Passage 1

Recent years have brought minority-owned

businesses in the United States unprecedented
opportunities-as well as new and significant
risks.
Civil rights activists have long argued that one
of
(5) the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics,
and
other minority groups have difficulty
establishing
themselves in business is that they lack access
to
the sizable orders and subcontracts that are
generated by large companies. Now Congress,
in apparent agreement, has required by law that
businesses
awarded federal contracts of more than
$500,000
do their best to find minority subcontractors
and
record their efforts to do so on forms filed with
the
government. Indeed, some federal and local
agen(15) cies have gone so far as to set specific
percentage
goals for apportioning parts of public works
contracts to minority enterprises.
Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977,
(20) the total of corporate contracts with minority
businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.
lbillion
in 1977. The projected total of corporate
contracts
with minority businesses for the early 1980s is

estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no

(25) letup anticipated in the next decade.
Promising as it is for minority businesses,
this
increased patronage poses dangers for them,
too.
First, minority firms risk expanding too fast
and
overextending themselves financially, since
most
(30) are small concerns and, unlike large
businesses,
they often need to make substantial
investments in
new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in
order
to perform work subcontracted to them. If,
thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason
(35) reduced, such firms can face potentially
crippling
fixed expenses. The world of corporate
purchasing
can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who
get
requests for elaborate formal estimates and
bids.
Both consume valuable time and resources, and
a
(40) small companys efforts must soon result in
orders, or both the morale and the financial
health
of the business will suffer.
A second risk is that White-owned
companies
may seek to cash in on the increasing
apportion(45)
ments through formation of joint ventures

-1-

with
minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many
instances there are legitimate reasons for joint
ventures; clearly, White and minority
enterprises
can team up to acquire business that neither
could
(50) acquire alone. But civil rights groups and
minority
business owners have complained to Congress
about
minorities being set up as fronts with White
backing, rather than being accepted as full partners
in
legitimate joint ventures.
(55)
Third, a minority enterprise that secures
the
business of one large corporate customer often
run
the danger of becoming--and remaining
dependent.
Even in the best of circumstances, fierce
competition from larger, more established
companies
(60)
makes it difficult for small concerns to
broaden
their customer bases: when such firms have
nearly
guaranteed orders from a single corporate
benefactor, they may truly have to struggle
against
complacency arising from their current
success.

drawbacks
(C) propose a temporary solution to a problem
(D) analyze a frequent source of disagreement
(E) explore the implications of a finding
2. The passage supplies information that would
answer
which of the following questions?
(A) What federal agencies have set percentage
goals for
the use of minority-owned businesses in public
works contracts?
(B) To which government agencies must
businesses awarded federal contracts report
their
efforts to find minority subcontractors?
(C) How widespread is the use of minorityowned
concerns as fronts by White backers seeking
to
obtain subcontracts?
(D) How many more minority-owned businesses
were
there in 1977 than in 1972?
(E) What is one set of conditions under which a
small business might find itself financially
overextended?

3. According to the passage, civil rights activists

maintain that one disadvantage under which
minority- owned businesses have traditionally
had
to labor is that they have
(A) been especially vulnerable to governmental
mismanagement of the economy
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(B) been denied bank loans at rates comparable
(A) present a commonplace idea and its
to
inaccuracies
those afforded larger competitors
(B) describe a situation and its potential
(C) not had sufficient opportunity to secure
-2-

business
created by large corporations
(D) not been able to advertise in those media that
reach large numbers of potential customers
(E) not had adequate representation in the centers
of
government power

6. It can be inferred from the passage that,

compared
with the requirements of law, the percentage
goals
set by some federal and local agencies (lines
1415) are
4. The passage suggests that the failure of a large
(A) more popular with large corporations
business to have its bids for subcontracts result
(B) more specific
quickly in orders might cause it to
(C) less controversial
(A) experience frustration but not serious (D) less expensive to enforce
financial
(E) easier to comply with
harm
(B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses
7. Which of the following, if true, would most
(C) have to record its efforts on forms filed with weaken the
the
authors assertion that, in the 1970s, corporate
government
response to federal requirements (lines 18-19)
(D) increase its spending with minority
was
subcontractors
substantial
(E) revise its procedure for making bids for (A) Corporate contracts with minority-owned
federal
businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.
contracts and subcontracts
(B) Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts
with
5. The author implies that a minority-owned
minority-owned businesses declined by 25
concern
percent.
that does the greater part of its business with one
(C) The figures collected in 1977
large corporate customer should
underrepresented
(A) avoid competition with larger, more
the extent of corporate contracts with minorityestablished
owned businesses.
concerns by not expanding
(D) The estimate of corporate spending with
(B) concentrate on securing even more business
minority-owned businesses in 1980 is
from that corporation
approximately $10 million too high.
(C) try to expand its customer base to avoid
(E) The $1.1 billion represented the same
becoming dependent on the corporation
percentage of total corporate spending in 1977
(D) pass on some of the work to be done for the
as did $77 million in 1972.
corporation to other minority-owned concerns
(E) use its influence with the corporation to 8. The author would most likely agree with which
of the
promote
following statements about corporate response to
subcontracting with other minority concerns
-3-

working with minority subcontractors?

(A) Annoyed by the proliferation of front
organizations, corporations are likely to reduce
their efforts to work with minority-owned
subcontractors in the near future.
(B) Although corporations showed considerable
interest in working with minority businesses in
the 1970s, their aversion to government
paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many
government contracts.
(C) The significant response of corporations in
the
1970s is likely to be sustained and conceivably
be increased throughout the 1980s.
(D) Although corporations are eager to cooperate
with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of
capital in the 1970s made substantial response
impossible.
(E) The enormous corporate response has all but
eliminated the dangers of overexpansion that
used to plague small minority-owned
businesses.

Passage 2
Woodrow Wilson was referring to the liberal
idea of the economic market when he said that
the free enterprise system is the most efficient
economic system. Maximum freedom means
(5) maximum productiveness; our openness is to
be the measure of our stability. Fascination
with
this ideal has made Americans defy the Old
World categories of settled possessiveness
versus
unsettling deprivation, the cupidity of retention
(10) versus the cupidity of seizure, a status quo
defended or attacked. The United States, it was
believed, had no status quo ante. Our only sta-

tion was the turning of a stationary wheel,

spinning faster and faster. We did not base our
(15) system on property but opportunity---which
meant we based it not on stability but on mobility. The more things changed, that is, the more
rapidly the wheel turned, the steadier we would
be. The conventional picture of class politics is
(20) composed of the Haves, who want a stability
to
keep what they have, and the Have-Nots, who
want a touch of instability and change in which
to scramble for the things they have not. But
Americans imagined a condition in which spec(25) ulators, self-makers, runners are always using
the
new opportunities given by our land. These
economic leaders (front-runners) would thus he
mainly agents of change. The nonstarters were
considered the ones who wanted stability, a
(30) strong referee to give them some position in
the
race, a regulative hand to calm manic speculation; an authority that can call things to a halt,
begin things again from compensatorily staggered starting lines.
(35)
Reform in America has been sterile
because
it can imagine no change except through the
extension of this metaphor of a race, wider
inclusion of competitors, a piece of the action, as
it
were, for the disenfranchised. There is no
(40) attempt to call off the race. Since our only stability is change, America seems not to honor
the
quiet work that achieves social interdependence

-4-

and stability. There is, in our legends, no heroism of the office clerk, no stable industrial
work
(45) force of the people who actually make the
system
work. There is no pride in being an employee
(Wilson asked for a return to the time when
everyone was an employer). There has been no
boasting about our social workers---they are
(50) merely signs of the systems failure, of
opportunity denied or not taken, of things to be eliminated. We have no pride in our growing
interdependence, in the fact that our system can
serve others, that we are able to help those in
(55) need; empty boasts from the past make us
ashamed of our present achievements, make us
try to forget or deny them, move away from
them. There is no honor but in the Wonderland
race we must all run, all trying to win, none
(60) winning in the end (for there is no end).

(B) property
(C) family connections
(D) guild hierarchies
(E) education
3. In the context of the authors discussion of
regulating change, which of the following could
be
most probably regarded as a strong referee
(line
30) in the United States?
(A) A school principal
(B) A political theorist
(C) A federal court judge
(D) A social worker
(E) A government inspector

4. The author sets off the word Reform (line 35)

with
quotation marks in order to
(A) emphasize its departure from the concept of
settled possessiveness
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(B) show his support for a systematic program of
(A) criticize the inflexibility of American
change
economic
(C) underscore the flexibility and even
mythology
amorphousness
(B) contrast Old World and New World
of United States society.
economic ideologies
(D) indicate that the term was one of Wilsons
(C) challenge the integrity of traditional political favorites
leaders
(E) assert that reform in the United States has not
(D) champion those Americans whom the author
been fundamental
deems to be neglected
(E) suggest a substitute for the traditional 5. It can be inferred from the passage that the
metaphor
author
of a race
most probably thinks that giving the
disenfranchised
2. According to the passage, Old World values a piece of the action (line 38) is
were
(A) a compassionate, if misdirected, legislative
based on
measure
(A) ability
-5-

(B) an example of Americans resistance to

manipulate a free market?
profound
.In what ways are New World and Old
social change
World
(C) an innovative program for genuine social
economic policies similar?
reform
. Has economic policy in the United States
(D) a monument to the efforts of industrial tended
reformers
to reward independent action?
(E) a surprisingly Old World remedy for social (A) only
(B) only
ills
(C) only
6. Which of the following metaphors could the (D) and only
author
(E) and only
most appropriately use to summarize his own
assessment of the American economic system
9. Which of the following best expresses the
(lines 35-60)?
authors
(A) A windmill
main point?
(B) A waterfall
(A) Americans pride in their jobs continues to
(C) A treadmill
give
(D) A gyroscope
them stamina today.
(E) A bellows
(B) The absence of a status quo ante has
undermined United States economic structure.
7. It can be inferred from the passage that (C) The free enterprise system has been only a
Woodrow
useless concept in the United States
Wilsons ideas about the economic market
(D) The myth of the American free enterprise
(A) encouraged those who make the system system
work
is seriously flawed.
(lines 45-46)
(E) Fascination with the ideal of openness has
(B) perpetuated traditional legends about
made Americans a progressive people.
America
(C) revealed the prejudices of a man born
wealthy
Passage 3
(D) foreshadowed the stock market crash of 1929
No very satisfactory account of the mechanism
(E) began a tradition of presidential
that caused the formation of the ocean basins
proclamations on
has
economics
yet been given. The traditional view supposes
that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a
8. The passage contains information that would (5) liquid when it is subjected to small forces for
answer
long periods and that differences in temperature
which of the following questions?
under oceans and continents are sufficient to
.What techniques have industrialists used to
produce convection in the mantle of the earth
-6-

with rising convection currents under the mid(10) ocean ridges and sinking currents under the
continents. Theoretically, this convection would
carry the continental plates along as though
they
were on a conveyor belt and would provide the
forces needed to produce the split that occurs
(15) along the ridge. This view may be correct: it
has
the advantage that the currents are driven by
temperature differences that themselves depend
on the position of the continents. Such a backcoupling, in which the position of the moving
(20) plate has an impact on the forces that move it,
could produce complicated and varying
motions.
On the other hand, the theory is implausible
because convection does not normally occur
along lines. and it certainly does not occur
along
(25) lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in
direction, as the ridge is. Also it is difficult to
see
how the theory applies to the plate between the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian
Ocean. This plate is growing on both sides, and
(30) since there is no intermediate trench, the two
ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if
the rising convection currents kept exact pace
with them. An alternative theory is that the
sinking part of the plate, which is denser than the
(35) hotter surrounding mantle, pulls the rest of
the
plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this
applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic, where
neither the African nor the American plate has
a

sinking part.
(40) Another possibility is that the sinking plate
cools the neighboring mantle and produces
convection currents that move the plates. This last
theory is attractive because it gives some hope
of
explaining the enclosed seas, such as the Sea of
(45) Japan. These seas have a typical oceanic
floor,
except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably
been sinking for long periods. It seems possible
that a sinking current of cooled mantle material
(50) on the upper side of the plate might be the
cause
of such deep basins. The enclosed seas are an
important feature of the earths surface, and
seriously require explanation in because, addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at
present behind island arcs, there are a number
of
(55) older ones of possibly similar origin, such as
the
Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea, and perhaps the
North Sea.
1. According to the traditional view of the origin
of the
ocean basins, which of the following is sufficient
to
move the continental plates?
(A) Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors
(B) Spreading of ocean trenches
(C) Movement of mid-ocean ridges
(D) Sinking of ocean basins
(E) Differences in temperature under oceans and
continents
2. It can be inferred from the passage that, of the

-7-

follo(A) The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan

wing, the deepest sediments would be found in (B) The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea
the
Ridge
(A) Indian Ocean
(C) The Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic
(B) Black Sea
Ridge
(C) Mid-Atlantic
(D) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian
(D) South Atlantic
Ocean
(E) Pacific
Ridge
(E) The Black Sea and the Sea of Japan
3. The author refers to a conveyor belt in line
6. Which of the following, if it could be
13 in
demonstrated,
order to
(A) illustrate the effects of convection in the would most support the traditional view of ocean
formation?
mantle
(B) show how temperature differences depend on (A) Convection usually occurs along lines.
(B) The upper mantle behaves as a dense solid.
the positions of the continents
(C) demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid- (C) Sedimentation occurs at a constant rate.
(D) Sinking plates cool the mantle.
Atlantic
(E) Island arcs surround enclosed seas.
Ridge
(D) describe the complicated motions made
7. According to the passage, the floor of the Black
possible
Sea
by back-coupling
(E) account for the rising currents under certain can best be compared to a
(A) rapidly moving conveyor belt
mid(B) slowly settling foundation
ocean ridges
(C) rapidly expanding balloon
4. The author regards the traditional view of the (D) violently erupting volcano
(E) slowly eroding mountain
origin
of the oceans with
(A) slight apprehension
(B) absolute indifference
(C) indignant anger
(D) complete disbelief
(E) guarded skepticism

8. Which of the following titles would best

describe the
content of the passage?
(A) A Description of the Oceans of the World
(B) Several Theories of Ocean Basin Formation
(C) The Traditional View of the Oceans
5. According to the passage, which of the (D) Convection and Ocean Currents
(E) Temperature Differences Among the Oceans
following are
separated by a plate that is growing on both of
the World
sides?
-8-

Passage 4
The fossil remains of the first flying
vertebrates, the
pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for
more
than two centuries. How such large creatures,
which
weighed in some cases as much as a piloted
hang-glider
(5) and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved
the
problems of powered flight, and exactly what
these
creatures were--reptiles or birds-are among the
questions scientists have puzzled over.
Perhaps the least controversial assertion
about the
(10) pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their
skulls,
pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The
anatomy of
their wings suggests that they did not evolve
into the
class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated
fourth
finger of each forelimb supported a winglike
membrane.
(15) The other fingers were short and reptilian,
with sharp
claws. In birds the second finger is the
principal strut
of the wing, which consists primarily of
feathers. If the
pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short
fingers
may have been employed for grasping. When a
(20) pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the

fourth
finger, and with it the wing, could only turn
upward in
an extended inverted V-shape along each side
of the animals body.
The pterosaurs resembled both birds and
bats in
(25) their overall structure and proportions. This is
not surprising because the design of any flying
vertebrate is
subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the
pterosaurs
and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that
represents a savings in weight. In the birds,
however, these
(30) bones are reinforced more massively by
internal struts.
Although scales typically cover reptiles, the
pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T.H.
Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been
warmblooded because flying implies a high rate of
(35) metabolism, which in turn implies a high
internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair
would
insulate against loss of body heat and might
streamline
the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent
discovery
of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense,
and
(40) relatively thick hairlike fossil material was
the first clear
evidence that his reasoning was correct.
Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became

-9-

airborne have led to suggestions that they

launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping
from trees.
(45) or even by rising into light winds from the
crests of
waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The
first
wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs hind feet
resembled a bats and could serve as hooks by
which the
animal could hang in preparation for flight. The
second
(50) hypothesis seems unlikely because large
pterosaurs
could not have landed in trees without
damaging their
wings. The third calls for high waves to
channel
updrafts. The wind that made such waves
however,
might have been too strong for the pterosaurs
to
(55) control their flight once airborne.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that
scientists now
generally agree that the
(A) enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled
them to fly great distances
(B) structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs
suggests a
close evolutionary relationship to bats
(C) fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how
they
solved the problem of powered flight
(D) pterosaurs were reptiles

(E) pterosaurs walked on all fours

2. The author views the idea that the pterosaurs
became airborne by rising into light winds
created
by waves as
(A) revolutionary
(B) unlikely
(C) unassailable
(D) probable
(E) outdated
3. According to the passage, the skeleton of a
pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird
by
the
(A) size of its wingspan
(B) presence of hollow spaces in its bones
(C) anatomic origin of its wing strut
(D) presence of hooklike projections on its hind
feet
(E) location of the shoulder joint joining the wing
to its
body
4. The ideas attributed to T.H. Huxley in the
passage
suggest that he would most likely agree with
which
of the following statements?
(A) An animals brain size has little bearing on its
ability to master complex behaviors.
(B) An animals appearance is often influenced
by
environmental requirements and physical
capabilities.
(C) Animals within a given family group are
unlikely
to change their appearance dramatically over a
period of time.

- 10 -

(D) The origin of flight in vertebrates was an

(A) lived near large bodies of water
accidental development rather than the outcome (B) had sharp teeth for tearing food
of specialization or adaptation.
(C) were attacked and eaten by larger reptiles
(E) The pterosaurs should be classified as birds, (D) had longer tails than many birds
not
(E) consumed twice their weight daily to
reptiles.
maintain
their body temperature
5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of
the
following is characteristic of the pterosaurs?
Passage 5
(A) They were unable to fold their wings when
How many really suffer as a result of labor
not in
maruse.
ket problems? This is one of the most critical
(B) They hung upside down from branches as
yet
bats
contentious social policy questions. In many
do before flight.
ways,
(C) They flew in order to capture prey.
our social statistics exaggerate the degree of
(D) They were an early stage in the evolution of
hardthe
(5) ship. Unemployment does not have the same
birds.
dire
(E) They lived primarily in a forestlike habitat.
consequences today as it did in the 1930s
when
6.Which of the following best describes the
most of the unemployed were primary
organization
breadwinof the last paragraph of the passage?
ners, when income and earnings were usually
(A) New evidence is introduced to support a
much
traditional point of view.
closer to the margin of subsistence, and when
(B) Three explanations for a phenomenon are
there
presented, and each is disputed by means of
(10) were no countervailing social programs for
specific information.
those
(C) Three hypotheses are outlined, and evidence
failing in the labor market. Increasing
supporting each is given.
affluence, the
(D) Recent discoveries are described, and their
rise of families with more than one wage
implications for future study are projected
earner, the
(E) A summary of the material in the preceding
growing predominance of secondary earners
paragraphs is presented, and conclusions are
among
drawn.
the unemployed, and improved social welfare
pro7. It can be inferred from the passage that some
(15) tection have unquestionably mitigated the
scientists believe that pterosaurs
- 11 -

consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income

data
also overstate the dimensions of hardship.
Among
the millions with hourly earnings at or below
the
minimum wage level, the overwhelming
majority
(20) are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent
families. Most of those counted by the
poverty
statistics are elderly or handicapped or have
family
responsibilities which keep them out of the
labor
force, so the poverty statistics are by no means
an
(25) accurate indicator of labor market
pathologies.
Yet there are also many ways our social
statistics
underestimate the degree of labor-marketrelated
hardship. The unemployment counts exclude
the
millions of fully employed workers whose
wages are
(30) so low that their families remain in poverty.
Low
wages
and
repeated
or
prolonged
unemployment
frequently interact to undermine the capacity
for
self-support. Since the number experiencing
joblessness at some time during the year is several
times
(35)the number unemployed in any month, those

who
suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or
exceed average annual unemployment, even
though
only a minority of the jobless in any month
really
suffer. For every person counted in the monthly
(40) unemployment tallies, there is another
working
part-time because of the inability to find fulltime
work, or else outside the labor force but
wanting a
job. Finally, income transfers in our country
have
always focused on the elderly, disabled, and
depen(45)dent, neglecting the needs of the working
poor, so
that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind
transfers does not necessarily mean that those
failing in the labor market are adequately
protected.
As a result of such contradictory evidence, it
is
(50) uncertain whether those suffering seriously as
a
result of thousands or the tens of millions, and,
hence, whether high levels of joblessness can
be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and
(55) economic stimulus. There is only one area of
agreement in this debate---that the existing poverty,
employment, and earnings statistics are
inadequate
for one their primary applications, measuring
the

- 12 -

consequences of labor market problems.

handicapped people among those in poverty

(E) poverty has increased since the 1930s

1. Which of the following is the principal topic of

the
passage?
(A) What causes labor market pathologies that
result
in suffering
(B) Why income measures are imprecise in
measuring
degrees of poverty
(C) Which of the currently used statistical
procedures
are the best for estimating the incidence of
hardship that is due to unemployment
(D) Where the areas of agreement are among
poverty, employment, and earnings figures
(E) How social statistics give an unclear picture
of the
degree of hardship caused by low wages and
insufficient employment opportunities

4.Which of the following proposals best responds

to the
issues raised by the author?
(A) Innovative programs using multiple
approaches
should be set up to reduce the level of
unemployment.
(B) A compromise should be found between the
positions of those who view joblessness as an
evil greater than economic control and those
who
hold the opposite view.
(C) New statistical indices should be developed to
measure the degree to which unemployment and
inadequately paid employment cause suffering.
(D) Consideration should be given to the ways in
which
statistics can act as partial causes of the
phenomena
2. The author uses labor market problems in
that they purport to measure.
lines 1-2
(E) The labor force should be restructured so that
to refer to which of the following?
it
(A) The overall causes of poverty
corresponds to the range of job vacancies.
(B) Deficiencies in the training of the work force
(C) Trade relationships among producers of 5.The authors purpose in citing those who are
goods
repeatedly
(D) Shortages of jobs providing adequate income
unemployed during a twelve-month period is
(E) Strikes and inadequate supplies of labor
most
probably to show that
3. The author contrasts the 1930s with the present (A) there are several factors that cause the
in
payment
order to show that
of low wages to some members of the labor
(A) more people were unemployed in the 1930s force
(B) unemployment now has less severe effects
(B) unemployment statistics can underestimate
(C) social programs are more needed now
the
(D) there now is a greater proportion of elderly
hardship resulting from joblessness
and
- 13 -

(C) recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can 8. The conclusion stated in lines 33-39 about the
exist and can cause hardships for individual
number of people who suffer as a result of
workers
forced
(D) a majority of those who are jobless at any one
idleness depends primarily on the point that
time to not suffer severe hardship
(A) in times of high unemployment, there are
(E) there are fewer individuals who are without some
jobs
people who do not remain unemployed for long
at some time during a year than would be
(B) the capacity for self-support depends on
expected on the basis of monthly unemployment
receiving moderate-to-high wages
figures
(C) those in forced idleness include, besides the
unemployed, both underemployed part-time
6. The author states that the mitigating effect of
workers and those not actively seeking work
social
(D) at different times during the year, different
programs involving income transfers on the people
income
are unemployed
level of low-income people is often not felt by
(E) many of those who are affected by unemploy(A) the employed poor
ment are dependents of unemployed workers
(B) dependent children in single-earner families
(C) workers who become disabled
9. Which of the following, if true, is the best
(D) retired workers
criticism of
(E) full-time workers who become unemployed
the authors argument concerning why poverty
statistics cannot properly be used to show the
7. According to the passage, one factor that causes effects of
unemployment and earnings figures to
problems in the labor market?
overpredict
(A) A short-term increase in the number of those
the amount of economic hardship is the
in
(A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a
poverty can indicate a shortage of jobs because
group of low-wage workers
the
(B) possibility that earnings may be received
basic number of those unable to accept
from
employment
more than one job per worker
remains approximately constant.
(C) fact that unemployment counts do not include (B) For those who are in poverty as a result of
those who work for low wages and remain poor
joblessness, there are social programs available
(D) establishment of a system of record-keeping
that provide a minimum standard of living.
that
(C) Poverty statistics do not consistently agree
makes it possible to compile poverty statistics
with
(E) prevalence, among low-wage workers and the
earnings statistics, when each is taken as a
unemployed, of members of families in which
measure of hardship resulting from
others are employed
unemployment.
- 14 -

(D) The elderly and handicapped categories their

include
tax collectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of
many who previously were employed in the hereditary officeholding) as from their higher
labor
standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or
market.
flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop
(E) Since the labor market is global in nature, (25) in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the
poor
city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once
workers in one country are competing with in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the
poor
shogun himself found it easy to recover.
workers in another with respect to the level of
It was difficult for individual samurai overwages and the existence of jobs.
(30) lords to increase their income because the
amount of rice that farmers could be made to
pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the inPassage 6
come of Japans central government consisted in
In the eighteenth century, Japans feudal
part of taxes collected by the shogun from his
overlords, from the shogun to the humblest
(35) huge domain, the government too was consamurai, found themselves under financial
strained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns
stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to
began to look to other sources for revenue.
(5) the overlords failure to adjust to a rapidly exCash profits from government-owned mines
panding economy, but the stress was also due were already on the decline because the most
to
(40) easily worked deposits of silver and gold had
factors beyond the overlords control. Concenbeen exhausted, although debasement of the
tration of the samurai in castle-towns had acted
coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening
as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, up new farmland was a possibility, but most of
in
what was suitable had already been exploited
(10) turn, had put temptations in the way of (45) and further reclamation was technically
buyers.
unfeasiSince most samurai had been reduced to ble. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves
idleness
would be politically dangerous. This left the
by years of peace, encouraged to engage in
shoguns only commerce as a potential source of
scholarship and martial exercises or to perform
government income.
administrative tasks that took little time, it is
(50)
Most of the countrys wealth, or so it
(15) not surprising that their tastes and habits grew seemed,
expensive. Overlords income, despite the inwas finding its way into the hands of city mercrease in rice production among their tenant
chants. It appeared reasonable that they should
farmers, failed to keep pace with their contribute part of that revenue to ease the
expenses.
shoguns burden of financing the state. A means
Although shortfalls in overlords income re(55) of obtaining such revenue was soon found by
(20) sulted almost as much from laxity among levying forced ioans, known as goyo-kin;
- 15 -

although these were not taxes in the strict sense,

history?
since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary
(D) A small business has to struggle to meet
in amount, they were high in yield. operating
Unfortunately,
expenses when its profits decrease.
(60) they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the
(E) A small business is able to cut back sharply
Tokugawa shoguns search for solvency for the
on
government made it increasingly difficult for
spending through greater commercial efficiency
individual Japanese who lived on fixed
and thereby compensate for a loss of revenue.
stipends
to make ends meet.
3. Which of the following best describes the
attitude of
1. The passage is most probably an excerpt from
the author toward the samurai discussed in lines
(A) an economic history of Japan
11-16?
(B) the memoirs of a samurai warrior
(A) Warmly approving
(C) a modern novel about eighteenth-century (B) Mildly sympathetic
Japan
(C) Bitterly disappointed
(D) an essay contrasting Japanese feudalism with (D) Harshly disdainful
its
(E) Profoundly shocked
Western counterpart
(E) an introduction to a collection of Japanese 4. According to the passage, the major reason for
folktales
the
financial problems experienced by Japans feudal
2. Which of the following financial situations is overlords in the eighteenth century was that
most
(A) spending had outdistanced income
analogous to the financial situation in which (B) trade had fallen off
Japans
(C) profits from mining had declined
Tokugawa shoguns found themselves in the (D) the coinage had been sharply debased
eighteenth
(E) the samurai had concentrated in castle-towns
century?
(A) A small business borrows heavily to invest in 5.The passage implies that individual samurai did
new
not
equipment, but is able to pay off its debt early
find it easy to recover from debt for which of the
when it is awarded a lucrative government following reasons?
contract.
(A) Agricultural production had increased.
(B) Fire destroys a small business, but insurance (B) Taxes were irregular in timing and arbitrary
covers
in
the cost of rebuilding.
amount.
(C) A small business is turned down for a loan at (C) The Japanese government had failed to adjust
a
to
local bank because the owners have no credit
- 16 -

the needs of a changing economy.

(D) The domains of samurai overlords were
becoming smaller and poorer as government
revenues increased.
(E) There was a limit to the amount in taxes that
farmers could be made to pay.

(A) A series of costly wars had depleted the

national
treasury.
(B) Most of the countrys wealth appeared to be
in
city merchants hands.
(C) Japan had suffered a series of economic
6. The passage suggests that, in eighteenth-century
reversals due to natural disasters such as
Japan, the office of tax collector
floods.
(A) was a source of personal profit to the (D) The merchants were already heavily indebted
officeholder
to
(B) was regarded with derision by many Japanese
the shoguns.
(C) remained within families
(E) Further reclamation of land would not have
(D) existed only in castle-towns
been
(E) took up most of the officeholders time
economically advantageous.
7. Which of the following could best be substituted
for the word This in line 47 without changing
the
meaning of the passage?
(A) The search of Japans Tokugawa shoguns for
solvency
(B) The importance of commerce in feudal Japan
(C) The unfairness of the tax structure in
eighteenthcentury Japan
(D) The difficulty of increasing government
income by
other means

9. According to the passage, the actions of the

Tokugawa
shoguns in their search for solvency for the
government
were regrettable because those actions
(A) raised the cost of living by pushing up prices
(B) resulted in the exhaustion of the most easily
worked deposits of silver and gold
(C) were far lower in yield than had originally
been
anticipated
(D) did not succeed in reducing government
spending
(E) acted as a deterrent to trade

(E) The difficulty experienced by both individual

samurai and the shogun himself in extricating
themselves from debt

Passage 7
Between the eighth and eleventh centuries
8. The passage implies that which of the following A.D., the
was
Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled
the primary reason why the Tokugawa shoguns
economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is
turned to city merchants for help in financing the all the
state?
more striking because it followed a long period
- 17 -

of severe
(5) internal decline. By the early eighth century,
the empire
had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had
possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area
was
being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at
times
threatened to take Constantinople and extinguish
the
(10) empire altogether. The wealth of the state and
its
subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic
and literary
production had virtually ceased. By the early
eleventh
century, however, the empire had regained almost
half of
its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure,
and its
(15) influence extended far beyond its borders.
The economy
had recovered, the treasury was full, and art
and scholarship had advanced.
To consider the Byzantine military, cultural,
and
economic advances as differentiated aspects of a
single
(20) phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these
three forms
of progress have gone together in a number of
states and
civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifthcentury
Athens provide the most obvious examples in
antiquity.
Moreover, an examination of the apparent
sequential

(25) connections among military, economic, and

cultural
forms of progress might help explain the
dynamics of
historical change.
The common explanation of these apparent
connections in the case of Byzantium would run
like this:
(30) when the empire had turned back enemy raids
on its
own territory and had begun to raid and conquer
enemy
territory, Byzantine resources naturally
expanded and
more money became available to patronize art
and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military
achievements led to
(35) economic advances, which in turn led to
cultural revival.
No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at
times
during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not
clear that
military advances invariably came first.
economic
advances second, and intellectual advances third.
In the
(40) 860s the Byzantine Empire began to recover
from Arab
incursions so that by 872 the military balance
with the
Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered
in the
empires favor. The beginning of the empires
economic
revival, however, can be placed between 810 and
830.

- 18 -

(45) Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning

appears to
have begun even earlier. A number of notable
scholars
and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last
decade of
the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full
bloom, a
revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople
in
(50) 1453.Thus the commonly expected order of
military
revival followed by economic and then by
cultural
recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact,
the revival
of Byzantine learning may itself have
influenced the
subsequent economic and military expansion.

until 1453.
(D) The eighth-century revival of Byzantine
learning
is an inexplicable phenomenon, and its
economic
and military precursors have yet to be
discovered.
(E) The revival of the Byzantine Empire between
the
eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural
rebirth preceding economic and military
revival,
the reverse of the commonly accepted order of
progress.
2. The primary purpose of the second paragraph is
which of the following?
(A) To establish the uniqueness of the Byzantine
revival
(B) To show that Augustan Rome and fifthcentury
Athens are examples of cultural, economic, and
military expansion against which all subsequent
cases must be measured
(C) To suggest that cultural, economic. and
military
advances have tended to be closely interrelated
in
different societies.
(D) To argue that, while the revivals of Augustan
Rome and fifth-century Athens were similar,
they
are unrelated to other historical examples
(E) To indicate that, wherever possible, historians
should seek to make comparisons with the
earliest chronological examples of revival

1. Which of the following best states the central

idea of
the passage?
(A) The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in
which the usual order of military and
economic
revival preceding cultural revival was
reversed.
(B) The economic, cultural, and military revival
in the
Byzantine Empire between the eighth and
eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the
sequence of revivals in Augustan Rome and
fifthcentury Athens.
(C) After 810 Byzantine economic recovery
spurred a
military and, later, cultural expansion that 3. It can be inferred from the passage that by the
lasted
eleventh century the Byzantine military forces
- 19 -

(A) had reached their peak and begun to decline

element in the growth of empires
(B) had eliminated the Bulgarian army
(C) were comparable in size to the army of Rome 6. Which of the following does the author mention
as
under Augustus
(D) were strong enough to withstand the Abbasid crucial evidence concerning the manner in which
the Byzantine revival began?
Caliphates military forces
(E) had achieved control of Byzantine (A) The Byzantine military revival of the 860s
led to
governmental
economic and cultural advances.
structures
(B) The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the 1453.
(C) The Byzantine economic recovery began in
Byzantine
the
Empire sustained significant territorial losses
900s.
(A) in 600
(D) The revival of Byzantine learning began
(B) during the seventh century
(C) a century after the cultural achievements of toward
the end of the eighth century.
the
(E) By the early eleventh century the Byzantine
Byzantine Empire had been lost
Empire had regained much of its lost territory.
(D) soon after the revival of Byzantine learning
(E) in the century after 873
5. In the third paragraph, the author most probably
provides an explanation of the apparent
connections
among economic, military, and cultural
development
in order to
(A) suggest that the process of revival in
Byzantium
accords with this model
(B) set up an order of events that is then shown to
be
not generally applicable to the case of
Byzantium
(C) cast aspersions on traditional historical
scholarship about Byzantium
(D) suggest that Byzantium represents a case for
which no historical precedent exists
(E) argue that military conquest is the paramount

7. According to the author, The common

explanation
(line 28) of connections between economic,
military,
and cultural development is
(A) revolutionary and too new to have been
applied
to the history of the Byzantine Empire
(B) reasonable, but an antiquated theory of the
nature
of progress
(C) not applicable to the Byzantine revival as a
whole,
but does perhaps accurately describe limited
periods during the revival
(D) equally applicable to the Byzantine case as a
whole and to the history of military, economic,
and cultural advances in ancient Greece and
Rome
(E) essentially not helpful, because military,

- 20 -

economic,
and cultural advances are part of a single
phenomenon

Passage 8
Virtually everything astronomers known about
objects
outside the solar system is based on the detection
of
photons-quanta of electromagnetic radiation. Yet
there
is another form of radiation that permeates the
universe:
(5) neutrinos. With (as its name implies) no
electric charge,
and negligible mass, the neutrino interacts with
other
particles so rarely that a neutrino can cross the
entire
universe, even traversing substantial aggregations
of
matter, without being absorbed or even deflected.
Neu(10) trinos can thus escape from regions of space
where light
and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation are
blocked
by matter. Furthermore, neutrinos carry with
them
information about the site and circumstances of
their
production: therefore, the detection of cosmic
neutrinos
(15) could provide new information about a wide
variety of
cosmic phenomena and about the history of the
universe.

But how can scientists detect a particle that

interacts
so infrequently with other matter? Twenty-five
years
(20) passed between Paulis hypothesis that the
neutrino
existed and its actual detection: since then
virtually all
research with neutrinos has been with neutrinos
created
artificially in large particle accelerators and
studied
under neutrino microscopes. But a neutrino
telescope,
(25) capable of detecting cosmic neutrinos, is
difficult to construct. No apparatus can detect neutrinos
unless it is
extremely massive, because great mass is
synonymous
with huge numbers of nucleons (neutrons and
protons),
and the more massive the detector, the greater
the pro(30) bability of one of its nucleons reacting with a
neutrino.
In addition, the apparatus must be sufficiently
shielded
from the interfering effects of other particles.
Fortunately, a group of astrophysicists has
proposed
a means of detecting cosmic neutrinos by
harnessing the
(35) mass of the ocean. Named DUMAND, for
Deep Underwater Muon and Neutrino Detector, the project
calls for
placing an array of light sensors at a depth of
five kilo-

- 21 -

meters under the ocean surface. The detecting of seamedium is

water above the sensors will shield them from
the seawater itself: when a neutrino interacts the interfwith a
ering effects of other high-energy particles
(40)particle in an atom of seawater. the result is a raining down
cascade of
(45) through the atmosphere.
electrically charged particles and a flash of light
The strongest motivation for the DUMAND
that can
project
be detected by the sensors. The five kilometers
is that it will exploit an important source of (B) Neutrino astronomy will be abandoned if the
information
DUMAND project fails.
about the universe. The extension of astronomy (C) Neutrino astronomy can be expected to lead
from
to
visible light to radio waves to x-rays and
major breakthroughs in astronomy.
gamma rays
(D) Neutrino astronomy will disclose phenomena
(50) never failed to lead to the discovery of that
unusual objects
will be more surprising than past discoveries.
such as radio galaxies, quasars, and pulsars. Each
(E) Neutrino astronomy will always be
of
characterized
these discoveries came as a surprise. Neutrino
by a large time lag between hypothesis and
astronomy
experimental confirmation.
will doubtless bring its own share of surprises.
3. In the last paragraph, the author describes the
1. Which of the following titles best summarizes development of astronomy in order to
the
(A) suggest that the potential findings of neutrino
passage as a whole?
astronomy can be seen as part of a series of
(A) At the Threshold of Neutrino Astronomy
astronomical successes
(B) Neutrinos and the History of the Universe
(B) illustrate the role of surprise in scientific
(C) The Creation and Study of Neutrinos
discovery
(D) The DUMAND System and How It Works
(C) demonstrate the effectiveness of the
(E) The Properties of the Neutrino
DUMAND
apparatus in detecting neutrinos
2. With which of the following statements (D) name some cosmic phenomena that neutrino
regarding
astronomy will illuminate
neutrino astronomy would the author be most (E) contrast the motivation of earlier astronomers
likely
with
to agree?
that of the astrophysicists working on the
(A) Neutrino astronomy will supersede all present
DUMAND project
forms of astronomy.
- 22 -

(C) Their inability to penetrate dense matter

4.According to the passage, one advantage that (D) The similarity of their structure to that of
neutrinos
nucleons
have for studies in astronomy is that they
(E) The infrequency of their interaction with other
(A) have been detected for the last twenty-five matter
years
8. According to the passage, the interaction of a
(B) possess a variable electric charge
neutrino
(C) are usually extremely massive
(D) carry information about their history with with other matter can produce
(A) particles that are neutral and massive
them
(B) a form of radiation that permeates the
(E) are very similar to other electromagnetic
universe
particles
(C) inaccurate information about the site and
circumstances of the neutrinos production
5. According to the passage, the primary use of the
(D) charged particles and light
apparatus mentioned in lines 24-32 would be to
(E) a situation in which light and other forms of
(A) increase the mass of a neutrino
(B) interpret the information neutrinos carry with electromagnetic radiation are blocked
them
(C) study the internal structure of a neutrino
(D) see neutrinos in distant regions of space
(E) detect the presence of cosmic neutrinos

9. According to the passage, one of the methods

used to
establish the properties of neutrinos was
(A) detection of photons
(B) observation of the interaction of neutrinos
6. The passage states that interactions between with
gamma rays
neutrinos
(C) observation of neutrinos that were artificially
and other matter are
created
(A) rare
(D) measurement of neutrinos that interacted with
(B) artificial
particles of seawater
(C) undetectable
(E) experiments with electromagnetic radiation
(D) unpredictable
(E) hazardous
7. The passage mentions which of the following as
a
reason that neutrinos are hard to detect?
(A) Their pervasiveness in the universe
(B) Their ability to escape from different regions
of
space
- 23 -

Passage 9
Most economists in the united States seem
captivated by the spell of the free market.
Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that
does
not accord with the requirements of the free
market.

