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3-Plumbing Notes PDF
3-Plumbing Notes PDF
To protect water resources and the greater environment, all waste from buildings
and industrial processes must be treated to meet certain standards of quality. Domestic
sewage from dwellings and DWV systems in buildings are permitted to be discharged
into the public sewers system, which provides the necessary treatment prior to tits
discharge into nature.
Water Treatment and Disposal
Basic Purposes of sewage treatment
1. To destroy pathogenic micro organisms. Pathogens are disease-causing
bacteria.
2. To remove most suspended and dissolved biodegradable organic materials.
Raw or untreated sewage is mostly pure water since it comprises about 99.9% water
and only about 0.1% impurities. However, sewage contains biodegradable organic
material, which is very likely to contain pathogenic micro organisms.
The amount of pathogens in the waste water is expected to be proportional to the
concentration of fecal coliform bacterium cal E. coli (Escherichia coli). The E. coli
concentration in raw sanitary sewage is about 1 billion/ liter, but it is not a pathogen. In
fact, our bowels will not function properly without it, but as an indicator organism, the
presence of E. coli indicates that water is contaminated with fecal wastes and
pathogens maybe present. DENR standard is 10,000 MPN/ 100ml.
For water to be safe for drinking the E. coli count shall not be more than 1 E. coli
per 100ml (about 0.4 cup) of water.
For water to be considered safe for swimming the E. coli shall be more than 200
E. coli per 100ml of water.
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The measure of the strength of the sewage in
relation to the total amount of organic material it contains. Untreated domestic sanitary
sewage has an average BOD of about 200mg/ liter. DENR standard is 50 mg/ liter.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The measure of the strength of the sewage in relation
to the total amount of suspended solids. Untreated domestic sanitary sewage has an
average TSS of 240 mg/ liter.
Another group of impurities that is of major significance in waste water is the
compounds of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) from plant nutrients. Raw sanitary
sewage contains an average of 35mg/ liter of nitrogen and 10 mg/liter of phosphorous.
THE SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESS
The sewage treatment process may be divided into four major steps:
1. Preliminary treatment. 35% of BOD and 60% of TSS are removed.
2. Primary Treatment, which is subdivided into:
Sedimentation and retention: raw sewage is retained for the preliminary
separation of indigestible solids and the start of aerobic action.
Aeration: introduction of air through natural convection or mechanical
blowers to accelerate the decomposition of organic matters.
Skimming: Removal of scum that floats on top of the partially treated
sewage.
Sludge Removal: disposal of heavy sludge at the bottom of treated
sewage.
In the primary treatment, 85% of BOD and 85% TSS are removed.
3. Secondary Treatment, namely, the removal of colloidal and dissolved organic
material.
4. Tertiary Treatment, that is, the removal of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorous
and disinfection of effluent by the addition of chemicals, such as chlorine (10
mg/liter).
Waste pipe
Soil pipe
Storm pipe
Vent pipe
1. Waste pipe. The pipe which carries only liquid waste, free of human excrement
or fecal matter.
2. Soil pipe- the pipe which carries the waste from water closets, urinals or fixtures
of similar function to the building drain. This contains human excrements.
3. Storm pipe- the pipe which convey rainwater from the roof gutter and down
spout to the building storm drain.
4. Vent pipe- the pipe connected to the drainage system that conveys air to and
from the system and keep the water from being siphoned from the trap.
Branch- is the drainage pipe that runs horizontally.
Stack- is the vertical drainage pipe.
The selection of piping materials for the drainage system depends on the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pressure
5. Initial cost
Velocity
6. Installation cost
Temperature
7. Operating problem
Corrosiveness of the medium conveyed within
iii.
Acrylonitrile- Butadiene- Styrene (ABS)
f. Iron Pipe Size (IPS)- Iron, Steel, Brass
g. Lead
i.
Safe spans is 10.56 kg/m2 and 1.6mm thick
ii.
For flushing or vent terminals- 14.63 kg/ m2 and 1.2 mm thick
iii.
Lead bends and lead trap shall not be less than 3.2mm in wall thickness.
ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE
This type of pipe is made of asbestos fibers combined under pressure with Portland
cement and silica to form a dense and homogeneous material. It is dense cured for
strength.
TYPES OF ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE
1. Pressure A.C. Pipe- is used for sewer mains, industrial effluent and process
piping, working pressure ranges at 100, 150, and 200 psi.
2. Non-pressure A.C. Pipe- is used for sewer casings for electric cables and as
storm drains.
