REACTION OF ORGANIC

COMPOUNDS
 REACTION OF ALKANES

A. Under sutable conditions, alkanes undergo combustion reactions to

produce carbon dioxide and water.

CH4 (g) + 2 O2(g) ---> CO2(g) + 2H2O (1)

2 C2H6 (g) + 7 O2(g) ---> 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O (1)

A combution reactions is a rection in which a substance react with oxygen

gas, releasing energy in form of light and heat. Combution reaction must
involve O2 as one reactant. The combution of hydrogen gas produce water
vapor.

2H2(g) + O2 (g) ---> 2H2O (g)

 REACTIONS OF ALKENES
Many combustion reaction occur with a hydrocarbon, a compound made up
solely of carbon and hydrogen. The products of combustion of hydrocarbons
are carbon dioxide and water. Many hydrocarbons are used as fuel because
their combustion releases very large amount of heat energy. Propane (C3H8)
is a gaseous hydrocarbon that is commonly used as the fuel source in gas
grills.

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) ---> 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

 REACTIONS OF ALKENES

B. Alkanes undergo halogenation reaction where one or

more hydrogen atoms are replaced by
hologen atoms.
CH4(g) + CI2(g)---> CH3CI(g) + HCI(g)
methyl chloride
 REACTIONS OF ALKENES

Under excess chlorine, the reaction proceeds further:

CH3CI(g) + CI2(g)---> CH2CI2(g) + HCI(g)
methylene chloride
CH2CI2(g) + CI2(g)---> CHCI3(g) + HCI(g)
chloroform
CHCI3(g) + CI2(g)---> CCI4(g) + HCI(g)
carbon tetrachloride
 REACTIONS OF ALKENES

Alkenes are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons which are compounds that have double or
triple bonds that enable them to add hydrogen atoms.

a. Addition Reactions: Unsaturated by hydrocarbons commonly undergo addition reactions

where one molecule adds to form a single product.
Hydrogenation is an example of an addition reaction where hydrogen is added to compounds
containing double bounds usually in the presence of a catalyst.
Hydrogen is very important in the food industry particularly for vegetable oils.
Alkalenes also undergo addition reactions involving hydrogen halide, HX (where X is
a halogen).
C2H4(g) + HX(g)--> H3CCH2X(g)
C2H2(g) + X2(g)--> CH2XCH2X(g)

REACTION OF ALKYNES

A. Combustion
This reaction gives off a large amount of heat; thus its use in oxyacetylene torches for
welding metals.

2CH2(g) + 5O2 --> 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(1)

B. Addition reaction
Hydrogenation: C2H3(g) + H2(g) --> C2H4(g)

Reaction with halogens and hydrogen halides:

C2H2(g) + HX(g)---> C2H2CHX(g)
C2H2(g) + H2(g)---> CHXCHX(g)
WHAT IS CONDENSATION?

A condensation reaction is a reaction in which two molecules combine to

form a single molecule.
A small molecule, often water, is usually removed during a condensation
reaction. Amino acid are important biological molecules that have an amine
functional group on one end of the molecule and a carboxyli acid
functional group on the other end. When two amino acids combine in a
condensation reaction, a covalent bond forms between the amine nitrogen
of one amino acid and the carboxyl carbon of the second amino acid. A
molecule of water is then remove as a second product.
ESTERIFICATION
An esterification is a condensation reaction in which an ester is
formed from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. Esterification is a
subcategory of condensation reactions because a water molecule
is produced in the reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by a strong
acid, usually sulfuric acid. When the carboxylic acid butanic acid
is heated with an excess of methanol and few drops of sulfuric
acid, the ester methyl butanoate is produced. Methyl butanoate
has the scent of pineapples. The reaction beloew with both
molecular and structural formulas.
The esterification reaction is reversible. When an ester is heated in the presence of
strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the ester breaks down. The products are an
alcohol and the conjugate base of the carboxylic acid as a salt .
CH2COOCH2CH3 +  CH3COO Na + CH2CH2OH
Ethyl ethanoate sodium acetate ethanol

The sodium hydroxide is not acting as a catalyst, but is consumed in the reaction.
WHAT IS SAPONIFICATION?

Saponifiication is simply the process of making soap. Soaps are just potassium or sodium
salts of long-chain fatty acid. During saponification, ester reacts with an inorganic base to
produce alcohol and soap.
Generally, it occurs when triglycerides are reacted with potassium or sodium hydroxide (lye)
to produce glycerol and fatty acid salt, called `soap`
Triglycerides are generally animal fats and vegetable oils.
When they are reacted with sodium hydroxide, a hard form of
soap is created. This is where potassium comes and creates a
softer

version of the soap. The equation can be written as:

Ester + Base --------------> Alcohol + Soap

Example of a Saponification Reaction:
In a saponification reaction, a base (for example sodium hydroxide)
reacts with any fat to form glycerol and soap molecules. One of the
saponification reaction taking triglyceride as an ester and sodium
hydroxide as the base is as follows:
In this reaction, triglyceride reacts with sodium hydroxide (a strong base)
and glycerol is produced (an acid) along with soap (sodium palmitate).
Similarly, potassium soap can be formed if a strong potassium base (like
KOH) is reacted with an ester. This reaction is as follows:
DID YOU KNOW?

The Gugo Queen: an Inventor's Tale

Carlita Rex Doran is a scientist and entrepreneur from Quezon City, in the
Republic of the Philippines (Philippines), who established CRD Herbal
Products Inc. (CRD) in 1996, a company which develops and markets her
inventions. The commercial success of her inventions has made her one of
the most revered entrepreneurs in the country, 1987 when she made
scientific experiments with indigenous raw materials such as bark from the
gugo tree (Entada phaseikaudes K Meer, a large. woody climber), extracts
from tropical fruits (coconuts and papaya, for example) and ingredients
such as saponim (a natural, lathery substance found in many plants. such as
the soapwort plant, and traditionally used as soap),
Combining these ingredients into a secret recipe, Mrs. Rex Doran created in
less than a month - the first gugo shampoo in the Philippines. The
entrepreneur's shampoo success led to her being referred to as the "Gugo
Queen" and encouraged her to develop and market several other ppersonal
care inventions.

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