(5) A price that is determined by the seller or, for

explicit agreements among large firms; it is not.
that matter, established by anyone other than the
Moreover, those economists who argue that
aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. allowing the free market to operate without interAccord(35) ference is the most efficient method of
ingly, it requires a major act of will to think of establishing
price-fixing (the determination of prices by the
prices have not considered the economies of
(10) seller) as both normal and having a valuable
noneconomic function. In fact, price-fixing is socialist countries other than the United states.
normal
These economies employ intentional pricein all industrialized societies because the indusfixing,
trial system itself provides, as an effortless
usually in an overt fashion. Formal price-fixing
conse(40) by cartel and informal price-fixing by
quence of its own development, the price-fixing agreements
(15) that it requires. Modern industrial planning
covering the members of an industry are
requires and rewards great size. Hence,
commona comparatively small number of large firms
place. Were there something peculiarly efficient
will
about the free market and inefficient about
be competing for the same group of consumers.
priceThat each large firm will act with consideration
fixing, the countries that have avoided the first
of
(45) and used the second would have suffered
(20) its own needs and thus avoid selling its drastically
products
in their economic development. There is no
for more than its competitors charge is indicacommonly
tion that they have.
recognized by advocates of free-market
Socialist industry also works within a frameeconomic
work of controlled prices. In the early 1970s,
theories. But each large firm will also act with (50) the Soviet Union began to give firms and
full consideration of the needs that it has in
industries
(25) common with the other large firms competing
some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a
for
more informal evolution has accorded the
the same customers. Each large firm will thus
capitalist
avoid significant price-cutting, because pricesystem. Economists in the United States have
cutting would be prejudicial to the common hailed the change as a return to the free market.
interest
(55) But Soviet firms are no more subject to prices
in a stable demand for products. Most established by a free market over which they
economists
exercise little influence than are capitalist firms;
(30) do not see price-fixing when it occurs because
rather, Soviet firms have been given the power
they expect it to be brought about by a number
to
of
fix prices.
- 24 -

(B) only
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(C) and only
(A) refute the theory that the free market plays a
(D) and only
useful role in the development of industrialized (E) ,,and
societies
(B) suggest methods by which economists and 3. The authors attitude toward Most economists
in the
members
United States(line 1) can best be described as
of the government of the United States can
recognize and combat price-fixing by large (A) spiteful and envious
(B) scornful and denunciatory
firms
(C) show that in industrialized societies price- (C) critical and condescending
(D) ambivalent but deferential
fixing and
(E) uncertain but interested
the operation of the free market are not only
compatible but also mutually beneficial
(D) explain the various ways in which 4. It can be inferred from the authors argument
that a
industrialized
societies can fix prices in order to stabilize the price fixed by the seller seems pernicious(line
7)
free
because
market
(E) argue that price-fixing, in one form or another, (A) people do not have confidence in large firms
(B) people do not expect the government to
is an
inevitable part of and benefit to the economy of regulate prices
(C) most economists believe that consumers as a
any
group should determine prices
industrialized society
(D) most economists associate fixed prices with
2. The passage provides information that would communist and socialist economies
(E) most economists believe that no one group
answer
which of the following questions about price- should determine prices
fixing?
.What are some of the ways in which prices can 5. The suggestion in the passage that price-fixing in
industrialized societies is normal arises from the
be
authors statement that price-fixing is
fixed?
. For what products is price-fixing likely to be (A) a profitable result of economic development
(B) an inevitable result of the industrial system
more
profitable that the operation of the free market? (C) the result of a number of carefully organized
decisions
.Is price-fixing more common in socialist
(D) a phenomenon common to industrialized and
industrialized societies or in nonsocialist
nonindustrialized societies
industrialized societies?
(E) a phenomenon best achieved cooperatively by
(A) only
government and industry
- 25 -

(E) Many directors of large firms believe that the

6. According to the author, price-fixing in price
nonsocialist
charged for products is likely to increase
countries is often
annually.
(A) accidental but productive
(B) illegal but useful
9. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned
(C) legal and innovative
with
(D) traditional and rigid
(A) predicting the consequences of a practice
(E) intentional and widespread
(B) criticizing a point of view
(C) calling attention to recent discoveries
7. According to the author, what is the result of the (D) proposing a topic for research
Soviet
(E) summarizing conflicting opinions
Unions change in economic policy in the 1970s
(A) Soviet firms show greater profit.
(B) Soviet firms have less control over the free
Passage 10
market.
Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been
(C) Soviet firms are able to adjust to tech called
nological
the most widely used psychoactive substance on
advances.
Earth .
(D) Soviet firms have some authority to fix prices. Synder, Daly and Bruns have recently proposed
(E) Soviet firms are more responsive to the free that
market.
caffeine affects behavior by countering the
activity in
8. With which of the following statements (5) the human brain of a naturally occurring
regarding the
chemical called
behavior of large firms in industrialized societies
adenosine. Adenosine normally depresses neuron
would the author be most likely to agree?
firing
(A) The directors of large firms will continue to
in many areas of the brain. It apparently does this
anticipate the demand for products
by
(B) The directors of large firms are less interested
inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters,
in
chemicals
achieving a predictable level of profit than in
that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the
achieving a large profit.
next.
(C) The directors of large firms will strive to (10) Like many other agents that affect neuron
reduce the
firing,
costs of their products
adenosine must first bind to specific receptors
(D) Many directors of large firms believe that the
on
government should establish the prices that
neuronal membranes. There are at least two
will be
classes
charged for products
- 26 -

of these receptors, which have been designated

stimulants.
A1 and
To buttress their case that caffeine acts
A2. Snyder et al propose that caffeine, which is
instead by pre(35) venting adenosine binding, Snyder et al
struc(15) turally similar to adenosine, is able to bind to compared the
stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine
both types
derivatives with
of receptors, which prevents adenosine from
their ability to dislodge adenosine from its
attaching
receptors in
there and allows the neurons to fire more
the brains of mice. In general, they reported,
readily than
the ability of the compounds to compete at
they otherwise would.
the receptors
For many years, caffeines effects have been
(40) correlates with their ability to stimulate
attri(20) buted to its inhibition of the production of locomotion in
the mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind
phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the at the
receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate
chemical
called
cyclic
AMP.A
number
of locomotion. Theophylline, a close structural relative
neurotransmitters exert
of caffeine
their effects by first increasing cyclic AMP
and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the
concentrations in target neurons. Therefore, prolonged most
(45) effective compounds in both regards.
periods at
There were some apparent exceptions to the
(25) the elevated concentrations, as might be
general
brought about
correlation observed between adenosineby a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could lead to
receptor binding
a greater
and stimulation. One of these was a compound
amount of neuron firing and, consequently, to
called
behav3-isobuty1-1-methylxanthine(IBMX), which
ioral stimulation. But Snyder et al point out
bound very
that the
caffeine concentrations needed to inhibit the (50) well but actually depressed mouse locomotion.
Snyder
production
(30) of phosphodiesterase in the brain are much et al suggest that this is not a major stumbling
block to
higher than
those that produce stimulation. Moreover, their hypothesis. The problem is that the
compound has
other compounds that block phosphodiesterases activity mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual
occurrence with
are not
- 27 -

psychoactive drugs. Even caffeine, which is their

generally
ability to stimulate mouse locomotion at these
(55) known only for its stimulatory effects, low
displays this
concentrations
property, depressing mouse locomotion at very (C) The concentration of cyclic AMP in target
low
neurons
concentrations and stimulating it at higher
in the human brain that leads to increased
ones.
neuron
firing can be produced by several different
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
phosphodi esterase inhibitors in addition to
(A) discuss a plan for investigation of a caffeine.
phenomenon
(D) The concentration of caffeine required to
that is not yet fully understood
dislodge
(B) present two explanations of a phenomenon
adenosine from its receptors in the human brain
and
is
reconcile the differences between them
much greater than the concentration that
(C) summarize two theories and suggest a third produces
theory
behavioral stimulation in humans.
that overcomes the problems encountered in the (E) The concentration of IBMX required to
first
dislodge
two
adenosine from its receptors in mouse brains is
(D) describe an alternative hypothesis and provide much
evidence and arguments that support it
smaller than the concentration that stimulates
(E) challenge the validity of a theory by exposing locomotion in the mouse.
the
inconsistencies and contradictions in it
3. According so Snyder et al, caffeine differs from
adenosine in that caffeine
2. Which of the following, if true, would most (A) stimulates behavior in the mouse and in
weaken the
humans,
theory proposed by Snyder et al?
whereas adenosine stimulates behavior in
(A) At very low concentrations in the human humans
brain. both
only
caffeine and theophylline tend to have (B) has mixed effects in the brain, whereas
depressive
adenosine
rather than stimulatory effects on human has only a stimulatory effect
behavior.
(C) increases cyclic AMP concentrations in target
(B) The ability of caffeine derivatives at very low
neurons, whereas adenosine decreases such
concentrations to dislodge adenosine from its
concentrations
receptors in mouse brains correlates well with (D) permits release of neurotransmitters when it is
- 28 -

bound to adenosine receptors, whereas (C) and only

adenosine
(D) and only
inhibits such release
(E) ,,and
(E) inhibits both neuron firing and the production
of
6. According to Snyder et al, all of the following
phosphodiesterase when there is a sufficient
compounds can bind to specific receptors in the
concentration in the brain, whereas adenosine brain
inhibits only neuron firing
EXCEPT
(A) IBMX
4. In response to experimental results concerning (B) caffeine
IBMX,
(C) adenosine
Snyder et al contended that it is not uncommon (D) theophylline
for
(E) phosphodiesterase
psychoactive drugs to have
(A) mixed effects in the brain
7. Snyder et al suggest that caffeines ability to
bind to A1
(B) inhibitory effects on enzymes in the brain
and A2 receptors can be at least partially
(C) close structural relationships with caffeine
(D) depressive effects on mouse locomotion
attributed to
(E) the ability to dislodge caffeine from receptors which of the following?
in the brain
(A) The chemical relationship between caffeine
and
5. The passage suggests that Snyder et al believe phosphodiesterase
that if the
(B) The structural relationship between caffeine
older theory concerning caffeines effects were and
correct,
adenosine
which of the following would have to be the case? (C) The structural similarity between caffeine and
.All neurotransmitters would increase the shortneurotransmitters
term
(D) The ability of caffeine to stimulate behavior
concentration of cyclic AMP in target neurons.
(E) The natural occurrence of caffeine and
.Substances other than caffeine that inhibit the adenosine in
production of phosphodiesterase would be the brain
stimulants.
.All concentration levels of caffeine that are 8. The author quotes Snyder et al in lines 38-43
high
most
enough to produce stimulation would also inhibit probably in order to
the
(A) reveal some of the assumptions underlying
production of phosphodiesterase.
their
(A) only
theory
(B) and only
(B) summarize a major finding of their
- 29 -

experiments
(C) point out that their experiments were limited
to the
Passage 11
mouse
Archaeology as a profession faces two major
(D) indicate that their experiments resulted only probin
lems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only
general correlations
paltry
(E) refute the objections made by supporters of
sums are available for excavating and even less
the older
is availtheory
able for publishing the results and preserving
9. The last paragraph of the passage performs the sites
which of the
(5) once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with
following functions?
priceless
(A) Describes a disconfirming experimental result
objects every day. Second, there is the problem
and reports the explanation given by Snyder et of illegal
al in
excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces
an attempt to reconcile this result with their
being
theory.
sold to the highest bidder.
(B) Specifies the basis for the correlation
I would like to make an outrageous suggestion
observed by
that
Snyder et al and presents an explanation in an (10) would at one stroke provide funds for
attempt to make the correlation consistent with archaeology and
the
reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would
operation of psychoactive drugs other than
propose
caffeine.
that scientific archeological expeditions and
(C) Elaborates the description of the correlation
governobserved by Snyder et al and suggests an
mental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the
additional
open
explanation in an attempt to make the
market. Such sales would provide substantial
correlation
funds for
consistent with the older theory.
(15) the excavation and preservation of
(D) Reports inconsistent experimental data and
archaeological sites
describes the method Snyder et al will use to
and the publication of results. At the same time,
reanalyze this data.
they
(E) Provides an example of the hypothesis
would break the illegal excavators grip on the
proposed by
market,
Snyder et al and relates this example to
thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in
caffeines
illegal
properties.
activities.
- 30 -

(20) You might object that professionals excavate found

to
again and become as inaccessible as if they had
acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, never
ancient artibeen discovered. Indeed, with the help of a
facts are part of our global cultural heritage,
computer,
which
sold artifacts could be more accessible than are
should be available for all to appreciate, not
the
sold to the
pieces stored in bulging museum basements.
highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has Prior to
unique
(45) sale, each could be photographed and the list
(25) artistic merit or scientific value. But, you of the
might reply,
purchasers could be maintained on the computer
everything that comes our of the ground has
A
scientific
purchaser could even be required to agree to
value. Here we part company. Theoretically, return the
you may be
piece if it should become needed for scientific
correct in claiming that every artifact has purposes.
potential scienIt would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal
tific value. Practically, you are wrong.
digging
(30) I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and (50) would stop if artifacts were sold on the open
ancient
market.
lamps that are essentially duplicates of one
But the demand for the clandestine product
another. In
would be
one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists
substantially reduced. Who would want an
recently
unmarked
uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable pot when another was available whose
small jugs in
provenance was
a single courtyard, Even precious royal seal
known, and that was dated stratigraphically by
impressions
the
(35) known as/melekh handles have been found in professional archaeologist who excavated it?
abundance---more than 4,000 examples so far.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to propose
The basements of museums are simply not (A) an alternative to museum display of artifacts
large
(B) a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting
enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be the
discovarchaeological profession
ered in the future. There is not enough money (C) a way to distinguish artifacts with scientific
even to
value
(40) catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be from those that have no such value
- 31 -

(D) the governmental regulation of archaeological

sites
4. The author mentions the excavation in Cyprus
(E) a new system for cataloguing duplicate (lines
artifacts
31-34) to emphasize which of the following
points?
2. The author implies that all of the following (A) Ancient lamps and pottery vessels are less
statements
valuable,
about duplicate artifacts are true EXCEPT:
although more rare, than royal seal impressions.
(A) A market for such artifacts already exists.
(B) Artifacts that are very similar to each other
(B) Such artifacts seldom have scientific value. present
(C) There is likely to be a continuing supply of cataloguing difficulties to archaeologists.
such
(C) Artifacts that are not uniquely valuable, and
artifacts.
therefore could be sold, are available in large
(D) Museums are well supplied with examples of
quantities.
such
(D) Cyprus is the most important location for
artifacts.
unearthing
(E) Such artifacts frequently exceed in quality
large quantities of salable artifacts.
those
(E) Illegal sales of duplicate artifacts are widealready catalogued in museum collections.
spread,
particularly on the island of Cyprus.
3. Which of the following is mentioned in the
passage as a
5. The authors argument concerning the effect of
disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum
the
basements?
official sale of duplicate artifacts on illegal
(A) Museum officials rarely allow scholars access excavation
to
is based on which of the following assumptions?
such artifacts.
(A) Prospective purchasers would prefer to buy
(B) Space that could be better used for display is authenticated artifacts.
taken
(B) The price of illegally excavated artifacts
up for storage.
would rise.
(C) Artifacts discovered in one excavation often (C) Computers could be used to trace sold
become
artifacts.
separated from each other.
(D) Illegal excavators would be forced to sell only
(D) Such artifacts are often damaged by variations duplicate artifacts.
in
(E) Money gained from selling authenticated
temperature and humidity.
artifacts
(E) Such artifacts often remain uncatalogued and could be used to investigate and prosecute illegal
thus
excavators.
cannot be located once they are put in storage.
- 32 -

6. The author anticipates which of the following

1960s when the Small Business Administration
initial
(SBA)
objections to the adoption of his proposal?
began making federally guaranteed loans and
(A) Museum officials will become unwilling to
governstore
ment-sponsored management and technical
artifacts.
assistance
(B) An oversupply of salable artifacts will result (5) available to minority business enterprises.
and the
While this
demand for them will fall.
program enabled many minority entrepreneurs
(C) Artifacts that would have been displayed in
to
public
form new businesses, the results were
places will be sold to private collectors.
disappointing,
(D) Illegal excavators will have an even larger
since managerial inexperience, unfavorable
supply of
locations,
artifacts for resale.
and capital shortages led to high failure rates.
(E) Counterfeiting of artifacts will become more
Even 15
commonplace.
(10) years after the program was implemented,
minority
7. The author implies that which of the following business receipts were not quite two percent of the
would
national
occur if duplicate artifacts were sold on the open economys total receipts.
market?
Recently federal policymakers have adopted an
.Illegal excavation would eventually cease
approach intended to accelerate development of
completely.
the
.Cyprus would become the primary source of
(15) minority business sector by moving away
marketable duplicate artifacts
from directly
.Archaeologists would be able to publish the
aiding small minority enterprises and toward
results of their excavations more frequently
supporting
than they currently do.
larger, growth-oriented minority firms through
(A) only
interme(B) only
diary companies. In this approach, large
(C) and only
corporations
(D) and only
participate in the development of successful and
(E) ,,and
stable
(20) minority businesses by making use of
governmentPassage 12
sponsored venture capital. The capital is used
Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began
by a
in the
participating company to establish a Minority
- 33 -

Enterprise
increasSmall Business Investment Company or ingly important financing sources for minority
MESBIC. The
enterMESBIC then provides capital and guidance to
prises.
minority
(45) Ironically, MESBIC staffs, which usually
(25) businesses that have potential to become consist of
future suppliers
Hispanic and Black professionals, tend to
or customers of the sponsoring company.
approach
MESBICs are the result of the belief that
investments
in
minority
firms
more
providing
pragmatically than
established firms with easier access to relevant do many MESBIC directors, who are usually
managesenior
ment techniques and more job-specific managers from sponsoring corporations. The
experience, as
latter
(30) well as substantial amounts of capital, gives (50) often still think mainly in terms of the social
those firms
responsia greater opportunity to develop sound business
bility approach and thus seem to prefer deals
foundathat are
tions than does simply making general
riskier and less attractive than normal
management
investment criteria
experience and small amounts of capital
would warrant. Such differences in viewpoint
available.
have proFurther, since potential markets for the minority
duced uneasiness among many minority staff
busimembers,
(35) nesses already exist through the sponsoring (55) who feel that minority entrepreneurs and
companies,
businesses
the minority businesses face considerably less
should be judged by established business
risk in
considerations.
terms of location and market fluctuation. These staff members believe their point of view
Following
is closer
early financial and operating problems, to the original philosophy of MESBICs and
sponsoring
they are
corporations began to capitalize MESBICs far concerned that, unless a more prudent course is
above
fol(40) the legal minimum of $500,000 in order to
lowed, MESBIC directors may revert to policies
generate
likely to re-create the disappointing results of
sufficient income and to sustain the quality of the original SBA
manageapproach.
ment needed. MESBICc are now emerging as
- 34 -

1. Which of the following best states the central support

idea of
the conclusion that the results of the SBA
the passage?
program
(A) The use of MESBICs for aiding minority
were disappointing?
entrepreneurs seems to have greater potential (A) The small number of new minority enterprises
for
formed as a result of the program
success than does the original SBA approach.
(B) The small number of minority enterprises that
(B) There is a crucial difference in point of view took
between the staff and directors of some
advantage of the management and technical
MESBICs.
assistance offiered under the program
(C) After initial problems with management and
(C) The small percentage of the nations business
marketing, minority businesses have begun to
receipts earned by minority enterprises
expand at a steady rate.
following
(D) Minority entrepreneurs wishing to form new
the programs, implementation.
businesses now have several equally successful (D) The small percentage of recipient minority
federal programs on which to rely.
enterprises that were able to repay federally
(E) For the first time since 1960, large guaranteed loans made under the program
corporations are
(E) The small number of minority enterprises that
making significant contributions to the chose to participate in the program
development
4. Which of the following statements about the
of minority businesses.
SBA
program can be inferred from the passage?
2. According to the passage, the MESBIC approach (A) The maximum term for loans made to
differs from the SBA approach in that MESBICs recipient
(A) seek federal contracts to provide markets
businesses was 15 years.
for minority businesses
(B) Business loans were considered to be more
(B) encourage minority businesses to provide useful to
markets
recipient businesses than was management and
for other minority businesses
technical assistance.
(C) attempt to maintain a specified rate of growth (C) The anticipated failure rate for recipient
in the
businesses
minority business sector
was significantly lower than the rate that actually
(D) rely on the participation of large corporations resulted.
to
(D) Recipient businesses were encouraged to
finance minority businesses
relocate to
(E) select minority businesses on the basis of their
areas more favorable for business development.
location
(E) The capitalization needs of recipient
businesses were
3. Which of the following does the author cite to
assessed and then provided for adequately.
- 35 -

(D) compare SBA and MESBIC limits on

5. Based on information in the passage, which of minimum
the
funding
following would be indicative of the pragmatism (E) refute suggestions that MESBICs have been
of
only
MESBIC staff members?
marginally successful
.A reluctance to invest in minority businesses
that show marginal expectations of return on
7. The authors primary objective in the passage is
the investments
to
. A desire to invest in minority businesses that
(A) disprove the view that federal efforts to aid
produce goods and services likely to be of use to minority
the
businesses have been ineffective
sponsoring company
(B) explain how federal efforts to aid minority
. A belief that the minority business sector is businesses have changed since the 1960s
best
(C) establish a direct link between the federal
served by investing primarily in newly efforts
established
to aid minority businesses made before the
businesses
1960s
(A)only
and those made in the 1980s
(B) only
(D) analyze the basis for the belief that job(C)and only
specific
(D) and only
experience is more useful to minority businesses
(E), and
than is general management experience
(E) argue that the social responsibility approach
6. The author refers to the financial and operating to
problems(line 38 ) encountered by MESBICs
aiding minority businesses is superior to any
primarily in order to
other approach
(A) broaden the scope of the discussion to include
the
8. It can be inferred from the passage that the
legal considerations of funding MESBICS attitude of
through
some MESBIC staff members toward the
sponsoring companies
investments
(B) call attention to the fact that MESBICs must preferred by some MESBIC directors can best be
receive adequate funding in order to function
described as
effectively
(A) defensive
(C) show that sponsoring companies were willing (B) resigned
to
(C) indifferent
invest only $500,000 of government-sponsored (D) shocked
venture capital in the original MESBICs
(E) disapproving
- 36 -

that require them to deal with ambiguity,

9. The passage provides information that would inconsistency,
answer
(10) novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action
which of the following questions?
into the
(A) What was the average annual amount, in process to thinking.
dollars, of
Generations of writers on management have
minority business receipts before the SBA recogstrategy
nized that some practicing managers rely
was implemented?
heavily on
(B) What locations are considered to be
intuition. In general, however, such writers
unfavorable for
display a
minority businesses?
(15) poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as
(C) What is the current success rate for minority the oppobusinesses that are capitalized by MESBICs?
site of rationality: others view it as an excuse
(D) How has the use of federal funding for
for caminority
priciousness.
businesses changed since the 1960s?
Isenbergs recent research on the cognitive
(E) How do minority businesses apply to processes
participate in
of senior managers reveals that managers
a MESBIC program?
intuition is
(20) neither of these. Rather, senior managers use
intuition
Passage 13
in at least five distinct ways. First, they
The majority of successful senior managers do
intuitively sense
not
when a problem exists. Second, managers rely
closely follow the classical rational model of
on intufirst clariition to perform well-learned behavior patterns
fying goals, assessing the problem, formulating
rapidly.
options,
This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but
estimating likelihoods of success, making a
is based
decision,
(25) on years of painstaking practice and hands-on
(5) and only then taking action to implement the experidecision.
ence that build skills. A third function of
Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers,
intuition is to
these
synthesize isolated bits of data and practice
senior executives rely on what is vaguely
into an intetermed intugrated picture, often in an Aha! experience.
ition to mangage a network of interrelated
Fourth,
problems
some managers use intuition as a check on the
- 37 -

results
Given the great uncertainty of many of the
(30) of more rational analysis. Most senior
manageexecutives are
(50) ment issues that they face, senior managers
familiar with the formal decision analysis often instimodels and
gate a course of action simply to learn more
tools, and those who use such systematic
about an
methods for
issue. They then use the results of the action to
reaching decisions are occasionally leery of develop
solutions
a more complete understanding of the issue.
suggested by these methods which run counter
One implito their
cation of thinking/acting cycles is that action is
(35) sense of the correct course of action. Finally, often
managers
(55) part of defining the problem, not just of
can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and implementing
move
the solution.
rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in
this
1. According to the passage, senior managers use
way, intuition is an almost instantaneous intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to
cognitive
(A) speed up of the creation of a solution to a
process in which a manager recognizes familiar problem
patterns.
(B) identify a problem
(40) One of the implications of the intuitive style (C) bring together disparate facts
of execu(D) stipulate clear goals
tive management is that thinking is (E) evaluate possible solutions to a problem
inseparable from
acting. Since managers often know what is 2. The passage suggests which of the following
right
about the
before they can analyze and explain it, they writers on management mentioned in line 12?
frequently
(A) They have criticized managers for not
act first and explain later. Analysis is following
inextricably tied
the classical rational model of decision analysis.
(45) to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which (B) They have not based their analyses on a
managers
sufficiently
develop thoughts about their companies and large sample of actual managers.
organiza(C) They have relied in drawing their conclusions
tions not by analyzing a problematic situation on
and then
what managers say rather than on what
acting, but by acting and analyzing in close managers do.
concert.
(D) They have misunderstood how managers use
- 38 -

intuition in making business decisions.

decision
(E) They have not acknowledged the role of (D) action undertaken in order to discover more
intuition in
information about a problem
managerial practice.
(E) comparison of the probable effects of different
solutions to a problem
3. Which of the following best exemplifies an
Aha!
5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of
experience (line 28) as it is presented in the the
passage?
following would most probably be one major
(A) A manager risks taking an action whose difference
outcome is
in behavior between Manager X, who uses
unpredictable to discover whether the action intuition to
changes
reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only
the problem at hand.
formal
(B) A manager performs well-learned and familiar decision analysis?
behavior patterns in creative and (A) Manager X analyzes first and then acts;
uncharacteristic
Manager
ways to solve a problem.
Y does not.
(C) A manager suddenly connects seemingly (B) Manager X checks possible solutions to a
unrelated
problem
facts and experiences to create a pattern relevant by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not
to
(C) Manager X takes action in order to arrive at
the problem at hand.
the
(D) A manager rapidly identifies the methodology solution to a problem; Manager Y does not.
used
(D) Manager Y draws on years of hands-on
to compile data yielded by systematic analysis. experience
(E) A manager swiftly decides which of several
in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X
sets of
does not.
tactics to implement in order to deal with the (E) Manger Y depends on day-to-day tactical
conti maneuvering; manager X does not.
ngencies suggested by a problem.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that
4. According to the passage, the classical model of thinking/acting
decision analysis includes all of the following cycles (line 45 ) in managerial practice would be
EXCEPT
likely to result in which of the following?
(A) evaluation of a problem
.A manager analyzes a network of problems
(B) creation of possible solutions to a problem
and then
(C) establishment of clear goals to be reached by acts on the basis of that analysis.
the
. A manager gathers data by acting and
- 39 -

observing the
qualified.
effects of action.
. A manager takes action without being able to
articulate reasons for that particular action.
Passage 14
(A) only
Nearly a century ago, biologists found that if
(B) only
they
(C) and only
separated an invertebrate animal embryo into
(D) and only
two parts
(E) ,, and
at an early stage of its life, it would survive and
develop
7. The passage provides support for which of the
as two normal embryos. This led them to
following statements?
believe that the
(A) Managers who rely on intuition are more
(5) cells in the early embryo are undetermined in
successful than those who rely on formal
the sense
decision analysis.
that each cell has the potential to develop in a
(B) Managers cannot justify their intuitive
variety of
decisions.
different ways. Later biologists found that the
(C) Managers intuition works contrary to their
situation
rational and analytical skills
was not so simple. It matters in which plane the
(D) Logical analysis of a problem increases the
embryo
number of possible solutions.
is cut. If it is cut in a plane different from the
(E) Intuition enables managers to employ their
one used
practical
(10) by the early investigators, it will not form two
experience more efficiently.
whole
embryos.
8. Which of the following best describes the
A debate arose over what exactly was
organization
happening.
of the first paragraph of the passage?
Which embryo cells are determined, just when
(A) An assertion is made and a specific supporting
do theyexample is given.
become irreversibly committed to their fates,
(B) A conventional model is dismissed and an
and what
alternative introduced.
(15) are the morphogenetic determinants that tell a
(C) The results of recent research are introduced cell
and
what to become? But the debate could not be
summarized
resolved
(D) Two opposing points of view are presented
because no one was able to ask the crucial
and
questions
evaluated.
in a form in which they could be pursued
(E) A widely accepted definition is presented and
productively.
- 40 -

Recent discoveries in molecular biology,(40) messenger RNAs --products of certain of the

however, have
maternal
(20) opened up prospects for a resolution of the genes. He and other biologists studying a wide
debate.
variety
Now investigators think they know at least some of organisms have found that these particular
of the
RNAs
molecules
that
act
as
morphogenetic direct, in large part, the synthesis of histones, a
determinants in
class
early development. They have been able o show of proteins that bind to DNA. Once synthesized,
that,
the
in a sense, cell determination begins even before(45) histones move into the cell nucleus, where
an egg
section of
(25) is fertilized.
DNA wrap around them to form a structure that
Studying sea urchins, biologist Paul Gross resemfound
bles beads, or knots, on a string. The beads are
that an unfertilized egg contains substances that DNA
funcsegments wrapped around the histones; the
tion as morphogenetic determinants. They are string is the
located
intervening DNA. And it is the structure of
in the cytoplasm of the egg cell; i.e., in that part these beaded
of the
(50) DNA strings that guides the fate of the cells in
(30) cells protoplasm that lies outside of thewhich
nucleus. In the
they are located.
unfertilized egg, the substances are inactive and
are not
1. The passage is most probably directed at which
distributed homogeneously. When the egg iskind of
fertilized,
audience?
the substances become active and, presumably, (A) State legislators deciding about funding levels
govern
for a
the behavior of the genes they interact with. state-funded biological laboratory
Since the
(B) Scientists specializing in molecular genetics
(35) substances are unevenly distributed in the egg, (C) Readers of an alumni newsletter published by
when the
the
fertilized egg divides, the resulting cells are college that Paul Gross attended
different
(D) Marine biologists studying the processes that
from the start and so can be qualitativelygive
different in
rise to new species
their own gene activity.
(E) Undergraduate biology majors in a molecular
The substances that Gross studied are maternal
biology course
- 41 -

experiment of separating an embryo into two

2. It can be inferred from the passage that the
parts.
morphogenetic determinants present in the
(B) They did not realize that there was a
early embryo are
connection
(A) located in the nucleus of the embryo cells
between the issue of cell determination and the
(B) evenly distributed unless the embryo is not
outcome of the separation experiment.
developing normally
(C) They assumed that the results of experiments
(C) inactive until the embryo cells become on
irreversibly
embryos did not depend on the particular animal
committed to their final function
species used for such experiments.
(D) identical to those that were already present in (D) They assumed that it was crucial to perform
the
the
unfertilized egg
separation experiment at an early stage in the
(E) present in larger quantities than is necessary embryos life.
for the
(E) They assumed that different ways of
development of a single individual
separating an
embryo into two parts would be equivalent as
3. The main topic of the passage is
far
(A) the early development of embryos of lower as the fate of the two parts was concerned.
marine
organisms
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the initial
(B) the main contribution of modern embryology production of histones after an egg is fertilized
to
takes
molecular biology
place
(C) the role of molecular biology in disproving (A) in the cytoplasm
older
(B) in the maternal genes
theories of embryonic development
(C) throughout the protoplasm
(D) cell determination as an issue in the study of (D) in the beaded portions of the DNA strings
embryonic development
(E) in certain sections of the cell nucleus
(E) scientific dogma as a factor in the recent
debate over
6. It can be inferred from the passage that which of
the value of molecular biology
the
following is dependent on the fertilization of an
4. According to the passage, when biologists egg?
believed that
(A) Copying of maternal genes to produce
the cells in the early embryo were undetermined, maternal
they
messenger RNAs
made which of the following mistakes?
(B) Sythesis of proteins called histones
(A) They did not attempt to replicate the original
(C) Division of a cell into its nucleus and the
- 42 -

cytoplasm
in
(D) Determination of the egg cells potential for
trying to resolve the debate about cell
division
determination
(E) Generation of all of a cells morphogenetic
(lines 12-18)?
determinants
(A) The problems faced by a literary scholar who
wishes
7. According to the passage, the morphogenetic
to use original source materials that are written
determinants present in the unfertilized egg cell in
are
an unfamiliar foreign language
which of the following?
(B) The situation of a mathematician who in
(A) Proteins bound to the nucleus
preparing a
(B) Histones
proof of a theorem for publication detects a
(C) Maternal messenger RNAs
reasoning error in the proof
(D) Cytoplasm
(C) The difficulties of a space engineer who has to
(E) Nonbeaded intervening DNA
design equipment to function in an environment
in
8. The passage suggests that which of the following which it cannot first be tested
plays a
(D) The predicament of a linguist trying to
role in determining whether an embryo separated develop a
into
theory of language acquisition when knowledge
two parts will two parts will develop as two of
normal
the structure of language itself is rudimentary at
embryos?
best
.The stage in the embryos life at which the (E) The dilemma confronting a foundation when
separation
the
occurs
funds available to it are sufficient to support one
. The instrument with which the separations is of
accomplished
two equally deserving scientific projects but not
. The plane in which the cut is made that both
separates
the embryo
(A) only
Passage 15
(B) only
In the two decades between 1910 and 1930,
(C) and .only
over
(D) and .only
ten percent to the Black population of the
(E) ,, and
United States
left the South, where the preponderance of the
9. Which of the following circumstances is most
Black
comparable to the impasse biologists encountered population had been located, and migrated to
- 43 -

northern
moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over
(5) states, with the largest number moving, it is 600,000
claimed,
(25) Black workers, or ten percent of the Black
between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently work force,
assumed,
reported themselves to be engaged in
but not proved, that the majority of the migrants
manufacturing
in
and mechanical pursuits, the federal census
what has come to be called the Great Migration
category
came
roughly encompassing the entire industrial
from rural areas and were motivated by two sector. The
concurrent
Great Migration could easily have been made
(10) factors: the collapse of the cotton industry up entirely
following
(30) of this group and their families. It is perhaps
the boll weevil infestation, which began in surprising
1898, and
to argue that an employed population could be
increased demand in the North for labor enticed
following
to move, but an explanation lies in the labor
the cessation of European immigration caused
conditions
by the
then prevalent in the South.
outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This
About thirty-five percent of the urban Black
assumppopu(15) tion has led to the conclusion that the (35) lation in the South was engaged in skilled
migrants subsetrades. Some
quent lack of economic mobility in the North is
were from the old artisan class of slaverytied to
blacksmiths.
rural background, a background that implies
masons, carpenters-which had had a monopoly
unfamilof
iarity with urban living and a lack of industrial
certain trades, but they were gradually being
skills.
pushed
But the question of who actually left the South out by competition, mechanization, and
has
obsolescence,
(20) never been rigorously investigated. Although (40) The remaining sixty-five percent, more
numerous
recently urbaninvestigations document an exodus from rural
ized, worked in newly developed industries--southern
tobacco.
areas to southern cities prior to the Great lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and
Migration.
railroads.
no one has considered whether the same
Wages in the South, however, were low, and
migrants then
Black
- 44 -

workers were aware, through labor recruiters in

and the
southern newspapers after 1910
(45)Black press, that they could earn more even as
unskilled
2. In the passage, the author anticipates which of
workers in the North than they could as artisans the
in the
following as a possible objection to her
South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban argument?
Black
(A) It is uncertain how many people actually
workers faced competition from the continuing migrated
influx
during the Great Migration.
of both Black and White rural workers, who (B) The eventual economic status of the Great
were driven
Migration
(50) to undercut the wages formerly paid for migrants has not been adequately traced.
industrial jobs.
(C) It is not likely that people with steady jobs
Thus, a move north would be seen as would
advantageous
have reason to move to another area of the
to a group that was already urbanized and country.
steadily
(D) It is not true that the term manufacturing and
employed, and the easy conclusion tying their mechanical pursuits actually encompasses the
subseentire industrial sector.
quent economic problems in the North to their (E) Of the Black workers living in southern cities,
rural
only
background comes into question.
those in a small number of trades were
threatened by
1. The author indicates explicitly that which of the
obsolescence.
following records has been a source of
information in
3. According to the passage, which of the following
her investigation?
is true
(A) United States Immigration Service reports of wages in southern cities in 1910?
from
(A) They were being pushed lower as a result of
1914 to 1930
increased competition.
(B) Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms (B) They had begun t to rise so that southern
between
industry
1910 and 1930
could attract rural workers.
(C) The volume of cotton exports between 1898 (C) They had increased for skilled workers but
and
decreased for unskilled workers.
1910
(D) They had increased in large southern cities
(D) The federal census of 1910
but
(E) Advertisements of labor recruiters appearing
decreased in small southern cities.
- 45 -

