(Almost?

) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination

(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)

Table 1: Formulae, Identities, Facts

Measurement
Circumference of a circle
Length of an arc

C 2 r
l r , where

l
A

Area of a triangle

A
Area of a rectangle / parallelogram

Area of a trapezium

Area of a kite / rhombus

Area of a circle

A
A

Area of a sector

A
Area of a minor segment

Surface area of a closed cylinder

Curved surface area of a cone
Surface area of a sphere
Volume of a prism
Volume of a cylinder

A
A
A
V
V

Volume of a pyramid

Volume of a cone

Volume of a sphere

is measured in radians

2 r , where is measured in degrees

360
1
bh
2
1
ab sin C , where C is measured in degrees
2
lb or A bh
1
h( a b )
2
1
xy
2
r2
1 2
r , where is measured in radians
2
r 2 , where is measured in degrees
360
1 2
r ( sin ), where is measured in radians
2
2 r 2 2 rh
rl , where l is the slant height
4 r2
Ah
r 2h
1
Ah
3
1 2
r h
3
4 3
r
3

Factorisation
Difference of two squares

a 2 b2

(a b)(a b)

Difference of two cubes

a3 b3

(a b)(a 2 ab b2 )

a3 b3

(a b)(a 2 ab b2 )

Sum of two cubes

Plane geometry
Pythagoras Theorem
Interior angle sum of a polygon

a 2 b2 c 2
S (n 2) 180

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(Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination

(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)
Probability
Probability of an event
Real functions
Even function
Odd function
Circles
Centre (0, 0)
Centre (h, k )
Trigonometry

f ( x)
f ( x)

f ( x) for all values of x in the domain

f ( x)for all values of x in the domain

x2

r2

y2

( x h)2 ( y k )2

Sine ratio

sin

Cosine ratio

cos

Tangent ratio

tan

Exact values

Identities

sin
1
2
1
2

3
2

45

60

Cosine rule

r2

opposite side
hypotenuse
adjacent side
hypotenuse
opposite side
adjacent side

30

Sine rule

number of favourable outcomes

total number of outcomes

P(event)

cos

3
2
1
2
1
2

tan
1
3

a
b
c
sin A sin B sin C
c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C
or
a 2 b2 c2
cos C
2ab
sin
tan
cos
sin 2
cos2
1
2
1 cot
cosec2
tan 2
1 sec2

Linear functions and lines

Midpoint between two points

Distance between two points

Perpendicular distance from a point

to a line

x1
2

( x2

x2 y1
,

y2
2

x1 )2 ( y2

y1 )2

ax1 by1 c
a 2 b2
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(Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination

(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)
rise
run
y2
m
x2
y mx
ax by
m

Gradient of an interval
Gradient-intercept form of line
General form of line
Point-gradient formula
Two-point formula
The equation of a line passing
through the point of intersection of
two lines
Parallel lines
Perpendicular lines
Series and applications
The nth term of an arithmetic series

y1
or m
x1
b
c 0
m( x x1 )
y2 y1
x2 x1

y y1
y y1
x x1

a1 x b1 y c1 k (a2 x b2 y c2 ) 0
m1

m2

m1 m2

Tn

Sum to n terms of an arithmetic

series

Sn

The nth term of a geometric series

Tn

Sum to n terms of a geometric series

Sn

Limiting sum of a geometric series

a (n 1)d
n
2a (n 1)d or Sn
2
ar n 1
a(r n 1)
or Sn
r 1
a
, if r 1
1 r

r
100
The tangent to a curve and the derivative of a function
Compound interest

An

Differentiation using first principles

If y

Derivative of x n

If y
If y

Derivative of function of a function

Derivative of product of functions
Derivative of quotient of functions

tan

then

If y

If y

n
a l
2

a(1 r n )
1 r

P 1

f x , then

dy
dx

f ' ( x) lim
h

f x h

f x

dy
nx n 1
dx
F (u ), where F is any differentiable function
dy
du
F ' (u )
dx
dx
dy
dv
du
uv, then
u
v
dx
dx
dx
du
dv
v
u
u
dy
dx
dx
, then
2
v
dx
v
x n , then

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(Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination

(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)
The quadratic polynomial and the parabola
The quadratic function
y ax 2 bx c

