sfi LIEU CAI CACH RUONG DAT OTTHAI B ) N H (1945-1954)

NGUYEN VAN KHOAN'

fich mgng Thfing Tfim nfim 1945

thflnh cfing, Thfii Blnh dfi chia lgi
cfing diln cho nara nfl tfl 18 t u i i trd lfin vfl
chia mfit phfin rufing bfin cfing, bfln tfl cho
nfing dfin, quy djnh giam tfi 25% so vdi
trfldc. "Bfldc dfiu, binh qufin chitfm hflu
rufing dtft eiia etf nfing Ifi 94m', bfin nfing
450m*, trung nfing 1488m', phfl nfing
3600m', dia ehu nhd 11.100m2, dja ehu bfic
trung 18.340m', dja chu ldn 72.000m'... (1).
Trong khfing chitfn ehtfng Phflp, khi
vflng du kich md rfing, Tinh iiy Thfii Binh
dfi tfip trung rufing dtft cua Vi$t gian, phfin
dfing, rufing vfing chu, tgm ctfp, tgm giao
cho nfing dfin. Rufing cfing trong vflng du
kfch, dfl to cung dfldc ehia lai, efing bfing
hdn. "Cho dtfn trflde nfim 1955, ctf nong dfi
cd 192m', b i n ndng 450m', trung ndng
920m', phfl nfing chi cdn 2.520m', dia chu
cdn 5.400m', dia chu ehitfm 2,8% dfin so vfi
chitfm lufin 13% ttfng stf rufing dtft trong
tinh (2).
Nfim 1953, cai each rufing dtft thflc hi$n
dot mfit thi diem tgi Thfii Nguyfin, dfin thi
hfinh tdi cac vinh vflng tfl to... tdi cflc dpt 5,
dot 6... Thai Binh cfii cfich rufing dfi't vflo
dpt 7, dpt 8. Dpt 7, titfn hflnh thf dilm d 51
xa thufic hai huyfin Duyfin Ha, Hflng Nhfin

TS. Hdi Khoa hoc Lich sil Vi$t Nam

vfl 9 xa cua huyn Tifin Hflng, bfit dfiu tfl

ngfly 1-2-1955, ktft thfle vflo thflng 4-1955.
Sau mtft thdi gian 'lfin xfin" vy "Dflc chua
vflo Nam"... dpt 8 triln khai trfin cflc huyfin
edn lgi, efic xfl cdn lgi cua Tifin Hflng, bflt
dfiu tfl thfing 4-1955, ktft thfle vflo thfing 6
eflng nflm. Ca hai dyt diu do Dofln I eai
cfich rufing dtft chi dao, ed nhilu dfii, moi
dpi tfl 8-15 cfin bfi.
Ciing nhfl d cfic dja phfldng khfic, theo
"le" lflm gitfng nhau, eai efich rufing dfl't d
Thai Binh cung titfn hflnh theo cac bfldc;
bfit r l , xfiu chuli, "tim" b i n co nfing nghfio
kho, cd ofin thfl dja ehu lfim "cho dya".
Trong bfldc nfiy, efin bp phai ba cflng (cflng
ftn, cflng d, ciing Iflm) vdi cfi nghfio, cd khi,
cd thfl...". Budc nfly dflpc "titfn hflnh" trong
thdi gian tfl 7 dtfn 10 ngfly, cd nOi gin den
15 ngfiy.
Bfldc thfl hai Ifl "phat dfing" nfing dfin ttf
khi, vach tfii ac vfi thu dogn bfic Ifit cua dja
chu, thfinh Iflp tfia fin (do dofin, dfii chi
djnh) d cfic xa d l xfit xfl dja chii, Dofin, doi
cd tofin quyln phfin xfl tfl giam tii den tfl
hinh. (Trong cai cflch rupng dfl't, Thai Binh
da xfit xfl 1419 dia chu, trong dd cd 362 xit
tfl hinh) (3). Bfldc nfly cd t h l kfio dfli dtfn 30
ngfiy...