(E) They had increased in newly developed 6. The primary purpose of the passage is to
industries
(A) support an alternative to an accepted
but decreased in the older trades.
methodology
(B) present evidence that resolves a contradiction
4. The author cites each of the following as (C) introduce a recently discovered source of
possible
information
influences in a Black workers decision to (D) challenge a widely accepted explanation
migrate
(E) argue that a discarded theory deserves new
north in the Great Migration EXCEPT
attention
(A) wage levels in northern cities
7. According to information in the passage, which
(B) labor recruiters
of the
(C) competition from rural workers
following is a correct sequence of groups of
(D) voting rights in northern states
workers,
(E) the Black press
from highest paid to lowest paid, in the period
between
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the easy 1910 and 1930?
conclusion mentioned in line 53 is based on (A) Artisans in the North; artisans in the South;
which
unskilled workers in the North; unskilled
of the following assumptions?
workers in
(A) People who migrate from rural areas to large
the South
cities usually do so for economic reasons.
(B) Artisans in the North and South; unskilled
(B) Most people who leave rural areas to take jobs workers
in
in the North; unskilled workers in the South
cities return to rural areas as soon as it is (C) Artisans in the North; unskilled workers in the
financially
North; artisans in the South
possible for them to do so.
(D) Artisans in the North and South; unskilled
(C) People with rural backgrounds are less likely urban
to
workers in the North; unskilled rural workers in
succeed economically in cities than are those the
with
South
urban backgrounds.
(E) Artisans in the North and South, unskilled
(D) Most people who were once skilled workers rural
are
workers in the North and South; unskilled urban
not willing to work as unskilled workers.
workers in the North and South
(E) People who migrate from their birthplaces to
other
8. The material in the passage would be most
regions of country seldom undertake a second relevant to a
migration.
long discussion of which of the following topics?
(A) The reasons for the subsequent economic
- 46 -

difficulties
family
of those who participated in the Great Migration
economy gave way gradually to the present-day
(B) The effect of migration on the regional
notion
economies of
of the useless child who, though producing no
the United States following the First World War
income
(C) The transition from a rural to an urban (15) for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents,
existence for
is yet
those who migrated in the Great Migration
considered emotionally priceless. Well
(D) The transformation of the agricultural South
established
following the boll weevil infestation
among segments of the middle and upper
(E) The disappearance of the artisan class in the
classes by the
United
mid-1800s, this new view of childhood spread
States as a consequence of mechanization in the
throughearly twentieth century
out society in the iate-nineteenth and earlytwentieth
(20) centuries as reformers introduced child-labor
Passage 16
regulations
In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages
and compulsory education laws predicated in
in the
part on the
accidental death of their two year old was told
assumption that a childs emotional value made
that since
child
the child had made no real economic labor taboo.
contribution to the
For Zelizer the origins of this transformation
family, there was no liability for damages. In were
contrast,
(25) many and complex. The gradual erosion of
(5) less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of childrens
a three
productive value in a maturing industrial
year old sued in New York for accidental-death
economy,
damages
the decline in birth and death rates, especially in
and won an award of $750,000.
child
The transformation in social values implicit in
mortality, and the development of the
juxtacompanionate
posing these two incidents is the subject of
family (a family in which members were united
Viviana
by
(10) Zelizers excellent book, Pricing the Priceless (30) explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were
Child.
all factors
During the nineteenth century, she argues, the
critical in changing the assessment of childrens
concept
worth.
of the useful child who contributed to the
Yet expulsion of children from the cash
- 47 -

nexus,...
values to
although clearly shaped by profound changes in transform price. As children became more
the
valuable in
economic, occupational, and family structures, emotional terms, she argues, their exchange
Zelizer
or sur(35) maintains. was also part of a cultural process (55) render value on the market, that is, the
of sacralconversion of
ization of childrens lives. Protecting children
their intangible worth into cash terms, became
from the
much
crass business world became enormously greater.
important for
late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, 1. It can be inferred from the passage that
accidental-death
she
suggests; this sacralization was a way of damage awards in America during the nineteenth
century tended to be based principally on the
resisting what
(40) they perceived as the relentless corruption of (A) earnings of the person at time of death
(B) wealth of the party causing the death
human
(C) degree of culpability of the party causing the
values by the marketplace.
In stressing the cultural determinants of a death
(D) amount of money that had been spent on the
childs
worth. Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of person
killed
the new
sociological economics, who have analyzed (E) amount of suffering endured by the family of
the
such tradi(45) tionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, person killed
education, and health solely in terms of their 2. It can be inferred from the passage that in the
early
economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural 1800s children were generally regarded by their
families as individuals who
forces
in the form of individual preferences, these (A) needed enormous amounts of security and
affection
sociologists
tend to view all human behavior as directed (B) required constant supervision while working
(C) were important to the economic well-being of
primarily by
(50) the principle of maximizing economic gain. a
family
Zelizer is
highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes (D) were unsuited to spending long hours in
school
instead
the opposite phenomenon: the power of social (E) were financial burdens assumed for the good
of
- 48 -

society

historical
change
3. which of the following alternative explanations (D) refute a traditional explanation of a social
of the
phenomenon
change in the cash value of children would be
(E) encourage further work on a neglected
most
historical
likely to be put forward by sociological topic
economists as
they are described in the passage?
5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of
(A) The cash value of children rose during the
the
nineteenth century because parents began to
following statements was true of American
increase
families over
their emotional investment in the upbringing of the course of the nineteenth century?
their children.
(A) The average size of families grew
(B) The cash value of children rose during the
considerably
nineteenth century because their expected (B) The percentage of families involved in
earnings
industrial
over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.
work declined dramatically.
(C) The cash value of children rose during the
(C) Family members became more emotionally
nineteenth century because the spread of
bonded
humanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale
to one another.
reappraisal of the worth of an individual
(D) Family members spent an increasing amount
(D) The cash value of children rose during the
of time
nineteenth century because compulsory working with each other.
education
laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the (E) Family members became more economically
dependent on each other.
costs,
of available child labor.
6. Zelizer refers to all of the following as important
(E) The cash value of children rose during the
influences in changing the assessment of
nineteenth century because of changes in the
childrens
way
negligence law assessed damages in accidental- worth EXCEPT changes in
(A) the mortality rate
death cases.
(B) the nature of industry
(C) the nature of the family
4. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) review the literature in a new academic (D) attitudes toward reform movements
(E) attitudes toward the marketplace
subfield
(B) present the central thesis of a recent book
(C) contrast two approaches to analyzing 7.Which of the following would be most consistent
with
- 49 -

the practices of sociological economics as these (5) of workers, as in New York City, to make it
practices are described in the passage?
worth the
(A) Arguing that most health-care professionals
effort, or the concentration of small numbers in
enter
one or
the field because they believe it to be the most
two locations, such as a hospital, to make it
socially useful of any occupation
relatively
(B) Arguing that most college students choose
easy, Receptivity to unionization on the
majors
workers, part
that they believe will lead to the most highly
was also a consideration, but when there were
paid
large
jobs available to them
(10) numbers involved or the clerical workers were
(C) Arguing that most decisions about marriage the only
and
unorganized group in a jurisdiction, the
divorce are based on rational assessments of the
multioccupalikelihood that each partner will remain tional unions would often try to organize them
committed
regardto the relationship
less of the workers initial receptivity. The
(D) Analyzing changes in the number of people
strategic
enrolled
reasoning was based, first, on the concern that
in colleges and universities as a function of
politichanges
(15) cians and administrators might play off
in the economic health of these institutions
unionized
(E) Analyzing changes in the ages at which people against nonunionized workers, and, second, on
get
the
married as a function of a change in the average
conviction that a fully unionized public work
number of years that young people have lived
force
away
meant power, both at the bargaining table and in
from their parents
the
legislature. In localities where clerical workers
were few
Passage 17
(20) in number, were scattered in several
Prior to 1975, union efforts to organize public- workplaces, and
sector
expressed no interest in being organized, unions
clerical workers, most of whom are women,
more
were someoften than not ignored them in the pre-1975
what limited. The factors favoring unionization period.
drives
But since the mid-1970s, a different strategy
seem to have been either the presence of large has
numbers
emerged. In 1977, 34 percent of government
- 50 -

clerical
(45) tude toward unions. The absence of any
(25) workers were represented by a labor comparable
organization,
increase in unionization among private-sector
compared with 46 percent of government clerical
professionals,
workers, however, identifies the primary
44 percent of government blue-collar workers, catalyst-the
and
structural change in the multioccupational
41 percent of government service workers, public-sector
Since then,
unions themselves. Over the past twenty years,
however, the biggest increases in public-sector the occuunioniza(50) pational distribution in these unions has been
(30) tion have been among clerical workers. steadily
Between 1977
shifting from predominantly blue-collar to
and 1980, the number of unionized government
predomiworkers
nantly white-collar. Because there are far more
in blue-collar and service occupations increased women
only
in white-collar jobs, an increase in the
about 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar
proportion of
occupations
female members has accompanied the
the increase was 20 percent and among clerical
occupational shift
workers
(55) and has altered union policy-making in favor
(35) in particular, the increase was 22 percent.
of orgaWhat accounts for this upsurge in unionization
nizing women and addressing womens issues.
among clerical workers? First, more women
have entered
1. According to the passage, the public-sector
the work force in the past few years, and more workers who
of them
were most likely to belong to unions in 1977
plan to remain working until retirement age. were
Conse(A) professionals
(40) quently, they are probably more concerned (B) managers
than their
(C) clerical workers
predecessors were about job security and (D) service workers
economic bene(E) blue-collar workers
fits. Also, the womens movement has
succeeded in legit2. The author cites union efforts to achieve a fully
imizing the economic and political activism of unionized work force (line 13-19) in order to
women on
account
their own behalf, thereby producing a more for why
positive atti(A) politicians might try to oppose public-sector
- 51 -

union
1975,
organizing
each of the following considerations helped
(B) public-sector unions have recently focused on determine
organizing women
whether a union would attempt to organize a
(C) early organizing efforts often focused on areas certain
where there were large numbers of workers
group of clerical workers EXCEPT
(D) union efforts with regard to public-sector (A) the number of clerical workers in that group
clerical
(B) the number of women among the clerical
workers increased dramatically after 1975
workers
(E) unions sometimes tried to organize workers
in that group
regardless of the workers initial interest in
(C) whether the clerical workers in that area were
unionization
concentrated in one workplace or scattered over
several workplaces
3. The authors claim that, since the mid-1970s, a (D) the degree to which the clerical workers in
new
that
strategy has emerged in the unionization of group were interested in unionization
public(E) whether all the other workers in the same
sector clerical workers (line 23 ) would be
jurisstrengthened if the author
diction as that group of clerical workers were
(A) described more fully the attitudes of clerical unionized
workers
toward labor unions
5. The author states that which of the following is a
(B) compared the organizing strategies employed consequence of the womens movement of recent
by
years?
private-sector unions with those of public-sector (A) An increase in the number of women entering
unions
the
(C) explained why politicians and administrators
work force
sometimes oppose unionization of clerical (B) A structural change in multioccupational
workers
public(D) indicated that the number of unionized public- sector unions
sector
(C) A more positive attitude on the part of women
clerical workers was increasing even before the toward unions
mid(D) An increase in the proportion of clerical
1970s
workers
(E) showed that the factors that favored that are women
unionization
(E) An increase in the number of women in
drives among these workers prior to 1975 have
administrative positions
decreased in importance
6. The main concern of the passage is to
4. According to the passage, in the period prior to
- 52 -

(A) advocate particular strategies for future efforts it has been

to
organize certain workers into labor unions
8. The author suggests that it would be
(B) explain differences in the unionized disadvantageous to
proportions of
a union if
various groups of public-sector workers
(A) many workers in the locality were not
(C) evaluate the effectiveness of certain kinds of unionized
labor
(B) the union contributed to political campaigns
unions that represent public-sector workers
(C) the union included only public-sector workers
(D) analyzed and explain an increase in (D) the union included workers from several
unionization
jurisdictions
among a certain category of workers
(E) the union included members from only a few
(E) describe and distinguish strategies appropriate occupations
to
organizing different categories of workers
9. The author implies that, in comparison with
working
7. The author implies that if the increase in the women today, women working in the years prior
number of
to the
women in the work force and the impact of the mid-1970s showed a greater tendency to
womens
(A) prefer smaller workplaces
movement were the main causes of the rise in
(B) express a positive attitude toward labor unions
unionization of public-sector clerical workers, (C) maximize job security and economic benefits
then
(D) side with administrators in labor disputes
(A) more women would hold administrative (E) quit working prior of retirement age
positions in
unions
(B) more women who hold political offices would
Passage 18
have
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth
positive attitudes toward labor unions
century
(C) there would be an equivalent rise in that the ice ages were caused by variations in the
unionization of
Earths
private-sector clerical workers
orbit around the Sun. For sometime this theory
(D) unions would have shown more interest than was
they
considered untestable, largely because there was
have in organizing women
no suffi(E) the increase in the number of unionized (5) ciently precise chronology of the ice ages with
publicwhich
sector clerical workers would have been greater the orbital variations could be matched.
than
To establish such a chronology it is necessary
- 53 -

to
more land ice
determine the relative amounts of land ice that there was when the sediment was laid down.
existed
As an indicator of shifts in the Earths climate,
at various times in the Earths past. A recent the
discovery
(30) isotope record has two advantages. First, it is a
(10) makes such a determination possible: relative global
land-ice
record: there is remarkably little variation in
volume for a given period can be deduced from
isotope
the ratio
ratios in sedimentary specimens taken from
of two oxygen isotopes, 16 and 18, found in
different
ocean sedicontinental locations. Second, it is a more
ments. Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen
continuous
16, but
record than that taken from rocks on land.
a few molecules out of every thousand
Because of
incorporate the
(35) these advantages, sedimentary evidence can be
(15) heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins, dated
the contiwith sufficient accuracy by radiometric methods
nental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the to
amount of
establish a precise chronology of the ice ages.
water evaporated from the ocean that will
The dated
eventually
isotope record shows that the fluctuations in
return to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be
global ice volume over the past several hundred
left
thousand years
behid when water evaporates from the ocean (40) have a pattern: an ice age occurs roughly once
surfaces,
every
(20) the remaining ocean water becomes
100,000 years. These data have established a
progressively
strong
enriched in oxygen 18. The degree of
connection between variations in the Earths
enrichment can
orbit and
be determined by analyzing ocean sediments of the periodicity of the ice ages.
the
However, it is important to note that other
period, because these sediments are composed factors,
of calcium
(45) such as volcanic particulates or variations in
carbonate shells of marine organisms, shells that the amount
were
of sunlight received by the Earth, could
(25) constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from potentially have
the suraffected the climate. The advantage of the
rounding ocean. The higher the ratio of oxygen Milankovitch
18 to oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen, the
theory is that it is testable: changes in the
- 54 -

Earths orbit
research on volcanic activity is done.
can be calculated and dated by applying (D) It is one plausible explanation, though not the
Newtons laws
only one, for the ice ages.
(50) of gravity to progressively earlier (E) It is not a plausible explanation for the ice
configurations of the
ages,
bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of
although it has opened up promising
information
possibilities
about other possible factors affecting global for future research.
climate does
not make them unimportant.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the
isotope
1. In the passage, the author is primarily interested record taken from ocean sediments would be less
in
useful
(A) suggesting an alternative to an outdated to researchers if which of the following were true?
research
(A) It indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen
method
predominated at certain times.
(B) introducing a new research method that calls (B) It had far more gaps in its sequence than the
an
record
accepted theory into question
taken from rocks on land.
(C) emphasizing the instability of data gathered (C) It indicated that climate shifts did not occur
from
every
the application of a new scientific method
100,000 years.
(D) presenting a theory and describing a new (D) It indicated that the ratios of oxygen 16 and
method
oxygen
to test that theory
18 in ocean water were not consistent with those
(E) initiating a debate about a widely accepted found in fresh water.
theory
(E) It stretched back for only a million years.
2. The author of the passage would be most likely 4. According to the passage, which of the following
to
is true
agree with which of the following statements
of the ratios of oxygen isotopes in ocean
about
sediments?
the Milankovitch theory?
(A) They indicate that sediments found during an
(A) It is the only possible explanation for the ice ice
ages.
age contain more calcium carbonate than
(B) It is too limited to provide a plausible sediments
explanation
formed at other times.
for the ice ages, despite recent research findings. (B) They are less reliable than the evidence from
(C) It cannot be tested and confirmed until further rocks
- 55 -

on land in determining the volume of land ice.

(D) and only
(C) They can be used to deduce the relative (E) , and
volume of
land ice that was present when the sediment was 7. It can be inferred from the passage that calcium
laid down.
carbonate shells
(D) They are more unpredictable during an ice (A) are not as susceptible to deterioration as rocks
age
(B) are less common in sediments formed during
than in other climatic conditions.
an ice
(E) They can be used to determine atmospheric
age
conditions at various times in the past.
(C) are found only in areas that were once
covered by
5. It can be inferred from the passage that
land ice
precipitation
(D) contain radioactive material that can be used
formed from evaporated ocean water has
to
(A) the same isotopic ratio as ocean water
determine a sediments isotopic composition
(B) less oxygen 18 than does ocean water
(E) reflect the isotopic composition of the water at
(C) less oxygen 18 than has the ice contained in the
continental ice sheets
time the shells were formed
(D) a different isotopic composition than has
precipitation formed from water on land
8. The purpose of the last paragraph of the passage
(E) more oxygen 16 than has precipitation formed is to
from
(A) offer a note of caution
fresh water
(B) introduce new evidence
(C) present two recent discoveries
6. According to the passage, which of the following
(D) summarize material in the preceding
is (are)
paragraphs
true of the ice ages?
(E) offer two explanations for a phenomenon
. The last ice age occurred about 25,000 years
ago.
9. According to the passage, one advantage of
. Ice ages have lasted about 10,000 years for at studying the
least
isotope record of ocean sediments is that it
the last several hundred thousand years.
(A) corresponds with the record of ice volume
. Ice ages have occurred about every 100,000 taken
years
from rocks on land
for at least the last several hundred thousand (B) shows little variation in isotope ratios when
years.
samples
(A) only
are taken from different continental locations
(B) only
(C) corresponds with predictions already made by
(C) only
climatologists and experts in other fields
- 56 -

(D) confirms the record of ice volume initially

established by analyzing variations in volcanic
emissions
(E) provides data that can be used to substantiate
records concerning variations in the amount
of sunlight received by the Earth

and cooperation of persons united by ties of

mutual
concern. They form an intermediate social level
between
the individual and larger secondary
institutions based
on
impersonal
relationships.
Primary
institutions
Passage 19
(20) comprising the support network include
In contrast to traditional analyses of minority kinship, peer,
busiand neighborhood or community subgroups.
ness, the sociological analysis contends that
A major function of self-help networks is
minority
financial
business
ownership
is
a
group-level support. Most scholars agree that minority
phenomenon, in that
business
it is largely dependent upon social-group owners have depended primarily on family
resources for
funds and
(5) its development. Specifically, this analysis (25) ethnic community resources for investment
indicates that
capital .
support networks play a critical role in starting
Personal savings have been accumulated, often
and
through
maintaining minority business enterprises by frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the
providing
entire
owners with a range of assistance, from the
family and are thus a product of long-term
informal
family finanencouragement of family members and friends cial behavior. Additional loans and gifts from
to
relatives.
(10) dependable sources of labor and clientele from (30) forthcoming because of group obligation
the
rather than
owners ethnic group. Such self-help networks, narrow
investment
calculation,
have
which
supplemented
encourage and support ethnic minority personal savings. Individual entrepreneurs do
entrepreneurs,
not necesconsist of primary institutions, those closest sarily rely on their kin because they cannot
to the
obtain finanindividual in shaping his or her behavior and
cial backing from commercial resources. They
beliefs.
may actu(15) They are characterized by the face-to-face (35) ally avoid banks because they assume that
association
commercial
- 57 -

institutions either cannot comprehend the special ments in other Black enterprises. Irish
needs
immigrants in
of minority enterprise or charge unreasonably American cities organized many building and
high
loan assointerest rates.
ciations to provide capital for home
Within the larger ethnic community, rotating
construction and
credit
purchase. They. in turn, provided work for many
(40) associations have been used to raise capital.
Irish
These asso(60) home-building contractor firms. Other ethnic
ciations are informal clubs of friends and other and
trusted
minority groups followed similar practices in
members of the ethnic group who make regular
founding
contriethnic-directed financial institutions.
butions to a fund that is given to each 1. Based on the information in the passage. it
contributor in
would be
rotation. One author estimates that 40 percent of LEAST likely for which of the following persons
New
to be
(45)York Chinatown firms established during part of a self-help network?
1900-1950
(A) The entrepreneurs childhood friend
utilized such associations as their initial source (B) The entrepreneurs aunt
of
(C) The entrepreneurs religious leader
capital. However, recent immigrants and third (D) The entrepreneurs neighbor
or fourth
(E) The entrepreneurs banker
generations of older groups now employ
rotating credit
2. Which of the following illustrates the working of
associations only occasionally to raise a selfinvestment funds.
help support network, as such networks are
(50) Some groups, like Black Americans, found described
other means
in the passage?
of financial support for their entrepreneurial (A) A public high school offers courses in bookefforts.The
keeping
first Black-operated banks were created in the
and accounting as part of its open-enrollment
late nineadult
teenth century as depositories for dues collected education program.
from
(B) The local government in a small city sets up a
fraternal or lodge groups, which themselves had program that helps teen-agers find summer jobs.
sprung
(C) A major commercial bank offers low-interest
(55) from Black churches. Black banks made loans
limited investto experienced individuals who hope to
- 58 -

establish
(B) Self-help networks have been effective in
their own businesses.
helping
(D) A neighborhood-based fraternal organization
entrepreneurs primarily in the last 50 years.
develops a program of on-the-job training for its (C) Minority groups have developed a range of
members and their friends.
alternatives to standard financing of business
(E) A community college offers country residents
ventures.
training programs that can lead to certification (D) The financial institutions founded by various
in a
ethnic
variety of technical trades.
groups owe their success to their unique formal
organization.
3. Which of the following can be inferred from the
(E) Successful minority-owned businesses
passage
succeed
about rotating credit associations?
primarily because of the personal strengths of
(A) They were developed exclusively by Chinese their
immigrants.
founders.
(B) They accounted for a significant portion of the
investment capital used by Chinese immigrants 5. Which of the following best describes the
in
organization
New York in the early twentieth century.
of the second paragraph?
(C) Third-generation members of an immigrant (A) An argument is delineated, followed by a
group
counterargument.
who started businesses in the 1920s would have (B) An assertion is made and several examples are
been unlikely to rely on them.
provided to illustrate it.
(D) They were frequently joint endeavors by (C) A situation is described and its historical
members
background is then outlined.
of two or three different ethnic groups.
(D) An example of a phenomenon is given and is
(E) Recent immigrants still frequently turn to then
rotating
used as a basis for general conclusions.
credit associations instead of banks for (E) A group of parallel incidents is described and
investment
the
capital.
distinctions among the incidents are then
clarified.
4. The passage best supports which of the
following
6. According to the passage, once a minoritystatements?
owned
(A) A minority entrepreneur who had no
business is established, self-help networks
assistance from
contribute
family members would not be able to start a
which of the following to that business?
business.
(A) Information regarding possible expansion of
- 59 -

the

(B) They originated as offshoots of church-related

business into nearby communities
groups.
(B) Encouragement of a business climate that is (C) They frequently helped Irish entrepreneurs to
nearly
finance business not connected with
free of direct competition
construction.
(C) Opportunities for the business owner to (D) They contributed to the employment of many
reinvest
Irish
profits in other minority-owned businesses
construction workers.
(D) Contact with people who are likely to be (E) They provided assistance for construction
customers
businesses
of the new business
owned by members of other ethnic groups.
(E) Contact with minority entrepreneurs who are
members of other ethnic groups
Passage 20
7. It can be inferred from the passage that
Species interdependence in nature confers
traditional
many
analyses of minority business would be LEAST
benefits on the species involved, but it can also
likely
become a
to do which of the following?
point of weakness when one species involved in
(A) Examine businesses primarily in their social
the relacontexts
tionship is affected by a catastrophe. Thus,
(B) Focus on current, rather than historical,
flowering
examples
(5) plant species dependent on insect pollination, as
of business enterprises
opposed
(C) Stress common experiences of individual
to self-pollination or wind pollination, could be
entrepreneurs in starting businesses
endan(D) Focus on the maintenance of businesses, gered when the population of insect-pollinators
rather
is depleted
than means of starting them
by the use of pesticides.
(E) Focus on the role of individual entrepreneurs
In the forests of New Brunswick, for example,
in
(10) various pesticides have been sprayed in the
starting a business
past 25 years
in efforts to control the spruce budworm, an
8. Which of the following can be inferred from the
economipassage about the Irish building and loan
cally significant pest. Scientists have now
associations mentioned in the last paragraph?
investigated
(A) They were started by third-or fourth- the effects of the spraying of Matacil, one of the
generation
antiimmigrants.
budworm agents that is least toxic to insect- 60 -

pollinators.
argument that spraying where the pollinators are
(15) They studied Matacils effects on insect sensimortality in a
(35) tive to the pesticide used decreases plant
wide variety of wild insect species and on plant fecundity.
fecunThe question of whether the decrease in plant
dity, expressed as the percentage of the total fecunflowers on
dity caused by the spraying of pesticides
an individual plant that actually developed fruit actually causes
and
a decline in the overall population of flowering
bore seeds. They found that the most
plant
pronounced
species still remains unanswered. Plant species
(20) mortality after the spraying of Matacil
dependent
occurred among
(40) solely on seeds for survival or dispersal are
the smaller bees and one family of flies, insects obviously
that were
more vulnerable to any decrease in plant
all important pollinators of numerous species of fecundity that
plants
occurs, whatever its cause. If, on the other hand,
growing beneath the tree canopy of forests. The
vegetafecuntive growth and dispersal (by means of shoots
dity of plants in one common indigenous
or runners)
species, the
are available as alternative reproductive
(25) red-osier dogwood, was significantly reduced strategies for a
in the
(45) species, then decreases in plant fecundity may
sprayed areas as compared to that of plants in be of little
control
consequence. The fecundity effects described
plots where Matacil was not sprayed. This here are
species is
likely to have the most profound impact on
highly dependent on the insect-pollinators most plant species
vulnerwith all four of the following characteristics: a
able to Matacil. The creeping dogwood, a short life
species similar
span, a narrow geographic range, an incapacity
(30) to the red-osier dogwood, but which is
for vegepollinated by
(50) tative propagation, and a dependence on a
large bees, such as bumblebees, showed no small number
significant
of insect-pollinator species. Perhaps we should
decline in fecundity. Since large bees are not
give special
affected by
attention to the conservation of such plant
the spraying of Matacil. these results and weight species since
to the
they lack key factors in their defenses against
- 61 -

the environmental disruption caused by pesticide use.

(D) Respond to the fecundity decline by

producing more
flowers.
1. Which of the following best summarizes the (E) Attract large insects as pollinators
main point
of the passage?
3. The passage suggests that the lack of an
(A) Species interdependence is a point of observed
weakness for
decline in the fecundity of the creeping dogwood
some plants, but is generally beneficial to strengthens the researchers conclusions regarding
insects
pesticide use because the
involved in pollination.
(A) creeping dogwood its a species that does not
(B) Efforts to control the spruce budworm have resemble other forest plants
had
(B) creeping dogwood is a species pollinated by a
deleterious effects on the red-osier dogwood.
broader range of insect species than are most
(C) The used of pesticides may be endangering dogwood species
certain
(C) creeping dogwood grows primarily in regions
plant species dependent on insects for that
pollination.
were not sprayed with pesticide, and so served
(D) The spraying of pesticides can reduce the as a
fecundity
control for the experiment
of a plant species, but probably does not affect (D) creeping dogwood is similar to the red-osier
its
dogwood, but its insect pollinators are known to
overall population stability.
be
(E) Plant species lacking key factors in their
insensitive to the pesticide used in the study
defenses
(E) geographical range of the creeping dogwood
against human environmental disruption will
is
probably become extinct.
similar to that of the red-osier dogwood, but the
latter species relies less on seeds for
2. According to the author, a flowering plant reproduction
species whose
fecundity has declined due to pesticide spraying 4. The passage suggests that which of the following
may
is true
not experience an overall population decline if the of the forest regions in New Brunswick sprayed
plant
with
species can do which of the following?
most anti-budworm pesticides other than Matacil?
(A) Reproduce itself by means of shoots and (A) The fecundity of some flowering plants in
runners.
those
(B) Survive to the end of the growing season.
regions may have decreased to an even greater
(C) Survive in harsh climates.
degree than in the regions where Matacil is
- 62 -

used.
(B) Insect mortality in those regions occurs 6. It can be inferred from the passage that which of
mostly
the
among the larger species of insects, such as
following plant species would be LEAST likely to
bumblebees.
experience a decrease in fecundity as a result of
(C) The number of seeds produced by common the
plant
spraying of a pesticide not directly toxic to plants?
species in those regions is probably comparable (A) A flowering tree pollinated by only a few
to
insect
the number produced where Matacil is sprayed.
species
(D) Many more plant species have become extinct (B) A kind of insect-pollinated vine producing
in
few
those regions than in the regions where Matacil flowers
is
(C) A wind-pollinated flowering tree that is shortused.
lived
(E) The spruce budworm is under better control in (D) A flowering shrub pollinated by a large
those
number of
regions than in the regions where Matacil is insect species
sprayed.
(E) A type of wildflower typically pollinated by
larger
5. It can be inferred that which of the following is insects
true of
7. Which of the following assumptions most
plant fecundity as it is defined in the passage?
probably
(A) A plants fecundity decreases as the underlies the authors tentative recommendation
percentage of
in
unpollinated flowers on the plant increases
lines 51-54?
(B) A plants fecundity decreases as the number of (A) Human activities that result in environmental
flowers produced by the plant decreases.
disruption should be abandoned.
(C) A plants fecundity increases as the number of (B) The use of pesticides is likely to continue into
flowers produced by the plant increases.
the
(D) A plants fecundity is usually low if the plant future.
relies
(C) It is economically beneficial to preserve
on a small number of insect species for endanpollination.
gered plant species.
(E) A plants fecundity is high if the plant can (D) Preventing the endangerment of a species is
reproduce
less
quickly by means of vegetative growth as well costly than trying to save an already endangered
as by
one.
the production of seeds.
(E) Conservation efforts aimed at preserving a
- 63 -

few welleconomic and demographic character of early

chosen species are more cost-effective than are
New England towns
broader-based efforts to improve the (20) varied considerably.
environment.
Bailyns third proposition suggests two
general
Passage 21
patterns prevailing among the many thousands
Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the of
early
migrants: one group came as indentured
history of the United States by applying new
servants,
social
another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,
research findings on the experiences of
Bailyn
European
(25) suggests that those who recruited indentured
migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration servants
becomes the
were the driving forces of transatlantic
(5) organizing principle for rewriting the history of
migration. These
preincolonial entrepreneurs helped determine the
dustrial North America. His approach rests on
social charfour
acter of people who came to preindustrial North
separate propositions.
America.
The first of these asserts that residents of early
At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were
modern England moved regularly about their recruited;
coun(30) by the 1730s, however, American employers
(10) tryside; migrating to the New World was demanded
simply a
skilled artisans.
natural spillover. Although at first the
Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a
colonies held
halflittle positive attraction for the English---they civilized hinterland of the European culture
would
system. He
rather have stayed homeby the eighteenth
is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies
century
were
people increasingly migrated to America (35) part of an Anglo-American empire. But to
because they
divide the
(15) regarded it as the land of opportunity. empire into English core and colonial periphery,
Secondly, Bailyn
as
holds that, contrary to the notion that used to
Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of
flourish in
colonial
America history textbooks, there was never a
culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high
typical
culture in
New World community. For example, the the colonies never matched that in England. But
- 64 -

what
1. Which of the following statements about
(40) of seventeenth-century New England, where migrants to
the settlers
colonial North America is supported by
created effective laws, built a distinguished information in
university,
the passage?
and published books? Bailyn might respond that (A) A larger percentage of migrants to colonial
New
North
England was exceptional. However, the ideas
America came as indentured servants than as
and instifree
tutions developed by New England Puritans had agents interested in acquiring land.
power(B) Migrants who came to the colonies as
(45) ful effects on North American culture.
indentured
Although Bailyn goes on to apply his servants were more successful at making a
approach to
livelihood than were farmers and artisans.
some thousands of indentured servants who (C) Migrants to colonial North America were
migrated
more
just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their successful at acquiring their own land during the
experieighteenth century than during the seven-tenth
ence with the political development of the century.
United States.
(D) By the 1730s, migrants already skilled in a
(50) Evidence presented in his work suggests how trade were in more demand by American
we might
employers than were unskilled laborers.
make such a connection. These indentured (E) A significant percentage of migrants who
servants were
came to
treated as slaves for the period during which
the colonies to acquire land were forced to work
they had
as
sold their time to American employers. It is not field hands for prosperous American farmers.
surprising
2. The author of the passage states that Bailyn
that as soon as they served their time they failed to
passed up
(A) give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and
(55) good wages in the cities and headed west to political
ensure their
interdependence of the colonies and England
personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, (B) describe carefully how migrants of different
it is in
ethnic
the west that a peculiarly American political
backgrounds preserved their culture in the
culture
united
began, among colonists who were suspicious of
States
authority and intensely antiaristocratic.
(C) take advantage of social research on the
experi- 65 -

ences of colonists who migrated to colonial by

North
the high culture of New England.
America specifically to acquire land
(E) New England communities were able to create
(D) relate the experience of the migrants to the laws
political
and build a university, but unable to create
values that eventually shaped the character of anything
the
innovative in the arts.
United States
5. According to the passage, which of the following
(E) investigate the lives of Europeans before they is true
came
of English migrants to the colonies during the
to colonial North America to determine more
eighteenth century?
adequately their motivations for migrating
(A) Most of them were farmers rather than trades
people or artisans.
3. Which of the following best summarizes the (B) Most of them came because they were unable
authors
to find work in England.
evaluation of Bailyns fourth proposition?
(C) They differed from other English people in
(A) It is totally implausible.
that
(B) It is partially correct.
they were willing to travel.
(C) It is highly admirable.
(D) They expected that the colonies would offer
(D) It is controversial though persuasive.
them increased opportunity.
(E) It is intriguing though unsubstantiated.
(E) They were generally not as educated as the
people who remained in England.
4. According to the passage, Bailyn and the author
agree
6. The author of the passage is primarily concerned
on which of the following statements about the with
culture
(A) comparing several current interpretations of
of colonial New England?
early
(A) High culture in New England never equaled American history
the high
(B) suggesting that new social research on
culture of England.
migration
(B) The cultural achievements of colonial New
should lead to revisions in current
England have generally been unrecognized by interpretations of
historians.
early American history
(C) The colonists imitated the high culture of (C) providing the theoretical framework that is
England,
used by
and did not develop a culture that was uniquely most historians in understanding early American
their
history
own.
(D) refuting an argument about early American
(D) The southern colonies were greatly influenced history
- 66 -

that has been proposed by social historians

Anglo-American empire is misleading and
(E) discussing a reinterpretation of early incorrect.
American
(D) Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a
history that is based on new social research on specific
migration
group of migrants to colonial North America.
(E) Bailyn overemphasizes the experiences of
7. It can be inferred from the passage that migrants
American
to the New England colonies, and neglects the
history textbooks used to assert that
southern and the western parts of the New
(A) many migrants to colonial North America World.
were not
successful financially
(B) more migrants came to America out of
Passage 22
religious or
Many United States companies have,
political conviction that came in the hope of
unfortunately,
acquiring land
made the search for legal protection from
(C) New England communities were much alike
import
in
competition into a major line of work. Since
terms of their economics and demographics
1980 the
(D) many migrants to colonial North America United States International Trade Commission
failed to
(ITC)
maintain ties with their European relations
(5) has received about 280 complaints alleging
(E) the level of literacy in New England damage
communities
from imports that benefit from subsidies by
was very high
foreign
governments. Another 340 charge that foreign
8. The author of the passage would be most likely
compato agree
nies dumped their products in the United
with which of the following statements about
States at
Bailyns
less than fair value. Even when no unfair
work?
practices
(A) Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan (10) are alleged, the simple claim that an industry
thought
has been
on North American culture
injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek
(B) Bailyn overemphasizes the economic
relief.
dependence of
Contrary to the general impression, this quest
the colonies on Great Britain.
for
(C) Bailyns description of the colonies as part of
import relief has hurt more companies than it
an
has
- 67 -

helped. As corporations begin to function

dumping
globally, they
(35) rock salt, used to de-ice roads. The bizarre
(15) develop an intricate web of marketing, aspect of the
production, and
complaint was that a foreign conglomerate with
research relationships, The complexity of these
United
relationStates operations was crying for help against a
ships makes it unlikely that a system of import
United
relief
States company with foreign operations. The
laws will meet the strategic needs of all the
United
units under
States company claiming injury was a
the same parent company.
subsidiary of a
(20) Internationalization increases the danger that (40) Dutch conglomerate, while the Canadian
foreign
companies
companies will use import relief laws against
included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was
the very
the
companies the laws were designed to protect.
second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.
Suppose a
1. The passage is chiefly concerned with
United States-owned company establishes an
(A) arguing against the increased
overseas
internationalization of
plant to manufacture a product while its United States corporations
competitor
(B) warning that the application of laws affecting
(25) makes the same product in the United States. trade
If the
frequently has unintended consequences
competitor can prove injury from the imports--(C) demonstrating that foreign-based firms
and
receive more
that the United States company received a
subsidies from their governments than United
subsidy from
States
a foreign government to build its plant abroad
firms receive from the United States
the
government
United States companys products will be (D) advocating the use of trade restrictions for
uncompetidumped products but not for other imports
(30) tive in the United States, since they would be (E) recommending a uniform method for handling
subject to
claims of unfair trade practices
duties.
Perhaps the most brazen case occurred when the 2. It can be inferred from the passage that the
ITC
minimal
investigated
allegations
that
Canadian basis for a complaint to the International Trade
companies were
Commission is which of the following?
injuring the United States salt industry by (A) A foreign competitor has received a subsidy
- 68 -

