Journal of Physics: Conference Series

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS You may also like

- (Invited) Paired Flow Electrolyzers for
Spin Atomic Model: Role of Electron Spin in Furanic Compounds Conversion to
Valuable Chemicals
forming Atoms and Molecules Hengzhou Liu, Ting-Han Lee, Eric W
Cochran et al.

- (Digital Presentation) Development of

To cite this article: Ghanshyam Jadhav 2023 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2603 012048 Linear Paired Electrolysis for the Oxidation
of Benzyl Alcohol
Genki Horiguchi, Hihidero Kamiya and
Yohei Okada

- Techno-Economic Analysis of Reversible

View the article online for updates and enhancements. and Paired Solid Oxide Cell Systems for
Hydrogen Production
Alexander Noring, Kyle L. Buchheit, Arun
Iyengar et al.

This content was downloaded from IP address 106.213.81.74 on 29/11/2023 at 10:07

National Conference on Physics and Chemistry of Materials (NCPCM 2023) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2603 (2023) 012048 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2603/1/012048

Spin Atomic Model: Role of Electron Spin in forming Atoms

and Molecules

Ghanshyam Jadhav
Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji College, Omerga-413606, India

E-mail: ghjadhav@rediffmail.com

Abstract. This paper recounts the history of atomic models and their limitations in brief. The
role of spin motion of paired electrons in building the atoms is a subject of the discussion. The
opposite spin velocity of paired electrons in an atom should reduce the repulsion between them.
Hence, by adjusting their opposite spin velocity, the force of repulsion between the paired
electrons and the force of attraction between the nucleus and the individual electrons in that pair
can be balanced without revolving the electrons in orbits. In this way a pair of electrons can
maintain their particular distance from the nucleus in atom with adjusting their spin motions.
This arrangement easily supports the atoms to build the different molecules, compounds and
solid materials. This atomic model may be referred as spin atomic model which should be the
fact.

1. Introduction
Atomic theory emerged as a philosophical concept in ancient India and Greece. The word "atom"
comes from the ancient Greek word atomos, which means indivisible according to which matter consists
of discrete particles. Until the 19th century, the atom was thought to be the smallest and indivisible unit
of matte. But in the late 1800s, the English physicist Joseph John Thomson first demonstrated that the
atom was not as indivisible as previously claimed by conducting a series of experiments using cathode
rays produced in discharge tubes [1]. He first time discovered negatively charged particles which are
called as electrons. This meant that the atom could split. From that, he came up with the idea of the plum
pudding model in 1904, in which electrons were thought to be embedded in a mass of positive charge
to produce an electrically neutral atom [2].
Later Rutherford, who was working for Thomson, tried to find out what might be inside the atom.
He designed an experiment to find out the structure of the atom in which he fired positively charged
alpha particles on a thin foil of gold and the scattered beam was studied. This led him to notice that
positively charged heavy particles were concentrated in the center of the atom and negatively charged
light particles were distributed around the center [3]. These negatively charged particles were the
electrons. Now these negatively charged particles were at a certain distance from the nucleus which
meant that they must be moving around the nucleus in a circular motion so he first proposed the planetary
model of atom. But the model could not explain why the electrons energy was not reduced. They were
supposed to fall into the nucleus as they moved around the nucleus. At the same time this model was
not able to explain the absorption and emission of spectra of atoms. Later in 1913 Neil Bohr proposed a
new model called Bohr model of atom, in which the electrons move in specific orbits in the atom [4-6].
It was named stationary orbits. The electrons did not radiate energy while moving in its stationary orbits.

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
National Conference on Physics and Chemistry of Materials (NCPCM 2023) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2603 (2023) 012048 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2603/1/012048