If ax 2 bx c 0, then
Solution of a quadratic equation

x
Axis of symmetry of parabola

Discriminant
Sum of roots of quadratic equation
Product of roots of quadratic
equation
Parabola with vertex (h, k ) and axis
of symmetry parallel to the y -axis
Parabola with vertex (h, k ) and axis
of symmetry parallel to the x -axis
Integration
Trapezoidal rule (one application)
Trapezoidal rule
(multiple applications)
Simpsons rule (one application)
Simpsons rule
(multiple applications)
Integral of x n
Integral of (ax b)n

b 2 4ac
, a
2a

b
2a
b2 4ac
b
a
c
a

( x h)2

4a( y k )

( y k )2

4a( x h)

b a
f (a) f (b)
2
h
A
y0 2 y1 2 y2 2 y3 2 y4 .......... yn
2
b a
a b
A
f (a ) 4 f
f (b)
6
2
h
A
y0 4 y1 2 y2 4 y3 2 y4 .......... yn
3
xn 1
n
x dx
C
n 1
(ax b)n 1
(ax b)n dx
C
a(n 1)
A

Area between a curve and x - axis

Area between a curve and y - axis

Area between two curves

Volume of revolution around x - axis

Volume of revolution around y - axis

b
a
b
a
b
a

y dx
x dy

( f ( x) g ( x))dx
b
a
b
a

y 2 dx
x 2 dy

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(Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination

(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)
Logarithmic and exponential functions
ax
Exponents and logarithms
Change of base law

Identities

Derivative of e x
Derivative of e f ( x )
Integral of e x
Integral of eax

logb a

x log a b
log c a
log c b

log a xy log a x log a y

x
log a
log a x log a y
y
log a xc c log a x
dy
If y e x , then
ex
dx
dy
If y e f ( x ) , then
f ' ( x )e f ( x )
dx
e x dx e x C
eax b dx

1 ax
e
a

C
dy
dx

1
x

Derivative of log e x

If y

log e x ln x, then

Derivative of loge f ( x)

If y

log e f ( x) ln f ( x), then

1
x
f ' ( x)
Integral of
f ( x)
Trigonometric functions
Integral of

1
dx ln x C , x 0
x
f ' ( x)
dx ln f ( x) C ,
f ( x)

dy
dx

f ' ( x)
f ( x)

dy
cos x
dx
dy
sin ax, then
a cos ax
dx
dy
sin f ( x), then
f ' ( x) cos f ( x)
dx
dy
cos x, then
sin x
dx
dy
cos ax, then
a sin ax
dx
dy
cos f ( x), then
f ' ( x)sin f ( x)
dx
dy
tan x, then
sec2 x
dx
dy
tan ax, then
a sec2 ax
dx
dy
tan f ( x), then
f ' ( x)sec2 f ( x)
dx

Derivative of sin x

If y sin x, then

Derivative of sin ax

If y

Derivative of sin f ( x)

If y

Derivative of cos x

If y

Derivative of cos ax

If y

Derivative of cos f ( x)

If y

Derivative of tan x

If y

Derivative of tan ax

If y

Derivative of tan f ( x)

If y

Page 5

(Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination

(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)
Integral of sin x

sin x dx

Integral of sin (ax b)

sin(ax b) dx

Integral of cos x

cos x C

1
cos(ax b) C
a
cos x dx sin x C

Integral of sec2 x

1
sin(ax b) C
a
sec2 x dx tan x C

Integral of sec2 (ax b)

sec2 (ax b) dx

Integral of cos (ax b)

cos(ax b) dx

1
tan(ax b) C
a

Applications of calculus to the physical world

D
S
Average speed
T
Exponential growth and decay

Aekt can be used as the solution of

dN
dt

kN

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(Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination

(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)

Table 2: Number plane graphs that NSW Mathematics (2 Unit)

students are required to draw by hand or recognise from memory
horizontal lines
y 1

square root

vertical lines
x 1

exponential

oblique lines
y

logarithm
y loge x or y ln x

cosine curve
y cos x

absolute value
y x

hyperbola

secant curve
y sec x

parabola

circle

cubic

sine curve
y

y e

cosec curve
y cosec x

1
x

y sin x

tangent curve
y tan x

cotangent curve
y cot x

semicircle

1 x

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(Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination

(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)

Table 3: Plane geometry definitions, theorems, facts, properties

and terminology
Angles, including those associated with parallel lines and transversals
The sum of the angles in a right angle is 90o.
The sum of the angles in a straight angle is 180o.
Three points are collinear if they form a straight angle.
The sum of angles about a point is 360o.
When two lines meet, vertically opposite angles are equal.
Alternate angles on parallel lines are equal.
Corresponding angles on parallel lines are equal.
Co-interior angles on parallel lines are supplementary.
Two lines are parallel if a pair of alternate angles are equal.
Two lines are parallel if a pair of corresponding angles are equal.
Two lines are parallel if a pair of co-interior angles are supplementary.
If a family of parallel lines cuts equal intercepts on one transversal, then it does so on all
transversals.
Parallel lines preserve ratios of intercepts on transversals.
Triangles
The longest side in a triangle is opposite the largest angle and the shortest side is opposite the
smallest angle.
For a triangle to exist, the sum of the two shorter sides in a triangle must be greater than the
longest side.
The interior angle sum of a triangle is 180o.
A scalene triangle is a triangle with no two sides equal in length.
An isosceles triangle is a triangle with two sides equal in length.
An equilateral triangle is a triangle with all three sides equal in length.
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the opposite interior angles.