70

Rghien cflu L|eh afl. atf 11.2009

Bude thfl ba Ifl "bflt dja chu gifim tfl,

thofli tfi, xfia ny, hofin np cho nfing dfin".
Trong bude nfly, dja ehii Thfii Blnh dfi thofli
tfi 2683 tfl'n, 253kg thdc cho nflng dfin. Stf
thfic nfly dfi dupe chia eho nflng dfln d l Ifi'y
fln mfl sfin xufl't, ehtfng ddi. Titfp dd lfi ehia
"qua thUe" ruong dfi't, nhfl cfla, trflu bd...
Trong cfii cfich rutfng dfi't, bd mfiy ehfnh
quyln ciia nhfl nUdc bj giai thl, xda bd.
TrUdc tinh cd bay xfi, trong cfii cfich dofln
chia lai thfinh 294 xfi, thay dfi'i tfi't efi tfin cu
ciia xfi thfinh ten m6i (4). Cfin bd xfl gfin
nhu bj logi gin htft, trong stf I8I7 cfin bd xfi
chi cd 159 ngudi dupe gifl lgi lflm cflng tfic
vdi dofln, dfii, dang vifin chitfm 17% t i n g stf
cfin bd xa vdi 311 ngudi, phfin ldn dflpc ktft
nap trong "cfii cfieh". "3196 dang vifin cfl hi
khai trfl, 22 chi bd hi giai tfin, 120 chi bd bj
quy ket cfi Qutfc dan dfing chui vflo lung
doan, 35 dang vifin bi XLI bfin" (5).
'Tofin tinh Thai Binh da quy 10.225 hp
Ifi dia chu; da tjch thu, trUng thu 78.666
mflu rupng (29.135 ha); 7.456 trfiu bd;
150.000 ta'n lUdng thUc chia cho 170 ngfin
nfing dfin trong tofin tinh (6).
Binh quan rufing dtft cho mfit nhfin
khfiu sau eai efich nhU sau:
- Dan nghfio: 2 sfio
- Co nflng: 2 sflo 8 thUdc
- B i n nong: 2 sfio 12 thUde
- Trung nflng: 3 sflol thudc
- Phfl nong: 4 sfio
- Dja chu: 1 sflo 8 thude (7) (Trd Igi "\km"
thfinh phfin "vfl san nfing thfln" "nghfio"
nhfi't).
Cai efich rufing dfi't thfing ldi ''vfla xong".
Thai Binh Igi bflt tay vflo "sfla sai". TrUde
htft lfi sfla sai thflnh p h i n trong nfing dfin.
- Trong eai each quy 10.255 hfi lfi dja
ehu, khi sfla sai da ha thflnh phfin eho

4.993 hd. Nhu vtfy Ifl quy sai (10.255- 4.993

= 5.265 htf), ty 1 quy sai lfi 48,7%.
- Hg xutfng phfl nfing 1.449 h^.
- Hg xutfng trung nfing 3.233 h^.
Hg xutfng bfin nfing 32 hfi.
- Hg xutfng thflnh p h i n Iao d^ng khflc 65
hd.
- Hg xutfng thflnh phfin ft rufing dtft cho
phfit canh vfl thufi ngfldi lflm 169 hfl.
I Ig xutfng thflnh phfin vifin chflc 11 h^.
- 492 hd "dja chu, cfldng hflo, gian fie"
duyc hg xutfng dja chu thudng, 91 hd dupc
lfi dja ehii khfing chitfn, 5 hd dupc kifim
cfing thUdng. Stf dia chu thudng duyc quy
trong cfii cfich, dtfn lflc sfla sai cd 28 hfl
'lfin" dja chu, cfldng hfio, gian fie... (8).
Sau khi sfla sai, "so dja chu" trong tinh
cdn 5.328 hp, chitfm 2,14% tong so hd tofln
tinh.
Doi vdi phu nfing, trong cai each quy ra
5.805 hfl, trong cai cfich da quy 21 phfl
nfing lfin dja chii. ha thfinh phfin cho 4. 424
phu nfing xuong trung ndng, 6 hfi bfin nfing,
49 hd cho phfit canh thue ngfldi lflm; vifln
chflc cd 7 htf. Ktft thfle sfla sai tofln tinh cdn
2.783 phfl nfing... (9).
Sfla sai di dfii vdi d i n bfl tfli san. VI
rudng dfl't da d i n bfl 6.217 mflu 8 sflo 6
thflde, trong dd 2.985 mfiu 5 sflo 10 thflde
den bfl cho cfic htf bj quy sai... VI trfiu bd,
trong cai cfich da tich thu, tnttig thu, trflng
mua 3.924 con. Khi sfla sai da d i n bfl 1.348
con... VI nhfi cfla da trfi lai cho 2.008 hfi
trong tfi'ng stf 7.301 hd hi tjch thu sai... (10).
D l ehfl'n ehinh t l chflc trong sfla sai, dfiu
tifin lfi ehfl'n ehinh tfi' ehfle Dang.
Trfldc cai efich tofln tinh ed 13.098 dfing
vien (8 cfing nhfin, 6500 bfin etf nfing, 77
con dia chu, 5 dang vifin ft r u d n ^ . Trong
cai cflch dfi xfl ly 8.700 dang vifin, khai trfl

stf lieu ve cAi each rupng dtft..