It could jump from one stationary orbit to another while radiating or absorbing energy, meaning that the
electron could not have random energy near it. But this model could not all the problems of atomic
model. Further it was suitable for only Hydrogen atom but could not explain the observations of heavier
elements.
Further, Hertz discovered the photoelectric effect in 1987, but the prevailing theory did not
understand that the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons depends on the frequency of the incident
light. Einstein published a paper on this in 1905 in which he proposed that even though light is an
electromagnetic wave, its energy is concentrated into certain points called ‘light quanta’ energy of which
is h, where h is the Plank’s constant and  is the frequency of light. In the photoelectric effect, an
electron absorbs one photon at a time. Using his energy, he comes out. Now light is a wave but it was
expressed in the form of particles. Using this, de Broglie proposed in 1908 that if a particle is in motion,
it can be expressed as a wave, which is called duel nature of matter waves [7]. This means that electrons
in atoms can also express themselves as waves, which was proposed by E Schrodinger in 1926 [8]. He
solved a series of mathematical equations to model the distribution of electrons in an atom and showed
that a nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of electron density. These clouds are called orbitals where
electrons are most likely to be found. In 1932, English physicist James Chadwick discovered the
existence of neutrons and completed the picture of the subatomic particles that make up atoms [9].
At present we assume that an atom has a positively charged nucleus at the center and electrons are
distributed around it. And for that we use Schrodinger's wave model in which electrons are in the form
of waves which proposition depends on Einstein's proposition of light quanta. But one thing should be
noted that Jadhav proposed that as the frequency of an electromagnetic wave increase, its magnetic force
increases, leading to the photoelectric effect. Also two electrons interact with each other through field-
field interactions [10]. It is also experimentally confirmed that when a sodium atom emits a light wave
corresponding to the D1 or D2 line, there are about 650 troughs or crests [11]. This indicates that a single
wave emitted by a sodium atom at a time is about 650 times its wavelength indicating that the
corresponding electron responsible for emitting the wave must be in vibration about 650 times at the
same place. So there is still doubt on the electron behaves as a wave or not. Also in an atom if all the
electrons are moving in orbits or if they are expressed as waves, it has never been thought about how
solid material can be formed from such atoms. On this advent, how the electrons in the atoms are being
distributed around the nucleus becomes unanswered. Aim of this presentation is to make investigation
in this regard. In particular, we want to investigate whether the spin speed of the electron plays any role.

2. Spin motion of electron and its magnetic moment

The spin motion of the electron is an important physical motion responsible for generating the spin
magnetic moment. Of course, there can be further differences of opinion as to whether it is an intrinsic
property of the electron. Because, if it is an intrinsic property, the electron must be always in constant
spin motion whether it is inside or outside the atom. And if that were the case, there would have been
difficulties in focusing the electron beam when performing e/m experiment or TVs with use of cathode
ray tubes. Our goal is to understand the important role that electron spin motion plays in forming atoms
and molecules. Another thing is that when two electrons in an atom are in a paired state, their net
magnetic moment is zero. This is only possible when their net orbital magnetic moment is zero and their
net spin magnetic moment is zero. To become net orbital magnetic moment zero, orbital magnetic
moment of one electron is opposite to that of the second electron from the pair and equals in magnitude
as shown in Figure 1. It means the two electrons are orbiting in the same orbit in the same plane with
same velocity but in opposite direction. Then and then their net magnetic moment can be zero. While
orbiting the two electrons will come closer to each other and due to the repulsive force between them
they cannot move in the same plane. That is why their net orbital magnetic moment cannot remain zero
which is the fact since orbital motion is a physical motion. It suggests that net orbital magnetic moment
of paired electrons if remains zero, they may not be orbiting.
Further, as if net spin magnetic moment of paired electrons is zero, this is only possible when the
two electrons are in permanent spin motion in opposite directions on the same axis as shown in Figure

2
National Conference on Physics and Chemistry of Materials (NCPCM 2023) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2603 (2023) 012048 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2603/1/012048

2. Due to spin motion, the redial component of its electric field of the electron should decrees while
circular component should increase. Decrease in radial component will cause decrease in repulsive force
between these two electrons. While increase in circular component will cause increase in magnetic
moment of the electrons which will increase the magnetic repulsion between them. Of course, the higher
the spin velocity, the higher would be the intensity of the magnetic repulsive force. Suppose two
electrons are at rest and if a positively charged core with charge +2e is substituted between them, it will
pull the two electrons closer and at the same time the repulsive force between the two electrons will
increase. To reduce it, the electrons will be triggered into the spin motions in opposite directions. The
attractive force between the positive core and electrons will reduce as the redial components of the
electric fields of the electrons decreases with increase in spin velocity. At the same time the magnetic
repulsion between the two electrons will increase. In this way the net attractive force between the
electrons and the positive core and the net repulsive force between the electron-electron can be balanced
by adjusting the spin velocity and the distance between the electrons. Finally the system will come into
stable state without revolving the electrons in orbits as shown in Figure 3. They can maintain their safe
distance from the positive core by adjusting their spin velocities. It happens through the requirement of
the space neutral electrically and magnetically. However, the fact that increase in spin velocity in
opposite directions of paired electrons in atoms causes to increase the magnetic repulsion between them
was not taken into consideration by Jadhav [12]. This is the key factor in building the atoms.

