpointIdaho

Maximum q Criterion - TRIAXIAL DATA SUMMARY - IDAHO
250

' = 32.3 deg

q = ( 1'- 3')/2

200

c' = 0 kPa
150

100

50

100

200

300

p' = ( 1' + 3')/2

400

500

Triaxial DatafromSandpoint,Idaho
(courtesyofDeanHarris,CH2MHill)
Max. (q/p') ratio criterion - IDAHO Triaxial Data

q = (1'- 3')/2 (kPa)

300

' = 33.1 deg

c' = 0 kPa

200

q = 0.546 p'
r2 = 0.996
n = 30

100

0
0

100

200

300

p' = (1' + 3')/2

400

(kPa)

500

EvaluationofOCRinClaysbyPiezocone Tests
HybridCavityExpansionCriticalStateModel
SoilProperties:
M=6sin/(3sin)
=effectivefrictionangle

Cc =compressionindex
Cs=swellingindex
=1 Cs/Cc
IR =G/su =RigidityIndex
G=shearmodulus

, Cc, Cs

su =undrained shearstrength
=(M/2)(OCR/2)vo'

GeorgiaTech

HybridSCECSSM Theory
( )(qt vo ) / vo '
OCR 2

( )(ln I R 1) 2 1
2
M
4
3

For

(1 / )

(qt vo )
P'
M [1 13 ln(I R )]
= 30
M=1.2
IR = 100

FirstOrderApproximation

P ' 0.33 (qt vo)

ProfilingYieldStressinClaysbyConePenetrometer
10000

Yield Stress, p' (kPa)

9 Swedish clays (Larsson

Fissured
& Mulabdic 1991)
22 Canadian Clays
(Demers & Leroueil 2002)
Pisa clay (Jamiolkowski
Calcareous
and Pepe 2001)

1000

Intact

100

Intact Clays: p' = 0.33 (qt - vo)

10
100

1000

Net Cone Resistance, qt - vo (kPa)

qt
10000

Bothkennar

SBP = Self-Boring Pressuremeter

TSC = Total Stress Cell

Brent Cross
Madingley
Onsoy
Taranto

Porto Tolle
Drammen
Massena
Hamilton

Bandas Abbas
Montalto
40
30

= '

20

Drammen
Cowden Till

K 0 (1 sin ' )OCR sin '

Saint Alban
Canons Park
Grangemouth

0
1

10

Overconsolidation Ratio, OCR

100

Strong Pit
Lower 232rd St
British Library

Total Stress Cell

Lateral Stress Coefficient, K0

Self-Boring Pressuremeter

Clays: Lateral Stress Coefficient, K0

Sands: Lateral Stress Coefficient, K0

Lateral Stress Coefficient, K 0

Triaxial: n = 121
Oedometer: n = 307
Chambers: n=597
Po River: n = 28
Stockholm: n = 33
Holmen: n = 2
Thanet Sands: n =20
30
40 = ' (deg)
50

Kp

K 0 (1 sin ' ) OCR sin '

0
1

10

Overconsolidation Ratio, OCR

100

CalibrationChamberTesting

vc'

Mineralogy
Grain Distribution
Angularity
Index Parameters
Age
Origin
Dry or Saturated
Stress History

qc

and

fs

p0 and p1
N60

DR
eo
T

PL
Georgia Tech

Artificial
Sand
Deposit

BC1,
BC2,
BC3
BC4,
and BC5

hc'

CPT CalibrationChamberDatabase
Anisotropically-Consolidated Sands

1000

(kPa)

NC Sands

hc'
Applied Lateral Stress,

1 < OCR < 4

4 < OCR < 6
6 < OCR < 10
10 < OCR < 15
100

26 Series
n = 636
Note: stresses in kPa
10
10

SANDSERIES

100

ho' = 0.30 qc0.22vo'0.69 OCR0.27

1000

Earlston
Edgar
Erksak
Frankston
HiltonMines
Hokksund
Hostun
Lanchester
LeightonBuzzard
LB #2
LightCastleSand
Oosterschelde
LoneStar
Monterey#0
Montery #60
Ottawa
ReidBedford
SouthOakleigh
Ticino
Ticino#2
Toyoura
WashedMortarSand