from a
dangers?
foreign government.
(A) Companies in the United States may receive
(B) A foreign competitor has substantially no
increased the
protection from imports unless they actively
volume of products shipped to the United seek
States.
protection from import competition.
(C) A foreign competitor is selling products in the (B) Companies that seek legal protection from
United States at less than fair market value.
import
(D) The company requesting import relief has
competition may incur legal costs that far
been
exceed
injured by the sale of imports in the United any possible gain.
States.
(C) Companies that are United States-owned but
(E) The company requesting import relief has operate
been
internationally may not be eligible for
barred from exporting products to the country of protection
its
from import competition under the laws of the
foreign competitor.
countries in which their plants operate.
(D) Companies that are not United States-owned
3. The last paragraph performs which of the may
following
seek legal protection from import competition
functions in the passage?
under
(A) It summarizes the discussion thus far and United States import relief laws.
suggests
(E) Companies in the United States that import
additional areas of research.
raw
(B) It presents a recommendation based on the
materials may have to pay duties on those
evidence
materials.
presented earlier.
5. The passage suggests that which of the following
(C) It discusses an exceptional case in which the is
results
most likely to be true of United States trade laws?
expected by the author of the passage were not (A) They will eliminate the practice of dumping
obtained.
products in the United States.
(D) It introduces an additional area of concern not (B) They will enable manufacturers in the United
mentioned earlier.
States to compete more profitably outside the
(E) It cites a specific case that illustrates a United States.
problem
(C) They will affect United States trade with
presented more generally in the previous Canada
paragraph.
more negatively than trade with other nations.
(D) Those that help one unit within a parent
4. The passage warns of which of the following company
- 69 -

will not necessarily help other units in the import relief

company.
(D) been opposed by the business community
(E) Those that are applied to international (E) had less impact on international companies
companies
than the
will accomplish their intended result.
business community expected
6. It can be inferred from the passage that the 8. According to the passage, the International Trade
author
Commission is involved in which of the
believes which of the following about the following?
complaint
(A) Investigating allegations of unfair import
mentioned in the last paragraph?
competition
(A) The ITC acted unfairly toward the (B) Granting subsidies to companies in the United
complainant
States
in its investigation.
that have been injured by import competition
(B) The complaint violated the intent of import (C) Recommending legislation to ensure fair
relief
(D) Identifying international corporations that
laws.
wish to
(C) The response of the ITC to the complaint build plants in the United States
provided
(E) Assisting corporations in the United States
suitable relief from unfair trade practices to the that wish
complainant.
to compete globally
(D) The ITC did not have access to appropriate
information concerning the case.
(E) Each of the companies involved in the
Passage 23
complaint
At the end of the nineteenth century, a rising
acted in its own best interest.
interest
in Native American customs and an increasing
7. According to the passage, companies have the desire to
general
understand Native American culture prompted
impression that International Trade Commission ethnoloimport
gists to begin recording the life stories of Native
relief practices have
Amer(A) caused unpredictable fluctuations in volumes (5) ican. Ethnologists had a distinct reason for
of
wanting to
imports and exports
hear the stories: they were after linguistic or
(B) achieved their desired effect only under
anthropounusual
logical data that would supplement their own
circumstances
field
(C) actually helped companies that have requested
observations, and they believed that the
- 70 -

personal
what elements were significant to the field
stories, even of a single individual, could research on a
increase their
(30) given tribe. Native Americans recognized that
(10) understanding of the cultures that they had the
been
essence of their lives could not be
observing from without. In addition many communicated in
ethnologists
English and that events that they thought
at the turn of the century believed that Native
significant
Amerwere often deemed unimportant by their
ican manners and customs were rapidly interviewers.
disappearing,
Indeed, the very act of telling their stories could
and that it was important to preserve for force
posterity as
(35) Native American narrators to distort their
(15) much information as could be adequately cultures, as
recorded
taboos had to be broken to speak the names of
before the cultures disappeared forever.
dead
There were, however, arguments against this relatives crucial to their family stories.
method
Despite all of this, autobiography remains a
as a way of acquiring accurate and complete useful
informatool for ethnological research: such personal
tion. Franz Boas, for example, described
reminisautobiogra(40) cences and impressions, incomplete as they
(20) phies as being of limited value, and useful may be, are
chiefly for
likely to throw more light on the working of the
the study of the perversion of truth by memory, mind
while
and emotions than any amount of speculation
Paul Radin contended that investigators rarely from an
spent
ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another
enough time with the tribes they were
culture.
observing, and
inevitably derived results too tinged by the 1. Which of the following best describes the
investiorganization
(25) gators own emotional tone to be reliable.
of the passage?
Even more importantly, as these life stories (A) The historical backgrounds of two currently
moved
used
from the traditional oral mode to recorded
research methods are chronicled.
written
(B) The validity of the data collected by using two
form, much was inevitably lost. Editors often different research methods is compared.
decided
(C) The usefulness of a research method is
- 71 -

questioned
(A) life stories provide deeper insights into a
and then a new method is proposed.
culture
(D) The use of a research method is described and
than the hypothesizing of academics who are
the
not
limitations of the results obtained are discussed. members of that culture
(E) A research method is evaluated and the (B) life stories can be collected easily and they are
changes
not
necessary for its adaptation to other subject subject to invalid interpretations
areas are
(C) ethnologists have a limited number of
discussed.
research
methods from which to choose
2. Which of the following is most similar to the (D) life stories make it easy to distinguish
actions of
between the
nineteenth-century ethnologists in their editing of important and unimportant features of a culture
the
(E) the collection of life stories does not require a
life stories of Native Americans?
culturally knowledgeable investigator
(A) A witness in a jury trial invokes the Fifth
Amendment in order to avoid relating 4. Information in the passage suggests that which
personally
of
incriminating evidence.
the following may be a possible way to eliminate
(B) A stockbroker refuses to divulge the source of bias in the editing of life stories?
her
(A) Basing all inferences made about the culture
information on the possible future increase in a
on an ethnological theory
stocks value.
(B) Eliminating all of the emotion-laden
(C) A sports announcer describes the action in a information
team
reported by the informant
sport with which he is unfamiliar.
(C) Translating the informants words into the
(D) A chef purposely excludes the special researchers language
ingredient
(D) Reducing the number of questions and
from the recipe of his prizewinning dessert.
carefully
(E) A politician fails to mention in a campaign specifying the content of the questions that the
speech
investigator can ask the informant
the similarities in the positions held by her (E) Reporting all of the information that the
opponent
informant
for political office and by herself.
provides regardless of the investigators
personal
3. According to the passage, collecting life stories opinion about its intrinsic value
can be a
useful methodology because
5. The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is
- 72 -

to
(A) question an explanation
(B) correct a misconception
(C) critique a methodology
(D) discredit an idea
(E) clarify an ambiguity

(D) The number of life stories collected by the

researchers
(E) The verifiability of the information provided
by the
research informants

8. It can be inferred from the passage that the

6. It can be inferred from the passage that a author would
characteristic
be most likely to agree with which of the
of the ethnological research on Native Americans following
conducted during the nineteenth century was the statements about the usefulness of life stories as a
use
source
of which of the following?
of ethnographic information?
(A) Investigators familiar with the culture under (A) They can be a source of information about
study
how
(B) A language other than the informants for
people in a culture view the world.
recording
(B) They are most useful as a source of linguistic
life stories
information.
(C) Life stories as the ethnologists primary (C) They require editing and interpretation before
source of
they
information
can be useful.
(D) Complete transcriptions of informants
(D) They are most useful as a source of
descriptions
information
of tribal beliefs
about ancestry.
(E) Stringent guidelines for the preservation of (E) They provide incidental information rather
cultural
than
data
significant insights into a way of life.
7. The passage mentions which of the following as
a factor
Passage 24
that can affect the accuracy of ethnologists
All of the cells in a particular plant start out
transcriptions of life stories?
with the
(A) The informants social standing within the same complement of genes. How then can these
culture
cells
(B) The inclusiveness of the theory that provided differentiate and form structures as different as
the
roots,
basis for the research
stems, leaves, and fruits? The answer is that only
(C) The length of time the researchers spent in the a
culture under study
(5) small subset of the genes in a particular kind of
- 73 -

cell are
from the
expressed, or turned on, at a given time. This is
hypothalamus in the brain stimulate the anterior
accomlobe
plished by a complex system of chemical
of the pituitary gland to synthesize and release
messengers
many
that in plants include hormones and other
different hormones, one of which stimulates the
regulatory
release
molecules. Five major hormones have been (30) of hormones from the adrenal cortex. These
identified:
hormones
(10) auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinin, ethylene, and have specific effects on target organs all over the
gibberelbody.
lin. Studies of plants have now identified a new
One hormone stimulates the thyroid gland, for
class of
example, another the ovarian follicle cells, and
regulatory molecules called oligosaccharins.
so forth.
Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well- In other words, there is a hierarchy of
known plant
hormones.
hormones are pleiotropic rather than specific, (35) Such a hierarchy may also exist in plants.
that is,
Oligosac(15) each has more than one effect on the growth
charins are fragments of the cell wall released
and develby
opment of plants. The five has so many enzymes: different enzymes release different
simultaneous
oligosaceffects that they are not very useful in
charins. There are indications that pleiotropic
artificially
plant
controlling the growth of crops. Auxin, for hormones may actually function by activating the
instance,
(40) enzymes that release these other, more specific
stimulates the rate of cell elongation, causes chemical
shoots to
messengers from the cell wall.
(20) grow up and roots to grow down, and inhibits
the
1. According to the passage, the five well-known
growth of lateral shoots. Auxin also causes the plant
plant to
hormones are not useful in controlling the growth
develop a vascular system, to form lateral roots, of
and to
crops because
produce ethylene.
(A) it is not known exactly what functions the
The pleiotropy of the five well-studied plant
hormones
(25) hormones is somewhat analogous to that of perform
certain
(B) each hormone has various effects on plants
hormones in animal. For example, hormones (C) none of the hormones can function without
- 74 -

the
others
4. The author mentions specific effects that auxin
(D) each hormone has different effects on has on
different kinds
plant development in order to illustrate the
of plants
(A) point that some of the effects of plant
(E) each hormone works on only a small subset of hormones can
a
be harmful
cells genes at any particular time
(B) way in which hormones are produced by
plants
2. The passage suggests that the place of (C) hierarchical nature of the functioning of plant
hypothalamic
hormones
hormones in the hormonal hierarchies of animals (D) differences among the best-known plant
is
hormones
similar to the place of which of the following in (E) concept of pleiotropy as it is exhibited by
plants?
plant
(A) Plant cell walls
hormones
(B) The complement of genes in each plant cell
(C) A subset of a plant cells gene complement
5. According to the passage, which of the following
(D) The five major hormones
best
(E) The oligosaccharins
describes a function performed by
oligosaccharins?
3. The passage suggests that which of the following (A) Regulating the daily functioning of a plants
is a
cells
function likely to be performed by an (B) Interacting with one another to produce
oligosaccharin?
different
(A) To stimulate a particular plant cell to become chemicals
part of
(C) Releasing specific chemical messengers from
a plants root system
a
(B) To stimulate the walls of a particular cell to plants cell walls
produce
(D) Producing the hormones that cause plant cells
other oligosaccharins
to
(C) To activate enzymes that release specific differentiate to perform different functions
chemical
(E) Influencing the development of a plants cells
messengers from plant cell walls
by
(D) To duplicate the gene complement in a controlling the expression of the cells genes
particular
plant cell
6. The passage suggests that, unlike the pleiotropic
(E) To produce multiple effects on a particular
hormones, oligosaccharins could be used
subsystem of plant cells
effectively
- 75 -

to
Western
(A) trace the passage of chemicals through the ideas, and a distraction from the real task of
walls of
national
cells
unification and economic development. Even
(B) pinpoint functions of other plant hormones
supporters
(C) artificially control specific aspects of the
underestimated the program ; they thought it
development of crops
would be
(D) alter the complement of genes in the cells of (10) merely another of the many Western ideas that
plants
had
(E) alter the effects of the five major hormones on
already proved useful in Asian culture, akin to
plant development
airlines,
electricity, and the assembly line. The founders
7. The author discusses animal hormones primarily of the
in
program, however, realized that neither view
order to
was
(A) introduce the idea of a hierarchy of hormones
correct. They had some reservations about the
(B) explain the effects that auxin has on plant
applicells
(15) cability of Western feminist theories to the role
(C) contrast the functioning of plant hormones of
and
women in Asia and felt that such theories
animals hormones
should be
(D) illustrate the way in which particular
closely examined. Their approach has thus far
hormones
yielded
affect animals
important critiques of Western theory, informed
(E) explain the distinction between hormones and
by the
regulatory molecules
special experience of Asian women.
(20)
For instance, like the Western feminist
critique of the
Passage 25
Freudian model of the human psyche, the
In 1977 the prestigious Ewha Womens Korean critique finds Freudian theory cultureUniversity in
bound, but in
Seoul, Korea, announced the opening of the first ways different from those cited by Western
womens studies program in Asia. Few
theorists.
academic
The Korean theorists claim that Freudian theory
programs have ever received such public (25) assumes the universality of the Western
attention. In
nuclear, male(5) broadcast debates, critics dismissed the headed family and focuses on the personality
program as a
formation
betrayal of national identity, an imitation of
of the individual, independent of society, An
- 76 -

analysis
womens
based on such assumptions could be valid for a
psychology because men are also dependent,
highly
In
competitive, individualistic society. In the Korean culture, men cry and otherwise easily
Freudian
show their
(30) family drama, family members are assumed to (50) emotions, something that might be considered
be
a betrayal
engaged in a Darwinian struggle against each
of masculinity in Western culture. In the
other
kinship-based
father against son and sibling against sibling.
society of Korea, four generations may live in
Such a
the same
concept of projects the competitive model of
house, which means that people can be sons and
Western
daughsociety onto human personalities. But in the
ters all their lives, whereas in Western culture,
Asian
the roles
(35) concept of personality there is no ideal
of husband and son, wife and daughter, are
attached to indi
often incomvidualism or to the independent self. The patible.
Western model
of personality development does not explain 1. Which of the following best summarizes the
major charcontent of
acteristics of the Korean personality, which is the passage?
social and
(A) A critique of a particular womens studies
group-centered. The self is a social being program
defined by
(B) A report of work in social theory done by a
(40) and acting in a group, and the well-being of particular womens studies program
both men
(C) An assessment of the strengths and
and women is determined by the equilibrium of weaknesses
the
of a particular womens studies program
group, not by individual self-assertion. The ideal (D) An analysis of the philosophy underlying
is one
womens studies programs
of interdependency.
(E) An abbreviated history of Korean womens
In such a context, what is recognized as studies programs
depen(45) dency in Western psychiatric terms is not, in 2. It can be inferred from the passage that Korean
Korean
scholars in the field of womens studies undertook
terms, an admission of weakness or failure. All an analysis of Freudian theory as a response to
this bears
which of the following?
directly on the Asian perception of mens and (A) Attacks by critics of the Ewha womens
- 77 -

studies
broadcast
program
media in Korea considered the establishment of
(B) The superficiality of earlier critiques of the
Freudian
Ewha womens studies program
theory
(A) praiseworthy
(C) The popularity of Freud in Korean psychiatric (B) insignificant
circles
(C) newsworthy
(D) Their desire to encourage Korean scholars to (D) imitative
adopt the Freudian model
(E) incomprehensible
(E) Their assessment of the relevance and
limitations of
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the
Western feminist theory with respect to Korean position
culture
taken by some of the supporters of the Ewha
womens
3. Which of the following conclusions about the
studies program was problematic to the founders
introduction of Western ideas to Korean society of the
can be
program because those supporters
supported by information contained in the (A) assumed that the program would be based on
passage?
the
(A) Except for technological innovations, few
uncritical adoption of Western theory
Western
(B) failed to show concern for the issues of
ideas have been successfully transplanted into national
Korean society.
unification and economic development
(B) The introduction of Western ideas to Korean (C) were unfamiliar with Western feminist theory
society
(D) were not themselves scholars in the field of
is viewed by some Koreans as a challenge to
womens studies
Korean identity.
(E) accepted the universality of Freudian theory
(C) The development of the Korean economy
depends
6. Which of the following statements is most
heavily on the development of new academic consistent
programs modeled after Western programs.
with the view of personality development held by
(D) The extent to which Western ideas must be the
adapted
Ewha womens studies group?
for acceptance by Korean society is minimal.
(A) Personality development occurs in
(E) The introduction of Western ideas to Korean identifiable
society
stages, beginning with dependency in childhood
accelerated after 1977.
and ending with independence in adulthood.
(B) Any theory of personality development, in
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the order
- 78 -

to be valid, must be universal.

(A) only
(C) Personality development is influenced by the (B) and only
characteristics of the society in which a person (C) ,,and only
lives.
(D) , , and only
(D) Personality development is hindered if a (E) ,,, and
person
is not permitted to be independent.
(E) No theory of personality development can
Passage 26
account
In choosing a method for determining climatic
for the differences between Korean and Western condiculture.
tions that existed in the past, paleoclimatologists
invoke
7. Which of the following statements about the
four principal criteria. First, the material--Western
rocks, lakes,
feminist critique of Freudian theory can be
vegetation, etcon which the method relies
supported
must be
by information contained in the passage?
(5) widespread enough to provide plenty of
(A) It recognizes the influence of Western culture information,
on
since analysis of material that is rarely
Freudian theory.
encountered will
(B) It was written after 1977.
not permit correlation with other regions or with
(C) It acknowledges the universality of the
other
nuclear,
periods of geological history. Second, in the
male-headed family.
process of
(D) It challenges Freuds analysis of the role of
formation, the material must have received an
daughters in Western society.
environ(E) It fails to address the issue of competitiveness (10) mental signal that reflects a change in climate
in
and that
Western society.
can be deciphered by modern physical or
chemical
8. According to the passage, critics of the Ewha
means. Third, at least some of the material must
womens
have
studies program cited the program as a threat to
retained the signal unaffected by subsequent
which
changes in
of the following?
the environment. Fourth, it must be possible to
. National identity
deter. National unification
(15) mine the time at which the inferred climatic
. Economic development
conditions
.Family integrity
held. This last criterion is more easily met in
- 79 -

dating
increased precipitation. On the basis of snowmarine sediments, because dating of only a line elevasmall
tions, however, it has been concluded that the
number of layers in a marine sequence allows
climate
the age of
then was not necessarily wetter than it is now,
other layers to be estimated fairly reliably by
but rather
extrapola(40) that both summers and winters were cooler,
(20) tion and interpolation. By contrast, because resulting in
sedimentareduced evaporation.
tion is much less continuous in continental
Another problematic method is to reconstruct
regions, estiformer
mating the age of a continental bed from the
climates on the basis of pollen profiles. The
known
type of vegeages of beds above and below is more risky.
tation in a specific region is determined by
One very old method used in the investigation
identifying
of past
(45) and counting the various pollen grains found
(25) climatic conditions involves the measurement there.
of water
Although the relationship between vegetation
levels in ancient lakes. In temperate regions, and
there are
climate is not as direct as the relationship
enough lakes for correlations between them to between
give us a
climate and lake levels, the method often works
reliable picture. In arid and semiarid regions, on well in
the
the temperate zones. In arid and semiarid
other hand, the small number of lakes and the regions in
great
(50) which there is not much vegetation, however,
(30) distances between them reduce the small
possibilities for correchanges in one or a few plant types can change
lation. Moreover, since lake levels are the
controlled by rates
picture
dramatically,
making
accurate
of evaporation as well as by precipitation, the correlations
interpretabetween neighboring areas difficult to obtain.
tion of such levels is ambiguous. For instance,
the fact
1. Which of the following statements about the
that lake levels in the semiarid southwestern difference between marine and continental
United
sedimentation is supported by information in the
(35) States appear to have been higher during the passage?
last ice age
(A) Data provided by dating marine sedimentation
than they are now was at one time attributed to is
- 80 -

more consistent with researchers findings in

choosing a
other disciplines than is data provided by dating
material for determining past climatic
continental sedimentation.
conditions
(B) It is easier to estimate the age of a layer in a
and then discusses how two such methods have
sequence of continental sedimentation than it
yielded contradictory data.
is to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence
(E) The author describes how methods for
of marine sedimentation.
determining
(C) Marine sedimentation is much less
past climatic conditions were first developed
widespread
and
than continental sedimentation.
then describes two of the earliest known
(D) Researchers are more often forced to rely on methods.
extrapolation when dating a layer of marine
sedimentation than when dating a layer of
3. It can be inferred from the passage that
continental sedimentation.
paleoclimatologists have concluded which of the
(E) Marine sedimentation is much more following on the basis of their study of snow-line
continuous
elevations in the southwestern United States?
than is continental sedimentation.
(A) There is usually more precipitation during an
ice age
2. Which of the following statements best describes
because of increased amounts of evaporation.
the
(B) There was less precipitation during the last ice
organization of the passage as a whole?
age
(A) The author describes a method for than there is today.
determining past
(C) Lake levels in the semiarid southwestern
climatic conditions and then offers specific
United
examples of situations in which it has been
States were lower during the last ice age than
used.
they
(B) The author discusses the method of dating are today.
marine
(D) During the last ice age, cooler weather led to
and continental sequences and then explains lower
how
lake levels than paleoclimatologists had
dating is more difficult with lake levels than previously
with
assumed.
pollen profiles.
(E) The high lake levels during the last ice age
(C) The author describes the common may have
requirements of
been a result of less evaporation rather than
methods for determining past climatic more
conditions
precipitation.
and then discusses examples of such methods.
(D) The author describes various ways of 4. Which of the following would be the most likely
- 81 -

topic
environmental signal found in geological material
for a paragraph that logically continues the would not be useful to paleoclimatologists if it
passage?
(A) had to be interpreted by modern chemical
(A) The kinds of plants normally found in arid means
regions
(B) reflected a change in climate rather than a
(B) The effect of variation in lake levels on pollen longdistribution
term climatic condition
(C) The material best suited to preserving signals (C) was incorporated into a material as the
of
material was
climatic changes
forming
(D) Other criteria invoked by paleoclimatologists
(D) also reflected subsequent environmental
when
changes
choosing a method to determine past climatic
(E) was contained in a continental rather than a
conditions
marine
(E) A third method for investigating past climatic
sequence
conditions
7. According to the passage, the material used to
5. The author discusses lake levels in the determine
southwestern
past climatic conditions must be widespread for
United States in order to
which
(A) illustrate the mechanics of the relationship of the following reasons?
between
.Paleoclimatologists need to make
lake level, evaporation, and precipitation
comparisons
(B) provide an example of the uncertainty between periods of geological history.
involved in
. Paleoclimatologists need to compare materials
interpreting lake levels
that
(C) prove that there are not enough ancient lakes have supported a wide variety of vegetation.
with
. Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons
which to make accurate correlations
with
(D) explain the effects of increased rates of data collected in other regions.
evaporation
(A) only
on levels of precipitation
(B) only
(E) suggest that snow-line elevations are (C) and only
invariably
(D) and only
more accurate than lake levels in determining (E) and only
rates
of precipitation at various points in the past
8. Which of the following can be inferred from the
passage
6. It can be inferred from the passage that an
about the study of past climates in arid and
- 82 -

semiarid
(5)
competitivenessthrough
costcutting
regions?
programs. (Cost(A) It is sometimes more difficult to determine
cutting here is defined as raising labor output
past
while
climatic conditions in arid and semiarid holding the amount of labor constant.)
regions than
However, from
in temperate regions.
1978 through 1982, productivitythe value of
(B) Although in the past more research has been goods
done on
manufactured divided by the amount of labor
temperate regions, paleoclimatologists have
input
recently turned their attention to arid and (10) did not improve; and while the results were
semiarid
better in the
regions.
business upturn of the three years following,
(C) Although more information about past
they ran 25
climates can
percent lower than productivity improvements
be gathered in arid and semiarid than in
during
temperate
earlier, post-1945 upturns. At the same time, it
regions, dating this information is more
became clear that the harder manufactures
difficult.
worked to imple(D) It is difficult to study the climatic history of (15) ment cost-cutting, the more they lost their
arid and
competitive
semiarid regions because their climates have edge.
tended
With this paradox in mind, I recently visited
to vary more than those of temperate regions.
25
(E) The study of past climates in arid and semiarid companies; it became clear to me that the costregions has been neglected because temperate
cutting
regions support a greater variety of plant and
approach to increasing productivity is
animal
fundamentally
life.
(20) flawed. Manufacturing regularly observes a
40, 40, 20
rule. Roughly 40 percent of any manufacturingPassage 27
based
Since the late 1970s, in the face of a severe competitive advantage derives from long-term
loss of
changes
market share in dozens of industries, in manufacturing structure (decisions about the
manufacturers in
number,
the United States have been trying to improve size, location, and capacity of facilities) and in
producapproaches
tivityand therefore enhance their international (25) to materials. Another 40 percent comes from
- 83 -

major
until recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation,
changes in equipment and process technology. but it has
The final
created a penny-pinching, mechanistic culture
20 percent rests on implementing conventional in most
costfactories that has kept away creative managers.
cutting. This rule does not imply that costEvery company I know that has freed itself
cutting should
from the
not be tried. The well-known tools of this (50) paradox has done so, in part, by developing
approach
and imple(30) including simplifying jobs and retraining
menting a manufacturing strategy. Such a
employees to
strategy
work smarter, not harderdo produce results.
focuses on the manufacturing structure and on
But the
equiptools quickly reach the limits of what they can
ment and process technology. In one company a
contribute.
manuAnother problem is that the cost-cutting facturing strategy that allowed different areas of
approach
the
(35) hinders innovation and discourages creative (55) factory to specialize in different markets
people. As
replaced the
Abernathys study of automobile manufacturers conventional cost-cutting approach; within three
has
years
shown, an industry can easily become prisoner
the company regained its competitive
of its
advantage.
own investments in cost-cutting techniques,
Together with such strategies, successful
reducing its
companies are
ability to develop new products. And managers
also encouraging managers to focus on a wider
under
set of
(40) pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist objectives besides cutting costs. There is hope
innovation
for manufacturing, but it clearly rests on a
because they know that more fundamental
different way of
changes in
managing.
processes or systems will wreak havoc with the
results on
1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned
which they are measured. Production managers with
have
(A) summarizing a thesis
always seen their job as one of minimizing costs (B) recommending a different approach
and
(C) comparing points of view
(45) maximizing output. This dimension of (D) making a series of predictions
performance has
(E) describing a number of paradoxes
- 84 -

increasing productivity
2. It can be inferred from the passage that the (D) suggest the centrality in the United States
manufacturrs
economy
mentioned in line 2 expected that the measures of a particular manufacturing industry
they
(E) given an example of research that has
implemented would
questioned the
(A) encourage innovation
wisdom of revising a manufacturing strategy
(B) keep labor output constant
(C) increase their competitive advantage
5. The authors attitude toward the culture in most
(D) permit business upturns to be more easily factories
predicted
is best described as
(E) cause managers to focus on a wider set of (A) cautious
objectives
(B) critical
(C) disinterested
3. The primary function of the first paragraph of (D) respectful
the
(E) adulatory
passage is to
(A) outline in brief the authors argument
6. In the passage, the author includes all of the
(B) anticipate challenges to the prescriptions that following
follow
EXCEPT
(C) clarify some disputed definitions of economic (A) personal observation
terms
(B) a business principle
(D) summarize a number of long-accepted (C) a definition of productivity
explanations
(D) an example of a successful company
(E) present a historical context for the authors
(E) an illustration of a process technology
observations
7. The author suggests that implementing
4. The author refers to Abernathys study (line 36) conventional
most
cost-cutting as a way of increasing manufacturing
probably in order to
competitiveness is a strategy that is
(A) qualify an observation about one rule (A) flawed and ruinous
governing
(B) shortsighted and difficult to sustain
manufacturing
(C) popular and easily accomplished
(B) address possible objections to a (D) useful but inadequate
recommendation
(E) misunderstood but promising
about improving manufacturing
competitiveness
(C) support an earlier assertion about one method
of
- 85 -

ship to capital, labor, and statute.

(15)Turner claimed that the frontier produced the
individualism that is the hallmark of American culture,
and
that this individualism in turn promoted
democratic
institutions and economic equality. He argued for
the
frontier as an agent of social change. Most
novelists and
(20) historians writing in the early to midtwentieth
century
who considered women in the West, when they
considPassage 28
ered women at all, fell under Turners spell. In
The settlement of the United States has their
works these authors tended to glorify womens
occupied
contributraditional historians since 1893 when Frederick
tions to frontier life. Western women, in Turnerian
Jackson
Turner developed his Frontier Thesis, a thesis that tradiexplained American development in terms of (25) tion, were a fiercely independent, capable, and
durable
westward
(5) expansion. From the perspective of womens lot, free from the constraints binding their eastern
sisters.
history,
Turners exclusively masculine assumptions This interpretation implied that the West provided
a
constitute a
major drawback: his defenders and critics alike congenial environment where women could aspire
to
have
reconstructed mens, not womens, lives on the their own goals, free from constrictive stereotypes
and
frontier.
However, precisely because of this masculine (30) sexist attitudes. In Turnerian terminology, the
frontier
orientation,
(10)revising the Frontier Thesis by focusing on had furnished a gate of escape from the bondage
of the
womens
experience introduces new themes into womens past.
By the middle of the twentieth century, the
historywoman as lawmaker and entrepreneur
Frontier
and,
consequently, new interpretations of womens Thesis fell into disfavor among historians. Later,
Reacrelation(35) tionist writers took the view that frontier
- 86 -

women were
constrictive stereotypes on women in the East.
lonely, displaced persons in a hostile milieu that (B) They assumed that the frontier had offered
intensimore
fied the worst aspects of gender relations. The opportunities to women than had the East.
renais(C) They included accurate information about
sance of the feminist movement during the womens
1970s led to
experiences on the frontier.
the Stasist school, which sidestepped the good (D) They underestimated the endurance and
bad
fortitude of
(40) dichotomy and argued that frontier women
frontier women.
lived lives
(E) They agreed with some of Turners
similar to the live of women in the East. In one assumptions
nowabout frontier women, but disagreed with other
standard text, Faragher demonstrated the
assumptions that he made.
persistence of
the cult of true womanhood and the illusionary 3. Which of the following, if true, would provide
qualadditional evidence for the Stasists argument as it
ity of change on the westward journey. Recently is
the
described in the passage?
(45) Stasist position has been revised but not (A) Frontier women relied on smaller support
entirely
groups of
discounted by new research.
relatives and friends in the West than they had in
the
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
East.
(A) provide a framework within which the history (B) The urban frontier in the West offered more
of
occupational opportunity than the agricultural
women in nineteenth-century America can be
frontier offered.
organized.
(C) Women participated more fully in the
(B) discuss divergent interpretations of womens economic
experience on the western frontier
decisions of the family group in the West than
(C) introduce a new hypothesis about womens
they
experience in nineteenth-century America
had in the East.
(D) advocate an empirical approach to womens
(D) Western women received financial
experience on the western frontier
compensation for
(E) resolve ambiguities in several theories about
labor that was comparable to what women
womens experience on the western frontier
received
in the East.
2. Which of the following can be inferred about the (E) Western women did not have an effect on
novelists and historians mentioned in lines 19- divorce
20?
laws, but lawmakers in the West were more
(A) They misunderstood the powerful influence of
responsive to womens concerns than
- 87 -

lawmakers in
the East were.

roles while at the same time reaffirming

traditional
roles.

4. According to the passage, Turner makes which

of the
6. Which of the following best describes the
following connections in his Frontier Thesis?
organization
. A connection between American individualism of the passage?
and
(A) A current interpretation of a phenomenon is
economic equality
described and then ways in which it was
. A connection between geographical expansion developed
and
are discussed.
social change
(B) Three theories are presented and then a new
hypothesis that discounts those theories is
. A connection between social change and
financial
described.
prosperity
(C) An important theory and its effects are
(A) I only
discussed and
(B)only
then ways in which it has been revised are
(C) only
described.
(D) and only
(D) A controversial theory is discussed and then
(E) , and
viewpoints both for and against it are described.
(E) A phenomenon is described and then theories
5. It can be inferred that which of the following concerning its correctness are discussed.
statements
is consistent with the Reactionist position as it is 7. Which of the following is true of the Stasist
described in the passage?
school as it
(A) Continuity, not change, marked womens lives is described in the passage?
as
(A) It provides new interpretations of womens
they moved from East to West.
relationship to work and the law.
(B) Womens experience on the North American (B) It resolves some of the ambiguities inherent in
frontier
Turnerian and Reactionist thought.
has not received enough attention from (C) It has recently been discounted by new
modern
research
historians.
gathered on womens experience.
(C) Despite its rigors, the frontier offered women
(D) It avoids extreme positions taken by other
opportunities that had not been available in the writers on
East.
womens history.
(D) Gender relations were more difficult for (E) It was the first school of thought to suggest
women in
substantial revisions to the Frontier Thesis.
the West than they were in the East.
(E) Women on the North American frontier
adopted new
- 88 -

supply, the lactic acid is released into the seals

Passage 29
blood
Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory only after the seal surfaces, when the lungs, liver,
have
and
described the physiological mechanisms that other organs quickly clear the acid from the seals
allow the
bloodseal to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation (25) stream.
that
Recent field studies, however, reveal that on
occurs during its longest dives, which can extend dives in
500
the wild, the seal usually heads directly for its
(5) meters below the oceans surface and last for prey and
over 70
returns to the surface in less than twenty minutes.
minutes. Recent field studies, however, suggest The
that
absence of high levels of lactic acid in the seals
during more typical dives in the wild, this seals blood
physio(30) after such dives suggests that during them, the
logical behavior is different.
seals
In the laboratory, when the seal dives below the organs do not resort to the anaerobic metabolism
(10) surface of the water and stops breathing, its observed in the laboratory, but are supplied with
heart beats
oxygen
more slowly, requiring less oxygen, and its from the blood. The seals longer excursions
arteries
underwater,
become constricted, ensuring that the seals blood
during which it appears to be either exploring
remains concentrated near those organs most distant
crucial to
(35)
routes or evading a predator, do evoke the
its ability to navigate underwater. The seal diving
essentially
response seen in the laboratory. But why do the
(15) shuts off the flow of blood to other organs, seals
which either
laboratory dives always evoke this response,
stop functioning until the seal surfaces or switch regardless
to an
of their length or depth? Some biologists
anaerobic (oxygen-independent) metabolism. The speculate that
latter
because in laboratory dives the seal is forcibly
results in the production of large amounts of (40) submerged, it does not know how long it will
lactic acid
remain
which can adversely affect the pH of the seals underwater and so prepares for the worst.
blood
(20) but since the anaerobic metabolism occurs 1. The passage provides information to support
only in those
which of
tissues which have been isolated from the seals the following generalizations?
blood
(A) Observations of animals physiological
- 89 -

behavior in
3. The passage suggests that during laboratory
the wild are not reliable unless verified by dives, the
laboratory
pH of the Weddell seals blood is not adversely
studies.
affected by the
(B) It is generally less difficult to observe the
production of lactic acid because
physiological behavior of an animal in the wild (A) only those organs that are essential to the
than
seals
in the laboratory.
ability to navigate underwater revert to an
(C) The level of lactic acid in an animals blood is anaerobic
likely
mechanism.
to be higher when it is searching for prey than (B) the seal typically reverts to an anaerobic
when
metabolism
it s evading predators.
only at the very end of the dive
(D) The level of lactic acid in an animals blood is (C) organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism
likely
are
to be lowest during those periods in which it
temporarily isolated from the seals
experiences oxygen deprivation.
bloodstream
(E) The physiological behavior of animals in a
(D) oxygen continues to be supplied to organs that
laboratory setting is not always consistent with clear
their physiological behavior in the wild.
lactic acid from the seals bloodstream
(E) the seal remains submerged for only short
2. It can be inferred from the passage that by periods of
describing the
time
Weddell seal as preparing for the worst (line
41),
4. Which of the following best summarizes the
biologists mean that it
main point
(A) prepares to remain underwater for no longer of the passage?
than
(A) Recent field studies have indicated that
twenty minutes
descriptions
(B) exhibits physiological behavior similar to that
of the physiological behavior of the Weddell
which
seal
characterizes dives in which it heads directly for
during laboratory dives are not applicable to
its
its most
prey
typical dives in the wild.
(C) exhibits physiological behavior similar to that (B) The Weddell seal has developed a number of
which
unique
characterizes its longest dives in the wild.
mechanisms that enable it to remain
(D) begins to exhibit predatory behavior
submerged at
(E) clears the lactic acid from its blood before
depths of up to 500 meters for up to 70 minutes.
attempting to dive
(C) The results of recent field studies have made it
necessary for biologists to revise previous
- 90 -

perceptions of how the Weddell seal behaves

evading predators or exploring distant routes.
physiologically during its longest dives in the
wild.
6. The author cites which of the following as
(D) Biologists speculate that laboratory studies of characteristic
the
of the Weddell seals physiological behavior
physiological behavior of seals during dives during
lasting
dives observed in the laboratory?
more than twenty minutes would be more . A decrease in the rate at which the seals heart
accurate if
beats
the seals were not forcibly submerged.
. A constriction of the seals arteries
(E) How the Weddell seal responds to oxygen
. A decrease in the levels of lactic acid in the
deprivation during its longest dives appears to seals
depend on whether the seal is searching for prey blood
or
. A temporary halt in the functioning of certain
avoiding predators during such dives.
organs
(A) and only
5. According to the author, which of the following (B) and only
is true
(C) and only
of the laboratory studies mentioned in line 1 ?
(D) ,, and only
(A) They fail to explain how the seal is able to (E) ,, and only
tolerate
the increased production of lactic acid by organs 7. The passage suggests that because Weddell seals
that revert to an anaerobic metabolism during its are
longest dives in the wild.
forcibly submerged during laboratory dives, they
(B) They present an oversimplified account of
do
mechanisms that the Weddell seal relies on which of the following?
during its
(A) Exhibit the physiological responses that are
longest dives in the wild.
characteristic of dives in the wild that last less
(C) They provide evidence that undermines the than
view
twenty minutes.
that the Weddell seal relies on an anaerobic
(B) Exhibit the physiological responses that are
metabolism during its most typical dives in the
characteristic of the longer dives they undertake
wild.
in
(D) They are based on the assumption that the wild.
Weddell seals
(C) Cope with oxygen deprivation less effectively
rarely spend more than twenty minutes than
underwater
they do on typical dives in the wild.
on a typical dive in the wild.
(D) Produce smaller amounts of lactic acid than
(E) They provide an accurate account of the
they do
physiological behavior of Weddell seals during
on typical dives in the wild.
those dives in the wild in which they are either
(E) Navigate less effectively than they do on
- 91 -

typical
dives in the wild

unemployment frequenciesmeasuring the

percentage
of workers who experience any unemployment in
the
Passage 30
course of a year. Given this perspective,
Since the early 1970s, historians have begun joblessness
to
looms much larger.
devote serious attention to the working class in (25)
Keyssar also scrutinizes unemployment
the
patterns
United States. Yet while we now have studies of
according to skill level, ethnicity, race, age, class,
working-class communities and culture, we know and
(5) remarkably little of worklessness. When gender. He finds that rates of joblessness differed
historians have
primarily according to class: those in middle-class
paid any attention at all to unemployment, they and
have
white-collar occupations were far less likely to be
focused on the Great Depression of the 1930s. unemThe
(30) ployed. Yet the impact of unemployment on a
narrowness of this perspective ignores the specific
pervasive
class was not always the same. Even when
recessions and joblessness of the previous dependent on
decades, as
the same trade, adjoining communities could
(10) Alexander Keyssar shows in his recent book. have
Examining
dramatically different unemployment rates.
the period 1870-1920, Keyssar concentrates on Keyssar uses
Massathese differential rates to help explain a
chusetts, where the historical materials are phenomenon
particularly
(35) that has puzzled historiansthe startlingly
rich, and the findings applicable to other industrial high rate of
areas.
geographical mobility in the nineteenth-century
(15 ) The unemployment rates that Keyssar United
calculates
States. But mobility was not the dominant
appear to be relatively modest, at least by Great working-class
Depresstrategy for coping with unemployment, nor was
sion standards: during the worst years, in the assis1870s
tance from private charities or state agencies.
and 1890s, unemployment was around 15 Self-help
percent. Yet
(40) and the help of kin got most workers through
Keyssar rightly understands that a better way jobless
to
spells.
(20) measure the impact of unemployment is to
While Keyssar might have spent more time
calculate
develop- 92 -

ing the implications of his findings on joblessness (B) They are possible because Massachusetts has
for
the
contemporary public policy, his study, in its most easily accessible historical records.
thorough
(C) They are the first to mention the existence of
(45) research and creative use of quantitative and high
qualitative
rates of geographical mobility in the nineteenth
evidence, is a model of historical analysis.
century.
(D) They are relevant to a historical understanding
1. The passage is primarily concerned with
of
(A) recommending a new course of investigation
the nature of unemployment in other states.
(B) summarizing and assessing a study
(E) They have caused historians to reconsider the
(C) making distinctions among categories
role of
(D) criticizing the current state of a field
the working class during the Great Depression.
(E) comparing and contrasting two methods for
calculating data
4. According to the passage, which of the following
2. The passage suggests that before the early is true
1970s, which
of the unemployment rates mentioned in line 15
of the following was true of the study by (A) They hovered, on average, around 15 percent
historians of
during
the working class in the United States?
the period 1870-1920.
(A) The study was infrequent or superficial, or (B) They give less than a full sense of the impact
both.
of
(B) The study was repeatedly criticized for its unemployment on working-class people.
allegedly
(C) They overestimate the importance of middle
narrow focus.
class
(C) The study relied more on qualitative than
and white-collar unemployment.
quantitative evidence.
(D) They have been considered by many
(D) The study focused more on the working-class historians to
community than on working-class culture.
underestimate the extent of working-class
(E) The study ignored working-class joblessness unemployment.
during
(E) They are more open to question when
the Great Depression.
calculated for
years other than those of peak recession.
3. According to the passage, which of the following
is true
5. Which of the following statements about the
of Keyssars findings concerning unemployment unemployment rate during the Great Depression
in
can be
Massachusetts?
inferred from the passage?
(A) They tend to contradict earlier findings about (A) It was sometimes higher than 15 percent.
such
(B) It has been analyzed seriously only since the
unemployment.
early
- 93 -