Figure 1. Net orbital Figure 2. Net spin Figure 3. Two electrons

magnetic moment of two
electrons revolving in
same orbit with same
speed in opposite
direction is zero.
magnetic moment of two having opposite spin on
electrons on same axis same axis passing through a
with opposite spin is zero. positive core.

3. Building of atoms
Atoms begin to form when electrons, protons and neutrons are in the plasma state and this process
usually takes place in the core of stars. First light atom is the hydrogen consisting one electron and one
proton. Since the net magnetic moment could not be zero, this atom cannot be stable. But two protons
and two electrons coming on the same axis can achieve their balance as shown in Figure 4. There will
be repulsion in proton-proton, repulsion in electron-electron and attraction in proton-electron. Electrons
can balance attractive and repulsive forces by adjusting the speed of their spin and the distance between
them. So H2 can exist instead of H. Its net magnetic moment and net electric charge will be zero and it
will be quite stable.
If nucleus contains two protons, of course with two neutrons, it will require two electrons to produce
net electric charge zero and to produce overall electric field zero. So it will attract two electrons from
plasma. Because of the repulsion between the two electrons, they will not fall on the nucleus. They will

3
National Conference on Physics and Chemistry of Materials (NCPCM 2023) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2603 (2023) 012048 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2603/1/012048

be triggered into opposite spin motion to reduce their repulsion. The attraction between the nucleus and
electrons and repulsion between the two electrons will be balanced by adjusting the spin velocity of the
electrons and their distance from the nucleus. In this way it will be the formation of helium atom as
illustrated in Figure 5. This atom will be stable as its overall electric field and overall magnetic field is
zero which is the requirement to keep the space neutral and is the main cause of building the atoms and
molecules. Naturally these two electrons including the nucleus will form a particular volume of elliptical
shape in which other electron will be restricted to enter in it. We may call it as first level or shell of the
electrons.

Figure 4. Formation of H2 Figure 5. Structure of Helium

molecule. atom.

When one more proton is deposited into the nucleus from the plasma, one more electron will be
drawn from the plasma to the system. But this electron will not fall straight to the nucleus. Because it
will not be able to penetrate inside the volume of first shell or first level as the electric field of both
electrons in this shell will not allow this electron to enter. Both electrons are in spin motion. Everyone's
electric field will also have a circular component. To reduce the repulsion between the two electrons in
the first shell and the third electron, the third electron will also go into spin motion whose spin velocity
will be opposite to the effective spin velocity of the two electrons in the first shell. But this system will
not be stable. When one more proton with neutron accumulates in the nucleus, one more electron will
be taken from the plasma and it will balance the spin of the third electron. In this system the net electric
field and net magnetic field will be zero and the system will be the beryllium atom as shown in Figure
6. These two electrons will create a volume of second shell which would be again in elliptical shape.

Figure 6. Structure of Beryllium Figure 7. Structure of neon atom

atom. with electrons in third shell.

4
National Conference on Physics and Chemistry of Materials (NCPCM 2023) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2603 (2023) 012048 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2603/1/012048

Further when protons with neutrons get accumulated in the nucleus, electrons in the plasma will also
be taken into the system which will form the third level or shell of the electrons. It appears that the third
shell of electrons will be completed with six electrons set in spin motion which is the formation of neon
atom as shown in Figure 7. The third level of electrons will form volume of spherical shape. Spin axes
of these three pairs of electrons will be perpendicular to each other. Here the first and second shells of
electrons are not shown in the figure but they are there. Energy of the electrons in different shells would
be different but yet to understand how to calculate. In this way by adding protons and neutrons to the
nucleus and electrons in the higher shells, heavier atoms are built. Of course, how the electrons are
inserted by adjusting their spin motions in the different shells is complex. But it is true that electrons
can form atoms from spin motions without moving in orbits. It is necessary to think deeply in this regard.

4. Building of Molecules
In general, the overall electric and magnetic field of each atom must be zero; this is what creates the
chances of the formation of molecules. Molecules are two or more atoms joined together to make the
total electric and magnetic field zero and become stable. First consider the H2 molecule where two
hydrogen atoms can combine to form a stable system, which we have already discussed in the previous
section. Let's discuss the HCl molecule as shown in Figure 8. A chlorine atom has seventeen electrons.
That means there are five electrons in the fifth shell. This means there are two pairs of electrons in this
shell and one electron is unpaired. So that one electron is needed to complete the fifth shell of the
electrons. Also, a hydrogen atom has only one electron, so two atoms can come together to satisfy each
other's needs. For this, one electron of the hydrogen atom will be fixed in the fifth shell of electrons of
the chlorine atom so that the unpaired electron (e17) of chlorine and the unpaired electron (eH1) of
hydrogen will come into a pair as shown in Figure 8. Its overall electric field and magnetic field will be
zero and will be a stable molecule. Here the chlorine atom takes one electron to complete its fifth shell,
therefore, it is acceptor and the hydrogen atom is the donor.