Properties:
Diameter: 75mm (3) to 900 mm (13)
Length: 3.00m (10) or 4.00m (13)
For 75, 100, 150mm.
4.00m (13) for 200mm. (80
Through 900 mm. (36)
Grades: 1500, 2400, 3000, 4000 and 5000
Lbs/ft.
Joints: rubber gasket joint and cement joint
Note:
Asbestos cement pipe (ACP) is remarkably suited for embedment in concrete
structure since both materials have the same properties.
COMMON TYPES OF PIPE FITTINGS
1. Bends (elbows)- are used to complete change of direction in soil, waste and
drain lines in horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions.
2. Y (wye) branches- are used for change of direction (diagonal) and branch
connections of soil, waste and drain pipes.
3. T (tee) branches- are used to join 3 or 4 pipes at perpendicular directions.
CAST IRON SOIL PIPE
Cast iron soil pipe (CISP) is made from an alloy of iron, carbon and silicon, with the
controlled amounts of manganese, sulfur and phosphorous. This is primarily used for
sanitary drain, waste and storm systems.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CAST IRON SOIL PIPE
1. Class A- extra heavy (xh)- is often used for underground applications.
2. Class B- Service weight (SV)- is used for general building installations.
TYPES OF CAST IRON SOIL PIPE
1. Single hub- is equipped with one hub and one spigot end and used in the
installation of plumbing in its full length.
2. Double hub- is constructed with a hub on each end so it may be cut into two
pieces when a short piece of pipe is needed.
3. Hubless (no hub)- there is no hub on either ends of the pipe, it is used in lieu of
the single hub calking of the pipe is difficult.
PROPERTIES
Length: 5 and 10
*HUB- that portion of the pipe which, for a short distance, is sufficiently enlarged to
receive the end of another pipe of the same diameter for the purpose of making a joint.
It is also known as Bell.
*SPIGOT- the end of the pipe that fits into a bell or spigot.
CONCRETE PIPE
Concrete pipe is cast in metal molds and compacted by tamping or spinning the molds
(centrifugal casting).
TYPES OF CONCRETE PIPE
1. Non-reinforced concrete pipe- is used for drainage, sewer lines and for gravityflow water supply lines if the joints are carefully made. Diameters available range
from 100mm. (4) to 900mm (36).
2. Reinforced concrete pipe (RCP)- is made by the addition of steel wire or steel
bars and is primarily used for sewage and storm drainage. Diameters available
range from 300mm (12) to 3600mm (144)
PLASTIC PIPES
Plastic pipe is available in compositions designed for various applications including
drain, waste and vent. (DWV)
BASIC TYPES OF PLASTIC PIPE
1. Thermosel Plastic- has the property of being permanently rigid. Epoxy and fiber
glass are example of this.
2. Thermo Plastic- is a material having the property of softening when heated and
hardening when cooled.
TYPES OF PLASTIC PIPES FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. Polyethylene (PE)- the high density P.E. spiral pipe (HDPE) is used as drainage
and sewer pipe for housing complex, playground, golf course, industrial farm and
stock farm.
It is sufficiently flexible to follow ground contours of snake
around obstacles.
Dub
Bored
Driven
Drilled
a. Percussion or standard
b. Rotary
c. Reverse-circulation rotary
d. Jetting
1. Dug wells- These are wells 60 centimeters or more in diameter dug through
the soft upper soil. The sides may be of masonry or concrete to prevent from caving-in.
It is necessary that the well should be impervious to a depth of at least 3 meters.
2. Bored wells these are constructed using either hand or power driven earth
auger. A well casing is lowered to the bottom of the hole. After the boring is complete,
cement grout is poured to fill the gap between the bored hole and the well casing. This
is to prevent contamination.
3. Driven wells- a driven well is done by forcing into the earth a 60 to 90
centimeter long piece of perforated steel tube attached to a pointed screen called a
drive point. This type of well varies from 32 mm diameter at a depth of 3 to 12 meters.
4. Drilled Wells- A drilling rig is used to drill the well hole and then a casing or
tubular pipe is forced down the hole to prevent it from caving-in. when a water-bearing
stratum of sufficient capacity is found, a well screen is set in place to permit the water to
flow into the casing and to hold back the fine material. The depth of this well is limited
only by the distance one must dig to obtain an adequate supply of fresh water, even
down to 450 meters.
RAIN WATER SOURCE
In terms of resource conservation, rainwater is an attractive alternative. Rain water is
soft and is near to the purest state in the hydrological cycle. However, air pollution
causes rainwater to be acidic which corrode non-ferrous pipes and cause rusting and
clogging of steel pipes.