5.211 ngudi, giai tfin vfi cho tfl rut lui 3.498
ngUdi... Khi sfla sai da phuc h i i 7.288 dfing
vifin, 7.191 ndng dan; 43 phfl ndng, 2 dja
chu, 13 eon phfl nflng, 20 con dja chii, 1.421
ngfldi khflng dflpc trfi Igi dang tieh (1.001
nfing dan, 135 phfl nfing, 202 dja chii, 26
con phfl nfing, 57 con dja chfl). Trong stf
nfiy ed 7 bf thfl, phd bf thU chi bd; 44 chi fly
vien.
Hofin thfinh cfing tfic sfla sai, tofin tinh
cd 15.371 dfing vifin (12.508 dang vifin cu;
2.963 dang vifin radi...). Trong sfla sai dfi
phyc hoi 262 bf thfl, phfi bf thfl, 755 chi iiy
vien (trong td'ng so 269 bf thfl, phd bf thU
vfl 799 bj xfl ly sai).
TrUdc cai cfich tofln tinh cd 169 chi bp,
trong cai cfich 31 chi bfl bj giai tfin, sfla sai
da khfii phuc lai du 31 ehi bfi.
Doi vdi cfin bp ehfnh quyen, trong cai
each da cho nghi vfl ehuyin cdng tfic 899
can bfi UBHC xa. Sfla sai da phuc hdi cho
so nfly vfl bo sung thfira, d l tofin tinh cfi
2.786 uy vien UBHC xa (247 Ifi phy nfl, 91
ngudi cflng gifio, 1.669 bfin co nfing, 1.058
trung nong, 59 thupe thfinh phfin lao dpng
khfic... (11).
Cflc ddi tUOng khfic bj xfl ly khdng dung
trong cai each nhfl cdng an, dofln vien,
thanh nifin, dfin qufin du kich... eung da
dupc sfla sai.
Doi vdi dong bao theo dao Thifin chua vfl
mfit stf linh raue, tu si, mot stf ding bfio
theo dao Phfit sfl sai bi da kieh, quan chg',
tfl dfly (da so bi oan) cung dfi dfldc sfla sai,
din bfl. Da tra lai tfl do cho hai linh muc,
tra lai d6 thd eung vfi so tien lfi 1.585 dong,
124 mflu 7 sfio 3 thflde, giai quytft xong 184
dinh chfla trong stf 224 ndi sai pham (12).
Trong sfla sai bflde mdt da tra ty do cho
1.258 ngudi, bfldc thfl hai 736 ngfldi (13).

Nhfin djnh v l nhflng thitfu sfit bfin canh

thfing lpi, Tinh iiy Thfii Binh ktft lufin: "do
khfing nfim vflng vfi khong vfin dyng dung
dfldng ldi ciia Dang, cai cfich rudng dtft (d
Thfli Binh) da mfic nhilu sai lfim cd tinh
nguyfin tfic v l chinh dtfn t l chflc, vl danh
djch vfl ve dfldng Ifii giai ctfp d nfing thfin.
Cfing vide sfla sai d Thfii Binh bfit diu tfl
25/7/1956 vfi hofln thfinh trong thang
10/1957 (14).
Trong 'Thfl gfli dong bfio ndng thdn vfi
efin bd nhfin djp cai cfich rufing dfi't cd ban
hofin thfinh", Chu tjch H i Chf Minh da chi
ra nguyfin nhfin eua nhflng sai llm trong
cai cfich rudng dtft lfi: "vi ke dich pha hoai
difin cuing, vi mpt stf can bfl ta chfla nflm
vflng chfnh sfich, chfla thUc sU di dung
dudng ldi q u i n chflng, vi sU lanh dao ciia
TU" Dang vfl Chfnh phu ed chS thitfu cu thl,
thitfu kiem tra, dfin dtfc cho nfin da xay ra
nhflng khuyet dilm, sai llm trong vific
dofin ktft nfing thfin, dfinh ke djch, vific
ehfl'n ehinh tfi' chflc trong chfnh sach thutf
ndng nghifip" (15).
Trong Hdi nghj TU" Un thfl 10, Chu tjch
Ho Chi Minh da ty phg binh: "vi thieu dan
ehu ngn nghe ft, thfl'y ft... tfii nhfin trach
nhifim trong lue sfing gifi nfiy" (16).
Nflm 1996, Bfi chfnh trj Dang dfi tfl
nhfin xfit: "trong mdt so linh vflc vfl mot stf
eflng tfie, khi hpc tfip vfin dyng kinh
nghiem cua each mang Trung Quoe (ta da)
ed nhflng bilu hifin rfip khudn, mfiy mde,
bflt dfiu phgm khuyet dilm mang tinh chfl't
gifio dilu vao nhflng nfim cudi cua cufic
khang ehitfn (ehtfng Phfip). Mflc dfl, cai
each chi mdi Ifim thf dilm nhUng le ra nd cd
t h l giai quytft vfi'n d l rupng dfl't vfi quyln
lpi eua ndng dfin bfing nhflng cfich nhfl ta
da lflm: ehia rupng dfi't cua chu tfl ban
Phfip vfi vifit gian phan dfing, chia cfing