1970s.
(B) White-collar professionals such as attorneys
(C) It can be calculated more easily than can
had as
unemployment frequency.
much trouble as day laborers in maintaining a
(D) It was never as high as the rate during the steady
1870s.
level of employment throughout the period
(E) It has been shown by Keyssar to be lower than 1870previously thought.
1920.
(C) Working-class women living in Cambridge,
6. According to the passage, Keyssar considers
Massachusetts, were more likely than workingwhich of the
class
following to be among the important predictors of
men living in Cambridge to be unemployed
the
for some
likelihood that a particular person would be
period of time during the year 1873.
unemployed in
(D) In the 1890s, shoe-factory workers moved
late nineteenth-century Massachusetts?
away in
large numbers from Chelmsford, Massachusetts,
. The persons class
where shoe factories were being replaced by
. Where the person lived or worked
other
. The persons age
(A) only
industries, to adjoining West Chelmsford, where
(B) only
the
(C) and only
shoe industry flourished.
(D) and only
(E) In the late nineteenth century, workers of all
(E) ,, and
classes
in Massachusetts were more likely than workers
7. The author views Keyssars study with
of all
(A) impatient disapproval
classes in other states to move their place of
(B) wary concern
residence from one location to another within
(C) polite skepticism
the
(D) scrupulous neutrality
state.
(E) qualified admiration
8. Which of the following, if true, would most
Passage 31
strongly
The number of women directors appointed to
support Keyssars findings as they are described corpoby the
rate boards in the United States has increased
author?
dramati(A) Boston, Massachusetts, and Quincy, cally, but the ratio of female to male directors
Massachusetts,
remains
adjoining communities, had a higher rate of
low. Although pressure to recruit women
unemployment for working-class people in 1870 directors,
than in 1890.
(5) unlike that to employ women in the general
- 94 -

work force,
were
does not derive from legislation, it is nevertheless
often acquaintances of the boards chairs seems
real.
quite
Although small companies were the first to have
reasonable: chairs have always considered it
women directors, large corporations currently important
have a
for directors to interact comfortably in the
higher percentage of women on their boards. boardroom.
When the
30)
Although many successful women from
(10) chairs of these large corporations began outside the
recruiting
business world are unknown to corporate
women to serve on boards, they initially sought leaders, these
women
women are particularly qualified to serve on
who were chief executive officers (CEOs) of boards
large corpobecause of the changing nature of corporations.
rations. However, such women CEOs are still Today a
rare. In
companys ability to be responsive to the
addition, the ideal of six CEOs (female or male ) concerns of the
serving
35) community and the environment can influence
(15)
on the board of each of the largest that
corporations is realizcompanys growth and survival. Women are
able only if every CEO serves on six boards. uniquely
This raises
positioned to be responsive to some of these
the specter of director overcommitment and the concerns.
resultant
Although conditions have changed, it should
dilution of contribution. Consequently, the chairs be rememnext
bered that most directors of both sexes are over
sought women in business who had the fifty
equivalent of
(40) years old. Women of that generation were
(20) CEO experience. However, since it is only often encourrecently that
aged to direct their attention toward efforts to
large numbers of women have begun to rise in improve
managethe community. This fact is reflected in the
ment, the chairs began to recruit women of career develhigh achieveopment of most of the outstandingly successful
ment outside the business world. Many such women
women are
of the generation now in their fifties, who
well known for their contributions in currently serve
government,
(45) on corporate boards: 25 percent are in
(25) education, and the nonprofit sector. The fact education and
that the
22 percent are in government, law, and the
women from these sectors who were appointed nonprofit
- 95 -

sector.
have such a small number of openings.
One organization of women directors is helping (B) Corporate boards have received less pressure
busifrom
ness become more responsive to the changing
stockholders, consumers, and workers within
needs of
companies to include women on their boards.
(50) society by raising the level of corporate (C) Corporate boards have received less pressure
awareness about
from
social issues, such as problems with the
the media and the public to include women on
economy,
their
government regulation, the aging population, and boards.
the
(D) Corporations have only recently been
environment. This organization also serves as a pressured to
resource
include women on their boards.
center of information on accomplished women (E) Corporations are not subject to statutory
who are
penalty for
(55) potential candidates for corporate boards.
failing to include women on their boards.
1. The author of the passage would be most likely 3. All of the following are examples of issues that
to agree
the
with which of the following statements about
organization described in the last paragraph would
achievement of the ideal mentioned in line 14? be
(A) It has only recently become a possibility.
likely to advise corporations on EXCEPT
(B) It would be easier to meet if more CEOs were (A) long-term inflation
women
(B) health and safety regulations
(C) It is very close to being a reality for most (C) retirement and pension programs
corporate
(D) the energy shortage
boards.
(E) how to develop new markets
(D) It might affect the quality of directors service
to
4. It can be inferred from the passage that, when
corporations.
seeking to
(E) It would be more realizable if CEOs had a appoint new members to a corporations board,
more
the chair
extensive range of business experience.
traditionally looked for candidates who
(A) had legal and governmental experience
2. According to the passage, the pressure to appoint
(B) had experience dealing with community
women to corporate boards differs from the affairs
pressure to
(C) could work easily with other members of the
employ women in the work force in which of the board
following ways?
(D) were already involved in establishing policy
(A) Corporate boards are under less pressure for that
because they
corporation
- 96 -

(E) had influential connections outside the organization

business
of the passage?
world
(A) A problem is described, and then reasons why
various proposed solutions succeeded or failed
5. According to the passage, which of the following are
is true
discussed.
about women outside the business world who are (B) A problem is described, and then an advantage
currently serving on corporate boards?
of
(A) Most do not serve on more than one board.
resolving it is offered.
(B) A large percentage will eventually work on (C) A problem is described, and then reasons for
the staff
its
of corporations.
continuing existence are summarized.
(C) Most were already known to the chairs of the (D) The historical origins of a problem are
board
described,
to which they were appointed.
and then various measures that have
(D) A larger percentage are from government and successfully
law
resolved it are discussed.
than are from the nonprofit sector.
(E) The causes of a problem are described, and
(E) Most are less than fifty years old.
then its
effects are discussed.
6. The passage suggests that corporations of the
past differ
8. It can be inferred from the passage that factors
from modern corporations in which of the making
following
women uniquely valuable members of modern
ways?
corporate
(A) Corporations had greater input on government boards would include which of the following?
policies affecting the business community.
. The nature of modern corporations
(B) Corporations were less responsive to the . The increased number of women CEOs
financial
. The careers pursued by women currently
needs of their employees.
available to
(C) The ability of a corporation to keep up with
serve on corporate boards
changing markets was not a crucial factor in its (A) only
success.
(B) only
(D) A corporations effectiveness in coping with
(C) only
community needs was less likely to affect its (D) and only
growth
(E) ,, and
and prosperity.
(E) Corporations were subject to more stringent
government regulations.
Passage 32
Increasingly, historians are blaming diseases
7. Which of the following best describes the imported
- 97 -

from the Old World for the staggering disparity population declines, confirmed in many cases by
between
recent
the indigenous population of America in 1492 quantitative analyses of Spanish tribute records
new estiand
mates of which soar as high as 100 million, or (25) other sources. The evidence provided by the
approxidocuments
(5) mately one-sixth of the human race at that time of British and French colonies is not as definitive
and
because the conquerors of those areas did not
the few million full-blooded Native Americans establish
alive at
permanent settlements and begin to keep
the end of the nineteenth century. There is no continuous
doubt that
records until the seventeenth century, by which
chronic disease was an important factor in the time the
precipi(30) worst epidemics had probably already taken
tous decline, and it is highly probable that the place.
greatest
Furthermore, the British tended to drive the
(10) killer was epidemic disease, especially as native
manifested in
populations away, rather than enslaving them as
virgin-soil epidemics.
the
Virgin-soil epidemics are those in which the Spaniards did, so that the epidemics of British
populaAmerica
tions at risk have had no previous contact with occurred beyond the range of colonists direct
the
(35) observation.
diseases that strike them and are therefore Even so, the surviving records of North America
immunologido
(15) cally almost defenseless. That virgin-soil contain references to deadly epidemics among the
epidemics were
indigeimportant in American history is strongly
nous population. In 1616-1619 an epidemic,
indicated by
possibly of
evidence that a number of dangerous maladies bubonic or pneumonic plague, swept coastal New
small(40) England, killing as many as nine out of ten.
pox, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and During the
undoubtedly
1630s smallpox, the disease most fatal to the
several morewere unknown in the pre- Native
Columbian
American people, eliminated half the population
(20) New World. The effects of their sudden of the
introduction
Huron and Iroquois confederations. In the 1820s
are demonstrated in the early chronicles of fever
America,
devastated the people of the Columbia River
which contain reports of horrendous epidemics area,
and steep
(45) killing eight out of ten of them.
- 98 -

Unfortunately, the documentation of these and disease

other
(D) usually involve a number of interacting
epidemics is slight and frequently unreliable, and diseases
it is
(E) are less responsive to medical treatment than
ecessary to supplement what little we do know are
with
other diseases
evidence from recent epidemics among Native
Ameri3. According to the passage, the British colonists
(50) cans. For example, in 1952 an outbreak of wereunlike the Spanish colonists in that the
measles
British
among the Native American inhabitants of colonists
Ungava Bay.
(A) collected tribute from the native population
Quebec, affected 99 percent of the population and (B) kept records from a very early date
killed
(C) drove Native Americans off the land
7 percent, even though some had the benefit of (D) were unable to provide medical care against
modern
epidemic disease
medicine. Cases such as this demonstrate that (E) enslaved the native populations in America
even
(55) diseases that are not normally fatal can have 4. Which of the following can be inferred from the
devastating
passage
consequences when they strike an concerning Spanish tribute records?
immunologically
(A) They mention only epidemics of smallpox.
defenseless community.
(B) They were instituted in 1492.
(C) They were being kept prior to the seventeenth
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
century.
(A) refute a common misconception
(D) They provide quantitative and qualitative
(B) provide support for a hypothesis
evidence
(C) analyze an argument
about Native American populations.
(D) suggest a solution to a dilemma
(E) They prove that certain diseases were
(E) reconcile opposing viewpoints
unknown in
the pre-Columbian New World.
2. According to the passage, virgin-soil epidemics
can be
5. The author implies which of the following about
distinguished from other catastrophic outbreaks of measles?
disease in that virgin-soil epidemics
(A) It is not usually a fatal disease.
(A) recur more frequently than other chronic (B) It ceased to be a problem by the seventeenth
diseases
century.
(B) affect a minimum of one-half of a given (C) It is the disease most commonly involved in
population
virgin(C) involve populations with no prior exposure to soil epidemics.
a
(D) It was not a significant problem in Spanish
- 99 -

colonies.
would
(E) It affects only those who are immunologically most seriously weaken the authors argument
defenseless against it.
concerning the importance of virgin-soil
epidemics in
6. Which of the following can be inferred from the the depopulation of Native Americans?
passage
(A) Evidence setting the pre-Columbian
about the Native American inhabitants of Ungava population of
Bay?
the New World at only 80 million
(A) They were almost all killed by the 1952 (B) Spanish tribute records showing periodic
epidemic.
population
(B) They were immunologically defenseless fluctuations
against
(C) Documents detailing sophisticated Native
measles.
American
(C) They were the last native people to be struck medical procedures
by a
(D) Fossils indicating Native American cortact
virgin- soil epidemic.
with
(D) They did not come into frequent contact with smallpox prior to 1492
white
(E) Remains of French settlements dating back to
Americans until the twentieth century.
the
(E) They had been inoculated against measles.
sixteenth century
7. The author mentions the 1952 measles outbreak
most
Passage 33
probably in order to
Until recently most astronomers believed that
(A) demonstrate the impact of modern medicine the
on
space between the galaxies in our universe was a
epidemic disease
near(B) corroborate the documentary evidence of perfect vacuum. This orthodox view of the
epidemic
universe is
disease in colonial America
now being challenged by astronomers who
(C) refute allegations of unreliability made against believe that a
the
(5) heavy rain of gas is falling into many
historical record of colonial America
galaxies from
(D) advocate new research into the continuing the supposedly empty space around them. The gas
problem
apparently condenses into a collection of small
of epidemic disease
stars,
(E) challenge assumptions about how the each a little larger than the planet Jupiter. These
statistical
stars
evidence of epidemics should be interpreted
vastly outnumber the other stars in a given galaxy.
The
8. Which of the following, if newly discovered, (10) amount of intergalactic rainfall into some of
- 100 -

these
According to previous speculation, these strands
galaxies has been enough to double their mass in were
the
gases that had been blown out by an explosion in
time since they formed. Scientists have begun to the
suspect
galaxy. Fabian, however, disagreed. Because the
that this intergalactic gas is probably a mixture of strands
gases
(35) of gas radiating from NGC 1275 are visible in
left over from the big bang when the galaxies optical
were
photographs, Fabian suggested that such strands
(15) formed and gas was forced out of galaxies by consisted
supernova
not of gas blown out of the galaxy but of cooling
explosions.
flows
It is well known that when gas is cooled at a of gas streaming inward. He noted that the
constant
wavelengths
pressure its volume decreases. Thus, the physicist of the radiation emitted by a gas would changes as
Fabian
the
reasoned that as intergalactic gas cools, the cooler (40) gas cooled, so that as the gas flowed into the
gas
galaxy and
(20) shrinks inward toward the center of the galaxy. became cooler, it would emit not x-rays, but
Meanvisible light,
while its place is taken by hotter intergalactic gas like that which was captured in the photographs.
from
Fabians
farther out on the edge of the galaxy, which cools
hypothesis was supported by Canizares
as it is
determination in
compressed and flows into the galaxy. The net 1982 that most of the gas in the Perseus cluster
result is a
was at a
continuous flow of gas, starting as hot gases in (45) temperature of 80 million degrees Kelvin,
interwhereas the
(25) galactic space and ending as a drizzle of cool gas immediately surrounding NGC 1275 (the
gas called a
subject of
cooling flow, falling into the central galaxy.
the photographs) was at one-tenth this
A fairly heretical idea in the 1970s, the cooling- temperature.
flow
theory gained support when Fabian observed a 1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
cluster
(A) illustrate a hypothesis about the origin of
of galaxies in the constellation Perseus and found galaxies
the
(B) provide evidence to dispute an accepted
(30) central galaxy, NGC 1275, to be a strange- theory
looking object
about the evolution of galaxies
with irregular, thin strands of gas radiating from (C) summarize the state of and prospects for
it.
research in
- 101 -

intergalactic astronomy
temperature of
(D) report new data on the origins of intergalactic gas in a galaxy cluster
gas
(C) introduce a new argument in support of the
(E) reconcile opposing views on the formation of orthodox
intergalactic gas
view of galaxies
(D) provide support for Fabians assertions about
2. The author uses the phrase orthodox view of the the
universe (line 3) to refer to the belief that
Perseus galaxies
(A) the space between the galaxies is devoid of (E) provide an alternate point of view concerning
matter
the
(B) the space between galaxies is occupied by movement of gas within a galaxy cluster
stars that
cannot be detected by optical photographs
5. According to the passage, Fabian believes that
(C) galaxies have decreased in mass by half since gas
their
flowing into a central galaxy has which of the
formation
following
(D) galaxies contain stars, each the size of Jupiter, characteristics?
which
(A) It is one-tenth hotter than it was in the outer
form clusters
regions
(E) galaxies are being penetrated by gas forced of the galaxy cluster.
out of
(B) It emits radiation with wavelengths that
other galaxies by supernova explosions.
change as
the gas moves toward the center of the galaxy.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that, if Fabian
(C) The total amount of radiation emitted
is
diminishes as
correct, gas in the peripheral regions of a galaxy the gas cools.
cluster
(D) It loses 90 percent of its energy as it moves to
(A) streams outward into intergalactic space
the
(B) is hotter than gas in the central regions of the center of the galaxy.
galaxy
(E) It condenses at a rate much slower than the
(C) is composed primarily of gas left over from rate of
the big
decrease in temperature as the gas flows inward.
bang
(D) results in the creation of unusually large stars 6. According to the passage, Fabians theory makes
(E) expands to increase the size of the galaxy
use of
4. The author of the passage probably mentions which of the following principles?
Canizares
(A) Gas emanating from an explosion will be
determination in order to
hotter the
(A) clarify an ambiguity in Fabians research
more distant it is from the origin.
findings
(B) The wavelength of radiation emitted by a gas
(B) illustrate a generalization about the as it
- 102 -

cools remains constant.

men in
(C) If pressure remains constant, the volume of a rural areas sought employment via the boss
gas
system.
will decrease as it is cooled.
The system comprised three elements: immigrant
(D) The volume of a gas will increase as the wage
pressure
laborers; Issei boardinghouses where laborers
increases.
stayed;
(E) As gas cools, its density decreases.
(10) and labor contractors, who gathered workers
for a
7. It can be inferred from the passage that which of
particular job and then negotiated a contract
the
between
following is true of Fabians theory?
workers and employer. This same system was
(A) It did not receive approval until Canizares originally
work
utilized by the Chinese laborers who had
was published.
preceded the
(B) It was not widely accepted in the 1970s.
Japanese. A related institution was the labor
(C) It did not receive support initially because
club,
technology was not available to confirm its (15)which provided job information and negotiated
tenets.
employ(D) It supports earlier speculation that ment contracts and other legal matters, such as
intergalactic gas
the
was largely the result of explosions outside the rental of land, for Issei who chose to belong and
galaxy.
paid an
(E) It was widely challenged until x-ray evidence annual fee to the cooperative for membership.
of gas
When the local sugar beet industry collapsed in
temperatures in NGC 1275 had been presented. 1902,
(20) the Issei began to lease land from the valleys
strawberry
Passage 34
farmers. The Japanese provided the labor and the
crop
Kazuko Nakanes history of the early Japanese was divided between laborers and landowners.
immiThe Issei
grants to central Californias Pajaro Valley began to operate farms, they began to marry and
focuses on
start
the development of farming communities there
families, forming an established Japanese
from
American
1890 to 1940. The Issei (first-generation (30) community. Unfortunately, the Isseis efforts
immigrants)
to attain
(5) were brought into the Pajaro Valley to raise
agricultural independence were hampered by
sugar beets.
governLike Issei laborers in American cities, Japanese ment restrictions, such as the Alien Land Law of
- 103 -

1913.

(E) examine the differences between Japanese and

But immigrants could circumvent such
Chinese immigrants to central California in
exclusionary laws
the
by leasing or purchasing land in their American1890s
born
(35) childrens names.
2. Which of the following best describes a labor
Nakanes case study of one rural Japanese club, as
American
defined in the passage?
community provides valuable information about
(A) An organization to which Issei were
the
compelled to
lives and experiences of the Isseil. It is, however, belong if they sought employment in the Pajaro
too
Valley
particularistic. This limitation derives from (B) An association whose members included labor
Nakanes
contractors and landowning bosses
(40) methodologythat of oral historywhich (C) A type of farming corporation set up by Issei
cannot
who
substitute for a broader theoretical or had resided in the Pajaro Valley for some time
comparative
(D) A cooperative association whose members
perspective. Furture research might well consider were
two
dues-paying Japanese laborers
issues raised by her study: were the Issei of the (E) A social organization to which Japanese
Pajaro
laborers and
Valley similar to or different from Issei in urban their families belonged
settings,
(45) and what variations existed between rural 3. Based on information in the passage, which of
Japanese
the
American communities?
following statements concerning the Alien Land
Law of
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
1913 is most accurate?
(A) defend a controversial hypothesis presented in
(A) It excluded American-born citizens of
a
Japanese
history of early Japanese immigrants to ancestry from landownership.
Califronia
(B) It sought to restrict the number of foreign
(B) dismiss a history of an early Japanese immigrants to California.
settlement in
(C) It successfully prevented Issei from ever
California as narrow and ill constructed
purchasing
(C) summarize and critique a history of an early
farmland.
Japanese settlement in California
(D) It was applicable to first-generation
(D) compare a history of one Japanese American immigrants but
community with studies of Japanese settlements
not to their American-born children.
throughout California
(E) It was passed under pressure from the Pajaro
- 104 -

Valleys strawberry farmers.

Issei wage laborers and sharecroppers in the

Pajaro
4. Several Issei families join together to purchase a
Valley
strawberry field and the necessary farming (B) A statistical table showing per capita income
equipment.
of
Such a situation best exemplifies which of the
Issei in the Pajaro Valley from 1890 to 1940
following, as it is described in the passage?
(C) A statistical table showing rates of farm
(A) A typical sharecropping agreement
ownership
(B) A farming corporation
by Japanese Americans in four central
(C) A labor club
California
(D) The boss system
counties from 1890 to 1940
(E) Circumvention of the Alien Land Law
(D) A discussion of original company documents
dealing with the Pajaro Valley sugar beet
5. The passage suggests that which of the following industry at
was an
the turn of the century
indirect consequence of the collapse of the sugar (E) Transcripts of interviews conducted with
beet
members
industry in the Pajaro Valley?
of the Pajaro Valley Japanese American
(A) The Issei formed a permanent, family-based community
community.
who were born in the 1920s and 1930s.
(B) Boardinghouses were built to accommodate
the
7. It can be inferred from the passage that, when
Issei.
the Issei
(C) The Issei began to lease land in their childrens began to lease land from the Valleys strawberry
names.
farmers, the Issei most probably did which of the
(D) The Issei adopted a labor contract system following?
similar to
(A) They used profits made from selling the
that
strawberry
used by Chinese immigrants.
crop to hire other Issei.
(E) The Issei suffered a massive dislocation (B) They negotiated such agricultural contracts
caused by
using the
unemployment.
boss system.
(C) They paid for the use of the land with a share
6. The author of the passage would most likely of the
agree that
strawberry crop.
which of the following, if it had been included in
(D) They earned higher wages than when they
Nakanes study, would best remedy the raised
particularistic
sugar beets.
nature of that study?
(E) They violated the Alien Land Law.
(A) A statistical table comparing per capita
income of
- 105 -

Passage 35

eries. In such circumstances, direct selling

(marketing that
It can be argued that much consumer reaches only the program target) is likely to be
dissatisfaction
economically justified, and highly specialized
with marketing strategies arises from an inability trade
to aim
(25) media exist to expose members of the program
advertising at only the likely buyers of a given target
product.
and only members of the program targetto the
There are three groups of consumers who are marketing program.
affected
Most consumer-goods markets are significantly
(5) by the marketing process. First, there is the different. Typically, there are many rather than
market
few
segmentpeople who need the commodity in (30) potential customers. Each represents a
question.
relatively small
Second, there is the program targetpeople in the percentage of potential sales. Rarely do members
market segment with the best fit characteristics of a
for a
particular market segment group themselves
specific product. Lots of people may need neatly into
trousers, but
a meaningful program target. There are
(10) only a few qualify as likely buyers of very substantial
expensive
differences among consumers with similar
designer trousers. Finally, there is the program demographic
audience
(35) characteristics. Even with all the past decades
advances
all people who are actually exposed to the
marketing program without regard to whether
in information technology, direct selling of
they need
consumer
or want the product.
goods is rare, and mass marketinga marketing
(15) These three groups are rarely identical. An approach that aims at a wide audienceremains
exception
the
occurs occasionally in cases where customers for only economically feasible mode. Unfortunately,
a
there
particular industrial product may be few and (40) are few media that allow the marketer to direct
easily idena
tifiable. Such customers, all sharing a particular marketing program exclusively to the program
need,
target.
are likely to form a meaningful target, for Inevitably, people get exposed to a great deal of
example, all
marketing for products in which they have no
(20)
companies with a particular application of interest
the product
and so they become annoyed.
in question, such as high-speed fillers of bottles at
brew1. The passage suggests which of the following
- 106 -

about
many
highly specialized trade media?
potential customers.
(A) They should be used only when direct selling (E) It is less successful at directing a marketing
is not
program
economically feasible.
to the target audience than are other marketing
(B) They can be used to exclude from the program approaches.
audience people who are not part of the program
target.
4. The author mentions trousers (lines 9 and 11)
(C) They are used only for very expensive most
products.
likely in order to
(D) They are rarely used in the implementation of
(A) make a comparison between the program
marketing programs for industrial products.
target and
(E) They are used only when direct selling has not
the program audience
reached the appropriate market segment.
(B) emphasize the similarities between the market
segment and the program target
2. According to the passage, most consumer-goods (C) provide an example of the way three groups
markets share which of the following of
characteristics?
consumers are affected by a marketing program
Customers
who
differ
significantly
from
each
(D)
clarify the distinction between the market
.
other
segment
and the program target
. Large numbers of potential customers
. Customers who each represent a small (E) introduce the concept of the program audience
percentage of
potential sales
5. Which of the following best exemplifies the
(A) only
situation
(B) only
described in the last two sentences of the passage?
(C) and only
(A) A product suitable for women age 21-30 is
(D) and only
marketed
(E) ,, and
at meetings attended only by potential
customers.
3. The passage suggests which of the following (B) A company develops a new product and must
about
develop an advertising campaign to create a
direct selling?
market
(A) It is used in the marketing of most industrial
for it.
products.
(C) An idea for a specialized product remains
(B) It is often used in cases where there is a large
unexplored because media exposure of the
program target.
product
(C) It is not economically feasible for most
to its few potential customers would be too
marketing
expensive.
programs.
(D) A new product is developed and marketers
(D) It is used only for products for which there are collect
- 107 -

demographic data on potential consumers before do not necessarily form a meaningful program
developing a specific advertising campaign.
target.
(E) A product suitable for men age 60 and over is (E) Collecting demographic data is the first step
advertised in a magazine read by adults of all that
ages.
marketers take in designing a marketing
program.
6. The passage suggests that which of the following
is true
8. It can be inferred from the passage that which of
about the marketing of industrial products like the
those
following is true for most consumer-goods
discussed in the third paragraph?
markets?
(A) The market segment and program target are
(A) The program audience is smaller than the
identical.
market
(B) Mass marketing is the only feasible way of
segment.
advertising such products.
(B) The program audience and the market
(C) The marketing program cannot be directed
segment are
specifically to the program target.
usually identical.
(D) More customers would be needed to justify (C) The market segment and the program target
the
are
expense of direct selling.
usually identical.
(E) The program audience would necessarily be (D) The program target is larger than the market
made
segment.
up of potential customers, regardless of the
(E) The program target and the program audience
marketing approach that was used.
are
not usually identical.
7. The passage supports which of the following
statements
about demographic characteristics and marketing?
Passage 36
(A) Demographic research is of no use in
Protein synthesis begins when the gene
determining
encoding a
how successful a product will be with a protein is activated. The genes sequence of
particular
nucleotides is
group of consumers.
transcribed into a molecule of messenger RNA
(B) A program audience is usually composed of (mRNA),
people
which reproduces the information contained in
with similar demographic characteristics.
that
(C) Psychological factors are more important than (5) sequence. Transported outside the nucleus to
demographic factors in defining a market the cytosegments.
plasm, the mRNA is translated into the protein it
(D) Consumers with similar demographic encodes by an organelle known as a ribosome,
characteristics
which
- 108 -

strings together amino acids in the order specified accuby the

(30) mulate sufficient concentrations of
sequence of elements in the mRNA molecule. hemoglobin (which
Since the
transports oxygen) to carry out their main
(10) amount of mRNA in a cell determines the function, the
amount of the
cells parent cells must simultaneously produce
corresponding protein, factors affecting the more of
abundance
the constituent proteins of hemoglobin and less of
of mRNAs play a major part in the normal most
functioning
other proteins. To do this, the parent cells halt
of a cell by appropriately regulating protein synthesis
synthesis.
(35) of nonhemoglobin mRNAs in the nucleus and
For example, an excess of certain proteins can rapidly
cause cells
degrade copies of the nonhemoglobin mRNAs
(15) to proliferate abnormally and become remaining
cancerous; a lack
in the cytoplasm. Halting synthesis of mRNA
of the protein insulin results in diabetes.
alone would
Biologists once assumed that the variable rates not affect the quantities of proteins synthesized
at
by the
which cells synthesize different mRNAs
mRNAs still existing in the cytoplasm.
determine the
Biologists now
quantities of mRNAs and their corresponding (40) believe that most cells can regulate protein
proteins
production
(20) in a cell. However, recent investigations have most efficiently by varying both mRNA synthesis
shown that
and
the concentrations of most mRNAs correlate degradation, as developing red cells do, rather
best, not
than by
with their synthesis rate, but rather with the just varying one or the other.
equally variable rates at which cells degrade the different 1. The passage is primarily concerned with
mRNAs
discussing the
in their cytoplasm. If a cell degrades both a (A) influence of mRNA concentrations on the
rapidly and
development of red blood cells
(25) a slowly synthesized mRNA slowly, both (B) role of the synthesis and degradation of
mRNAs will
mRNA in
accumulate to high levels.
cell functioning
An important example of this phenomenon is (C) mechanism by which genes are transcribed
the
into
development of red blood cells from their mRNA
unspecialized
(D) differences in mRNA concentrations in cell
parent cells in bone marrow. For red blood cells to nuclei
- 109 -

and in the cytoplasm

second paragraph.
(E) way in which mRNA synthesis contributes to (D) The third paragraph describes an investigation
the
that
onset of diabetes
was undertaken to resolve problems raised by
phenomena described in the second paragraph.
2. The passage suggests that a biologist who held (E) Both paragraphs describe in detail specific
the view
examples
described in the first sentence of the second of the phenomenon that is introduced in the first
paragraph
paragraph.
would most probably also have believed which of
the
4. The accumulation of concentrations of
following?
hemoglobin in
(A) The rate of degradation of specific mRNAs red blood cells is mentioned in the passage as an
has
example of which of the following?
little effect on protein concentrations.
(A) The effectiveness of simultaneous variation of
(B) The rate of degradation of specific mRNAs the
should
rates of synthesis and degradation of mRNA
be studied intensively.
(B) The role of the ribosome in enabling a parent
(C) The rates of synthesis and degradation for any cell to
given
develop properly into a more specialized form
mRNA are normally equal.
(C) The importance of activating the genes for
(D) Different mRNAs undergo degradation at particular
widely
proteins at the correct moment
varying rates.
(D) The abnormal proliferation of a protein that
(E) Most mRNAs degrade very rpaidly.
threatens to make the cell cancerous
3. Which of the following best describes the (E) The kind of evidence that biologists relied on
relationship
for
between the second and third paragraphs of the
support of a view of mRNA synthesis that is
passage?
now
(A) The second paragraph presents arguments in considered obsolete
support
of a new theory and the third paragraph presents 5. To begin to control a disease caused by a protein
arguments against that same theory.
deficiency, the passage suggests that a promising
(B) The second paragraph describes a traditional experimental treatment would be to administer a
view
drug
and the third paragraph describes the view that that would reduce
has
(A) only the degradation rate for the mRNA of the
replaced it on the basis of recent investigations.
protein involved
(C) The third paragraph describes a specific case (B) only the synthesis rate for the mRNA of the
of a
protein
phenomenon that is described generally in the
involved
- 110 -

(C) both the synthesis and degradation rates for regulated?

