WGU INC1 Integrated Natural

Science Most Recent

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578 items

1. How is the scientific method used to solve problems?

2. Observation:
3. How is the scientific method used to solve problems?
4. Observation:
5. Question:
6. Hypothesis:
7. Prediction:
8. Conclusion:
9. What is the principle of falsifiability?
10. Fact:
11. Theory:
12. Law:

13. Evidence:
14. Experiment:
15. What did Galileo do to challenge Aristotle?s belief that heavy objects
fall faster than lighter objects?
16. What is a system?
17. How are systems used to study science/biology?
18. What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?
19. How is creativity used in science?
20. How are hypotheses used in scientific inquiry?
21. What elements are important when designing a controlled
experiment?
22. What's the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
23. What is the relationship between science and technology?
24. Explain how field studies are used in science.
25. Biology:
26. Chemistry:
27. Physics:
28. Geology:
29. earth science:
30. astronomy:
31. What is the goal of using an integrated approach to study science?
32. Explain the limitations of science.
33. Explain the limitations of a scientific investigation.
34. How does biology integrate other disciplines? Give an example.
35. Describe the themes that unify biology.
36. Grams:
37. Liters:
38. Micrometers:
39. km/hr:

40. Millimeters:
41. meters/second/second (m/s2):
42. Amperes:
43. pH units:
44. Newtons:
45. Volts:
46. Ohms:
47. joules:
48. Millivolts:
49. Nanometers:
50. kilograms:
51. Kelvin:
52. Grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3):
53. Meters:
54. Watts:
55. Why do we use machines?
56. What is the equation for work?
57. How does a simple machine affect work output?
58. How does a simple machine affect force output?
59. What is the difference between force output and work output?
60. List the types of simple machines.
61. What is the mechanical advantage of using each type of simple
machines?
62. What is gravitational force?
63. Explain what happens to the gravitational force when there is a
change in mass and/or distance.
64. Use an example to explain the inverse-square law.
65. What is projectile motion?
66. How does an object become a satellite?

67. What happens to a satellite when its speed exceeds 8 km/s?

68. Explain the role of gravity in the formation of solar systems and
galaxies.
69. List the ways that gravity affects the objects in the solar system.
70. Why does the same side of the Moon always face the Earth?
71. Explain the relationship between thermal energy and gravitational
force in a star?s life cycle.
72. How does gravity affect light in a black hole?
73. How does gravitational field affect light (refer to the footnote on p.
658)?
74. What is the electrical force?
75. Explain the conservation of charge.
76. How is Coulomb?s law regarding electrical force similar to Newton?s
law of universal gravitation?
77. How does Coulomb?s law differ from Newton?s law of universal
gravitation?
78. Describe the inverse-square law.
79. What happens when a charged particle enters an electric field?
80. How can electric potential energy increase?
81. Explain what volt means when referring to a nine-volt battery.
82. Explain why glass is an insulator whereas silver is a conductor.
83. Why is a potential difference needed for an electric current?
84. What is an ampere?
85. What is direct current (DC)
86. Alternating current (AC).
87. Explain the relationship between current, resistance, and voltage in
Ohm?s law.
88. What is a resistor?
89. How does a parallel circuit differ from a series circuit?
90. How does magnetic force differ from electric force?
91. Explain what makes an object magnetic.

92. How does a compass work?

93. What is an electromagnet?
94. Describe how moving charges interact with a magnetic field.
95. Why does a magnet deflect a current-carrying wire?
96. Explain electromagnetic induction.
97. How do electric motors work?
98. What is potential energy?
99. Potential energy
100.

Electrical potential energy

101.

Chemical potential energy

102.

Gravitational potential energy

103.
What factors affect the amount of gravitational potential
energy?
104.
Explain what happens to kinetic energy when the mass and
speed of an object changes.
105.

List examples of different types of kinetic energy.

106.

Explain the law of conservation of energy.