Figure 8. Structure of HCl Figure 9. Structure of water molecule with

molecule with sharing of sharing of electrons.
electrons.

Let's take the next example of a water molecule as represented in Figure 9. It contains one oxygen
atom and two hydrogen atoms. Oxygen has four electrons in its third electron shell. And two more
electrons are needed to complete that level. It can meet its requirement by taking two hydrogen atoms.
When an oxygen atom pulls two hydrogen atoms closer, naturally one of the atoms that is closer will
pair first with an electron (e7) of oxygen and then the other hydrogen atom will come closer and will
pair with the remaining unpaired electron (e8) of the oxygen atom. This will complete the third electron
shell of the oxygen. The overall electric field and magnetic field of this molecule will be zero and the
molecule will be stable as shown in Figure 9. The oxygen atom is the acceptor as it takes two electrons
from the two hydrogen atoms to complete its third shell. Therefore hydrogen atoms are donors.

5
National Conference on Physics and Chemistry of Materials (NCPCM 2023) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2603 (2023) 012048 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2603/1/012048

If a more complex molecule is to be obtained, it can be obtained as the carbon dioxide as described
in figure 10. The carbon atom has two electrons (eC3, eC4) in its second electron shell and two electrons
(eC5, eC6) in third electron shell. Oxygen has six electrons in its third electron shell. It can form a pair by
aligning two electrons (eC3, eC4) of sulphur with two unpaired electrons (eO7, eO8) of oxygen atom. Also,
one more oxygen atom can form a pair with the other two electrons (eC5, eC6) of the carbon atom. In this
way the two oxygen atoms fulfils their third electronic shell by accepting four electrons from the carbon
atom. So here oxygen atoms are acceptors and the carbon atom is donor. The overall electric field and
magnetic field of this molecule is zero, therefore, it is a stable molecule. There are many different types
of molecules that can be formed in different ways. It is only necessary to understand the chemical
formula of every molecule again from this new and realistic point of view.

Figure 10. Structure of Carbon dioxide molecule with sharing of

electrons.

5. Conclusion
It is a fact that electrons in an atom do not move in orbits. So it is incorrect to show the electrons moving
in orbits while showing the model of the atom. This leads to misunderstandings and reinforces the
misconception that electrons are moving in orbits in an atom. Spin motion of electrons is a physical
motion which is responsible to build atoms and molecules. Therefore this model of atom may be
recommended as spin atomic model. It should be noted that if the electrons in an atom had remained in
orbital motion, their net magnetic moment could never have been zero, and a solid material of constant
shape could not have been formed. However, in this model, how electrons are distributed in different
means quantized shells is yet to be understood. Also the energies of the electrons in different shells are
yet to be calculated which will lead to calculate the emission spectra of atoms.

References
[1] Thomson J 1897 Cathode Rays Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 44 296-314
[2] Thomson J 1904 On the Structure of the Atom Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 7
237-265
[3] Rutherford E 1911 The Scattering of α- and β-Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 21 669-688
[4] Bohr N 1913 On the Theory of the Decrease of Velocity of Moving Electrified Particles on

6
National Conference on Physics and Chemistry of Materials (NCPCM 2023) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2603 (2023) 012048 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2603/1/012048

passing through Matter Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 25 10-31

[5] Bohr N 1913 On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I Philosophical Magazine and
Journal of Science 26 1-25
[6] Bohr N 1913 On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part II Philosophical Magazine and
Journal of Science 26 476-502
[7] de Broglie L 1924 A tentative theory of light quanta Philosophical Magazine 47 446-458
[8] Schrödinger E 1926b Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem (Zweite Mitteilung) Ann. Phys. 79
361-376
[9] Chadwick J 1932 The existence of a neutron Proceedings of Royal Society 136 92-708
[10] Jadhav G 2022 Photoelectric effect: Magnetic force should increase with increase in frequency of
EM waves AIP Conference Proceedings 2451(1) 020071
[11] Jadhav G 2022 On estimation of total length of sodium light wave using air-wedge method, AIP
Conference Proceedings 2481(1) 040009
[12] Jadhav G 2021 On Spin Atomic Model International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics
and Applied Sciences 9 (6) 01-06