the
(A) Diabetes can result from errors that occur
mRNA of the protein involved
when the
(D) the incidence of errors in the transcription of
ribosomes translate mRNA into protein.
mRNAs from genetic nucleotide sequences
(B) Cancer can result from an excess of certain
(E) the rate of activity of ribosomes in the proteins
cytoplasm of
and diabetes can result from an insulin
most cells
deficiency.
(C) A deficiency of red blood cells can occur if
6. According to the passage, which of the following bone
best
marrow cells produce too much hemoglobin.
describes the current view on the relationship (D) Cancer can be caused by excessively rapid
between
degradation of certain amino acids in the
the synthesis and the degradation of mRNA in
cytoplasm
regulating protein synthesis?
of cells.
(A) Biologists have recently become convinced (E) Excessive synthesis of one protein can trigger
that the
increased degradation of mRNAs for other
ribosome controls the rates of synthesis and
proteins
degradation of mRNA.
and create severe protein imbalances.
(B) There is no consensus among biologists as to
the
8. The passage suggests that a biologist who
significance of mRNA degradation in regulating detected high
protein synthesis.
levels of two proteins in a certain type of cell
(C) The concept of mRNA degradation is so new would be
that
likely to consider which of the following as a
most biologists still believe that the vital role in possible
protein regulation belongs to mRNA synthesis. explanation?
(D) Degradation of mRNA is now considered to (A) The rate of mRNA degradation for one of the
be the
proteins increases as this type of cell develops a
key process and mRNA synthesis is no longer
more specialized function.
believed to play a significant role.
(B) The two proteins are most likely constituents
(E) Degradation of mRNA is now considered to of a
be as
complex substance supporting the cells
important as mRNA synthesis has been, and still specialized
is,
function.
believed to be.
(C) The cells are likely to proliferate abnormally
and
7. According to the passage, which of the following
possibly become cancerous due to the levels of
can
these
happen when protein synthesis is not proteins.
appropriately
(D) The mRNAs for both proteins are being
- 111 -

degraded
(20) levels in the mid-sixties, capital investment
at a low rate in that type of cell.
per
(E) The mRNAs for the two proteins are being
employee was comparable to that of United
synthesized at identical rates in that type of cell. States
firms. Furthermore, by the late seventies, the
Passage 37
amount of
fixed assets required to produce one vehicle was
Japanese firms have achieved the highest levels roughly equivalent in Japan and in the United
of
States.
manufacturing efficiency in the world automobile (25) Since capital investment was not higher in
industry. Some observers of Japan have assumed Japan, it had
that
to be other factors that led to higher productivity.
Japanese firms use the same manufacturing
A more fruitful explanation may lie with
equipment
Japanese
(5) and techniques as United States firms but have
production techniques. Japanese automobile
beneproducers
fited from the unique characteristics of Japanese
did not simply implement conventional processes
employees and the Japanese culture. However, if more
this
(30) effectively: they made critical changes in
were true, then one would expect Japanese auto United States
plants
procedures. For instance, the mass-production
in the United States to perform no better than philosfactories
ophy of United States automakers encouraged the
(10) run by United States companies. This is not production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize
the case,
fully
Japanese-run automobile plants located in the expensive, component-specific equipment and to
United
(35) occupy fully workers who have been trained to
States and staffed by local workers have execute
demonstrated
one operation efficiently. Japanese automakers
higher levels of productivity when compared with chose to
factomake small-lot production feasible by
ries owned by United States companies.
introducing
(15)
Other observers link high Japanese several departures from United States practices,
productivity to
including the use of flexible equipment that could
higher levels of capital investment per worker. be
But a
(40) altered easily to do several different
historical perspective leads to a different production tasks
conclusion.
and the training of workers in multiple jobs.
When the two top Japanese automobile makers
Automakers could schedule the production of
matched and then doubled United States different
productivity
components or models on single machines,
- 112 -

thereby
the passage?
eliminating the need to store the buffer stocks of (A) Prior to the 1960s, the productivity levels of
extra
the top
(45) components that result when specialized Japanese automakers were exceeded by those of
equipment
United States automakers.
and workers are kept constantly active.
(B) The culture of a country has a large effect on
the
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
productivity levels of its automakers.
(A) present the major steps of a process
(C) During the late 1970s and early 1980s,
(B) clarify an ambiguity
productivity levels were comparable in Japan
(C) chronicle a dispute
and
(D) correct misconceptions
the United States.
(E) defend an accepted approach
(D) The greater the number of cars that are
2. The author suggests that if the observers of produced in
Japan
a single lot, the higher a plants productivity
mentioned in line 3 were correct, which of the level.
following
(E) The amount of capital investment made by
would be the case?
automobile manufacturers in their factories
(A) The equipment used in Japanese automobile determines the level of productivity.
plants
would be different from the equipment used in 4. According to the passage, which of the following
United States plants.
statements is true of Japanese automobile
(B) Japanese workers would be trained to do workers?
several
(A) Their productivity levels did not equal those
different production jobs.
of
(C) Culture would not have an influence on the
United States automobile workers until the
productivity levels of workers.
late
(D) The workers in Japanese-run plants would
seventies.
have
(B) Their high efficiency levels are a direct result
higher productivity levels regardless of where of
they
cultural influences.
were located.
(C) They operate component-specific machinery.
(E) The production levels of Japanese-run plants (D) They are trained to do more than one job.
located
(E) They produce larger lots of cars than do
in the United States would be equal to those of workers in
plants run by United States companies.
United States factories.
3. Which of the following statements concerning 5. Which of the following best describes the
the
organization
productivity levels of automakers can be inferred of the first paragraph?
from
(A) A thesis is presented and supporting examples
- 113 -

are

of

provided.
single-function equipment.
(B) Opposing views are presented, classified, and (C) Japanese automakers invest more capital per
then
employee than do United States automakers.
reconciled.
(D) United States-owned factories abroad have
(C) A fact is stated, and an explanation is higher
advanced and
production levels than do Japanese owned
then refuted.
plants in
(D) A theory is proposed, considered, and then
the United States.
amended.
(E) Japanese automakers have benefited from the
(E) An opinion is presented, qualified, and then
cultural heritage of their workers.
reaffirmed.
8. With which of the following predictive statement
6. It can be inferred from the passage that one
regarding Japanese automakers would the
problem
author
associated with the production of huge lots of cars
most likely agree?
is
(A) The efficiency levels of the Japanese
which of the following?
automakers
(A) The need to manufacture flexible machinery will decline if they become less flexible in their
and
approach to production
equipment
(B) Japanese automakers productivity levels
(B) The need to store extra components not double
required for
during the late 1990s.
immediate use
(C) United States automakes will originate net
(C) The need for expensive training programs for
production processes before Japanese
workers, which emphasize the development of automakers
facility in several production jobs.
do.
(D) The need to alter conventional mass- (D) Japanese automakers will hire fewer workers
production
than
processes
will United States automakers because each
(E) The need to increase the investment per worker
vehicle in
is required to perform several jobs.
order to achieve high productivity levels
(E) Japanese automakers will spend less on
equipment
7. Which of the following statements is supported
repairs than will United States automakers
by
because
information stated in the passage?
Japanese equipment can be easily altered.
(A) Japanese and United States automakers differ
in
Passage 38
their approach to production processes.
(B) Japanese automakers have perfected the use
It was once believed that the brain was
- 114 -

independent
secreof metabolic processes occurring elsewhere in the
tion. As we had hypothesized, the blood
body.
tryptophan
In recent studies, however, we have discovered (25) level and the concentrations of tryptophan
that the
serotonin in the brain increased after the meal.
production and release in brain neurons of the
Surprisingly, however, when we added a
neurolarge
(5) transmitter serotonin (neurotransmitters are
amount of protein to the meal, brain tryptophan
compounds
and
that neurons use to transmit signals to other cells)
serotonin levels fell. Since protein contains
depend directly on the food that the body tryptophan,
processes.
(30) why should it depress brain tryptophan
Our first studies sought to determine whether the levels? The
increase in serotonin observed in rats given a answer lies in the mechanism that provides blood
large injectryp(10)tion of the amino acid tryptophan might also tophan to the brain cells. This same mechanism
occur after
also
rats ate meals that change tryptophan levels in the
provides the brain cells with other amino acids
blood. We found that, immediately after the rats found in
began
protein, such as tyrosine and leucine. The
to eat, parallel elevations occurred in blood consumption
tryptophan,
(35) of protein increases blood concentration of the
brain tryptophan, and brain serotonin levels. other
These findamino acids much more, proportionately, than it
(15) ings suggested that the production and release does
of serothat of tryptophan. The more protein in the meal,
tonin in brain neurons were normally coupled the
with
lower is the ratio of the resulting bloodblood-tryptophan increases. In later studies we tryptophan
found
concentration to the concentration of competing
that injecting insulin into a rats bloodstream also amino
caused
(40) acids, and the more slowly is tryptophan
parallel elevations in blood and brain tryptophan provided to
levels
the brain. Thus the more protein in a meal, the
(20) and in serotonin levels. We then decided to see less
whether
serotonin subsequently produced and released.
the secretion of the animals own insulin similarly
affected
1. Which of the following titles best summarizes
serotonin production. We gave the rats a the
carbohydratecontents of the passage?
containing meal that we knew would elicit insulin (A) Neurotransmitters: Their Crucial Function in
- 115 -

Cellular Communication
meals
(B) Diet and Survival: An Old Relationship rich in tryptophan
Reexamined
(D) there were many neurotransmitters whose
(C) The Blood Supply and the Brain: A
production was dependent on metabolic
Reciprocal
processes
Dependence
elsewhere in the body.
(D) Amino Acids and Neurotransmitters: The
(E) serotonin levels increased after rats were
Connection Between Serotonin Levels and injected
Tyrosine
with a large amount of tryptophan
(E) The Effects of Food Intake on the Production 4. According to the passage, one reason that the
and
authors
Release of Serotonin: Some Recent Findings
gave rats carbohydrates was to
(A) depress the rats tryptophan levels
2. According to the passage, the speed with which (B) prevent the rats from contracting diseases
tryptophan is provided to the brain cells of a rat (C) cause the rats to produce insulin
varies
(D) demonstrate that insulin is the most important
with the
substance secreted by the body
(A) amount of protein present in a meal
(E) compare the effect of carbohydrates with the
(B) concentration of serotonin in the brain before effect
a meal
of proteins
(C) concentration of leucine in the blood rather
than on
5. According to the passage, the more protein a rat
the concentration of tyrosine in the blood after a consumes, the lower will be the
meal
(A) ratio of the rats blood-tryptophan
(D) concentration of tryptophan in the brain concentration to
before a
the amount of serotonin produced and released
meal
in the
(E) number of serotonin-containing neurons rats brain
present in
(B) ratio of the rats blood-tryptophan
the brain before a meal
concentration to
the concentration in its blood of the other amino
3. According to the passage, when the authors acids contained in the protein
began their
(C) ratio of the rats blood-tyrosine concentration
first studies, they were aware that
to its
(A) they would eventually need to design blood-leucine concentration
experiments
(D) number of neurotransmitters of any kind that
that involved feeding rats high concentrations of the rat
protein
will produce and release
(B) tryptophan levels in the blood were difficult to (E) number of amino acids the rats blood will
monitor with accuracy
contain
(C) serotonin levels increased after rats were fed
- 116 -

6. The authors discussion of the mechanism that

provides
9. It can be inferred from the passage that the
blood tryptophan to the brain cells (lines 31-32) authors
is
initially held which of the following hypotheses
meant to
about
(A) stimulate further research studies
what would happen when they fed large amounts
(B) summarize an area of scientific investigation of
(C) help explain why a particular research finding protein to rats?
was
(A) The rats brain serotonin levels would not
obtained
decrease.
(D) provide supporting evidence for a (B) The rats brain tryptophan levels would
controversial
decrease
scientific theory
(C) The rats tyrosine levels would increase less
(E) refute the conclusions of a previously quickly
mentioned
than would their leucine levels
research study
(D) The rats would produce more insulin.
(E) The rats would produce neurotransmitters
7. According to the passage, an injection of insulin other than
was
serotonin.
most similar in its effect on rats to an injection of
(A) tyrosine
(B) leucine
Passage 39
(C) blood
Historians sometimes forget that history is
(D) tryptophan
conunu(E) protein
ally being made and experienced before it is
studied,
8. It can be inferred from the passage that which of interpreted, and read. These latter activities have
the
their
following would be LEAST likely to be a
own history, of course, which may impinge in
potential
unexsource of aid to a patient who was not adequately (5) pected ways on public events. It is difficult to
producing and releasing serotonin?
predict
(A) Meals consisting almost exclusively of
when new pasts will overturn established
protein
historical
(B) Meals consisting almost exclusively of
interpretations and change the course of history.
carbohydrates
In the fall of 1954, for example, C. Vann
(C) Meals that would elicit insulin secretion
Woodward
(D) Meals that had very low concentrations of
delivered a lecture series at the University of
tyrosine
Virginia
(E) Meals that had very low concentrations of (10) which challenged the prevailling dogma
leucine
concerning the
- 117 -

history, continuity, and uniformity of racial historian, and thus not concerned with accuracy
segregation
or the
in the South. He argued that the Jim Crow laws (35) dangers of historical anachronism. Yet, like
of the
Paine,
late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries not
Woodward had an unerring sense of the
only
revolutionary
codified traditional practice but also were a moment, and of how historical evidence could
determined
under(15) effort to erase the considerable progress made mine the mythological tradition that was crushing
by Black
the
people during and after Reconstruction in the dreams of new social possibilities. Martin Luther
1870s.
King,
This revisionist view of Jim Crow legislation (40) Jr.. testified to the profound effect of The
grew in
Strange
Part from the research that Woodward had done Career of Jim Crow on the civil rights movement
for the
by
NAACP legal campaign during its preparation for praising the book and quoting it frequently.
(20) Brown v. Board of Education. The Supreme
Court had
1. The new pasts mentioned in line 6 can best be
issued its ruling in this epochal desegregation described as the
case a few
(A) occurrence of events extremely similar to past
months before Woodwards lectures.
events
The lectures were soon published as a book. The
(B) history of the activities of studying,
Strange Career of Jim Crow. Ten years later, in a interpreting, and
(25)
preface to the second revised edition. reading new historical writing
Woodward
(C) change in peoples understanding of the past
confessed with ironic modesty that the first due to
edition
more recent historical writing
had begun to suffer under some of the handicaps
(D) overturning of established historical
that
interpretations
might be expected in a history of the American by politically motivated politicians
Revolu(E) difficulty of predicting when a given historical
tion published in 1776. That was a bit like interpretation will be overturned
hearing
(30)Thomas Paine apologize for the timing of his 2. It can be inferred from the passage that the
pamphlet
prevailling
Common Sense, which had a comparable impact. dogma (line 10) held that
Although Common Sense also had a mass (A) Jim Crow laws were passed to give legal
readership.
status to
Paine had intended to reach and inspire: he was well-established discriminatory practices in the
not a
South
- 118 -

(B) Jim Crow laws were passed to establish order Thomas Paine were similar in all of the following
and
ways
uniformity in the discriminatory practices of
EXCEPT:
different southern states.
(A) Both had works published in the midst of
(C) Jim Crow laws were passed to erase the social important
gains
historical events.
that Black people had achieved since (B) Both wrote works that enjoyed widespread
Reconstruction
popularity.
(D) the continuity of racial segregation in the (C) Both exhibited an understanding of the
South was
relevance of
disrupted by passage of Jim Crow laws
historical evidence to contemporary issues.
(E) the Jim Crow laws of the late nineteenth and (D) The works of both had a significant effect on
early
events
twentieth centuries were passed to reverse the
following their publication.
effect
(E) Both were able to set aside worries about
of earlier Jim Crow laws
historical
anachronism in order to reach and inspire.
3. Which of the following is the best example of
writing
5. The attitude of the author of the passage toward
that is likely to be subject to the kinds of the
handicaps
work of C. Vann Woodward is best described as
referred to in line 27?
one of
(A) A history of an auto manufacturing plant (A) respectful regard
written by
an employee during an autobuying (B) qualified approbation
boom
(C) implied skepticism
(B) A critique of a statewide school-desegregation (D) pointed criticism
plan
(E) fervent advocacy
written by an elementary school teacher in that
state
6. Which of the following best describes the new
(C) A newspaper article assessing the historical
idea
importance of a United States President written expressed by C. Vann Woodward in his University
shortly after the President has taken office
of
(D) A scientific paper describing the benefits of a Virginia lectures in 1954?
certain surgical technique written by the surgeon (A) Southern racial segregation was continuous
who developed the technique
and
(E) Diary entries narrating the events of a battle uniform.
written
(B) Black people made considerable progress only
by a soldier who participated in the battle
after
Reconstruction.
4. The passage suggests that C. Vann Woodward (C) Jim Crow legislation was conventional in
and
nature.
- 119 -

(D) Jim Crow laws did not go as far in codifying

one-third that of White units, their mortality rate
traditional practice as they might have.
from
(E) Jim Crow laws did much more than merely disease, a major killer in his war, was twice as
reinforce
great.
a tradition of segregation.
(20) Despite these obstacles, the courage and
effectiveness of
several Black units in combat won increasing
Passage 40
respect from
Joseph Glarthaars Forged in Battle is not the initially skeptical or hostile White soldiers. As
first excelone White
lent study of Black soldiers and their White officer put it, they have fought their way into the
officers in the
respect
Civil War, but it uses more soldiers letters and
of all the army.
diaries
(25) In trying to demonstrate the magnitude of this
including rare material from Black soldiersand attitudiconcennal change, however, Glarthaar seems to
(5) rates more intensely on Black-White relations exaggerate the
in Black
prewar racism of the White men who became
regiments than do any of its predecessors. officers in
Glathaars title
Black regiments. Prior to the war, he writes of
expresses his thesis: loyalty, friendship, and these
respect among
men, virtually all of them held powerful racial
White officers and Black soldiers were fostered prejudices.
by the
(30) While perhaps true of those officers who
mutual dangers they faced in combat.
joined Black
(10 ) Glarthaar accurately describes the units for promotion or other self-serving motives,
governments discrimthis stateinatory treatment of Black soldiers in pay,
ment misrepresents the attitudes of the many
promotion, medi
abolitionists
cal care, and job assignments, appropriately who became officers in Black regiments. Having
emphasizing
spent
the campaign by Black soldiers and their officers years fighting against the race prejudice endemic
to get the
in Ameriopportunity to fight. That chance remained (35) can society; they participated eagerly in this
limited through
military exper(15) out the war by army policies that kept most
iment, which they hoped would help African
Black units
Americans
serving in rear-echelon assignments and working
achieve freedom and postwar civil equality. By
in labor
current
battalions. Thus, while their combat death rate
standards of racial egalitarianism, these mens
was only
paternalism
- 120 -

toward African Americans was racist. But to studies.

call their
(E) It makes skillful use of supporting evidence to
(40) feelings powerful racial prejudices is to illustrate a
indulge in
subtle trend that previous studies have failed to
generational chauvinismto judge past eras by detect.
present
standards.
3. The author implies that the title of Glatthaars
book refers
1. The passage as a whole can best be characterized specifically to which of the following?
as which of
(A) The sense of pride and accomplishment that
the following?
Black
(A) An evaluation of a scholarly study
soldiers increasingly felt as a result of their
(B) A description of an attitudinal change
Civil War
(C) A discussion of an analytical defect
experiences
(D) An analysis of the causes of a phenomenon
(B) The civil equality that African Americans
(E) An argument in favor of revising a view
achieved after
the Civil War, partly as a result of their use of
2. According to the author, which of the following organizational skills honed by combat
is true of
(C) The changes in discriminatory army policies
Glarthaars Forged in Battle compared with that were
previous studies
made as a direct result of the performance of
on the same topic?
Black
(A) It is more reliable and presents a more
combat units during the Civil War
complete picture
(D) The improved interracial relations that were
of the historical events on which it concentrates formed by
than do
the races facing of common dangers and their
previous studies.
waging
(B) It uses more of a particular kind of source
of a common fight during the Civil War
material and
(E) The standards of racial egalitarianism that
focuses more closely on a particular aspect of came to be
the topic
adopted as a result of White Civil War veterans
than do previous studies.
repudiation of the previous racism
(C) It contains some unsupported generalizations,
but it
4. The passage mentions which of the following as
rightly emphasizes a theme ignored by most an
previous
important theme that receives special emphasis in
studies.
Glarthaars book?
(D) It surpasses previous studies on the same (A) The attitudes of abolitionist officers in Black
topic in that it
units
accurately describes conditions often neglected (B) The struggle of Black units to get combat
by those
assignments
- 121 -

(C) The consequences of the poor medical care (C) the combat performance of Black units
received by
changed the
Black soldiers
attitudes of White soldiers toward Black soldiers
(D) The motives of officers serving in Black units (D) White units paid especially careful attention
(E) The discrimination that Black soldiers faced to the
when trying
performance of Black units in battle
for promotions
(E) respect in the army as a whole was accorded
only to
5. The passage suggests that which of the following
those units, whether Black or White, that
was true of
performed well
Black units disease mortality rates in the Civil in battle
War?
(A) They were almost as high as the combat 7. Which of the following best describes the kind
mortality rates
of error
of White units.
attributed to Glarthaar in lines 25-28?
(B) They resulted in part from the relative
(A) Insisting on an unwarranted distinction
inexperience of
between two
these units when in combat.
groups of individuals in order to render an
(C) They were especially high because of the argument
nature of these
concerning them internally consistent
units usual duty assignments.
(B) Supporting an argument in favor of a given
(D) They resulted in extremely high overall interpretation
casualty rates in
of a situation with evidence that is not
Black combat units.
particularly
(E) They exacerbated the morale problems that relevant to the situation
were caused
(C) Presenting a distorted view of the motives of
by the armys discriminatory policies.
certain
individuals in order to provide grounds for a
6. The author of the passage quotes the White negative
officer in lines
evaluation of their actions
23-24 primarily in order to provide evidence to (D) Describing the conditions prevailing before a
support the
given
contention that
event in such a way that the contrast with those
(A) virtually all White officers initially had hostile
prevailing after the event appears more striking
attitudes
than it
toward Black soldiers
actually is
(B) Black soldiers were often forced to defend (E) Asserting that a given event is caused by
themselves
another event
from physical attacks initiated by soldiers from
merely because the other event occurred before
White
the given
units
event occurred
- 122 -

which
8. Which of the following actions can best be are simple and lack a nucleus. The distinction
described as
between
indulging in generational chauvinism (lines 40- eukaryotes and bacteria, initially defined in terms
41) as that
of
practice is defined in the passage?
subcellular structures visible with a microscope,
(A) Condemning a present-day monarch merely was ultibecause
(10) mately carried to the molecular level. Here
many monarchs have been tyrannical in the prokaryotic and
past.
eukaryotic cells have many features in common.
(B) Clinging to the formal standards of politeness For
common
instance, they translate genetic information into
in ones youth to such a degree that any proteins
relaxation of
according to the same type of genetic coding. But
those standards is intolerable
even
(C) Questioning the accuracy of a report written where the molecular processes are the same, the
by an
details in
employee merely because of the employees (15) the two forms are different and characteristic
gender.
of the respec(D) Deriding the superstitions accepted as
tive forms. For example, the amino acid
science in past
sequences of varieras without acknowledging the prevalence of ous enzymes tend to be typically prokaryotic or
irrational
eukaryotic.
beliefs today.
The differences between the groups and the
(E) Labeling a nineteenth-century politician as similarities
corrupt
within each group made it seem certain to most
for engaging in once-acceptable practices biologists
considered
(20) that the tree of life had only two stems.
intolerable today.
Moreover, arguments pointing out the extent of both structural and
funcPassage 41
tional differences between eukaryotes and true
It was once assumed that all living things could be bacteria
divided into two fundamental and exhaustive convinced many biologists that the precursors of
categories. Multicellular plants and animals, as the
well as many unicellueukaryotes must have diverged from the common
lar organisms, are eukaryotictheir large, complex (25) ancestor before the bacteria arose.
cells
Although much of this picture has been sustained
(5) have a well-formed nucles and many by
organelles. On the
more recent research, it seems fundamentally
other hand, the true bacteria are prokaryotic cell, wrong in one
- 123 -

respect. Among the bacteria, there are organisms

that are
significantly different both from the cells of
eukaryotes and
(30) from the true bacteria, and it now appears that
there are
three stems in the tree of life. New techniques for
determining the molecular sequence of the RNA of
organisms
have produced evolutionary information about the
degree
to which organisms are related, the time since they
diverged
(35) from a common ancestor, and the
reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes. These techniques have
strongly
suggested that although the true bacteria indeed
form a
large coherent group, certain other bacteria, the
archaebacteria, which are also prokaryotes and which
resemble true
(40) bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary
branch that
far antedates the common ancestor of all true
bacteria.

proof
that the prokaryotes are more ancient than had
been
expected.
(D) summarizing the differences in structure and
function found among true bacteria,
archaebacteria,
and eukaryotes
(E) formulating a hypothesis about the
mechanisms of
evolution that resulted in the ancestors of the
prokaryotes
2. According to the passage, investigations of
eukaryotic
and prokaryotic cells at the molecular level
supported
the conclusion that
(A) most eukaryotic organisms are unicellular
(B) complex cells have well-formed nuclei
(C) prokaryotes and cukaryotes form two
fundamental
categories
(D) subcellular structures are visible with a
microscope
(E) prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have similar
enzymes

3. According to the passage, which of the following

1. The passage is primarily concerned with
statements about the two-category hypothesis is
(A) detailing the evidence that has led most likely to
biologists to
be true?
replace the trichotomous picture of living (A) It is promising because it explains the
organisms
presence of true
with a dichotomous one
bacteria-like organisms such as organelles in
(B) outlining the factors that have contributed to eukaryotic cells.
the
(B) It is promising because it explains why
current hypothesis concerning the number of eukaryotic
basic
cells, unlike prokaryotic cells, tend to form
categories of living organisms
multicellular organisms.
(C) evaluating experiments that have resulted in (C) It is flawed because it fails to account for the
- 124 -

great
(D) It will be found that true bacteria are much
variety among eukaryotic organisms.
older
(D) It is flawed because it fails to account for the
than eukaryotes.
similarity between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
(E) It will be found that there is a common
(E) It is flawed because it fails to recognize an ancestor of
important
the eukaryotes, archaebacteria, and true
distinction among prokaryotes.
bacteria.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of 6. According to the passage, researchers working
the
under the
following have recently been compared in order two-category hypothesis were correct in thinking
to
that
clarify the fundamental classifications of living (A) prokaryotes form a coherent group
things?
(B) the common ancestor of all living things had
(A) The genetic coding in true bacteria and that in complex
other
properties
prokaryotes
(C) eukaryotes are fundamentally different from
(B) The organelle structures of archaebacteria, true bacteria
true
(D) true bacteria are just as complex as eukaryotes
bacteria, and eukaryotes
(E) ancestral versions of eukaryotic genes
(C) The cellular structures of multicellular functioned
organisms
differently from their modern counterparts.
and unicellular organisms
(D) The molecular sequences in eukaryotic RNA, 7. All of the following statements are supported by
true
the passage
bacterial RNA, and archaebacterial RNA
EXCEPT:
(E) The amino acid sequences in enzymes of (A) True bacteria form a distinct evolutionary
various
group.
eukaryotic species and those of enzymes in
(B) Archaebacteria are prokaryotes that resemble
archaebecterial species
true
bacteria.
5. If the new techniques mentioned in line 31 (C) True bacteria and eukaryotes employ similar
were
types of
applied in studies of biological classifications genetic coding.
other than
(D) True bacteria and eukaryotes are
bacteria, which of the following is most likely?
distinguishable at the
(A) Some of those classifications will have to be
subcellular level.
reevaluated.
(E) Amino acid sequences of enzymes are
(B) Many species of bacteria will be reclassified uniform for
(C) It will be determined that there are four main
eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.
categories of living things rather than three.
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8. The authors attitude toward the view that living

for the merchandise than it cost to make it.
things are
Another way to
divided into three categories is best described as dispose of excess inventory is to dump it. The
one of
corporation
(A) tentative acceptance
takes a straight cost write-off on its taxes and
(B) mild skepticism
hauls the
(C) limited denial
merchandise to a landfill. Although it is hard to
(D) studious oriticism
believe,
(E) whole hearted endorsement
(20) there is a sort of convoluted logic to this
approach. It is
Passage 42
perfectly legal, requires little time or preparation
on the
Excess inventory, a massive problem for many companys part, and solves the problem quickly.
busiThe drawnesses, has several causes, some of which are back is the remote possibility of getting caught
unavoidable.
by the news
Overstocks may accumulate through production media. Dumping perfectly useful products can
overruns or
turn into a
errors. Certain styles and colors prove unpopular. (25) public relations nightmare. Children living in
With
poverty are
(5) some productscomputers and software, toys, freezing and XYZ Company has just sent 500
and
new snowbookslast years models are difficult to move suits to the local dump. Parents of young children
even at
are
huge discounts. Occasionally the competition
barely getting by and QPS Company dumps
introduces a
1,000 cases of
better product. But in many cases the publics
disposable diapers because they have slight
buying tastes
imperfections.
simply change, leaving a manufacturer or (30) The managers of these companies are not
distributor with
deliberately
(10 ) thousands (or millions) of items that the fickle wasteful; they are simply unaware of all their
public no
alternatives.
longer wants.
In 1976 the Internal Revenue Service provided a
One common way to dispose of this tangible
merchandise is to
incentive for businesses to contribute their
sell it to a liquidator, who buys as cheaply as products to charpossible and
ity. The new tax law allowed corporations to
then resells the merchandise through catalogs, deduct the
discount
(35)cost of the product donated plus half the
(15) stores, and other outlets. However, liquidators
difference
may pay less
between cost and fair market selling price, with
- 126 -

the proviso
that deductions cannot exceed twice cost. Thus,
the federal
government sanctionsindeed, encouragesan
above-cost
federal tax deduction for companies that donate
inventory
to charity.

(D) Manufacturers who dump their excess

inventory are
often caught and exposed by the news media.
(E) Most products available in discount stores
have
come from manufacturers excess-inventory
stock.

4. The author cites the examples in lines 25-29

1. The author mentions each of the following as a
most probably in order to illustrate
cause of
(A) the fiscal irresponsibility of dumping as a
excess inventory EXCEPT
policy for
(A) production of too much merchandise
dealing with excess inventory
(B) inaccurate forecasting of buyers preferences
(B) the waste-management problems that
(C) unrealistic pricing policies
dumping new
(D) products rapid obsolescence
products creates
(E) availability of a better product
(C) the advantages to the manufacturer of
dumping as a
2. The passage suggests that which of the following policy
is a
(D) alternatives to dumping explored by different
kind of product that a liquidator who sells to companies
discount
(E) how the news media could portray dumping to
stores would be unlikely to wish to acquire?
the
(A) Furniture
detriment of the manufacturers reputation
(B) Computers
(C) Kitchen equipment
5. By asserting that manufacturers are simply
(D) Baby-care products
unaware
(E) Childrens clothing
(line 31), the author suggests which of the
following?
3. The passage provides information that supports (A) Manufacturers might donate excess inventory
which of
to charity rather than dump it if they knew
the following statements?
about the provision in the federal tax code.
(A) Excess inventory results most often from
(B) The federal government has failed to provide
insufficient market analysis by the
sufficient encouragement to manufacturers to
manufacturer.
make
(B) Products with slight manufacturing defects use of advantageous tax policies.
may
(C) Manufacturers who choose to dump excess
contribute to excess inventory.
inventory are not aware of the possible effects
(C) Few manufacturers have taken advantage of
on
the
their reputation of media coverage of such
changes in the federal tax laws.
dumping.
- 127 -

(D) The manufacturers of products disposed of by

be
dumping are unaware of the needs of those legally dumped in a landfill
people
(B) liquidators often refuse to handle products
who would find the products useful.
with
(E) The manufacturers who dump their excess slight imperfections
inventory
(C) the law allows a deduction in excess of the
are not familiar with the employment of
cost of
liquidators
manufacturing the product
to dispose of overstock.
(D) media coverage of contributions of excessinventory
6. The information in the passage suggests that products to charity is widespread and favorable
which of
(E) no tax deduction is available for products
the following, if true, would make donating
dumped or
excess inv
sold to a liquidator
entory to charity less attractive to manufacturers
than
dumping?
Passage 43
(A) The costs of getting the inventory to the Historians of womens labor in the United States
charitable
at first
destination are greater than the above-cost tax
largely disregarded the story of female service
deduction.
workers
(B) The news media give manufacturers -women earning wages in occupations such as
charitable
salesclerk.
contributions the same amount of coverage that domestic servant, and office secretary. These
they
historians
give dumping.
(5) focused instead on factory work, primarily
(C) No straight-cost tax benefit can be claimed for because it
items
seemed so different from traditional, unpaid
that are dumped.
womens
(D) The fair-market value of an item in excess work in the home, and because the underlying
inventory
economic
is 1.5 times its cost.
forces of industrialism were presumed to be
(E) Items end up as excess inventory because of a gender-blind
change in the publics preferences.
and hence emancipatory in effect. Unfortunately,
emanci7. Information in the passage suggests that one (10) pation has been less profound than expected,
reason
for not even
manufacturers might take advantage of the tax industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex
provision
segrementioned in the last paragraph is that
gation in the workplace.
(A) there are many kinds of products that cannot
To explain this unfinished revolution in the
- 128 -

status of
employers
women, historians have recently begun to (35) showed surprisingly little interest in changing
emphasize the
that
( 15) way a prevailing definition of femininity perception, even when higher profits beckoned.
often etermines
And despite
the kinds of work allocated to women, even when the urgent need of the United States during the
such
Second
allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For World War to mobilize its human resources fully,
instance,
job
early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying segregation by sex characterized even the most
womens
important
employment in wage labor, made much of the 40) war industries. Moreover, once the war ended,
assumption
employers
(20) that women were by nature skillful at detailed quickly returned to men most of the male jobs
tasks and
that
patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill women had been permitted to master.
owners
thus imported into the new industrial order hoary 1. According to the passage, job segregation by sex
stereoin the
types associated with the homemaking activities United States was
they
(A) greatly diminlated by labor mobilization
presumed to have been the purview of women. during the
Because
Second World War
(25) women accepted the more unattractive new (B) perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who
industrial tasks
argued
more readily than did men, such jobs came to be in favor of womens employment in wage labor
regarded
(C) one means by which women achieved greater
as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that job
womens
security
real aspirations were for marriage and family (D) reluctantly challenged by employers except
life.
when
declined to pay women wages commensurate the economic advantages were obvious
with those of
(E) a constant source of labor unrest in the young
(30) men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, textile
less secure jobs
industry
came to be perceived as female.
More remarkable than the origin has been the 2. According to the passage, historians of womens
persistence
labor
of such sex segregation in twentieth-century focused on factory work as a more promising area
industry. Once
of
an occupation came to be perceived as female. research than service-sector work because factory
- 129 -

work
paragraph?
(A) involved the payment of higher wages
(A) They hoped that by creating relatively
(B) required skill in detailed tasks
unattractive
(C) was assumed to be less characterized by sex
female jobs they would discourage women
segregation
from
(D) was more readily accepted by women than by
losing interest in marriage and family life.
men
(B) They sought to increase the size of the
(E) fitted the economic dynamic of industrialism available
better
labor force as a means to keep mens to keep
mens
3. It can be inferred from the passage that early wages low.
historians
(C) They argued that women were inherently
of womens labor in the United States paid little suited to
attention to womens employment in the service do well in particular kinds of factory work.
sector
(D) They thought that factory work bettered the
of the economy because
condition of women by emancipating them from
(A) the extreme variety of these occupations made dependence on income earned by men.
it
(E) They felt guilty about disturbing the
very difficult to assemble meaningful statistics traditional
about
division of labor in family.
them
(B) fewer women found employment in the 5. It can be inferred from the passage that the
service
unfinished
sector than in factory work
revolution the author mentions in line 13 refers
(C) the wages paid to workers in the service to
sector were
the
much lower than those paid in the industrial (A) entry of women into the industrial labor
sector
market
(D) womens employment in the service sector (B) recognition that work done by women as
tended to
homemakers should be compensated at rates
be much more short-term than in factory work
comparable to those prevailing in the service
(E) employment in the service sector seemed to sector
have
of the economy
much in common with the unpaid work (C) development of a new definition of femininity
associated
unrelated to the economic forces of
with homemaking
industrialism
(D) introduction of equal pay for equal work in all
4. The passage supports which of the following professions
statements
(E) emancipation of women wage earners from
about the early mill owners mentioned in the gendersecond
determined job allocation
- 130 -

a transition to a new topic for discussion.

6. The passage supports which of the following (C) The central idea is restated and juxtaposed
statements
with
about hiring policies in the United States?
evidence that might appear to contradic it.
(A) After a crisis many formerly male jobs are
(D) A partial exception to the generalizations of
reclassified as female jobs.
the
(B) Industrial employers generally prefer to hire central idea is dismissed as unimportant.
women
(E) Recent history is cited to suggest that the
with previous experience as homemakers.
central
(C) Post-Second World War hiring policies caused
ideas validity is gradually diminishing.
women to lose many of their wartime gains in
employment opportunity.
(D) Even war industries during the Second World
Passage 44
War
were reluctant to hire women for factory work.
According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold(E) The service sector of the economy has proved quartz
more
vein systems were formed over two billion years
nearly gender-blind in its hiring policies than ago from
has the
magmatic fluids that originated from molten
manufacturing sector.
granitelike
bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This
7. Which of the following words best expresses the theory is
opinion
(5) contrary to the widely held view that the
of the author of the passage concerning the notion systems were
that
deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from
women are more skillful than men in carrying out fluids that
detailed tasks?
formed during the dehydration of wet
(A) patient (line 21)
sedimentary rocks.
(B) repetitive (line 21)
he recently developed theory has considerable
(C) hoary (line 22)
practical
(D) homemaking (line 23)
importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered
(E) purview (line 24)
during
(10) the original gold rushes were exposed at the
8. Which of the following best describes the Earths surface
relationship of
and were found because they had shed trails of
the final paragraph to the passage as a whole?
alluvial
(A) The central idea is reinforced by the citation
gold that were easily traced by simple
of
prospecting methods.
evidence drawn from twentieth-century history.
Although these same methods still lead to an
(B) The central idea is restated in such a way as to occasional
form
discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have
- 131 -

gone
identify those geological features that are critical
(15) undetected because they are buried and have to the
no surface
formation of the mineralization being modeled,
expression.
and then
The challenge in exploration is therefore to tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as
unravel the
many of
subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the the critical features as possible.
position of
buried minerals. Methods widely used today 1. The author is primarily concerned with
include
(A) advocating a return to an older methodology
(20) analysis of aerial images that yield a broad (B) explaining the importance of a recent theory
geological
(C) enumerating differences between two widely
overview; geophysical techniques that provide used
data on the
methods
magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties (D) describing events leading to a discovery
of the
(E) challenging the assumptions on which a
rocks being investigated; and sensitive chemical theory is
tests that
based
are able to detect the subtle chemical halos that
often
2. According to the passage, the widely held view
(25) envelop mineralization. However, none of of
these highArchean- age gold-quartz vein systems is that
technology methods are of any value if the sites such
to which
systems
they are applied have never mineralized, and to (A) were formed from metamorphic fluids
maximize
(B) originated in molten granitelike bodies
the chances of discovery the explorer must (C) were formed from alluvial deposits
therefore pay
(D) generally have surface expression
particular attention to selecting the ground (E) are not discoverable through chemical tests
formations most
(30) likely to be mineralized. Such ground 3. The passage implies that which of the following
selection relies to
steps
varying degrees on conceptual models, which take would be the first performed by explorers who
into
wish to
account theoretical studies of relevant factors.
maximize their chances of discovering gold?
These models are constructed primarily from (A) Surveying several sites known to have been
empirical
formed
observations of known mineral deposits and from more than two billion years ago
theories
(B) Limiting exploration to sites known to have
35) of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the been
models to
formed from metamorphic fluid.
- 132 -

(C) Using an appropriate conceptual model to following is easiest to detect?

select a
(A) A gold-quartz vein system originating in
site for further exploration
magmatic
(D) Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks fluids
over a
(B) A gold-quartz vein system originating in
broad area
meamorphic fluids
(E) Limiting exploration to sites where alluvial (C) A gold deposit that is mixed with granite
gold has
(D) A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold
previously been found
(E) A gold deposit that exhibits chemical halos
4. Which of the following statements about 6. The theory mentioned in line 1 relates to the
discoveries of
conceptual
gold deposits is supported by information in the
models discussed in the passage in which of the
passage?
following ways?
(A) The number of gold discoveries made annually (A) It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming
has
processes, and, hence, can support conceptual
increased between the time of the original gold models that have great practical significance.
rushes
(B) It suggests that certain geological formations,
and the present.
long
(B) New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to believed to be mineralized, are in fact
be the
mineralized, thus confirming current conceptual
result of exploration techniques designed to models.
locate
(C) It suggests that there may not be enough
buried mineralization.
similarity
(C) It is unlikely that newly discovered gold across Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems to
deposits will
warrant the formulation of conceptual models.
ever yield as much as did those deposits
(D) It corrects existing theories about the
discovered
chemical
during the original gold rushes.
halos of gold deposits, and thus provides a
(D) Modern explorers are divided on the question basis for correcting current conceptual models.
of the
(E) It suggests that simple prospecting methods
utility of simple prospecting methods as a still have a higher success rate in the discovery
source of
of gold deposits than do more modern methods.
new discoveries of gold deposits.
(E) Models based on the theory that gold 7. According to the passage, methods of exploring
originated
for gold
from magmatic fluids have already led to new
that are widely used today are based on which of
discoveries of gold deposits.
the
following facts?
5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of (A) Most of the Earths remaining gold deposits
the
are still
- 133 -

molten.
(E) , and
(B) Most of the Earths remaining gold deposits
are
exposed at the surface.
Passage 45
(C) Most of the Earths remaining gold deposits
While there is no blueprint for transforming a
are
largely
buried and have no surface expression.
government-controlled economy into a free one,
(D) Only one type of gold deposit warrants the
exploration,
experience of the United Kingdom since 1979
since the other types of gold deposits are found clearly
in
shows one approach that works: privatization, in
regions difficult to reach.
which
(E) Only one type of gold deposit warrants (5) state-owned industries are sold to private
exploration,
companies. By
since the other types of gold deposits are 1979, the total borrowings and losses of stateunlikely to
owned
yield concentrated quantities of gold.
industries were running at about t3 billion a year.
By
8. It can be inferred from the passage that the selling many of these industries, the government
efficiency of
has
model-based gold exploration depends on which decreased these borrowings and losses, gained
of the
over t34
following?
(10) billion from the sales, and now receives tax
. The closeness of the match between the revenues from
geological
the newly privatized companies. Along with a
features identified by the model as critical and dramatically
the
improved overall economy, the government has
actual geological features of a given area
been able
The
degree
to
which
the
model
chosen
relies
to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over
.
on
a
empirical observation of known mineral two-year period.
deposits
(15) In fact, privatization has not only rescued
rather than on theories of ore-forming processes individual
industries and a whole economy headed for
. The degree to which the model chosen is
based on
disaster, but
an accurate description of the events leading to
has also raised the level of performance in every
mineralization
area. At
(A) only
British Airways and British Gas, for example,
(B) only
productivity
(C) and only
per employee has risen by 20 percent. At
(D) and only
associated
- 134 -