107.

Define thermal energy.

108.

Newton?s first law of motion

109.

Newton?s second law of motion

110.

Newton?s third law of motion

111.Newton?s First Law of Motion112.

Newton?s Second Law of Motion-

113.

Newton?s Third Law of Motion-

114.

What is a wave?

115.

Amplitude:

116.

Wavelength:

117.

Frequency:

118.

Period:

119.

Summarize radio waves.

120.

transverse wave

121.

longitudinal wave.

122.

transverse (an example)

123.

longitudinal waves (an example)

124.

What changes the pitch of sound?

125.

Explain how different factors affect the speed of sound?

126.
Why do submerged objects appear to be nearer the surface
than they actual are?
127.

Explain reflection, refraction, and diffraction of sound and light.

128.

Give examples of constructive and destructive interference.

129.
Describe how the Doppler Effect explains the change in pitch
of a fire-engine siren and the movement of a galaxy.
130.

Transverse

131.

Longitudinal

132.

Sound, infrasonic, ultrasonic, radio

133.

Ocean

134.

Tsunami

135.

S-waves

136.

Describe how a tsunami transfers energy.

137.

Gamma Rays

138.

X-rays

139.

Ultraviolet Radiation

140.

Infrared

141.

Microwaves

142.

Radio Waves (AM and FM)

143.

How does light act as both a wave and a particle?

144.

What is an electromagnetic wave?

145.
How are all electromagnetic waves the same? How do they
differ?

146.

Describe the general structure of an atom.

147.

What makes an atom radioactive?

148.
Explain the difference between an alpha particle, a beta
particle, and a gamma ray.
149.

List sources of radiation.

150.
What is the difference between a rad (radiation absorbed
dose) and a rem (roentgen equivalent mass)?
151.
atom.

Explain the strong nuclear force and the electric force in an

152.
Why must the strong nuclear force be present in the nucleus
of an atom?
153.
How does the size of an atom affect the strength of the strong
nuclear force and the electric force?
154.

What happens during nuclear fission?

155.
Why is a critical mass of radioactive material necessary for a
large explosion?
156.

Explain the meaning of the equation E=mc2.

157.
What happens to the mass per nucleon in uranium when it is
split into smaller nuclei?
158.
159.

Describe the process of nuclear fusion.

.

160.

How does the mass per nucleon change in nuclear fusion?

161.

radioactive tracers:

162.

isotopic dating and radiometric dating:

163.

Geiger counters:

164.

radiation therapy:

165.

Smoke Detectors and Americium-241

166.

Food irradiation

167.
Sun?

What happens during the thermonuclear fusion reaction in the

168.

When does the thermonuclear fusion reaction start?

169.
Describe the difference between hydrogen-burning and
helium-burning in stars.

170.

What is the general chemical composition of stars?

171.

Explain how stars can differ in brightness and color.

172.

What is the Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram?

173.
Explain the difference in the following types of stars: main
sequence stars, red giants, and white dwarfs.
174.

Protostar:

175.

hydrogen burning:

176.

helium burning:

177.

red giant:

178.

Gravitational collapse

179.

white dwarf:

180.

nova/supernova:

181.

neutron stars:

182.
183.

What components make up our solar system?

.

184.
.

Describe how the solar system is organized.

185.
Draw a diagram that shows the location of the various
components that make up the solar system.
186.
location of the various components that make up the solar
system.
187.

Describe the structure of the sun.

188.

Explain the orbits and rotations of the planets.

189.
How are the terrestrial planets different than the Jovian
planets?
190.

Explain the big bang theory.

191.
Make a table and compare the characteristics of the eight
planets.
192.

Hubble?s law:

193.

cosmic background radiation

194.

Doppler red shift

195.

element abundance

196.

HR diagram:

197.

Optical telescope:

198.

Hubble space telescope:

199.

Very Large Array telescope:

200.

