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Introduction
Nanotechnology describes products and processes in which the arrangement of matter
is controlled at dimensions of less than 100 nanometers (nm). It is regarded as one of
the most relevant technologies in 21st century. With huge potential to bring benefits
to many areas of research and application, nanotechnology is attracting rapidly
increasing investments from governments and various sections of business around the
world. While benefits of nanotechnology are wildly publicized, the discussion of the
potential effects of their usage in the consumer and industrial products are just begging
to emerge [1-13]. The potential toxicological effects of nanoparticles are mostly due
to their extremely small size, ie the extremely large surface/volume ratio. The related
issues become so-called nanotoxicology. Recently, pulmonary nanotoxicology has
attracted substantial attention. [1-6] For example, titanium dioxide (TiO2)
nanoparticles, in ultrafine anatase TiO2 (20 nm), instilled intratracheally into rats and
mice, can induce pulmonary-inflammatory neutrophil response. [1] For information
about nanomaterial health effects to be effective, it should be paired with
characterization of nanoparticle exposure conditions. However, to realize these
nanotoxicological effects, the standard protocol for quantifying the dose-response
effect is required. The extent of actual interaction between nanoparticles and bodys
cell and proteins determines the dose of the nanoexposure. For this purpose, an
exposure chamber is designed to study the nanotoxicological effects through nature
exposure routes. In order to have the nanoparticle well-distributed in the chamber,
the location of the inlet and outlet for nanoparticles and related flow speeds are
optimized with COMSOL multiphysics.
Governing equations
Excerpt from the Proceedings of the COMSOL Users Conference 2007 Taipei
The governing equations for the model are the incompressible Navier- Stokes
equations for the fluid and the convection-diffusion equation for the flow of
nanoparticles. These equations together with boundary conditions are then
implemented by a finite element method in the commercial package COMSOL
Multiphysics version 3.3 a.
Domain equations
The fluid flow is described by the incompressible Navier- Stokes equations:
v v
v
v
u u = [ p I + u + (u )T ]
v
u = 0
where denotes the density [Kgm-3], u the velocity vector [ms-1], the dynamic
viscosity [Nsm-2] and p the pressure [Nm-2].
Excerpt from the Proceedings of the COMSOL Users Conference 2007 Taipei
Mesh
The mesh used in the model consists of about 9459 elements, yielding to
approximately 61262 degrees of freedom. Figure shows a picture of the mesh.
Excerpt from the Proceedings of the COMSOL Users Conference 2007 Taipei
Figure 2.
3
Figure 2: Geometries and renders of modeling results.
The geometry 1 has only four fixed outlets for air located at four corners of and an
inlet located at the central for nanoparticles. The geometries 2 and 3 have two
additional inlets for air on the XZ plane. With these two additional inlets, we expect to
receive a more homogenized concentration of nanoparticles in the box.
Visual representations of distribution of concentration in oblique plane are shown
in Figure 3.
1a
1b
1c
Excerpt from the Proceedings of the COMSOL Users Conference 2007 Taipei
2a
2b
2c
3a
3b
3c
Geometries
Cmina
( mol/m3)
CMaxb
( mol/m3)
Averagec
( mol/m3)
Sd
CVe (%)
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
4.29207E-09
0.00%
2
0.43821
0.49735
0.44527
0.00703
1.58%
3
0.28122
0.30303
0.28232
0.00183
0.65%
Table 1: The concentration of nanoparticles for three different geometries is
compared. a and b are maximum and minimum of the concentration for the designate
slice respectively. c the average of concentration. d and e are absolute standard
deviation (S) and coefficient of variation (CV) respectively.
Hence, steady state analysis was exploited in this study with the aim to evaluate
the difference between those geometries during the exposed processes of
nanoparticles. The Table 1 was discovered that being distributed in geometry 3 is
more homogenized than others. And the nanoparticles of the geometry 1 have not
effect on while blowing and entering the box. So the variation of the concentration has
not changed completely. Hence, geometry 3 is the exposed processes of nanoparticles
of simulation more completely.
Conclusion
We have employed COMOSL multipphysics to optimize the design of an exposure
chamber. The results indicate that the location of the inlets of inert gas strongly
influence the distribution of the nanoparticles. In order to make the nanoparticle
Excerpt from the Proceedings of the COMSOL Users Conference 2007 Taipei
evenly distribute inside the exposure box, the two inert gas flows are needed in the
sideway to generate extra rotational current to assist the convention of the
nanoparticle.
Excerpt from the Proceedings of the COMSOL Users Conference 2007 Taipei