CPT MethodforKo andOCRinSilicaSands

RegressionfromCPT CalibrationChamber
Database(n=705datapoints;r2 =0.871):
Ko =0.192(qt/atm)0.22 (vo/atm)0.31OCR0.27

RelationshipbetweenKo andOCRapriori:
Ko =(1sin)OCRsin

EvaluateEffectiveStressFrictionAngle:
=17.6+11log(qt1)

where:qt1 =(qt/atm)/(vo/atm)0.5

CPT MethodforCleanQuartzSilicaSands

CombineKo equations

Overconsolidation Ratio,OCR:

1.33 qt

OCR
0.31
K oNC ( vo ' )
0.22

whereKoNC =1 sin=1

TipStressinMPa andvoinkPa

EffectiveFrictionAnglefromCPT

1
0.27

RhymeswithOrange
byHilaryPrice"THELAB"

CPT MethodologyinCleanQuartzSands

Overconsolidation Ratio,OCR:
0.192 (qt / atm ) 0.22
OCR
0.31

(
1
sin

'
)
(

'
/

)
vo
atm

1
sin ' 0.27

Assumecharacteristicvalue:=35

Sands:qt (qt vo)

Simplified:

Preconsolidation Stress:

p'
[(qt vo ) / atm ]0.22
OCR

1.02
vo '
13.8 ( vo ' / atm )

p ' (kPa) 0.3 (qt vo ) 0.7

CPT methodologyforallsoiltypes

ReducedexpressionfromSCECSSM model
forclays: ' 0.33 (q )
p

vo

Simplifiedregressionequationsfrom
chambertestsdataoncleansands:
p ' (kPa) 0.3 (qt vo ) 0.7

Generalform: ' (kPa) 0.33 (q ) m'

p
t
vo
Exponentm'varies:claym'=1.0;sandm'=0.72

GeneralizedPc'MethodforCPTs inallsoiltypes

p ' 0.33 (qt vo ) ( atm / 100)

1 m '

m'

Apparent Yield Stress, p' (kPa)

10000

Intact clays: m = 1.00

Organic clays: m = 0.90
Silts:
m = 0.85
Silty Sands:
m = 0.80
Clean Sands: m = 0.72

1000

m'
100

General Trend:
p' = 0.33(qt-vo)m
10
10

100

1000

10000

Net Cone Resistance, qt - vo (kPa)

100000

Amherst, MA
Washington DC
Atchafalyala LA
Boston Blue Clay, MA
Colebrook Road BC
Empire LA
Evanston IL
SF Bay Mud, CA
Lower 232rd St BC
Port Huron MI
St. Alban, Quebec
NRCC, Ontario
Yorktown VA
St.Jean Vianney, QE
Surry, VA
Baton Rouge, LA
Strong Pit, BC
Ottawa STP, Ontario
Varennes, QE
Taranto, Italy
Brent Cross UK
Madingley UK
Surrey UK
Canons Park UK
Cretaceous DC
Bothkennar
Trend
Stockholm Sand
Po River Sand
Holmen Sand
North Sea Sand
Hibernia Sand
Trend 2
Opelika Sandy Silt
Trend 3
Rio de Janeiro
Atlanta Silty Sand
Pentre Silt
Dutch Peat
Euripides Silty Sand
Trend 4
Trend

Stockholm, Sweden
(Dahlberg, ESOPT 1974)

Original 24 m natural sand

16 m of sand quarried for construction
Calculated OCR = (v+vo)/vo from
excavated quantity
SPT, CPT, in-place density tests, PMT, triaxials
Screw-Plate Load Test (SPLT) or field
compressiometer to obtain in-situ p