X-ray telescope:

201.

Radio telescope:

202.

Infrared telescope:

203.

Gamma ray telescope:

204.

Spectroscope:

205.

Spectral lines:

206.

Astrogeology:

207.

General theory of relativity:

208.

Infrared:

209.

Nuclear physics:

210.

Microscope:

211.

Mass spectrometers:

212.

Radio receiver:

213.

Atmospheric physics:

214.

Doppler shift:

215.

Math:

216.

Biology:

217.

Chemistry:

218.

Heisenberg?s law

219.

Drake?s equation:

220.

Gamma rays:

221.

Parallax:

222.

What are elements?

223.
Describe the location and charge of the subatomic particles
that make up an atom.
224.

Why are atoms electrically neutral?

225.

atomic number:

226.

mass number:

227.

atomic mass:

228.

atomic mass unit (amu):

229.
How do the three isotopes of hydrogen (hydrogen-1,
hydrogen-2, and hydrogen-3) differ?
230.
Compare the mass, atomic number, electrical charge, and
neutron number or isotopes of iron (iron-55 and iron-56).
231.

Explain the shell model of the atom.

232.

What are valence electrons?

233.
How can the number of valence electrons for a given element
be determined using the periodic table?
234.

Elements Group 1 (IA,IA):

235.

Elements Group 2 (IIA,IIA):

236.

Elements Group 3 (IIIA,IIIB):

237.

Elements Group 4 (IVA,IVB):

238.

Elements Group 5 (VA,VB):

239.

Elements Group 6 (VIA,VIB):

240.

Elements Group 7 (VIIA,VIIB):

241.

Elements Group 8 (VIII, VIIIB):

242.

Elements Group 9 (VIII, VIIIB):

243.

Elements Group 10 (VIII, VIIIB):

244.

Elements Group 11 (IB,IB):

245.

Elements Group 12 (IIB,IIB):

246.

Elements Group 13 (IIIB,IIIA):

247.

Elements Group 14 (IVB,IVA):

248.

Elements Group 15 (VB,VA):

249.

Elements Group 16 (VIB,VIA):

250.

Elements Group 17 (VIIB,VIIA):

251.

Elements Group 18 (Group 0, VIIIA):

252.
Identify the number of valence electrons for each of these
groups.
253.
How does the number of valence electrons affect the
properties of each group of elements?
254.
How can you determine the number of neutrons in an isotope
if you know the atomic number?
255.
How does an atom of carbon-14 differ from an atom of
carbon-12?
256.
Does this difference between carbon isotopes affect how
carbon behaves in a chemical reaction?
257.
Why is this difference important for isotopic dating of organic
remains?
258.
Explain how the number of valence electrons in an atom
affects its ability to bond with other atoms.
259.
.
260.

Why do atoms form chemical bonds?

261.

Compare the bonding behavior of Na (sodium) and Ne (neon).

262.

Explain how elements form an ionic bond.

263.

What is unique about a metallic bond?

264.

How do elements form a covalent bond?

265.
How can you use the periodic table to predict which atoms are
likely to bond together?
266.

NaCl (sodium chloride)

267.

Al2O3 (aluminum oxide)

268.

F2 (fluorine molecule)

269.

O2 (oxygen molecule)

270.

N2 (nitrogen molecule)

271.

H2O (water molecule)

272.

NH3 (ammonium molecule)

273.

CH4 (methane molecule)

274.

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

275.

HCl (hydrogen chloride)

276.

NaF (sodium fluoride)

277.
What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent
bonds?
278.
What is the difference between organic and inorganic
compounds?
279.

Water (Organic or Inorganic?)

280.

RNA (Organic or Inorganic?)

281.

Gasoline (Organic or Inorganic?)

282.

Table Salt (Organic or Inorganic?)

283.

Carbon Dioxide (Organic or Inorganic?)

284.

Vitamin C (Organic or Inorganic?)