(20) British Ports, labor disruptions common in the ownership

1970s and
to be achieved by owners, companies, and
early 1980s have now virtually disappeared. At countries,
British
employees and other individuals must make their
Telecom, there is no longer a waiting listas own
there always
decisions to buy, and they must commit some of
was before privatizationto have a telephone their own
installed.
resources to the choice.
Part of this improved productivity has come
about
1. According to the passage, all of the following
(25) because the employees of privatized industries were
were given
benefits of privatizing state-owned industries in
the opportunity to buy shares in their own the
companies. They
United Kingdom EXCEPT:
responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares;
(A) Privatized industries paid taxes to the
at British
government.
Aerospace, 89 percent of the eligible work force (B) The government gained revenue from selling
bought
stateshares; at Associated British Ports, 90 percent; owned industries.
and at
(C) The government repaid some of its national
(30) British Telecom, 92 percent. When people debt.
have a personal
(D) Profits from industries that were still statestake in something, they think about it, care about owned
it, work
increased.
to make it prosper. At the National Freight (E) Total borrowings and losses of state-owned
Consortium,
industries decreased.
the new employee-owners grew so concerned
about their
2. According to the passage, which of the following
companys profits that during wage negotiations resulted in increased productivity in companies
they
that
(35) actually pressed their union to lower its wage have been privatized?
demands.
(A) A large number of employees chose to
Some economists have suggested that giving purchase
away free
shares in their companies.
shares would provide a needed acceleration of the
(B) Free shares were widely distributed to
privatiindividual
zation process. Yet they miss Thomas Paines shareholders.
point that
(C) The government ceased to regulate major
what we obtain too cheap we esteem too industries.
lightly. In
(D) Unions conducted wage negotiations for
(40) order for the far-ranging benefits of individual employees.
- 135 -

(E) Employee-owners agreed to have their wages 5. Which of the following statements is most
lowered.
consistent
with the principle described in lines 30-32?
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the (A) A democratic government that decides it is
author
inappropriate to own a particular industry has in
considers labor disruptions to be
no
(A) an inevitable problem in a weak national
way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of
economy
the
(B) a positive sign of employee concern about a
public interest.
company
(B) The ideal way for a government to protect
(C) a predictor of employee reactions to a employee
companys
interests is to force companies to maintain their
offer to sell shares to them
share of a competitive market without
(D) a phenomenon found more often in state- government
owned
subsidies.
industries than in private companies
(C) The failure to harness the power of self(E) a deterrence to high performance levels in an interest is an
industry
important reason that state-owned industries
perform
4. The passage supports which of the following poorly.
statements
(D) Governments that want to implement
about employees buying shares in their own privatization
companies?
programs must try to eliminate all resistance to
(A) At three different companies, approximately the
nine
free-market system.
out of ten of the workers were eligible to buy
(E) The individual shareholder will reap only a
shares in their companies.
minute
(B) Approximately 90% of the ellgible workers at share of the gains from whatever sacrifices he or
three
she
different companies chose o buy shares in their
makes to achieve these gains.
companies.
6. Which of the following can be inferred from the
(C) The opportunity to buy shares was passage
discouraged by at
about the privatization process in the United
least some labor unions.
Kingdom?
(D) Companies that demonstrated the highest
(A) It depends to a potentially dangerous degree
productivity were the first to allow their on
employees
individual ownership of shares.
the opportunity to buy shares.
(B) It conforms in its most general outlines to
(E) Eligibility to buy shares was contingent on
Thomas
employees agreeing to increased work loads.
Palnes prescription for business ownership.
(C) It was originally conceived to include some
- 136 -

giving
of nations, which has a potentially large effect on
away of free shares.
the
(D) It has been successful, even though evolution of the world trading system. Two
privatization has
examples of
failed in other countries.
(10) this trend are the United States-Canada Free
(E) It is taking place more slowly than some Trade
economists
Agreement (FTA) and Europe 1992, the move by
suggest is necessary.
the
European Community (EC) to dismantle
7. The quotation in line 39 is most probably used to impediments to
(A) counter a position that the author of the the free flow of goods, services, capital, and labor
passage
among
believes is incorrect
member states by the end of 1992. However,
(B) state a solution to a problem described in the although
previous sentence
(15) numerous political and economic factors were
(C) show how opponents of the viewpoint of the operative in
author
launching the move to integrate the ECs
of the passage have supported their arguments markets, concern
(D) point out a paradox contained in a
about protectionism within the EC does not
controversial
appear to have
viewpoint
been a major consideration. This is in sharp
(E) present a historical maxim to challenge the contrast to the
principle
FTA, the overwhelming reason for that bilateral
introduced in the third paragraph
initiative
(20) was fear of increasing United States
protectionism. NonePassage 46
theless, although markedly different in origin and
As the economic role of multinational, global nature,
corporaboth regional developments are highly significant
tions expands, the international economic in that
environment will
they will foster integration in the two largest and
be shaped increasingly not by governments or richest
international
markets of the world, as well as provoke
institutions, but by the interaction between questions
governments
(25) about the future direction of the world trading
(5) and global corporations, especially in the system.
United States,
Europe, and Japan. A significant factor in this 1. The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is
shifting
to
world economy is the trend toward regional
(A) describe an initiative and propose its
trading biocs
continuance
- 137 -

(B) chronicle a development and illustrate its

inconsistencies
4. According to the passage, one similarity between
(C) identify a trend and suggest its importance
the
(D) summarize a process and question its FTA and Europe 1992 is that they both
significance
(A) overcame concerns about the role of politics
(E) report a phenomenon and outline its probable in the
future
shifting world economy
(B) originated out of concern over unfair trade
2. According to the passage, all of the following are practices
elements of the shifting world economy EXCEPT
by other nations
(A) an alteration in the role played by (C) exemplify a trend toward regionalization of
governments
commercial markets.
(B) an increase in interaction between national
(D) place the economic needs of the trading bloc
governments and international regulatory ahead
institutions
of those of the member nations
(C) an increase in the formation of multinational
(E) help to ensure the continued economic
trading
viability of
alliances
the world community
(D) an increase in integration in the two richest
markets
5. Which of the following can be inferred from the
of the world
passage
(E) a fear of increasing United States about the European Community prior to the
protectionism
adoption of
the Europe 1992 program?
3. The passage suggests which of the following (A) There were restrictions on commerce between
about
the
global corporations?
member nations.
(A) Their continued growth depends on the (B) The economic policies of the member nations
existence of
focused on global trading issues.
a fully integrated international market.
(C) There were few impediments to trade between
(B) Their potential effect on the world market is a the
matter
member nations and the United States.
of ongoing concern to international institutions.
(D) The flow of goods between the member
(C) They will have to assume quasi-governmental nations and
functions if current economic trends continue.
Canada was insignificant.
(D) They have provided a model of economic (E) Relations between multinational corporations
success
and
for regional trading blocs.
the governments of the member nations were
(E) Their influence on world economics will strained.
continue to
increase
6. The author discusses the FTA and Europe 1992
- 138 -

most
conspired against labor: the power that the skilled
likely in order to
machin(A) point out the similarities between two ists wielded in the industry was intolerable to
seemingly
management.
disparate trading alliances
Noble fails to substantiate this claim, although his
(B) illustrate how different economic motivations arguproduce different types of trading blocs
ment is impressive when he applies the Marxist
(C) provide contrasting examples of a trend that is concept of
influencing the world economy
(10) de-skillingthe use of technology to
(D) identify the most important characteristics of replace skilled
successful economic integration
laborto the automation of the machine-tool
(E) trace the history of regional trading blocs
industry. In
automating, the industry moved to computer7. Which of the following best describes the based, digiorganization
talized numerical-control (N/C) technology,
of the passage?
rather than to
(A) An argument is put forth and evidence for and
artisan-generated record-playback (R/P)
against it given.
technology.
(B) An assertion is made and opposing evidence (15) Although both systems reduced reliance on
presented.
skilled labor,
(C) Two hypotheses are described and shown to
Noble clearly prefers R/P, with its inherent
inconsistent with one another.
acknowledg(D) A phenomenon is identified and illustrations ment of workers skills: unlike N/C, its programs
of this
were
phenomenon offered.
produced not by engineers at their computers, but
(E) A specific case of a phenomenon is discussed by
a
skilled machinists, who recorded their own
generalization drawn.
movements to
(20) teach machines to duplicate those
movements. However,
Passage 47
Nobles only evidence of conspiracy is that,
In Forces of Production, David Noble examines although the
the
two approaches were roughly equal in technical
transformation of the machine-tool industry as the merit,
industry
management chose N/C. From this he concludes
moved from reliance on skilled artisans to that autoautomation.
mation is undertaken not because efficiency
Noble writes from a Marxist perspective, and his demands it or
central
(25) scientific advances allow it, but because it is a
(5) argument is that management, in its decisions to tool in
automate,
the ceaseless war of capitalists against labor.
- 139 -

presented in
1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned the first paragraph.
with
(C) It gives examples of a phenomenon
(A) reexamining a political position and mentioned in the
defending its
first paragraph.
validity
(D) It presents a generalization about examples
(B) examining a management decision and given in
defending its
the first paragraph.
necessity
(E) It suggests two possible solutions to a problem
(C) analyzing a scholarly study and pointing out a
presented in the first paragraph.
central weakness
(D) explaining a trend in automation and warning 4. The passage suggests which of the following
about
about N
its dangers
automation in the machine-tool industry?
(E) chronicling the history of an industry and (A) It displaced fewer skilled workers than R/P
criticizing
automation did.
its development
(B) It could have been implemented either by
experienced machinists or by computer
2. According to information in the passage, the engineers.
term de(C) It was designed without the active
skilling refers to the
involvement
(A) loss of skills to industry when skilled workers skilled machinists.
are
(D) It was more difficult to design than R/P
replaced by unskilled laborers
automation
(B) substitution of mechanized processes for labor was.
formerly performed by skilled workers
(E) It was technically superior to R/P automation.
(C) labor theory that automation is
technologically
5. Which of the following phrases most clearly
comparable to skilled labor
reveals the
(D) process by which skilled machinists teach
attitude of the author of the passage toward
machines to perform certain tasks
Nobles
(E) exclusion of skilled workers from central argument?
participation in
(A) conspired against (line 6)
the development of automated technology
(B) intolerable to management (line 7)
(C) impressive when he applies the Marxist
3. Which of the following best characterizes the concept
function
(line 9)
of the second paragraph of the passage?
(D) clearly prefers (line 16)
(A) It develops a topic introduced in the first (E) only evidence of conspiracy (line 21)
paragraph.
(B) It provides evidence to refute a claim 6. The author of the passage commends Nobles
- 140 -

book for
located at the point of an injury, or, for that
which of the following?
matter,
(A) Concentrating on skilled as opposed to in any one place in the nerves or brain. Rather,
unskilled
pain
workers in its discussion of the machine-tool
signalsand pain reliefare delivered through a
industry
highly
(B) Offering a generalization about the motives (5) complex interacting circuitry.
behind
When a cell is injured, a rush of
the machine-tool industrys decision to automate prostaglandins
(C) Making an essential distinction between two
sensitizes nerve endings at the injury.
kinds
Prostaglandins are
of technology employed in the machine-tool chemicals produced in and released from virtually
industry
all
(D) Calling into question the notion that managers mammalian cells when they are injured: these are
conspired against labor in the automation of the the only
machine-tool industry
(10) pain signals that do not originate in the
(E) Applying the concept of de-skilling to the nervous system.
machineAspirin and other similar drugs (such as
tool industry
indomethacin and
ibuprofen) keep prostaglandins from being made
7. Which of the following best characterizes by interForces of
fering with an enzyme known as prostaglandin
Production as it is described in the passage?
synthetase,
(A) A comparison of two interpretations of how a
or cyclooxygenase. The drugs effectiveness
particular industry evolved
against pain is
(B) An examination of the origin of a particular (15) proportional to their success in blocking this
concept
in industrial economics
enzyme at the
(C) A study that points out the weakness of a site of injury.
particular
From nerve endings at the injury, pain signais
interpretation of an industrial phenomenon
move to
(D) A history of a particular industry from an
nerves feeding into the spinal cord. The long,
ideological point of view
tubular
(E) An attempt to relate an industrial phenomenon
membranes of nerve cells carry electrical
in
impulses. When
one industry to a similar phenomenon in another (20) electrical impulses get to the spinal cord, a
industry
pain-signaling
chemical known as substance P is released there.
Substance P then excites nearby neurons to send
Passage 48
impulses
The sensation of pain cannot accurately be to the brain. Local anesthetics such as novocaine
described as
and
- 141 -

xylocaine work by blocking the electrical

and discussing ways the body blocks pain
transmission
within the
(25)along nerves in a particular area. They inhibit brain itself.
the flow of
(C) describing how pain signals are conveyed in
sodium ions through the membranes, making the the
nerves
body and discussing ways in which the pain
electrically quiescent; thus no pain signals are signals
sent to the
can be blocked
spinal cord or to the brain.
(D) demonstrating that pain can be influenced by
Recent discoveries in the study of pain have
acupuncture and electrical stimulation of the
involved
central
(30) the brain itselfthe supervising organ that brain stem.
notices pain
(E) differentiating the kinds of pain that occur at
signals and that sends messages down to the different points in the bodys nervous system.
spinal cord
to regulate incoming pain traffic. Endorphins 2. According to the passage, which of the following
the brains
is one
own morphineare a class of small peptides that of the first things to occur when cells are injured?
help to
(A)The flow of electrical impulses through nerve
block pain signals within the brain itself. The
cells
presence
at the site of the injury is broken.
(35) of endorphins may also help to explain (B) The production of substance P traveling
differences in
through
response to pain signals, since individuals seem to nerve cells to the brain increases.
differ
(C) Endorphins begin to speed up the response of
in their ability to produce endorphins. It now nerve
appears that
cells at the site of the injury.
a number of techniques for blocking chronic pain (D) A flood of prostaglandins sensitizes nerve
such
endings at
as acupuncture and electrical stimulation of the the site of the injury.
central
(E) Nerve cells connected to the spinal cord
(40) brain steminvolve the release of endorphins become
in the brain
electrically quiescent.
and spinal cord.
3. Of the following, which is most likely
1. The passage is primarily concerned with
attributable to the
(A) analyzing ways that enzymes and other effect of endorphins as described in the passage?
chemicals
(A) After an injection of novocaine, a patient has
influence how the body feels pain
no
(B) describing the presence of endorphins in the
feeling in the area where the injection was
brain
given.
- 142 -

(B) After taking ibuprofen, a person with a Today, howheadache

( 5) ever, the largest payoffs may go to companies
gets quick relief.
that lead in
(C) After receiving a local anesthetic, an injured developing integrated approaches for successful
person
mass
reports relief in the anestherized area.
production and distribution.
(D) After being given aspirin, a child with a badly Producers of the Beta format for videocassette
scraped elbow feels better.
recorders
(E) After acupuncture, a patient with chronic back (VCRs), for example, were first to develop the
pain
VCR comreports that the pain is much less severe.
(10) mercially in 1975, but producers of the rival
VHS (Video
4. It can be inferred from the passage that if the
Home System) format proved to be more
prostaglandin synthetase is only partially blocked, successful at
which
forming strategic alliances with other producers
of the following is likely to be true?
and
(A) Some endorphins will be produced, and some distributors to manufacture and market their VCR
pain
format
signals will be intensified.
Seeking to maintain exclusive control over VCR
(B) Some substance P is likely to be produced, so distrisome
(15) bution. Beta producers were reluctant to form
pain signals will reach the brain.
such alli(C) Some sodium ions will be blocked, so some ances and eventually lost ground to VHS in the
pain
compesignals will not reach the brain.
tition for the global VCR market.
(D) Some prostaglandins will be produced, but
Despite Betas substantial technological head
production of substance P will be prevented.
start and
(E) Some peptides in the brain will receive pain the fact that VHS was neither technically better
signals
nor cheaper
and begin to regulate incoming pain traffic.
(20) than Beta, developers of VHS quickly turned a
slight early
lead in sales into a dominant position. Strategic
Passage 49
alignments
with producers of prerecorded tapes reinforced
Traditionally, the first firm to commercialize a the VHS
new
advantage. The perception among consumers that
technology has benefited from the unique prereopportunity to
corded tapes were more available in VHS format
shape product definitions, forcing followers to further
adapt to a
(25) expanded VHSs share of the market. By the
standard or invest in an unproven alternative. end of the
- 143 -

1980s. Beta was no longer in production.

preference for VCRs in the VHS format because

they
1. The passage is primarily concerned with which believed which of the following?
of the
(A) VCRs in the VHS format were technically
following?
better
(A) Evaluating two competing technologies
than competing-format VCRs.
(B) Tracing the impact of a new technology by (B) VCRs in the VHS format were less expensive
narrating
than
a sequence of events
competing-format VCRs.
(C) Reinterpreting an event from contemporary (C) VHS was the first standard format for VCRs.
business
(D) VHS prerecorded videotapes were more
history
available
(D) illustrating a business strategy by means of a than Beta-format tapes.
case
(E) VCRs in the Beta format would soon cease to
history
be
(E) Proposing an innovative approach to business
produced.
planning
4. The author implies that one way that VHS
2. According to the passage, todays successful producers
firms,
won control over the VCR market was by
unlike successful firms in the past, may earn the
(A) carefully restricting access to VCR
greatest
technology
profits by
(B) giving up a slight early lead in VCR sales in
(A) investing in research to produce cheaper order to
versions of
improve long-term prospects.
existing technology
(C) retaining a strict monopoly on the production
(B) being the first to market a competing of
technology
prerecorded videotapes.
(C) adapting rapidly to a technological standard
(D) sharing control of the marketing of VHSpreviously set by a competing firm
format
(D) establishing technological leadership in order VCRs
to
(E) sacrificing technological superiority over
shape product definitions in advance of Betaformat
competing
VCRs in order to remain competitive in price.
firms.
(E) emphasizing the development of methods for 5. The alignment of producers of VHS-format
the
VCRs with
mass production and distribution of a new
producers of prerecorded videotapes is most
technology.
similar to
3. According to the passage, consumers began to which of the following?
develop a
(A) The alignment of an automobile manufacturer
- 144 -

with
clustered at the tip of the spiny anteaters snout.
another automobile manufacturer to adopt a
The
standard design for automobile engines.
researchers made this discovery by exposing
(B) The alignment of an automobile manufacturer small areas of
with
(5) the snout to extremely weak electrical fields
an automotive glass company whereby the
and recording
manufacturer agrees to purchase automobile
the transmission of resulting nervous activity to
windshields only from that one glass company the brain.
(C) The alignment of an automobile manufacturer While it is true that tactile receptors, another kind
with a
of
petroleum company to ensure the widespread
sensory organ on the anteaters snout, can also
availability of the fuel required by a new type of respond to
engine developed by the manufacturer.
electrical stimuli, such receptors do so only in
(D) The alignment of an automobile manufacturer response to
with
( 10) electrical field strengths about 1,000 times
its dealers to adopt a plan to improve greater than
automobile
those known to excite electroreceptors.
design.
Having discovered the electroreceptors,
(E) The alignment of an automobile dealer with researchers are
an
now investigating how anteaters utilize such a
automobile rental chain to adopt a strategy for sophisticated
an
sensory system. In one behavioral experiment,
advertising campaign to promote a new type of researchers
automobile
(15)
successfully trained an anteater to
6. Which of the following best describes the distinguish between
relation of the
two troughs of water, one with a weak
first paragraph to the passage as a whole?
electrical field
(A) It makes a general observation to be
and the other with none. Such evidence is
exemplified.
consistent with
(B) It outlines a process to be analyzed.
researchers hypothesis that anteaters use
(C) It poses a question to be answered.
electroreceptors
(D) It advances an argument to be disputed.
to detect electrical signals given off by prey;
(E) It introduces conflicting arguments to be however,
reconciled.
( 20)
researchers as yet have been unable to
detect electrical
signals emanating from termite mounds, where
Passage 50
the favorite
Australian researchers have discovered
food of anteaters live. Still, researchers have
electroreceptors
observed
(sensory organs designed to respond to electrical
anteaters breaking into a nest of ants at an
fields)
oblique angle
- 145 -

and quickly locating nesting chambers. This strength of the electrical stimulus was increased.
ability quickly
(C) Researchers found that some areas of the
(25) to locate unseen prey suggests, according to anteaters
the researchers,
snout were not sensitive to a weak electrical
that the anteaters were using their stimulus.
electroreceptors to
(D) Researchers found that the anteaters tactile
locate the nesting chambers.
receptors were more easily excited by a strong
electrical stimulus than were the electro
1. According to the passage, which of the following receptors..
is a
(E) Researchers tested small areas of the
characteristic that distinguishes electroreceptors anteaters snout
from
in order to ensure that only electroreceptors
tactile receptors?
were
(A) The manner in which electroreceptors respond responding to the stimulus.
to
electrical stimuli
3. The author of the passage most probably
(B) The tendency of electroreceptors to be found discusses the
in
function of tactile receptors (lines 7-11) in order
clusters
to
(C) The unusual locations in which (A) eliminate and alternative explanation of
electroreceptors are
anteaters
found in most species.
response to electrical stimuli
(D) The amount of electrical stimulation required (B) highlight a type of sensory organ that has a
to
function
excite electroreceptors
identical to that of electroreceptors
(E) The amount of nervous activity transmitted to (C) point out a serious complication in the
the
research on
brain by electroreceptors when they are excited
electroreceptors in anteaters.
(D) suggest that tactile receptors assist
2. Which of the following can be inferred about the electroreceptors
experiment described in the first paragraph?
in the detection of electrical signals.
(A) Researchers had difficulty verifying the (E) introduce a factor that was not addressed in
existence of
the
electroreceptors in the anteater because
research on electroreceptors in anteaters.
electroreceptors respond to such a narrow range
of
4. Which of the following can be inferred about
electrical field strengths.
anteaters
(B) Researchers found that the level of nervous from the behavioral experiment mentioned in the
activity
second paragraph?
in the anteaters brain increased dramatically as (A) They are unable to distinguish between
the
stimuli
- 146 -

detected by their electroreceptors and stimuli

prey is greater than what might be expected on
detected by their tactile receptors.
the
(B) They are unable to distinguish between the basis of chance alone.
electrical
signals emanating from termite mounds and 6. Which of the following, if true, would most
those
strengthen
emanating from ant nests.
the hypothesis mentioned in lines 17-19?
(C) They can be trained to recognize consistently (A) Researchers are able to train anteaters to
the
break into
presence of a particular stimulus.
an underground chamber that is emitting a
(D) They react more readily to strong than to strong
weak
electrical signal.
stimuli.
(B) Researchers are able to detect a weak
(E) They are more efficient at detecting stimuli in electrical
a
signal emanating from the nesting chamber of
controlled environment than in a natural
an ant
environment.
colony.
(C) Anteaters are observed taking increasingly
5. The passage suggests that the researchers longer
mentioned in
amounts of time to locate the nesting chambers
the second paragraph who observed anteaters of
break into
ants.
a nest of ants would most likely agree with which (D) Anteaters are observed using various angles to
of the
break
following statements?
into nests of ants.
(A) The event they observed provides conclusive (E) Anteaters are observed using the same angle
evidence that anteaters use their used
electroreceptors to
with nests of ants to break into the nests of
locate unseen prey.
other types
(B) The event they observed was atypical and
of prey.
may not
reflect the usual hunting practices of anteaters.
(C) It is likely that the anteaters located the ants
Passage 51
nesting
When A. Philip Randolph assumed the
chambers without the assistance of leadership of the
electroreceptors.
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, he began a
(D) Anteaters possess a very simple sensory ten-year
system for
battle to win recognition from the Pullman
use in locating prey.
Company, the
(E) The speed with which the anteaters located largest private employer of Black people in the
their
United
- 147 -

(5) States and the company that controlled the

the Brotherhood. Porters were scattered
railroad
throughout the
industrys sleeping car and parlor service. In
country, sleeping in dormitories in Black
1935 the
communities;
Brotherhood became the first Black union their segregated life protected the unions internal
recognized by a
(30) communications from interception. That the
major corporation. Randolphs efforts in the porters were a
battle helped
homogeneous group working for a single
transform the attitude of Black workers toward employer with
unions and
single labor policy, thus sharing the same
(10) toward themselves as an identifiable group; grievances from
eventually,
city to city, also strengthened the Brotherhood
Randolph helped to weaken organized labors and encourantagonism
aged racial identity and solidarity as well. But it
toward Black workers.
was only
In the Pullman contest Randolph faced (35) in the early 1930s that federal legislation
formidable
prohibiting a
obstacles. The first was Black workers company from maintaining its own unions with
understandable
company
( 15)
skepticism toward unions, which had
money eventually allowed the Brotherhood to
historically barred
become
Black workers from membership. An recognized as the porters representative.
additional obstacle
Not content with this triumph, Randolph brought
was the union that Pullman itself had formed, the
which
(40) Brotherhood into the American Federation of
weakened support among Black workers for an Labor, where
independent entity.
it became the equal of the Federations 105 other
(20) The Brotherhood possessed a number of unions.
advantages,
He reasoned that as a member union, the
however, including Randolphs own tactical Brotherhood
abilities. In
would be in a better position to exert pressure on
1928 he took the bold step of threatening a strike member
against
unions that practiced race restrictions. Such
Pullman. Such a threat, on a national scale, under restrictions
Black
were eventually found unconstitutional in 1944.
leadership, helped replace the stereotype of the
Black
1. According to the passage, by 1935 the
(25)worker as servant with the image of the Black skepticism of
worker as
Black workers toward unions was
wage earner. In addition, the porters very (A) unchanged except among Black employees of
isolation aided
railroad-related industries.
- 148 -

(B) reinforced by the actions of the Pullman 1935.

Companys
(E) The porters response was unaffected by the
union
general
(C) mitigated by the efforts of Randolph
skepticism of Black workers concerning unions.
(D) weakened by the opening up of many unions
to
4. The passage suggests that if the grievances of
Black workers.
porters in
(E) largely alleviated because of the policies of one part of the United States had been different
the
from
American Federation of Labor.
those of porters in another part of the country,
which of
2. In using the word understandable (line 14), the following would have been the case?
the
(A) It would have been more difficult for the
author most clearly conveys
Pullman
(A) sympathy with attempts by the Brotherhood
Company to have had a single labor policy.
between 1925 and 1935 to establish an (B) It would have been more difficult for the
independent
Brotherhood to control its channels of
union.
communication.
(B) concern that the obstacles faced by Randolph (C) It would have been more difficult for the
between 1925 and 1935 were indeed formidable
Brotherhood to uild its membership.
(C) ambivalence about the significance of unions (D) It would have been easier for the Pullman
to
Companys union to attract membership.
most Black workers in the 1920s.
(E) It would have been easier for the Brotherhood
(D) appreciation of the attitude of many Black to
workers
threaten strikes.
in the 1920s toward unions.
(E) regret at the historical attitude of unions 5. The passage suggests that in the 1920s a
toward
company in
Black workers.
the United States was able to
(A) use its own funds to set up a union
3. The passage suggests which of the following (B) require its employees to join the companys
about the
own
response of porters to the Pullman Companys union
own
(C) develop a single labor policy for all its
union?
employees
(A) Few porters ever joined this union.
with little employee dissent.
(B) Some porters supported this union before (D) pressure its employees to contribute money to
1935.
maintain the companys own union
(C) Porters, more than other Pullman employees,
(E) use its resources to prevent the passage of
enthusiastically supported this union.
federal
(D) The porters response was most positive after
legislation that would have facilitated the
- 149 -

formation
of independent unions.

the
(10) negative consequences of bad service are
grave, or
6. The passage supplies information concerning business is difficult to obtain through referrals
which of
and
the following matters related to Randolph?
word-of-mouth.
(A) The steps he took to initiate the founding of
However, an unconditional guarantee can
the
sometimes
Brotherhood
hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that
(B) His motivation for bringing the Brotherhood failinto the
(15) ure is possible, the guarantee may,
American Federation of Labor
paradoxically, cause
(C) The influence he had on the passage of
clients to doubt the service firms ability to
legislation
deliver the
overturning race restrictions in 1944
promised level of service. It may conflict with a
(D) The influence he had on the passage of firms
legislation to
desire to appear sophisticated, or may even
bar companies from financing their own unions suggest that
(E) The success he and the Brotherhood had in
a firm is begging for business. In legal and health
influencing the policies of the other unions in care
the
(20) services, it may mislead clients by suggesting
American Federation of Labor
that lawsuits or medical procedures will have guaranteed
outPassage 52
comes. Indeed, professional service firms with
Seeking a competitive advantage, some outstandin
professional
reputations and performance to match have little
service firms(for example, firms providing to gain
advertising,
from offering unconditional guarantees. And any
accounting, or health care services) have firm
considered
(25) that implements an unconditional guarantee
offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. without
Such
undertaking a commensurate commitment to
(5) guarantees specify what clients can expect and quality of
what the
service is merely employing a potentially costly
firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations. marketing gimmick.
Particularly with first-time clients, an
unconditional
1. The primary function of the passage as a whole
guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if is to
the
(A) account for the popularity of a practice
client is very cautious, the firms fees are high, (B) evaluate the utility of a practice
- 150 -

(C) demonstrate how to institute a practice

(D) weigh the ethics of using a strategy
(E) explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy

practice that would be violated by attempts to

fulfill
such unconditional guarantees.
(B) The result of a lawsuit of medical procedure
2. All of the following are mentioned in the passage cannot
as
necessarily be determined in advance by the
circumstances in which professional service firms professionals handling a clients case.
can
(C) The dignity of the legal and medical
benefit from offering an unconditional guarantee professions is
EXCEPT:
undermined by any attempts at marketing of
(A) The firm is having difficulty retaining its professional services, including unconditional
clients of
guarantees.
long standing.
(D) Clients whose lawsuits or medical procedures
(B) The firm is having difficulty getting business have
through client recommendations.
unsatisfactory outcomes cannot be adequately
(C) The firm charges substantial fees for its compensated by financial settlements alone.
services.
(E) Predicting the monetary cost of legal or health
(D) The adverse effects of poor performance by care
the firm
services is more difficult than predicting the
are significant for the client.
monetary cost of other types of professional
(E) The client is reluctant to incur risk.
services.
3. Which of the following is cited in the passage as 5. Which of the following hypothetical situations
a goal
best
of some professional service firms in offering
exemplifies the potential problem noted in the
unconditional guarantees of satisfaction?
second
(A) A limit on the firms liability
sentence of the second paragraph (lines 14-17)?
(B) Successful competition against other firms
(A) A physicians unconditional guarantee of
(C) Ability to justify fee increases
satisfaction encourages patients to sue for
(D) Attainment of an outstanding reputation in a
malpractice if they are unhappy with the
field
treatment
(E) Improvement in the quality of the firms they receive.
service
(B) A lawyers unconditional guarantee of
satisfaction
4. The passages description of the issue raised by
makes clients suspect that the lawyer needs to
unconditional guarantees for health care or legal find
services most clearly implies that which of the
new clients quickly to increase the firms
following
income.
is true?
(C) A business consultants unconditional
(A) The legal and medical professions have guarantee of
standards of
satisfaction is undermined when the consultant
- 151 -

fails
genetic change. In analyzing the latter, scientists
to provide all of the services that are promised. have
(D) An architects unconditional guarantee of
(5) discovered the importance of social and
satisfaction makes clients wonder how often the ecological facarchitects buildings fail to please clients.
tors to epidemics. Poliomyelitis, for example,
(E) An accountants unconditional guarantee of emerged
satisfaction leads clients to believe that tax
as an epidemic in the United States in the
returns
twentieth
prepared by the accountant are certain to be
century; by then, modern sanitation was able to
accurate.
delay
exposure to polio until adolescence or adulthood,
6. The passage most clearly implies which of the at
following
(10) which time polio infection produced paralysis.
about the professional service firms mentioned in Previline
ously, infection had occurred during infancy,
22?
when it
(A) They are unlikely to have offered
typically provided lifelong immunity without
unconditional
paralysis.
guarantees of satisfaction in the past.
Thus, the hygiene that helped prevent typhoid
(B) They are usually profitable enough to be able epidemics
to
indirectly fostered a paralytic polio epidemic.
compensate clients according to the terms of an Another
unconditional guarantee.
(15) example is Lyme disease, which is caused by
(C) They usually practice in fields in which the
bacteria
outcomes are predictable.
that are transmitted by deer ticks. It occurred only
(D) Their fees are usually more affordable than spothose
radically during the late nineteenth century but
charged by other professional service firms.
has
(E) Their clients are usually already satisfied with recently become prevalent in parts of the United
the
States,
quality of service that is delivered.
largely due to an increase in the deer population
that
(20) occurred simultaneously with the growth of
the suburbs
Passage 53
and increased outdoor recreational activities in
Although genetic mutations in bacteria and the
viruses
deers habitat. Similarly, an outbreak of dengue
can lead to epidemics, some epidemics are caused hemorby
rhagic fever became an epidemic in Asia in the
bacteria and viruses that have undergone no 1950s
significant
because of ecological changes that caused Aedes
- 152 -

aegypti,
which mosquitos live and breed.
(25) the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus,
to proliferate
3. It can be inferred from the passage that Lyme
The stage is now set in the United States for a
disease
dengue epidemic because of the inadvertent has become prevalent in parts of the United States
introduction
because of which of the following?
and wide dissemination of another mosquito, (A) The inadvertent introduction of Lyme disease
Aedes
bacteria to the United States
albopictus.
(B) The inability of modern sanitation methods to
eradicate Lyme disease bacteria
1. The passage suggests that a lack of modern (C) A genetic mutation in Lyme disease bacteria
sanitation
that
would make which of the following most likely to
makes them more virulent
occur?
(D) The spread of Lyme disease bacteria from
(A) An outbreak of Lyme disease
infected
(B) An outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever
humans to noninfected humans
(C) An epidemic of typhoid
(E) An increase in the number of humans who
(D) An epidemic of paralytic polio among infants encounter
(E) An epidemic of paralytic polio among deer ticks
adolescents
and adults
4. Which of the following can most reasonably be
concluded about the mosquito Aedes albopictus
2. According to the passage, the outbreak of dengue on the
hemorrhagic fever in the 1950s occurred for basis of information given in the passage?
which of
(A) It is native to the United States.
the following reasons?
(B) It can proliferate only in Asia.
(A) The mosquito Aedes aegypti was newly (C) It transmits the dengue virus.
introduced
(D) It caused an epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic
into Asia.
fever
(B) The mosquito Aedes aegypti became more
in the 1950s.
numerous.
(E) It replaced Aedes aegypti in Asia when
(C) The mosquito Aedes albopictus became ecological
infected
changes altered Aedes aegyptis habitat.
with the dengue virus.
(D) Individuals who would normally acquire 5. Which of the following best describes the
immunity
organization
to the dengue virus as infants were not infected of the passage?
until
(A) A paradox is stated, discussed and left
later in life.
unresolved.
(E) More people began to visit and inhabit areas (B) Two opposing explanations are presented,
in
argued,
- 153 -

and reconciled.
(5) difference, or equity as distinct for equality.
(C) A theory is proposed and is then followed by They
descriptions of three experiments that support
posit that biological distinctions between the
the
sexes
theory.
result in a necessary sexual division of labor in
(D) A generalization is stated and is then followed the
by
family and throughout society and that womens
three instances that support the generalization. pro(E) An argument is described and is then followed creative labor is currently undervalued by society,
by
to
three counterexamples that refute the argument. (10) the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the
individual6. Which of the following, if true, would most
ist feminist tradition emphasizes individual
strengthen
human rights
the authors assertion about the cause of the Lyme
and celebrates womens quest for personal
disease outbreak in the United States?
autonomy,
(A) The deer population was smaller in the late
while downplaying the importance of gender
nineteenth century than in the mid-twentieth roles and
century.
minimizing discussion of childbearing and its
(B) Interest in outdoor recreation began to grow in attendant
the
(15) responsibilities.
late nineteenth century.
Before the late nineteenth century, these views
(C) In recent years the suburbs have stopped coexisted within the feminist movement, often
growing.
within
(D) Outdoor recreation enthusiasts routinely take
the writings of the same individual. Between
measures to protect themselves against Lyme
1890 nd
disease.
1920, however, relational feminism, which had
(E) Scientists have not yet developed a vaccine been the
that can
(20) dominant strain in feminist thought, and which
prevent Lyme disease.
still predominates among European and non-Western
feminists,
Passage 54
lost ground in England and the United States.
Two modes of argumentation have been used Because
on
the concept of individual rights was already well
behalf of womens emancipation in Western estabsocieties.
lished in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political
Arguments in what could be called the tradition,
relational
(25) individualist feminism came to predominate in
feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of Englishequality in
speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of
- 154 -

the

could be harmonized with the family-oriented

two approaches began to seem increasingly concerns
irreconcilof relational feminists, a more fruitful model for
able. Individualist feminists began to advocate a contotally
(50) temporary feminist politics could emerge.
gender-blind system with equal rights for all.
Relational
1. The author of the passage alludes to the well(30) feminists, while agreeing that equal established nature of the concept of individual
educational and
rights in
economic opportunities outside the home should the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in
be availorder to
able for all women, continued to emphasize
(A) illustrate the influence of individualist
womens
feminist
special contributions to society as homemakers thought on more general intellectual trends in
and
English history
mothers; they demanded special treatment
(B) argue that feminism was already a part of the
(35) including protective legislation for women larger
workers,
Anglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though
state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid this
compensahas often gone unnoticed by critics of womens
tion for housework.
emancipation.
Relational arguments have a major pitfall: (C) explain the decline in individualist thinking
because
among
they underline womens physiological and feminists in non-English-speaking countries
psychological
(D) help account for an increasing shift toward
(40) distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by
individualist feminism among feminists in
political
Englishadversaries and used to endorse male privilege. speaking countries.
But the
(E) account for the philosophical differences
individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, between
denyindividualist and relational feminists in Englishing the significance of physiological difference, speaking countries
and
condemning existing familial institutions as 2. The passage suggests that the author of the
hopelessly
passage
(45) patriarchal, has often simply treated as believes which of the following?
irrelevant the
(A) The predominance of individualist feminism
family roles important to many women. If the in
individuEnglish-speaking countries is a historical
alist framework, with its claim for womens
phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet
autonomy,
been investigated.
- 155 -