Stockholm Sand, Sweden

Preloaded Natural Sand Deposit

16 meters quarried

D50 (av) = 0.9 mm

8 meters remained
Bedrock

qc

DR (av) = 60 %

StockholmSand,Sweden
FrictionAngle,' (deg)

ConeTipStress,qt (bars)
0

50

100

150

200

250

30

CPT 12

CPT 03

CPT 11

Depth(meters)

35

40

45

50

CPT 06

Drained
Triaxial
Tests

CPT Eqn
3

55

StockholmSand
PreconsolidationStress,p'(kg/cm2)
0

Calculated from
quarried overburden

Depth (meters)

Screw Plate Tests

(interpretation by
Prof. Dahlberg)

3
4
5
6
7
8

vo'

CPT Evaluation:
p' = 0.33 qtnet0.75
(stresses in kPa)

StockholmSand
OverconsolidationRatio,OCR
0

10

15

20

0
1

Depth (m)

2
3
4

Calculated from quarried

overburden:
OCR = (v'+vo')/vo'

CPT Evaluation:
6
7
8

OCR = 0.33 (qtnet)0.75 /vo'

(stresses in kPa)

25

YieldstressinsoilsfromCPT
CPT material index : I c

(3.47 log Q) 2 (1.22 log F ) 2

Bernie
Botts
Every
Flavor
Bean

FieldGeophysics MechanicalWaveMethods
SFLS
Receivers

Seismograph
+ Source

DHT
SFRS
Geophones

Oscilloscope
+ Source

Cased
Boreholes

VsRW

high
frequencies

Vp
VsHH
UHT
VsVH
SRFS =SurfaceRefractionSurvey
Vertical
SFLS =SurfaceReflectionSurvey
Source
SASW =SpectralAnalysisofSurfaceWaves
MASW =ModalAnalysis(RayleighWaves)
CSW =ContinuousSurfaceWaves
PSW =PassiveSurfaceWaveTesting
Rotary
ReMi =ReflectionMicroSeis
Source
SLP =SuspensionLoggerProblng
CHT=Crosshole Test
RCHT =RotaryCrosshole
DHT =Downhole Test
Torsional
UHT =Uphole Test
Source
SCPTu =SeismicPiezocone Test
SDMT =SeismicFlatDilatometerTest
BTSD =BoreholeTorsional ShearDevice

Spectral
Analyzer
+ Source

VsHV

CHT

VsHH

RCHT

medium
frequency
content
low
frequency
content

RayleighWaveMethods
BTSD

SLP

VsHH
VsVV

SASW

MASW
CSW
PSW
ReMi

Cone Penetration Tests (CPT)

Piezocone Penetration Test (CPTu)
Seismic Piezocone Penetration Testing (SCPTu)
D 7400

SCPTu Sounding Memphis,TN

qt (MPa)

Depth (m)

10

20

fs (kPa)
30

40

100

200

Vs (m/sec)

u2 (kPa)
300

1000

2000

3000

10

10

10

15

15

15

15

20

20

20

20

25

25

25

25

30

30

30

30

35

35

35

35

100

200

300

d = 35.7 mm
400

Vs

10

fs
u2
qt

SeismicPiezocone TestinNewOrleansEast

EconomyofSWaveVelocityMeasurements
CosttoProfileVs to30mdepth:
Crosshole

$15,000to$18,000

Downhole

$8,000to$9,000

SASW /MASW

$3,000to$4,500

ReMi survey

$2,500to$3,000

*SCPTu

$1,500to$2,000

*includes5readings:qt,fs,ub,t50,Vs

100-m SCPTu in Fraser River, British Columbia

RIGIDPILERESPONSE

Qt =Qs +Qb

RandolphSolution

Qsu = (fp dAs)

Qbu=qb Ab

PILE

CPT

TopDisplacement, wt

unitsidefriction, fp

wt
I
2

Vs Emax =2tVs (1+)

fs
ub
qt

} fp = fctn(fs andu)