285.

Amino Acid (Organic or Inorganic?)

286.

Hydrochloric Acid (Organic or Inorganic?)

287.

Fluorine Molecule (Organic or Inorganic?)

288.

Sodium Fluoride (Organic or Inorganic?)

289.

Hydrogen Gas (Organic or Inorganic?)

290.

Methane (Organic or Inorganic?)

291.

Carbohydrate (Organic or Inorganic?)

292.

Ethanol (Organic or Inorganic?)

293.

DNA (Organic or Inorganic?)

294.

Silver (Organic or Inorganic?)

295.

Oxygen Gas

296.

What is a hydrocarbon?

297.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

298.

RNA (ribonucleic acid).

299.
If one strand of DNA is ATCTGCT, what is the order of base
pairs on the other strand?
300.
How would the opposing strand differ if it was a strand of RNA
instead of DNA?
301.
Describe the difference between a pure substance and a
mixture.
302.
What is the difference between a heterogeneous and
homogeneous mixture?
303.

What is a solution?

304.

pure substances:

305.

homogeneous mixtures:

306.

heterogeneous mixtures:

307.

solutions:

308.
309.

Describe thermal energy and temperature.

.

310.

Explain how thermal expansion affects substances.

311.
What happens to the structure of water when it melts and
freezes?
312.

Explain the differences between solids, liquids, and gases.

313.
How does the addition of heat energy affect the motion of
molecules?
314.

Melting:

315.

Boiling:

316.

Evaporation:

317.

Sublimation:

318.

Freezing:

319.

frost:

320.

condensation:

321.

How does a chemical change differ from a physical change?

322.
Explain why some materials are conductors while some are
insulators.
323.

Why is it useful to have materials with different properties?

324.

Why does water expand when it freezes?

325.

Gold:

326.

Diamond:

327.

Water:

328.

Silver:

329.

Titanium:

330.

Zinc:

331.

Helium:

332.
333.

Carbon:
elemental formula for Nitrogen:

334.

elemental formula for Oxygen:

335.

elemental formula for Sulfur:

336.

elemental formula for Hydrogen:

337.

Metals:

338.

Nonmetals:

339.

Metalloids:

340.
How does differentiation account for the different densities of
Earth?s layers?
341.

Describe the characteristics and properties of minerals?

342.
Graphite and diamond contain pure carbon and are called
polymorphs. What is different about the structure and stability of these
two minerals?
343.

Explain the process of crystallization in mineral formation.

344.

silicates:

345.

nonsilicates

346.

What is the structural unit of silicates?

347.
List examples of minerals that are silicates and those that are
nonsilicates.
348.

Pyrite:

349.

Olivine:

350.

Diamond:

351.

Asbestos:

352.

Granite:

353.

Conglomerate:

354.

Gneiss:

355.

Limestone:

356.

Dolomite:

357.

Basalt:

358.

Mica:

359.

Halite:

360.

Quartz:

361.
Explain how seismic waves are used to determine the
structure of the Earth?s interior.
362.

What is the Mohorovicic discontinuity (Moho)?

363.

Where are mountain roots, important in isostasy, located?

364.

lithosphere:

365.

asthenosphere:

366.

Explain what happens in the outer core when the Earth spins.

367.
Explain why Wegener?s hypothesis of continental drift failed
and the evidence that was needed to support his predictions.
368.

Summarize plate tectonics.

369.

What are convection currents?

370.

What is the role of convection currents in plate tectonics?

371.

Transform boundaries

372.

Divergent boundaries

373.

Convergent boundaries (or active margins)

374.
Explain how convection cells cause the following types of air
movement in the atmosphere: local winds and Hadley cells.
375.

What is weathering?

376.

Describe mechanical and chemical weathering of rocks.

377.

frost wedging:

378.

exfoliation:

379.

thermal expansion:

380.

crystal growth:

381.

tree roots:

382.

abrasion:

383.