(B) The individualist and relational feminist views biological differences between male and female
are
members of the group.
irreconcilable, given their theoretical differences (D) Culturally determined distinctions based on
concerning the foundations of society.
gender
(C) A consensus concerning the direction of future in a social group foster the existence of differing
feminist politics will probably soon emerge, attitudes and opinions among group members.
given
(E) Educational programs aimed at reducing
the awareness among feminists of the need for inequalities
cooperation among women.
based on gender among members of a social
(D) Political adversaries of feminism often misuse group
arguments predicated on differences between can result in a sense of greater well-being for all
the
members of the group.
sexes to argue that the existing social system
should be maintained.
4. According to the passage, relational feminists
(E) Relational feminism provides the best and
theoretical
individualist feminists agree that
framework for contemporary feminist politics, (A) individual human rights take precedence over
but
most
individualist feminism could contribute much
other social claims
toward refining and strengthening modern (B) the gender-based division of labor in society
feminist
should
thought.
be eliminated
(C) laws guaranteeing equal treatment for all
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the citizens
individualist
regardless of gender should be passed
feminist tradition denies the validity of which of
(D) a greater degree of social awareness
the
concerning the
following causal statements?
importance of motherhood would be beneficial
(A) A division of labor in a social group can result to
in
society
increased efficiency with regard to the
(E) the same educational and economic
performance
opportunities
of group tasks.
should be available to both sexes
(B) A division of labor in a social group causes
inequities in the distribution of opportunities 5. According to the author, which of the following
and
was true
benefits among group members.
of feminist thought in Western societies before
(C) A division of labor on the basis of gender in a 1890?
social
(A) Individualist feminist arguments were not
group is necessitated by the existence of sex- found in
linked
the thought or writing of non-English-speaking
- 156 -

feminists.
United
(B) Individualist feminism was a strain in feminist states during the 1980s to increased participation
thought, but another strain, relational feminism, in
predominated.
the workforce by certain groups, such as first(C) Relational and individualist approaches were time or
equally
(5) reentering workers, who supposedly prefer
prevalent in feminist thought and writing.
such arrange(D) The predominant view among feminists held ments. However, statistical analyses reveal that
that the
demowelfare of women was ultimately less important
graphic changes in the workforce did not
than
correlate with
the welfare of children.
variations in the total number of temporary
(E) The predominant view among feminists held workers.
that the
Instead, these analyses suggest that factors
sexes should receive equal treatment under the affecting.
law.
(10)
employers account for the rise in
6. The author implies that which of the following temporary employwas true
ment. One factor is product demand:
of most feminist thinkers in England and the temporary
United
employment is favored by employers who are
States after 1920?
adapting
(A) They were less concerned with politics than
to fluctuating demand for products while at the
with
same
intellectual issues.
time seeking to reduce overall labor costs.
(B) They began to reach a broader audience and Another
their
(15) factor is labors reduced bargaining strength,
programs began to be adopted by mainstream which
political parties.
allows employers more control over the terms
(C) They called repeatedly for international of
cooperation
employment. Given the analyses, which reveal
among womens groups to achieve their goals. that
(D) They moderated their initial criticism of the
growth in temporary employment now far
economic systems that characterized their exceeds the
societies.
level explainable by recent workforce entry
(E) They did not attempt to unite the two different rates of
feminist approaches in their thought.
(20)
groups said to prefer temporary jobs, firms
should be
Passage 55
discouraged from creating excessive numbers
Some observers have attributed the dramatic of temgrowth
porary positions. Government policymakers
in temporary employment that occurred in the should
- 157 -

consider mandating benefit coverage for employment during the 1980s.

temporary
(D) They included a sharp increase in the cost of
employees, promoting pay equity between labor
temporary
during the 1980s.
(25) and permanent workers, assisting labor unions (E) They are more difficult to account for than at
in orgaother
nizing temporary workers, and encouraging factors involved in the growth of temporary
firms to
employment during the 1980s.
assign temporary jobs primarily to employees
who
3. The passage suggests which of the following
explicitly indicate that preference.
about the
use of temporary employment by firms during the
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
1980s?
(A) present the results of statistical analyses and (A) It enabled firms to deal with fluctuating
propose
product
further studies.
demand far more efficiently than they before
(B) explain a recent development and predict its the
eventual consequences.
1980s.
(C) identify the reasons for a trend and
(B) It increased as a result of increased
recommend
participation in
measures to address it.
the workforce by certain demograp groups.
(D) outline several theories about a phenomenon (C) It was discouraged by government-mandated
and
policies.
advocate one of them
(D) It was a response to preferences indicated by
(E) describe the potential consequences of certain
implementing
employees for more flexible working
a new policy and argue in favor of that policy. arrangements.
2. According to the passage, which of the following (E) It increased partly as a result of workers
is true
reduced
of the factors affecting employers that are ability to control the terms of their employment.
mentioned
in lines
4. The passage suggests which of the following
9-10?
about the
(A) Most experts cite them as having initiated the
workers who took temporary jobs during the
growth in temporary employment that occurred 1980s?
during the 1980s.
(A) Their jobs frequently led to permanent
(B) They may account for the increase in the total positions
number of temporary workers during the 1980s.
within firms.
(C) They were less important than demographic (B) They constituted a less demographically
change
diverse
in accounting for the increase of temporary
group than has been suggested.
- 158 -

(C) They were occasionally involved in actions fluctuations in

organized by labor unions.
product demand.
(D) Their pay declined during the decade in (C) Far more than can be beneficial to the success
comparison
of the
with the pay of permanent employees.
firms themselves.
(E) They did not necessarily prefer temporary
(D) Far more than can be accounted for by an
employment to permanent employment.
expanding
national economy.
5. The first sentence in the passage suggests that (E) Far more than can be attributed to increases in
the
the
observers mentioned in line 1 would be most total number of people in the workforce.
likely to
predict which of the following?
7. The passage mentions each of the following as
(A) That the number of new temporary positions an
would
appropriate kind of governmental action EXCEPT
decline as fewer workers who preferred (A) getting firms to offer temporary employment
temporary
primarily to a certain group of people.
employment entered the workforce.
(B) encouraging equitable pay for temporary and
(B) That the total number of temporary positions permanent employees
would
(C) facilitating the organization of temporary
increase as fewer workers were able to find
workers by
permanent positions
labor unions.
(C) That employers would have less control over (D) establishing guidelines on the proportion of
the
temporary workers that firms should employ
terms of workers employment as workers
(E) ensuring that temporary workers obtain
increased their bargaining strength.
benefits
(D) That more workers would be hired for from their employers.
temporary
positions as product demand increased.
(E) That the number of workers taking temporary
Passage 56
positions would increase as more workers in any
Although numbers of animals in a given region
given demographic group entered the may
workforce.
fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are
often
6. In the context of the passage, the word
temporary and, over long periods, trivial.
excessive (line
Scientists
21) most closely corresponds to which of the
have advanced three theories of population
following phrases?
control to
(A) Far more than can be justified by worker
(5) account for this relative constancy.
preferences
The first theory attributes a relatively constant
(B) Far more than can be explained by popu- 159 -

lation to periodic climatic catastrophes that adrenal

decimate
(30) glands that in turn may regulate population by
populations with such frequency as to prevent
lowering
them
sexual activity and inhibiting sexual maturation.
from exceeding some particular limit. In the case
There
of
is evidence that these effects may persist for three
(10) small organisms with short life cycles,
generations in the absence of the original
climatic changes
provocation.
need not be catastrophic: normal seasonal One challenge for density-dependent theorists is
changes in
to
photoperiod (daily amount of sunlight), for (35) develop models that would allow the precise
example,
prediction
can govern population growth. This theory---the
of the effects of crowding.
density-independent view---asserts that climatic
A third theory, proposed by Wynne-Edwards
factors
and
(15) exert the same regulatory effect on population termed epideictic, argues that organisms have
regardevolved
less of the number of individuals in a region.
a codein the form of social or epideictic
A second theory argues that population growth behavior
is
(40) displays, such as winter-roosting aggregations
primarily density-dependent---that is, the rate of or group
growth of a population in a region decreases as vocalizing; such codes provide organisms with
the
infor(20) number of animals increases. The mechanisms mation on population size in a region so that they
that
can,
manage regulation may vary. For example, as
if necessary, exercise reproductive restraint.
numbers
However,
increase, the food supply would probably
wynne-Edwards theory, linking animal social
diminish,
behavior
which would increase mortality. In addition, as (45) and population control, has been challenged,
Lotka
with some
and Volterra have shown, predators can find prey justification, by several studies.
more
(25) easily in high-density populations. Other 1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
regulators
(A) argue against those scientists who maintain
include physiological control mechanisms: for that
example.
animal populations tend to fluctuate
Christian and Davis have demonstrated how the (B) compare and contrast the density-dependent
crowding that results from a rise in numbers may and epideictic theories of population control
bring
(C) provide example of some of the ways in
about hormonal changes in the pituitary and which
- 160 -

animals exercise reproductive restraint to

(B) As the number of woodpeckers in Vermont
control their own numbers
decreases, the growth rate of this population of
(D) suggests that theories of population control woodpeckers also begins to decrease.
that
(C) As the number of prairie dogs in Oklahoma
concentrate on the social behavior of animals
increases, the growth rate of this population of
are more open to debate than are theories that do prairie dogs also begins to increase.
not
(D) After the number of beavers in Tennessee
(E) summarize a number of scientific theories that decreases,
attempt to explain why animal populations do
the number of predators of these beavers begins
not exceed certain limits
to
increase.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that (E) After the number of eagles in Montana
proponents
decreases,
of the density-dependent theory of population
the food supply of this population of eagles
control
also
have not yet been able to
begins to decrease.
(A) use their theory to explain the population
growth of
4. According to the Wynne-Edwards theory as it is
organisms with short life cycles
described in the passage, epideictic behavior
(B) reproduce the results of the study of Christian displays
and
serve the function of
Davis
(A) determining roosting aggregations
(C) explain adequately why the numbers of a (B) locating food
population
(C) attracting predators
can increase as the populations rate of growth
(D) regulating sexual activity
decreases
(E) triggering hormonal changes
(D) make sufficiently accurate predictions about
the
5. The challenge posed to the Wynne-Edwardseffects of crowding
theory by
(E) demonstrate how predator populations are
several studies is regarded by the author with
themselves regulated
(A) complete indifference
(B) qualified acceptance
3. Which of the following, if true, would best (C) skeptical amusement
support the
(D) perplexed astonishment
density-dependent theory of population control as (E) agitated dismay
it is
6. Which of the following statements would
described in the passage?
provide the
(A) As the number of foxes in Minnesota most of logical continuation of the final paragraph
decrease, the
of the
growth rate of this population of foxes begins of passage?
increase.
(A) Thus wynne-Edwards theory raises serious
- 161 -

questions about the constancy of animal individual Asian American nationality groups and
population
on
in a region.
general issues important for Asian Americans are
(B) Because Wynne-Edwards theory is able to published almost weekly. Even professors who
explain
are
more kinds of animal behavior than is the
experts in the field find it difficult to decide
densitywhich of
dependent theory, epideictic explanations of
(10) these to assign to students; nonexperts who
population
teach in
regulation are now widely accepted.
related areas and are looking for writings for and
(C) The results of one study, for instance, have
by
suggested that group vocalizing is more often Asian American to include in survey courses are
used
in an
to defend territory than to provide information even worse position.
about
A complicating factor has been the continuing
population density.
lack
(D) Some of these studies have, in fact, worked (15) of specialized one-volume reference works on
out
Asian
a systematic and complex code of social Americans, such as biographical dictionaries or
behavior
desktop
that can regulate population size.
encyclopedias. Such works would enable
(E) One study, for example, has demonstrated that students
birds
taking Asian American studies courses (and
are more likely to use winter-roosting professors
aggregations
in related fields) to look up basic information on
than group vocalizing in order to provide
Asian
information
(20) American individuals, institutions, history, and
on population size.
culture
without having to wade through mountains of
primary
Passage 57
source material. In addition, give such works,
In recent years, teachers of introductory Asian
courses in
American studies professors might feel more free
Asian American studies have been facing a to
dilemma
include more challenging Asian American
nonexistent a few decades ago, when hardly any material in
texts
(25) their introductory reading lists, since good
in that field were available. Today, excellent reference
anthoworks allow students to acquire on their own the
(5) logies and other introductory texts exist, and backbooks on
ground information necessary to interpret
- 162 -

difficult or
unfamiliar material.

anthologies and introductory texts in the field

that
are both recent and understandable to students
1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned (C) By preventing professors from adequately
with
evaluating the quality of the numerous texts
doing which of the following?
currently being published in the field
(A) Recommending a methodology
(D) Such courses were offered only at schools
(B) Describing a course of study
whose
(C) Discussing a problem
libraries were rich in primary sources.
(D) Evaluating a past course of action
(E) By making it more necessary for professors to
(E) Responding to a criticism
select
readings for their courses that are not too
2. The dilemma mentioned in line 2 can best be
challenging for students unfamiliar with Asian
characterized as being caused by the necessity to American history
make a
and culture
choice when faced with a
(E) By making it more likely that the readings
(A) lack of acceptable alternatives
professors assign to students in their courses
(B) lack of strict standards for evaluating will be
alternatives
drawn solely from primary sources
(C) preponderance of bad alternatives as
compared to
4. The passage implies that which of the following
good
was
(D) multitude of different alternatives
true of introductory courses in Asian American
(E) large number of alternatives that are nearly studies a
identical
few decades ago?
in content
(A) The range of different textbooks that could be
assigned for such courses was extremely
3. The passage suggests that the factor mentioned limited.
in lines
(B) The texts assigned as readings in such courses
14-17 complicates professors attempts to were
construct
often not very challenging for students.
introductory reading lists for courses in Asian (C) Students often complained about the texts
American
assigned
studies in which of the following ways?
to them in such courses.
(A) By making it difficult for professors to (D) Such courses were the only means then
identify
available by
primary source material and to obtain standard
which people in the United States could acquire
information on Asian American history and knowledge of the field.
culture
(B) By preventing professors from identifying 5. According to the passage, the existence of good
excellent
one- 163 -

volume reference works about Asian Americans

affected supervisors ratings of workers
could
performance. In
result in
(10) contrast to unmonitored workers doing the
(A) increased agreement among professors of same work, who
Asian
without exception identified the most important
American studies regarding the quality of the
element in
sources available in their field
their jobs as customer service, the monitored
(B) an increase in the number of students signing workers and
up for
their supervisors all responded that productivity
introductory courses in Asian American studies was the
(C) increased accuracy in writings that concern critical factor in assigning ratings. This finding
Asian
suggested
American history and culture
(15) that there should have been a strong
(D) the use of introductory texts about Asian correlation between a
American
monitored workers productivity and the overall
history and culture in courses outside the field rating the
of
worker received. However, measures of the
Asian American studies
relationship
(E) the inclusion of a wider range of Asian between overall rating and individual elements of
American
performaterial in introductory reading lists in Asian
mance clearly supported the conclusion that
American studies
supervisors
(20) gave considerable weight to criteria such as
attendance.accuracy, and indications of customer
Passage 58
satisfaction.
In an attempt to improve the overall
It is possible that productivity may be a
performance of
hygiene
clerical workers, many companies have factor. that is, if it is too low, it will hurt the
introduced comoverall
puterized performance monitoring and control rating. But the evidence suggests that beyond the
systems
point at
(CPMCS) that record and report a workers (25) which productivity becomes good enough.
computerhigher
(5) driven activities. However, at least one study
productivity per se is unlikely to improve a
has shown
rating.
that such monitoring may not be having the
desired effect.
1. According to the passage, before the final results
In the study, researchers asked monitored clerical of the
workers
study were known, which of the following seemed
and their supervisors how assessments of likely?
productivity
(A) That workers with the highest productivity
- 164 -

would
(C) Most supervisors based overall ratings of
also be the most accurate
performance on measures of productivity alone.
(B) That workers who initially achieved high
(D) Overall ratings of performance correlated
productivity ratings would continue to do so
more
consistently
highly with measures of productivity than the
(C) That the highest performance ratings would be researchers expected.
achieved by workers with the highest (E) Overall ratings of performance correlated
productivity
more
(D) That the most productive workers would be highly with measures of accuracy than with
those
measures of productivity.
whose supervisors claimed to value productivity
(E) That supervisors who claimed to value 4. According to the passage, a hygiene factor
productivity
(lines 22would place equal value on customer 23) is an aspect of a workers performance that
satisfaction
(A) has no effect on the rating of a workers
performance
2. It can be inferred that the author of the passage
(B) is so basic to performance that it is assumed to
discusses unmonitored workers(line 10) be
primarily
adequate for all workers
in order to
(C) is given less importance than it deserves in
(A) compare the ratings of these workers with the rating a
ratings of monitored workers
workers performance
(B) provide an example of a case in which (D) if not likely to affect a workers rating unless
monitoring
it is
might be effective
judged to be inadequate
(C) provide evidence of an inappropriate use of (E) is important primarily because of the effect it
CPMCS
has on
(D) emphasize the effect that CPMCS may have a workers rating
on
workers perceptions of their jobs
5. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(E) illustrate the effect that CPMCS may have on (A) explain the need for the introduction of an
workers ratings
innovative strategy
(B) discuss a study of the use of a particular
3. Which of the following, if true, would most method
clearly have
(C) recommend a course of action
supported the conclusion referred to in lines 19- (D) resolved a difference of opinion
21?
(E) suggest an alternative approach
(A) Ratings of productivity correlated highly with
ratings of both accuracy and attendance.
(B) Electronic monitoring greatly increased
Passage 59
productivity.
Schools expect textbooks to be a valuable
- 165 -

source of
conducted
information for students. My research suggests, studies that suggest that childrens attitudes about
however,
particular
that textbooks that address the place of Native (25) culture are strongly influenced by the
Americans
textbooks used in
within he history of the United States distort schools. Given this, an ongoing, careful review of
history to suit
how
(5) a particular cultural value system. In some
school textbooks depict Native American is
textbooks, for
certainly
example, settlers are pictured as more humane, warranted.
complex,
skillful, and wise than Native American. In 1. Which of the following would most logically be
essence,
the
textbooks stereotype and deprecate the numerous topic of the paragraph immediately following the
Native
passage?
American cultures while reinforcing the attitude (A) Specific ways to evaluate the biases of United
that the
States
(10) European conquest of the New World denotes history textbooks
the superi(B) The centrality of the teachers role in United
ority of European cultures. Although textbooks States
evaluete
history courses
Native American architecture, political systems, (C) Nontraditional methods of teaching United
and homeStates
making. I contend that they do it from an
history
ethnocentric,
(D) The contributions of European immigrants to
(15) European perspective without recognizing that the
other perdevelopment of the United States
spectives are possible.
(E) Ways in which parents influence childrens
One argument against my contention asserts political
that, by
attitudes
nature, textbooks are culturally biased and that I
am simply
2. The primary purpose of the passage is to
underestimating childrens ability to see through
(A) describe in detail one research study
these
regarding the
(20) biases. Some researchers even claim that by
impact of history textbooks on childrens
the time
attitudes
students are in high school, they know they and beliefs about certain cultures
cannot take
(B) describe revisions that should be made to
textbooks literally. Yet substantial evidence exists United
to the
States history textbooks
contrary. Two researchers, for example, have (C) discuss the difficulty of presenting an accurate
- 166 -

history of the United States

(D) argue that textbooks used in schools 5. It can be inferred from the passage that the
stereotype
researchers
Native Americans and influence childrens mentioned in line 19 would be most likely to
attitudes
agree
(E) summarize ways in which some textbooks with which of the following statements?
give
(A) Students form attitudes about cultures other
distorted pictures of the political systems than
developed
their own primarily inside the school
by various Native American groups
environment.
(B) For the most part, seniors in high school know
3. The author mentions two researchers studies that
(lines22textbooks can be biased.
25) most likely in order to
(C) Textbooks play a crucial role in shaping the
(A) suggest that childrens political attitudes are attitudes
formed
and beliefs of students.
primarily through textbooks
(D) Elementary school students are as likely to
(B) counter the claim that children are able to see
recognize biases in textbooks as are high school
through stereotypes in textbooks
students.
(C) suggest that younger children tend to interpret (E) Students are less likely to give credence to
the
history
messages in textbooks more literally than do textbooks than to mathematics textbooks.
older
children
6. The author implies tha5t which of the following
(D) demonstrate that textbooks carry political will
messages
occur if textbooks are not carefully reviewed?
meant to influence their readers
(A) Children will remain ignorant of the European
(E) prove that textbooks are not biased in terms of
settlers conquest of the New World.
their
(B) Children will lose their ability to recognize
political presentations
biases
in textbooks.
4. The authors attitude toward the content of the (C) Children will form negative stereotypes of
history
Native
textbooks discussed in the passage is best
Americans.
described as
(D) Children will develop an understanding of
one of
ethnocentrism.
(A) indifference
(E) Children will stop taking textbooks seriously.
(B) hesitance
Passage 60
(C) neutrality
Until recently, scientists did not know of a close
(D) amusement
verte(E) disapproval
brate analogue to the extreme form of altruism
- 167 -

abserved in
males), body size, and perhaps age. Smaller
eusocial insects like ants and bees, whereby nonbreeding
individuals
(25) members, both male and female, seem to
cooperate, sometimes even sacrificing their own participate prioppormarily in gathering food, transporting nest
( 5) tunities to survive and reproduce, for the good material, and
of others.
tunneling. Larger nonreaders are active in
However, such a vertebrate society may exist defending the
among undercolony and perhaps in removing dirt from the
ground colonies of the highly social rodent tunnels.
Heterocephalus
Jarvis work has suggested that differences in
glaber, the naked mole rat.
growth rates
A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasps
may influence the length of time that an
nest, or
individual performs
(10) termite mound, is ruled by its queen, or (30) a task, regardless of its age.
reproducing
Cooperative breeding has evolved many times
female. Other adult female mole rats neither in verteovulate nor
brates, but unlike naked mole rats, most
breed. The queen of the largest member of the cooperatively
colony, and
breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog,
she maintains her breeding status through a Lycaon pictus)
mixture of
(35) are dominated by a pair of breeders rather than
behavioral and, presumably, chemical control. by a single
Queens have
breeding female. The division of labor within
(15) been long-lived in captivity, and when they die social groups
or are
is less pronounced among other vertebrates than
removed from a colony one sees violent fighting among
for breednaked mole rats, colony size is much smaller, and
ing status among the larger remaining females, mating
leading to a
by subordinate females may not be totally
takeover by a new queen.
suppressed,
Eusocial insect societies have rigid caste systems, (40) whereas in naked mole rat colonies
each
subordinate females are
(20) insectss role being defined by its behavior, not sexually active, and many never breed.
body shape, and
physiology. In naked mole rat societies, on the 1. Which of the following most accurately states
other hand,
the main
differences in behavior are related primarily to idea of the passage?
reproductive
(A) Naked mole rat colonies are the only known
status (reproduction being limited to the queen examples of cooperatively breeding vertebrate
and a few
societies.
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(B) Naked mole rat colonies exhibit social to

organization
the largest animals.
based on a rigid caste system.
(D) In eusocial insect societies, reproduction is
(C) Behavior in naked mole rat colonies may well limited
be
to a single female.
a close vertebrate analogue to behavior in (E) In eusocial insect societies, the distribution of
eusocial
tasks is based on body size.
insect societies.
(D) The mating habits of naked mole rats differ 4. According to the passage, which of the following
from
is a
those of any other vertebrate species.
supposition rather than a fact concerning the
(E) The basis for the division of labor among queen in a
naked
naked mole rat colony?
mole rats is the same as that among eusocial (A) She is the largest member of the colony.
insects.
(B) She exerts chemical control over the colony.
(C) She mates with more than one male.
2. The passage suggests that Jarvis work has called (D) She attains her status through aggression.
into
(E) She is the only breeding female.
question which of the following explanatory
variables
5. The passage supports which of the following
for naked mole rat behavior?
inferences
(A) Size
about breeding among Lycaon pictus?
(B) Age
(A) The largest female in the social group does
(C) Reproductive status
not maintain reproductive status by means of
(D) Rate of growth
behavioral control.
(E) Previously exhibited behavior
(B) An individuals ability to breed is related
primarily
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the to its rate of growth.
performance
(C) Breeding is the only task performed by the
of tasks in naked mole rat colonies differs from breeding
task
female.
performance in eusocial insect societies in which
(D) Breeding in the social group is not
of the
cooperative.
following ways?
(E) Breeding is not dominated by a single pair of
(A) In naked mole rat colonies, all tasks ate dogs.
performed
cooperatively.
(B) In naked mole rat colonies, the performance
Passage 61
of
Coral reefs are one of the most fragile,
tasks is less rigidly determined by body shape. biologically
(C) In naked mole rat colonies, breeding is limited complex, and diverse marine ecosystem on Earth.
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This
growing human populations, thereby threatening
ecosystem is one of the fascinating paradoxes of reef comthe bio(25) munities sensitive to subtle changes in nutrient
sphere: how do clear, and thus nutrient-poor, input to
waters suptheir waters.
(5) port such prolific and productive communities?
Part of the
1. The passage is primarily concerned with
answer lies within the tissues of the corals (A) describing the effects of human activities on
themselves.
algae in
Symbiotic cells of algae known as zooxanthellae coral reefs
carry out
(B) explaining how human activities are posing a
photosynthesis using the metabolic wastes of the threat
coral
to coral reef communities
thereby producing food for themselves, for their (C) discussing the process by which coral reefs
corals,
deteriorate in nutrient-poor waters
(10) hosts, and even for other members of the reef (D) explaining how coral reefs produce food for
community.
themselves
This symbiotic process allows organisms in the (E) describing the abundance of algae and filterreef comfeeding
munity to use sparse nutrient resources animals in coral reef areas
efficiently.
Unfortunately for coral reefs, however, a 2. The passage suggests which of the following
variety of
about coral
human activities are causing worldwide reef communities?
degradation of
(A) Coral reef communities may actually be more
(15) shallow marine habitats by adding nutrients to likely
the (water.
to thrive in waters that are relatively low in
Agriculture, slash-and-burn land clearing, sewage nutrients.
disposal
(B) The nutrients on which coral reef
and manufacturing that creates waste by-products communities
all
thrive are only found in shallow waters.
increase nutrient loads in these waters. Typical (C) Human population growth has led to changing
symptoms
ocean
of reef decline are destabilized herbivore temperatures, which threatens coral reef
populations and
communities.
(20) an increasing abundance of algae and filter- (D) The growth of coral reef communities tends to
feeding animals.
destabilize underwater herbivore populations.
Declines in reef communities are consistent with (E) Coral reef communities are more complex and
observadiverse
tions that nutrient input is increasing in direct
than most ecosystems located on dry land.
proportion to
- 170 -

3. The author refers to filter-feeding animals likely for which of the following reasons?
(line 20)
(A) They are thriving even though human
in order to
activities
(A) provide an example of a characteristic sign of have depleted the nutrients in their environment.
reef
(B) They are able to survive in spite of an overdeterioration
abundance of algae inhabiting their waters.
(B) explain how reef communities acquire (C) They are able to survive in an environment
sustenance
with
for survival
limited food resources.
(C) identify a factor that helps herbivore (D) Their metabolic wastes contribute to the
populations
degrathrive
dation of the waters that they inhabit.
(D) indicate a cause of decreasing nutrient input (E) They are declining even when the water surin
rounding them remains clear.
waters that reefs inhabit
(E) identify members of coral reef communities
that rely
Passage 62
on coral reefs for nutrients
Two divergent definitions have dominated
sociologists
4. According to the passage, which of the following discussions of the nature of ethnicity. The first
is a
emphasizes
factor that is threatening the survival of coral reef
the primordial and unchanging character of
communities?
ethnicity. In
(A) The waters they inhabit contain few nutrient
this view, people have an essential need for
resources.
belonging that
(B) A decline in nutrient input is disrupting their (5) is satisfied by membership in groups based on
symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae
shared
(C) The degraded waters of their marine habitats ancestry and culture. A different conception of
have
ethnicity
reduced their ability to carry out photosynthesis
de-emphasizes the cultural component and
(D) They are too biologically complex to survive defines ethnic
in
groups as interest groups. In this view, ethnicity
habitats with minimal nutrient input.
serves as
(E) Waste by-products result in an increase in a way of mobilizing a certain population behind
nutrient
issues
input to reef communities.
(10) relating to its economic position. While both
of these
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the definitions are useful, neither fully captures the
author
dynamic
describes coral reef communities as paradoxical and changing aspects of ethnicity in the United
most
States.
- 171 -

Rather, ethnicity is more satisfactorily conceived twentieth-century

of as a
Mexican American leaders combined ethnic with
process in which preexisting communal bonds contemand common
porary civic symbols. In 1968 Henry Censors,
(15) cultural attributes are adapted for instrumental then mayor
purposes
of San Antonio, Texas, cited Mexican leader
according to changing real-life situations.
Benito Juarez
One example of this process is the rise of as a model for Mexican Americans in their fight
participation
for conby Native American people in the broader United (40) temporary civil rights. And every year,
States
Mexican Americans
political system since the Civil Rights movement celebrate Cinco de Mayo as fervently as many
of the
Irish
(20)1960s. Besides leading Native Americans to American people embrace St. Patricks Day (both
participate
are major
more actively in politics (the number of Native holidays in the countries of origin), with both
American
holidays
legislative officeholders more than doubled), this
having been reinvented in the context of the
movement
United States
also evoked increased interest in tribal history and linked to ideals, symbols, and heroes of the
and traditional
United
culture. Cultural and instrumental components of States.
(25 )ethnicity are not mutually exclusive, but rather
reinforce
1. Which of the following best states the main idea
one another.
of the
The Civil Rights movement also brought passage?
changes in the
(A) In their definitions of the nature of ethnicity,
uses to which ethnicity was put by Mexican
sociologists have underestimated the power of
American
the
people. In the 1960s, Mexican Americans formed
primordial human need to belong.
(30) community-based political groups that (B) Ethnicity is best defined as a dynamic process
emphasized ancestral
that
heritage as a way of mobilizing constituents. combines cultural components with shared
Such emergpolitical and economic interests.
ing issues as immigration and voting rights gave (C) In the United States in the twentieth century,
Mexican
ethnic
American advocacy groups the means by which
groups have begun to organize in order to
to promote
further
ethnic solidarity. Like European ethnic groups in
their political and economic interests.
the
(D) Ethnicity in the United States has been
(35) nineteenth-century United States, late- significantly
- 172 -

changed by the Civil Rights movement.

(C) how the Civil Rights movement can help
(E) The two definitions of ethnicity that have promote
dominated
solidarity among United States ethnic groups
sociologists discussions are incompatible
(D) how participation in the political system has
and should be replaced by an entirely new
helped to improve a groups economic
approach.
situation
(E) the benefits gained from renewed study of
2. Which is the following statements about the first ethnic
two
history and culture
definitions of ethnicity discussed in the first
paragraph
4. The passage supports which of the following
is supported by the passage?
statements
(A) One is supported primarily by sociologists, about the Mexican American co+munity?
and the
(A) In the 1960s the Mexican American
other is favored by members of ethnic groups. community
(B) One emphasizes the political aspects of
began to incorporate the customs of another
ethnicity,
ethnic
and the other focuses on the economic aspects.
group in the United States into the observation
(C) One is the result of analysis of United States of its
populations, and the other is the result of own ethnic holidays.
analysis of
(B) In the 1960s Mexican American community
European populations.
groups promoted ethnic solidarity primarily in
(D) One focuses more on the ancestral order to effect economic change
components
(C) In the 1960s leader of the Mexican American
of ethnicity than does the other.
community concentrated their efforts on
(E) One focuses more on immigrant groups than promoting
does
a renaissance of ethnic history and culture
the other.
(D) In the 1960s members of the Mexican
American
3. The author of the passage refers to Native
community were becoming increasingly
American
concerned
people in the second paragraph in order to about the issue of voting rights.
provide an
(E) In the 1960s the Mexican American
example of
community
(A) the ability of membership in groups based on
had greater success in mobilizing constituents
shared ancestry and culture to satisfy an
than did other ethnic groups in the United
essential
States.
human need.
(B) how ethnic feelings have both motivated and 5. Which of the following types of ethnic cultural
been
expression is discussed in the passage?
strengthened by political activity
(A) The retelling of traditional narratives
- 173 -

(B) The wearing of traditional clothing

(C) The playing of traditional music
(D) The celebration of traditional holidays
(E) The preparation of traditional cuisine

Juarez
(E) Mexican Americans should emulate the
strategies
of Native American political leaders.

6. Information in the passage supports which of the

following statements about many European ethnic
Passage 63
groups in the nineteenth-century United States?
(A) They emphasized economic interests as a way
The fact that superior service can generate a
of
competitive
mobilizing constituents behind certain issues.
advantage for a company does not mean that
(B) They conceived of their own ethnicity as every attempt
being
at improving service will create such an
primordial in nature.
advantage. Invest(C) They created cultural traditions that fused ments in service, like those in production and
United
distribution,
States symbols with those of their countries of (5) must be balanced against other types of
origin.
investments on the
(D) They de-emphasized the cultural components basis of direct, tangible benefits such as cost
of
reduction and
their communities in favor of political interests.
increased revenues. If a company is already
(E) They organized formal community groups effectively on a
designed
par with its competitors because it provides
to promote a renaissance of ethnic history and service that
culture.
avoids a damaging reputation and keeps
customers from
7. The passage suggests that in 1968 Henry (10) leaving at an unacceptable rate, then
Cisneros most
investment in higher
likely believed that
service levels may be wasted, since service is a
(A) many Mexican American would respond deciding
positively
factor for customers only in extreme situations.
to the example of Benito Juarez.
This truth was not apparent to managers of one
(B) many Mexican American were insufficiently regional
educated in Mexican history
bank, which failed to improve its competitive
(C) the fight for civil fights in the United States position
had
(15) despite its investment in reducing the time a
many strong parallels in both Mexican and rish customer had
history.
to wait for a teller. The bank managers did not
(D) the quickest way of organizing community- recognize
based
the level of customer inertia in the consumer
groups was to emulate the tactics of Benito banking
- 174 -

industry that arises from the inconvenience of likely

switching
to provide
banks. Nor did they analyze their service
improvement to
3. The passage suggests which of the following
(20) determine whether it would attract new about
customers by proservice provided by the regional bank prior to its
ducing a new standard of service that would investment in enhancing that service?
excite cus(A) It enabled the bank to retain customers at an
tomers or by proving difficult for competitors to acceptable rate
copy. The
(B) It threatened to weaken the banks
only merit of the improvement was that it could competitive
easily be
position with respect to other regional banks
described to customers.
(C) It had already been improved after having
caused
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
damage to the banks reputation in the past.
(A) contrast possible outcomes of a type of (D) It was slightly superior to that of the banks
business
regional
investment
competitors.
(B) suggest more careful evaluation of a type of
(E) It needed to be improved to attain parity with
business investment
the
(C) illustrate various ways in which a type of service provided by competing banks.
business
investment could fail to enhance revenues
4. The passage suggests that bank managers failed
(D) trace the general problems of a company to a to
certain type of business investment
consider whether or not the service improvement
(E) criticize the way in which managers tend to mentioned in line 19
analyze
(A) was too complicated to be easily described to
the costs and benefits of business investments
prospective customers
(B) made a measurable change in the experiences
2. According to the passage, investments in service of
are
customers in the banks offices
comparable to investments in production and
(C) could be sustained if the number of
distribution in terms of the
customers
(A) tangibility of the benefits that they tend to
increased significantly
confer
(D) was an innovation that competing banks
(B) increased revenues that they ultimately could
produce
have imitated
(C) basis on which they need to be weighed
(E) was adequate to bring the banks general
(D) insufficient analysis that managers devote to level of
them
service to a level that was comparable with that
(E) degree of competitive advantage that they are of
- 175 -

its competitors

improvement

5. The discussion of the regional bank (line 13-24)

serves
which of the following functions within the
GMAT
passage as a
whole?

(A) It describes an exceptional case in which

investment in service actually failed to produce 1.BECACBEC
a
3.EBAEDABB
competitive advantage.
5.EDBCBAEDA
(B) It illustrates the pitfalls of choosing to invest 7.ECDBBDC
in
9.EACCBEDAB
service at a time when investment is needed
11.BEECACB
more urgently in another area.
13.DDCDCDEB
(C) It demonstrates the kind of analysis that 15.DCADCDCA
managers
17.AEEBCDCAE
apply when they choose one kind of service
19.EDBCBDAD
investment over another
21.DDBADECA
(D) It supports the argument that investments in 23.DCAECBCA
certain aspects of service are more 25.BEBCACAC
advantageous
27.BCECBED
than investments in other aspects of service.
29.ECCAXEDB
(E) It provides an example of the point about
31.DEECCDBD
investment in service made in the first 33.BABDBCB
paragraph.
35.BECDEADE
37.DEADCBAA
6. The author uses the word only in line 23 most 39.CDCEBE
likely
41.BCEDACEA
in order to
43.BCECECCA
(A) highlight the oddity of the service 45.DAEBCEA
improvement
47.CBACEED
(B) emphasize the relatively low value of the
investment in service improvement
(C) distinguish the primary attribute of the
service
improvement from secondary attributes
(D) single out a certain merit of the service
improvement from other merits
(E) point out the limited duration of the actual
service
- 176 -

2.ABCEBCBCD
4.DBCBABA
6.ADBAECDBA
8.ACADEAEDC
10.DDDADEBBA
12.ADCCCBBED
14.EEDEABCDD
16.ACBBCDB
18.DDBCBCEAB
20.CADAACB
22.BDEDDBCA
24.BDAEECA
26.ECEEBDDA
28.BBDDDCD
30.BADBACED
32.BCCCABBD
34.CDDBACC
36.BACAAEBD
38.EAECBCDAA
40.ABDBCCDE
42.CBEAAC
44.BACBDACD
46.CBECACD
48.CDEB
49.DEDDCA
51.CDBCAB
53.CBECDA
55.CBEEEAA
57.CDDAE
59.ADBEBC
61.BAAEC
63.BCADEB

50.DCACEB
52.BABBDE
54.DDCEBE
56.EDADBC
58.CDEDB
60.CBBEAC
62.BDBDDCA

- 177 -

- 178 -