} Sands:q 0.1q

Qt I
d E max [1 (Qt / Qtu ) 0.3 ]
1

(L / d )

1 2 (1 ) ln[5( L / d )(1 v)]

LoadTransfer

Clays:qb =qt ub
b

qb =unitendbearing

I
Qb

Qt 1 2

SummarySeismicPiezocone Tests
OpelikaNGES,Alabama

AxialLoadTests:Opelika,Alabama(Brown2002)
Qt (total)
DrilledShaft
(casedmethod)
d=0.91m
L=11.0m

Qs shaft

Qb base

Pile Load Tests

DeadWeight

ReactionFrame

Statnamic LoadTest

Osterberg Cell

www.hindu.com

www.statnamiceurope.com

www2.dot.ca.gov

www.fhwa.dot.gov

104

O-Cell Elastic Solution

upper
segment

O-Cell
lower
segment

Diameter
d1 = 2r1
Length
L1

P 1 = P2
Diameter
d2 = 2r2
Length
L2

P = applied force
L = pile length
ro = pile radius
Ep = pile modulus
Gs = soil side shear modulus
= Poisson's ratio of soil

Rigid pile shaft under upward loading

P1
G s1ro1 w 1

2 L1

1 r01

Rigid pile under compression loading

P2
G s 2 ro 2 w 2

4
(1 )

2 L 2

2 ro 2

w = pile displacement
l = Ep/GsL = soil-pile stiffness ratio
= Gs2/Gsb (Note: floating pile: = 1)
Gsb = soil modulus below pile base/toe
= ln(rm/ro) = soil zone of influence
rm = L{0.25 + [2.5 (1-) 0.25]}

Seismic Piezocone Tests

Calgary Medical Center, Alberta
Tip Stress, qt (kPa)
0

10000

20000

Sleeve Friction, fS (kPa)

0

200

400

600

Porewater, u2 (kPa)
-500

500

Shear Wave, VS (m/s)

1000

100 200 300 400 500 600

Drilled
Shaft O-Cell
Load Test

2
4

u2

uohydro

Dimensions
d = 1.4 m
L = 14 m

Depth (meters)

8
10
12
14
16
18

O-Cell

10m

20
22
24

14m

Evaluation of Calgary O-Cell Shaft Response

by Seismic Piezocone Tests
Loading Down
Measured Above O-Cell

Measured Below O-Cell

Loading Up

Displacement, w (mm)

80
70
60

d = 1.4 m

50
40
30

L = 10 m

20
10
0
-10

L=4m

-20
-30
-40
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

O-Cell Load, Q (kN)

7000

8000

Frequent-interval Vs profiling
Charleston, South Carolina

Depth (m)

10

GT AutoSeis

15

20

25

30

0.1

0.2
0.3
Time (sec)

0.4

0.5

SDMT =SeismicDilatometerTest

Venice

FrequentIntervalSCPTu,Aiken,SC
Cone Resistance

Porewater Pressure

qT (MPa)

Depth (m)

0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48

10

20

30

Friction Ratio

Shear Wave Velocity

FR (%)

Vs (m/s)

u2 (kPa)
40

50

-500

500 1000 1500 2000

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Roto CH4 P-I

Continuous Vs profiling
to 45 meters

GT
AutoSeis

10

20

30

40
m
0

100

200

300 ms

ContinuousIntervalSeismicPiezocone,BC
qt (kPa)

Depth (m)

10

20

fs (kPa)
30

100

Vs (m/sec)

u2 (kPa)
200

1000

2000

100

200

300

400

Freq. Domain

10

10

10

10

Conventional
DHT

15

15

15

15

20

20

20

20

25

25

25

25

30

30

30

30

35

35

35

35

40

40

40

40

45

45

45

45

50

50

50

50

500

ContinuousintervalSCPTu atNorfolk,VA

Norfolk
Formation
(Holocene)

Yorktown
Formation
(Miocene)

113

CPT User="Conehead"

ConeHeads are
from ...FRANCE

NoConfirmation
bytheFrench

Parody on "You might just be a redneck"

Comedian defines "redneck" as
"a person who gloriously lacks of
sophistication"
If you come home from the
garbage dump with more than
you went in with.......
....You might just be a redneck
Geotechnical Parody - - You might just be a ConeHead

Geotech Parody on "You might just be a redneck"

If you believe that the best means to

evaluate N60 is from CPT data.......

