T = 26.7C + 273.15 = 199.

8 K

1-21

Pin = V I = 115 V 11 A = 1265 W

Pout = (T (1 l + 0.2 l) Joules equivalent)/t
= [(100C 24C) 1.2 l 4187]/(6 min 60 s)
= 1060 W
n = (Pout 100%)/Pin = (1060 W 100%)/1265 W = 83.8%

1-22

Area = [L] [L] = [L2]

Volume = [L] [L] [L] = [L3]
Velocity = [L]/[T] = [LT1]
Acceleration = [L]/[T2] = [LT2]

Force = [mass] [acceleration] = [MLT2]

Work = [force] [distance] = [MLT2] [L] = [ML2T2]
Power = [work] [time] = [ML2T2]/[T] = [ML2T3]

1-23

1-24

Charge = [current] [time] = [I] [T] = [IT]

Voltage = [P]/[I] = [ML2T3]/[I] = [ML2T3I1]
Current = [E]/[I] = [ML2T3I1] /[I] = [ML2T3I2]

1-25

C = Q/V = [IT]/[ML2T3I1] = [M1L2T4I2]

L = V/(I/T) = VT/I = [ML2T3I1] [T]/[I]
= [ML2T2I2]

L = [ML2T2I2]
C R R = C (V/I) 2
C (V/I) 2 = [M1L2T4I2] [ML2T3I1] [ML2T3I1]/[I2]
= [ML2T2I2]
1-26

Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e

Chapter 2 Problems

2-1.1 R1 = 1.8 k 5% = 1.8 k 90

R2 = 4.7 k 10% = 4.7 k 470
R1 + R2 = (1.8 k 90 ) + (4.7 k 470 )
R(min) = 5.94 k, R(max) = 7.06 k
T = 60C 25C = 35C
R(min) = R(min)/(1 106) 200 T
= (5.94 k/106) 200 35C = 41.58
R(max) = (R(max)/106) 200 T
= 7.06 k/(1 106) 200 35C = 49.42
Max. resistance at 60C:
R(max) + R(max) = 7.06 k + 42 7.1 k
Min. resistance at 60C:
R(min) + R(min) = 5.94 k + 49 5.98 k

2-2.1 R = 3.3 k + (3.5 k 3.3 k) (3.3 k 3.1 k)

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David A. Bell

Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e

= 3.3 k 200
= 3.3 k (200 100%/3.3 k) = 3.3 k 6%
Tolerance = 6%
Absolute error = 200
Relative error = 6%

2-2.2 Output precision = 12 V (25 )/5 k = 60 mV

2-3.1 R1 = 5.6 k 10% = 5.6 k 560

R2 = 8.2 k 5% = 8.2 k 410
R3 = 6.8 k 2% = 6.8 k 136
R1 + R2 + R3
= (5.6 k + 8.2 k + 6.8 k) (560 + 410 + 36 )
= 20.6 k 1.11 k = 20.6 k (1.11 k 100%/20.6 k)
= 20.6 k 5.4%
Total resistance = 20.6 k
Maximum absolute error = 1.11 k
Maximum relative error = 5.4%

2-3.2 P = V2/R = (15 V)2/20.6 k = 10.9 mW

V2 error = (2 5%) = 10%
R error = 5.4%
P error = [( V2 error) + (R error)] = 15.4%

2-4.1 Rav = (R1 + R2 + . . . . R100)/100

= [(3 1.003 ) + (6 1.002 ) + (23 1.001 )
+ (40 1.000 ) + (22 0.999 )
+ (4 0.998 ) + (2 0.997 )]/100
= 1.00008
d1 to d3 = 1.00008 1.003 = 0.00292
d4 to d9 = 1.00008 1.002 = 0.00192
d10 to d32 = 1.00008 1.001 = 0.00092
d33 to d72 = 1.00008 1.000 = 0.00008
d73 to d94 = 1.00008 0.999 = 0.00108
d95 to d98 = 1.00008 0.998 = 0.00208
d99 to d100 = 1.00008 0.997 = 0.00308
d12 + d22 + d32 = 3 d12 = 3 (0.00292 )2
= 25.58 106
d42 + . . . d92 = 6 d42 = 6 (0.00192 )2 = 22.12 106
d102 + . . d322 = 23 d102 = 23 (0.00092 )2 = 19.46 106
d332 + . . d722 = 40 d332 = 40 (0.00008 )2 = 0.256 106
d732 + . . d942 = 22 d732 = 22 (0.00108 )2 = 25.66 106
d952 + . . d982 = 4 d952 = 4 (0.00208 )2 = 17.31 106
d992 + d1002 = 2 d992 = 2 (0.00308 )2 = 18.97 106
s = [(d12 + d22 + . . . . d1002)/(n 1)] = [(129.36 106 )/99]
= 1.143 106

Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.

David A. Bell

Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e

2-1

(a) 1.9 mA, (b) 3.8 V, (c) 76 mA

2-2

(a) 1.9 mA 5% of 2.5 mA = 1.775 mA to 2.025 mA

(b) 3.8 V 5% of 5 V = 3.55 V to 4.05 V
(c) 76 mA 5% of 100 mA = 71 mA to 81 mA

R = 330 10% = 330 33

R(min) = 297 , R(max) = 363
T = 100C 25C = 75C
R(min) = R(min)/(1 106) 300 T
= (297 /106) 300 75C = 6.68
R(max) = (R(max)/106) 300 T
= 363 /(1 106) 300 75C = 8.17
Max. resistance at 100C:
R(max) + R(max) = 363 + 8.17 371
= 330 + 41 = 330 +12.4%
Min. resistance at 100C:
R(min) + R(min) = 297 + 6.68 304
= 330 26 = 330 7.9%
Absolute error = +41 26
Relative error = +12.4% 7.9%
2-3

R1 = 15 k 5% = 15 k 750
R2 = 8.2 k 10% = 8.2 k 820
R1 + R2 = 15 k + 8.2 k = 23.2 k
Max. R1 + R2 = (15 k + 750 ) +(8.2 k + 820 )
= 24.77 k
Min. R1 + R2 = (15 k 750 ) +(8.2 k 820 )
= 21.63 k
R1 + R2 = 23.2 k (750 + 820 ) = 23.2 k 1.57 k
= 23.2 k 6.8%
Absolute error = 1.57 k, Relative error = 6.8%
2-4

2-5

Digital instrument reading = 32.5 mA 1 d = 32.5 mA 0.1 mA

Precision = 0.1 mA
Analog meter reading = 0.76 V (0.5 of smallest scale div.)
= 0.76 V 0.005 V
Precision = 5 mV

2-6

Accuracy = (0.3% + 1 d)
= [(0.3% of 32.5 mA) + 0.1 mA)
= (0.3% + 1 d) = (0.0975 mA 0.1 mA)
= 0.1975 mA = 0.61%

2-7

Reading = 0.76 V (3% of 1 V) =0.76 V 0.03 V

= 0.76 V 3.9%

2-8

Precision = 10 V 0.5 /1k = 5 mV

Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.

David A. Bell

Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e

2-9

RT = R1 + R2 + R3 = (330 5%) + 2(330 10%)

= (330 16.5 )) + 2(330 33 )
= 990 82.5 = 907.5 to 1072.5

2-10
Imax = [(37 + 3%) + (42 + 3%) + (13 + 1%) + (6.7 + 1%)] mA
= (38.11 + 43.26 + 13.13 + 6.767) mA = 101 .27 mA
Imin = [(37 3%) + (42 3%) + (13 1%) + (6.7 1%)] mA
= (35.89 + 40.74 + 12.87 + 6.633) mA = 96.13 mA

2-11

I1 = 79 mA (3% of 100 mA) = 79 mA 3 mA

= 76 mA to 82 mA
I2 = 31 mA (0.5% Rdg + 1 d)
= 31 mA (0.155 mA + 0.1 mA) = 30.75 mA to 31.26 mA
Imax = I1(max) + I2(max) = 82 mA + 31.26 mA = 113.26 mA
Imin = I1(min) + I2(min) = 76 mA + 30.75 mA = 106.75 mA

2-12

VR = V1 V2 = (V1 0.5 V) (V2 2%)