Rghian cihi Ljch sit, atf 11.2009

72

diln, cfing thl cho nflng dfln, thye hidn

gifim tfi, gifim tflc" (17).
Nhin thfing vfio sy thtft, nhin rfi nhflng
di efin cho tdi ngfly nay trfin phgm vi cfi
nfldc vfl rifing d Thfii Binh cho dtfn nhflng
nflm m&'t In djnh 15 n&m trfldc d Thfii
Blnh- cd thl ktft lufln rfing "dd lfi nhflng sai
Ifim nghifira trpng mang ntfng b^nh giflo
dilu, ta khuynh chfl khdng nhg nhfing chi
lfi raang "tfnh chfi't giflo dilu" (18).
Thfii Binh rdi vflo sau dpt 5, dyt 6 cd
mfle dfi sai llm nghifim trpng nhtft "Igl"

nfira trong Lifin khu 3, khu tfi nggn ndi cd

nhflng sai lfim nghifim trpng, phi bitfn kfio
dfli vl nhilu raflt. Xfit dtfn cflng, dd Ifl sal
lfim "tfi khuynh giflo dilu" (19).
Trudc nhflng nfim 1963, 1955 trong bfli
"Hoa sen", Bfic Hi dfi gyi y cd thl vfln ddng
cfic diln chu hitfn diln nhfl cflc dng Dd {^nh
Thidn... Nhflng "cfich lflm" nfly ciia Bfic
khdng dupc chtfp nhtfn, vtfn d^mgrafl"thfch"
Ifim mdt "Didn Bifin" trong eai eflch "long trdi
Id dtftf',raflnhiing "cfinh tupng thfi thfim cung
khfing thl kl htfr (Ttf Hihi) (20).

CHU THtCH
(1), (2). Tinh iiy Th&i Blnh. TH dii'n Thdi

Btnh.

2010, tr. 124.

(3), (4), (5). Tinh iiy Th&i Binh, TU Diin

Thdi

Binh. sdd, tr. 333- 334.

chiin chdng Phdp thdng l^ vd bdi hge. Nxb. Chfnh

trj Qude gia. Hfl N^i. 1996. tr. 232- 233.

(6). (7), (8), (9), (10). Tinh ily Thfti Binh, Tit
Biin Thdi Binh, add, tr. 135.125, 807, 806, 806.
(11). (12). Tinh iiy Th&i Binh, Tit Diin

Thdi

Binh. add, tr. 806-807.

(13), (14). T^nh ily Th6i Binh, Tit Diin

Thdi

Binh, edd, tr. 308, 125.

(15). HS Chi Minh

(17). Ban chl d^o ttfng ktft ehtfng Thgc d&n

Ph&p tryc thufic Bfi Chfnh trj. Ting kA cudc khdng

Todn tdp. Tftp VIII, Nxb.

Chfnh tri Quoc gia, Hft N$i, 1995, tr. 236.

(16). Sau khi thi hftnh m$t stf c&n b9 (Hoftng
QuSc Vi?t, H I Viet ThSng). Hi nghj dfl bflu H i

(18). Nguyin Vfln Khoan, Nhin

lgi cu^c cdi

cdeh rudng ddt d Hdi Phdng, KUn An, Tgp chf

Nghiin cOu Lfch aCt, stf 6-2(X)7, tr. 28.
(19). Ly Vifit Quang, Bdng ldnh difo cdi each
ru^ng ddt d Bdc Bd tit 1945 dih ndm 1957, Tdm
tfit Lufln &n titfn ai, 2011. Ban luu tgi vi$n H i Chf
Minh.
(20). DUdng Trung Qude, Ddn cdy cd rufng, Lao
ddng cutfl t u l a , 26/2/2012.

Chf Minh Iftm T i n g bf thU BCH TU" Dang (Wtf Chl

- Xin dpc t h i m : L l Xufin Khoa, Vi4t Nam 1945-

Minh biin niin tiiu sd. Nxb. Ly lufln chfnh trj, Hft

1995, (Chitang UI, Chtnh sdch cdi each ru^ng d&),

Ni, 2006, tr. 483.

Nxb. Tiln R i n g , Hoa Ky, 2004.