...then you just might be a ConeHead

Geotech Parody on "You might just be a redneck"

If you think our professional image may be

improved using CPT rather than SPT

....then you just might be a ConeHead

If you believe in.....

Fast

Vs

Economical

fs

Efficient

Continuous

Collectionofdigitaldata

frommultiplereadings

Loggeddirectlytoyourcomputer

t50

u2

qt

t
Gmax
E

OCR }
Pc '
kvh

su

K0

...then you just might be a ConeHead

If you would like more high tech used in

our geotechnical practice......

....then you just might just be a ConeHead

Geotech Parody on "You might just be a redneck"

If you think the

Washington
Monument is a
tribute to cone
penetration testing

....then you just might just be a ConeHead

HighFrequencyGeophysics
Electromagneticmethods
(dielectric,resistivity,conductivity)
Groundpenetratingradar
Electromagneticconductivity
15msquare

Electricalresistivity
Permittivity
Magnetometersurveys

15msquare
SouthCarolina

NewOrleans

99/100surveys
PWO449U

PWO449U
1/100surveys

MASW ArraysforMapping
SubsurfaceHeterogeneity

Depth(m)

SurfaceDistance(m)

ShearWave,Vs (m/s)

NONINVASIVE
GEOPHYSICS

DIRECTPUSHTECHNOLOGY

(Resistivity,Radar,
Conductivity)

DENSE
SAND

FIRM
CLAY

loose
sand

soft
clay

SCPT
Vs
fs
t50
u2
qt

SDMT
Vp
Vs
tflex
p1
p0

TypesofPiezoDissipationResponses
Piezo-Dissipations at Evergreen, North Carolina
1000
900

Measured u2 (kPa)

800

02D at 13.8 feet (4.2 m)

MONOTONIC

01D at 24.9 feet (7.6 m)

07D at 27 feet (8.3 m)
08D at 18 feet (5.5 m)

700
600
500
400
300
200

DILATORY

100
0
0.01

0.1

Time (minutes)

10

100

SCPT atAtlantaAirportRunway5
FiveIndependentReadingsof
SoilBehavior:qt,fs,ub,t50,Vs
qT (MPa)
0
0
1
2
3
4
5

Depth (m)

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

10

fs (kPa)
15

20

200

400

ub (kPa)
600 -100

100

200

t50 (seconds)
300

10

100

Vs (m/s)
1000

100

200

300

400

DanishSonicMultiSensorProbe
(DSMSP)forhardground,glacial
till,andcementedgeomaterials
Hydraulic Rig

Dynamic Driver Module

(Impact, Sonic)
Square
Rods

Shear Wave
Velocity, VS

DSMSP
design
will provide
4 continuous
readings with
depth

Lateral Stress, L
Enlargement
Resistivity,
Tip Stress, qd

Square Wedge
Penetrometer

SummaryandConclusions
GeotechnicalSiteExplorationin2012andBeyond
Bestpractice:drilling+sampling+labtesting
+insitu+geophysics=$$$$+
Onlypossibleonlargeprojects
Small tomediumsizeprojects stoprelying
somuchonsinglenumberedtests(i.e.SPTN)
andplasticityindexcorrelations
Routineexplorations:
Quickmappingbynoninvasivegeophysics
MultichannelSCPTu orSDMT

thanks

Organizing Committee 16th NGM

Conetec

Vancouver, BC

US Dept of Energy SRS, SC

S&ME Charleston, SC