In spite of these conditions, rainwater collection system remains a viable water source
alternative. This system typically employ a cistern or covered reservoir tanks to store
water collected from roofs or other relatively clean, impervious surfaces. The collected
rain can be used for flushing water closets and urinals, as well as for landscape
purposes wherein potable water is not necessary.
The city council of Cebu promulgated City Ordinance No. 1711 otherwise known as the
water conservation and Flood Prevention ordinance. This ordinance requires all
projects to provide a permanent rainwater tank or container proportionate to the roof
area. These are stated as follows:
A. For commercial, Industrial and Institutional buildings
One cubic meter of tank/ container for every fifteen (15) square meters of roof
area and deck, up to a maximum of seven (7) cubic meters.
B. For Residential Buildings (Php 500,000.00 and above project cost)
One cubic meter of tank/ container for every fifteen (15) square meters of roof
area and deck, up to a maximum of three (3) cubic meters.
SIZING OF RAIN WATER CISTERN
There are two methods that can be used in determining the size of the storage tank for
rain water:
1. The use of Cebu city Ordinance 1711 which states that for every fifteen (15)
square meter of roof area, one (1) cubic meter of rain water can be collected.
This is the short method of sizing the cistern.
2. The use of the rain fall data of the locality. This is the long method of determining
the size of the cistern.
SAMPLE PROBLEM1: SIZING OF RAINWATER CISTERN BY LOCAL RAINFALL
DATA
As part of the design problem, it was required that 5 water closets, 2 urinals and
2 slop sinks of a school building in Cebu city be provided with an alternative source of
water supply, specifically from rainfall catchment. Your are to determine the size of the
rainwater cistern based on the following givens or assumptions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Solution
1. Solving for rainwater demand load
Water closet: 5 x 5 WSFU =
Urinal
: 2 x 5 WSFU =
Slop Sink : 2 x 10 WSFU=
Total demand=
25
10
20
55 WSFU
1628.70 mm
January
February
56, 880
March
54.60 x 800
43,680
April
58.60 x800
46,880
May
120.90 x 800
96,720
June
177.00 x 800
141,600
July
197.70 x 800
157,360
August
152.70 x 800
122,160
September
186.70 x 800
149,360
October
201.40 x 800
161,120
November
162.30 x 800
129,840
December
137.70 x 800
110,160
TOTAL
Average Monthly supply:
1,302, 960 / 12
1,302,960 liters
= 108,580 liters
87,200 liters
144,080
187,760
234,640
331,360
472,960
July
August
September
October
November
December
630,320
752,480
901,840
1,062,960
1,192,800
1,302,960
Fittings
A variety of fittings must be used to install the piping in the project. Fittings are
accessories usually standardized, used for joining two or more pipes together.
Fittings include:
1. Nipple- a short of piece of pipe, threaded on the outside (male threads) at both
ends, used to join couplings or other fittings
a. Short nipple- below 75mm in length. Also known as shoulder nipple.
b. Long nipple- over 75mm in length.
c. Close nipple- where threading meet.
2. Couple- a short internally threaded (female thread) at both ends and used to
connect two pipes in straight line.
3. Elbow- a pipe fitting having a bend and makes an angle (90o or 45o) between
adjacent pipes for a change in direction. It is also known as ell or straight elbow.
a. Reducing elbow- Joins two pipes of different diameters at right angle of each
other. When specifying reducer fittings, the bigger diameter is stated first,
(followed by the smaller diameter. (example: reducing elbow, 25mm x 20mm)
b. Street elbow- an elbow fitting having a 45o or 90o bend with an inside thread
on one end and outside thread on the other. It is also known as service ell or
street ell.
4. Tee- a T-shaped pipe fitting that joins 3 or 4 pipes at perpendicular directions.
a. Straight tee
c. reducing tee
b. Straight cross tee
d. reducing cross tee
CORPORATION COCK- a valve screwed into the street water main to supply the house
service connection.
GOOSE NECK- the part of a pipe curve like the neck of a goose, usually flexible.
CURB STOP- A control valve for the water supply of a building, usually placed in case of
emergency or should the water supply of the building be discontinued.
WATER METER- a mechanical device used to measure the volume of water passing
through a pipe.
METER STOP- A valve placed at the street side of the water meter and serves as a
controlling device for the building installation.
5. Reducer- a pipe coupling with inside threads, having one end with a smaller
diameter than the other and used for connecting pipes of different size. Both
openings have the same center line.
6. Bushing- a pipe fitting which is threaded on both the inside and the outside and
used to reduce the size of the pipe opening to receive a pipe or fitting of a
different size.