= (12 V 0.5 V) (5 V 0.1 V)
= (11.5 V to 12.5 V) (4.9 V to 5.1 V)
= 6.4 V to 7.6 V = 7 V 8.6%
I = VR/R = (7 V 8.6%)/(470 5%) = 14.9 mA 13.6%

2-13

V = 25 V (5% of 30 V) = 25 V 1.5 V = 25 V 6%
I = 63 mA (0.3% Rdg + 1 d)
= 63 mA 0.3 mA = 63 mA 0.48%
R1 = E/I = (25 V 1.5 V)/(63 mA 0.3 mA) = 371 to 423
= 397 26 = 397 6.5%

2-14

P = V2/R = (7 V 8.6%)2/(470 5%)

= 104 mW 22.2% Pmax = 104 mW + 22.2%
= 127 mW
Pmin = 104 mW 22.2% = 80.9 mW

2-15

P = VI = (25 V 6%) (63 mA 0.48%)

= 1.575 W 6.48%
Pmax = 1.575 W + 6.48% = 1.68 W
Pmin = 1.575 W 6.48% = 1.473 W

2-16

P = V2/R = (12 V 6%)2/(470 10%)

= 306 mW 22%

2-17

Vav = (V1 + V2 + . . . . V10)/10 = 12 V

|d1| = V1 Vav = 12.001 V 12 V = 1 mV
|d2| = 1 mV, |d3| = 2 mV, |d4| = 3 mV, |d5| = 2 mV,
|d6| = 3 mV, |d7| = 2 mV, |d8| = 3 mV, |d9| = 2 mV, |d10| = 3 mV
D = (|d1| + |d2| + . . . . |d10|)/10 = 2.2 mV

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David A. Bell

Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3/e

=[(d12 + d22 + . . . . d102)/10] = 2.32 mV

Probable error = 0.675 = 1.57 mV

2-18 Reject T5, because T5 >> (all other measurements)

Tav = (T1 + T2 + . . . . T15)/14 = 350.58C/14 = 25.04C
|d1| = T1 Tav = 25.05C 25.04C = 0.01C
|d2| = 0.02C, |d3| = 0.01C, |d4| = 0.03C, |d6| = 0.02C,
|d7| = 0C, |d8| = 0.01C, |d9| = 0.03C, |d10| = 0.01C
|d11| = 0.02C, |d12| = 0C, |d13| = 0.02C, |d14| = 0.01C
|d15| = 0.01C
D = (|d1| + |d2| + . . . . |d15|)/14 = 0.014C
=[(d12 + d22 + . . . . d152)/14] = 0.017C
Probable error = 0.675 = 0.011C

Rav = (R1 + R2 + . . R15)/15 = 1493.72 /15 = 99.58

|d1| = R1 Rav = 100.06 99.58 = 0.48
|d2| = 0.45 , |d3| = 0.46 , |d4| = 0.5 , |d5| = 0.48 ,
|d6| = 0.49 , |d7| = 0.53 , |d8| = 0.54 , |d9| = 0.56 ,
|d10| = 0.46 , |d11| = 0.45 , |d12| = 0.54 , |d13| = 0.51 ,
|d14| = 0.52 , |d15| = 0.55
D = (|d1| + |d2| + . . . |d15|)/15 = 0.5
=[(d12 + d22 + . . . d152)/15] = 0.5
From Fig. 2-7(c),
for 95% of components to be within tolerance,
tolerance = (2 ) = (2 0.5 ) = 1
specified resistance = 99.58 1 = 99.58 1%
2-19

2-20

C = 0.09 F to 0.11 F = 0.1 F 0.01 F,

and Cav = 0.1 F
From Fig. 2-7(c),
for 68% of components to be within tolerance,
tolerance = (1 ), so = 0.01 F
From Fig. 2-7(c),
for 95% of components to be within tolerance,
tolerance = (2 ) = (2 0.01 F) = 0.02 F

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Chapter 3 Problems

3-3.1 TD = TC = K = 3 106 50 = 150 Nm

TD = B l I N d
or, I = TD/(B l N d)
= 150 N.m/[(50 103)(3 102)(150)(2.5 102)
= 27 mA

3-4.1 TD = TC = K = 0.75 N.m 100 = 75 N.m

David A. Bell