Dissolution:

384.

Oxidation:

385.

Hydrolysis:

386.

Explain the process of erosion.

387.
Describe the action of the following erosional agents: gravity,
surface water, groundwater, wind, and glaciers.
388.

Troposphere:

389.

Stratosphere:

390.

Mesosphere:

391.

Thermosphere:

392.

Ionosphere:

393.

Exosphere:

394.

What gases make up Earth?s atmosphere?

395.

Which gases are most abundant?

396.

Which gases are found in trace amounts?

397.

Explain the Coriolis effect?

398.

How does humidity differ from relative humidity?

399.

Describe the different types of air masses.

400.

Explain the changes in weather that accompany a cold front. How do the

401.
402.

Describe the changes in weather associated with a low-pressure center

Thunderstorm:

403.

Tornadoes:

404.

Hurricanes:

405.

Describe the greenhouse effect.

406.
Summarize the effects of human activities on the levels of
greenhouse gases.
407.

Seismometer:

408.

Global Positioning System (GPS):

409.

Infrared imaging:

410.

Satellite Remote Sensing:

411.

Radar (Doppler Radar):

412.

abiotic factors:

413.

biotic factors:

414.

ecological studies:

415.

Community:

416.

Ecosystem level:

417.

What are examples of competition in ecosystems?

418.

What components are included in a species? niche?

419.

Commensalism:

420.

Parasitism:

421.

Mutualism:

422.
Describe the different types of terrestrial biomes and aquatic
biomes.
423.
424.

Tropical forests
Temperate forests

425.

Evergreen forests

426.

Tundra

427.

Savannas

428.

Chaparra

429.

Deserts

430.

Describe primary and secondary succession.

431.
What effect do regular moderate disturbances have on
ecosystems?

432.

Producers:

433.

Autotrophs:

434.

Consumers:

435.

primary consumers:

436.

secondary consumers:

437.

tertiary consumers:

438.

heterotrophs:

439.

decomposers:

440.
441.

herbivores:
carnivores:

442.
omnivores:
443.
Explain the transfer of energy from the Sun through the food
chain.
444.
Describe how organisms use the energy contained in their
food supply.
445.
What happens to energy as it moves from the first trophic
level to the second and third trophic levels?
446.

Why is energy lost to the environment during respiration?

447.

carbon cycle:

448.

nitrogen cycle:

449.

hydrologic (water) cycle:

450.

Temperate forest biome:

451.

Coniferous forest biome:

452.

Tropical forest biome:

453.
454.

Desert biome:
Desert soils are usually abundant in nutrients.

455.

Saltwater biome:

456.

Photosynthesis:

457.

hydrologic (water) cycle:

458.

local winds:

459.

cloud formation:

460.

Greenhouse effect:

461.
Explain how heterotrophs, autotrophs, and chemoautotrophs
obtain energy.
462.
Describe how Darwin?s observations supported his
hypothesis that heritable traits change over time.
463.

What is natural selection?

464.

Variation:

465.

Heritable traits:

466.

Fitness:

467.
Describe an example of a population that changes due to
natural selection.
468.
Why are adaptations an important component of a species?
survival?
469.
Describe how animals are adapted to survive in hot or cold
environments.
470.

DNA evidence:

471.

natural selection and adaptation:

472.

antibiotic resistance bacteria:

473.

peppered moth:

474.

common ancestors:

475.

Anatomical homologies

476.

Biogeography

477.

Fossil records

478.

What are vestigial organs?

479.

What is Linnaean classification?

480.

List the levels included in Linnaean classification.

481.

What is cladistic classification?

482.

Explain how a cladogram is constructed.

483.

Bacteria

484.

Archaea

485.

Eukarya

486.

Protista (protists)

487.

Plantae (plants)

488.

Fungi

489.

Animalia (animals)

490.

E. coli:

491.

Anthrax bacterium:

492.