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(Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination

(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)

The angles opposite equal sides of a triangle are equal.

The sides opposite equal angles of a triangle are equal.
All angles at the vertices of an equilateral triangle are 60o.
Two triangles are congruent if three sides of one triangle are equal to three sides of the other
triangle. (The SSS Test)
Two triangles are congruent if two sides of one triangle are equal to two sides of the other
triangle and the angles included by these sides are equal. (The SAS Test)
Two triangles are congruent if two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of the other
triangle and one pair of corresponding sides is equal. (The AAS Test)
Two right-angled triangles are congruent if their hypotenuses are equal and a pair of sides is
also equal. (The RHS Test)
Two triangles are similar if two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of the other
triangle.
Two triangles are similar if the ratios of two pairs of corresponding sides are equal and the
angles included by these sides are equal.
Two triangles are similar if the ratios of the three pairs of sides are equal.
Two triangles are similar if the hypotenuse and a second side of a right-angled triangle are
proportional to the hypotenuse and a second side of another right-angled triangle.
An interval parallel to a side of a triangle divides the other sides in the same ratio.
An interval joining the midpoints of the sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half
its length.
In a right angled triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on
the other two sides.
A triangle is right-angled if the square on the longest side is equal to the sum of the squares
on the other two sides.
Quadrilaterals
The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360o.
Definitions and properties for the special quadrilaterals
A trapezium is a quadrilateral with at least one pair of opposite sides parallel.
A kite is a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides equal.
Properties of a kite:
One diagonal of a kite bisects the other diagonal
One diagonal of a kite bisects the opposite angles
The diagonals of a kite are perpendicular
A kite has one axis of symmetry
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.
Properties of a parallelogram:
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal
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(Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination

(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)
The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other
A rhombus is a parallelogram with two adjacent sides equal in length.
Properties of a rhombus:
The opposite sides of a rhombus are parallel
All sides of a rhombus are equal
The opposite angles of a rhombus are equal
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect the opposite angles
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other
The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular
A rhombus has two axes of symmetry
A rectangle is a parallelogram with one angle a right angle.
Properties of a rectangle:
The opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel
The opposite sides of a rectangle are equal
All angles at the vertices of a rectangle are 90o
The diagonals of a rectangle are equal
The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other
A rectangle has two axes of symmetry
A square is a rectangle with a pair of adjacent sides equal.
Properties of a square:
Opposite sides of a square are parallel
All sides of a square are equal
All angles at the vertices of a square are 90o
The diagonals of a square are equal
The diagonals of a square bisect the opposite angles
The diagonals of a square bisect each other
The diagonals of a square are perpendicular
A square has four axes of symmetry
Tests for special quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a trapezium if:
It has one pair of parallel sides
A quadrilateral is a kite if:
Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal
or
The diagonals meet at right angles and one of them is bisected by the other
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if:
both pairs of opposite sides are parallel
or
both pairs of opposite sides are equal
or
both pairs of opposite angles are equal
or
the diagonals bisect each other (i.e. the diagonals have the same midpoint)
or
one pair of opposite sides are equal and parallel
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(Almost?) Everything a 2 Unit Student Needs For The HSC Examination

(An Unofficial List of Things to Memorise)
A quadrilateral is a rhombus if:
all sides are equal
or
diagonals bisect each other at right angles
or
the diagonals bisect the angles at the vertices
or
a pair of adjacent sides are equal and opposite angles are equal
A quadrilateral is a rectangle if:
the diagonals are equal and they bisect each other
or
it has three right angles
or
it has two pairs of parallel sides and one right angle
or
it has two pairs of opposite sides equal and one right angle
A quadrilateral is a square if:
it has four equal sides and one right angle
or
the diagonals are equal, bisect each other and meet at right angles
Polygons
The angle sum of a n -sided polygon is (n 2) 180 .
The sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is 360o.
A regular polygon has all sides equal and all interior angles equal.

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