Genus sulfolobus:

493.

Giardia:

494.

Amoeba:

495.

Protozoa:

496.

Sea anemone:

497.

Platypus:

498.

Fern:

499.

What happens during a chemical reaction?

500.
Why is the law of conservation of energy important in
chemical reactions?
501.
Give an example of an acid-base reaction and an oxidationreduction reaction.
502.

concentration of reactants:

503.

temperature:

504.

the addition of a catalyst:

505.

Endothermic:

506.

Exothermic

507.

How can the addition of Sunlight affect chemical reactions?

508.

Why is ATP (adenosine tripophosphate) important to cells?

509.

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions in cells?

510.

What are the reactants and products in photosynthesis?

511.

Why is light needed in photosynthesis?

512.
Explain how the light dependent and light independent
reactions produce the products of photosynthesis.
513.

What happens during the Calvin cycle?

514.

What are the reactants and products for cellular respiration?

515.

Glycolysis:

516.

Krebs cycle:

517.

electron transport:

518.

Why is cellular respiration aerobic?

519.

What happens when oxygen is not present in a cell?

520.
Explain the role of the electron transport chain in
photosynthesis and respiration.
521.
Identify the cell organelles needed for photosynthesis and
respiration.
522.

Describe the characteristics of organisms.

523.
Explain the size, structure, and characteristics prokaryotic
cells and eukaryotic cells.
524.
cells?

Which structures are the same in prokaryotic and eukaryotic

525.

How do plant cells differ from animal cells?

526.

Describe the structure of the cell membrane.

527.

Diffusion:

528.

Osmosis:

529.

facilitated diffusion:

530.

active transport:

531.

endocytosis (invagination):

532.

exocytosis:

533.

Describe the stages of mitosis.

534.

What is the end result of mitosis?

535.

What are the roles of cell division?

536.

List the events that occur during mitosis.

537.

List the events that occur during meiosis.

538.

What is the end result of meiosis?

539.

How does meiosis contribute to variation in offspring?

540.

Explain how crossing over promotes genetic variation.

541.
Describe the patterns Mendel observed when he
experimented with pea plants.
542.

the principle of segregation:

543.

the principle of independent assortment:

544.

Alleles:

545.

Homozygotes:

546.

Heterozygotes:

547.

non-homologous chromosomes:

548.

dominant

549.

What causes genetic mutations?

550.

What factors determine the effect of a genetic mutation?

551.
Describe the different types of mutations and how each type
affects the production of protein and traits.
552.
How does ionizing radiation from radioactive materials
damage the DNA?
553.
Why are bone marrow cells, hair cells, and cells in the
gastrointestinal tract more vulnerable to radiation damage?
554.

Why do ultraviolet radiation and radon cause cancer?

555.

DNA fingerprinting:

556.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs):

557.

Genetic engineering:

558.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR):

559.

Genetic transformation:

560.

Recombinant restriction enzymes:

561.

Gene therapy:

562.

Genetic diagnosis:

563.

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs):

564.

Recombinant DNA technology:

565.

Cloning:

566.

Stem cells:

567.
Describe how cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems work
together to perform human body functions.
568.

How does our body maintain homeostasis?

569.
Explain how the neurons, spinal cord, and brain work together
to respond to stimuli.
570.
Explain the functions of the cells, heart, arteries, and veins of
the circulatory system in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
throughout the body
571.
Describe how the cells, tissues, and organs associated with
the digestive system break down food.
572.
Describe how the cells, tissues, and organs in the urinary
system aid in eliminating waste from the body and maintaining water
balance.
573.
Explain the role of cells, tissues, and organs in the acquired
immune response.
574.

Chemistry and Biology

575.

Physics and Chemistry

576.

Scanning electron microscope

577.

Physics and Astronomy

578.

Earth Science and Physics

579.

Earth Science and Chemistry

580.

Astronomy and Physics