7. Plug- is used to close an opening in a fitting.
8. Cap- is used to close the end of a pipe.
9. Union- a three piece pipe fitting used to connect the ends of two pipes, neither of
which can be turned. It is also used on pipes that are to be taken down
occasionally. Its parts are:
a. Thread piece
b. Center piece
c. Shoulder piece
10. Flange- a ring shaped plate screwed on the end of a pipe and provided with
holes for bolts, to allow joining the pipe to a similarly equipped adjoining pipe.
The resulting joint is a flanged joint.
11. Extension PieceVALVES
Valves are used to control the flow of water throughout the supply system. The proper
location of valves simplifies repairs to the system, fixtures, or equipment being served.
There are usually valves at:
a. Risers
b. Branches
c. And pipes to individual fixture or equipment
Types of valves
1. Gate valve
2. Globe valve
3. Check Valve
4. Angle valve
5. Ball valve/ stop cock
6. Faucet/ Bibb
BUSHING- a pipe
fitting which is
threaded on both the
inside and the outside
and used to reduce
the size of the pipe
opening to receive a
pipe or fitting of a
different size
EXTENSION PIECE
4. Potable water supply tanks for domestic supply and for standpipe or
automatic sprinkler systems shall be designed and installed to furnish
water in sufficient quantity and pressure for such systems.
5. The gravity tanks shall be provided with the following pipes:
a. Intel Pipe- located not less than 100mm (4) above the top of the
overflow pipe.
b. Overflow Pipe- shall be at least one pipe size larger than the inlet pipe
and not less than the sizes given in Table 1. Overflow pipe shall
discharge above and within 150mm (6) of a roof or catch basin.
c. Emptying Pipe- shall be located and arranged so as to prevent
damage from water discharged. Sizes shall be in accordance to the
sizes given in Table 2.
d. Outlet Pipe- connected to the down feed pipe and sized according to
the water demand.
e. Air vent pipe- shall be provided with durable screens of not less than
100 mesh.
Table 1. Sizes of Overflow Pipes
TANK CAPACITY
Liters
0 - 2,842
2,843 5,684
5,685 11,369
11,370 18,948
18,949 28,421
Over 28,421
Gallons
0 - 750
751 1,500
1,501 3,000
3,001 5000
5,001 7,500
More than 7,500
TANK CAPACITY
Liters
Gallons
0 18,948
0 5,000
18,949 36,895
5,000 10,000
Over 36,896
More than 10,000
inches
1
1
2
2
3
4
expressed as multiples of that factor. As an aid in this regard, tabulated values to given
loads in water supply fixture units are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
Table 3. Demand Load of Fixtures in Water Supply Fixture Units
FIXTURE TYPE
WSFU
Private
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
6
Bathtub
Bidet
Drinking Fountain
Kitchen Sink
Lavatory
Laundry Tray
Shower (Each head)
Service sink
Urinal
Water Closet (Flush Tank)
Water Closet (Flush valve)
Public
4
4
2
4
2
4
4
4
5
5
10
Note: In estimating demand for water closet, use the value for flush value type.
Table 4. Estimating Demand
SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY
FOR FLUSH TANKS
Loads, WSFU
Demand, GPM
6
8
10
12
14
5
6.5
8
9.2
10.4
10
12
14
27
28.6
30.2
16
18
20
25
30
11.6
12.8
14
17
20
16
18
20
25
30
31.8
33.4
35
38
41
35
40
45
50
60
22.5
24.8
27
29
32
35
40
45
50
60
43.8
46.5
49
51.5
55
70
80
90
100
120
35
38
41
43.5
48
70
80
90
100
120
58.8
62
64.8
67.5
72.5
140
160
180
200
225
52.5
57
61
65
70
140
160
180
200
225
77.5
52.8
87
91.5
97
250
275
300
400
500
75
80
85
105
125
250
275
300
400
500
101
105.5
110
126
142
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
170
208
240
267
294
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
178
208
240
267
294
2000
2250
2500
2750
3000
321
348
375
402
432
2000
2250
2500
2750
3000
321
348
375
402
432
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
525
593
643
685
718
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
525
593
643
685
715
9000
10000
745
769
9000
10000
745
769
45 water closets
40 lavatories
14 urinals
9 kitchen sinks
4 showers
18 slop sinks
16 drinking fountains
Solution
1. Determine the demand load (refer to Table 3)
Water closet
Lavatory
Urinal
Kitchen sink
Shower
Slop sink
Drinking Fountain
43
40
14
9
4
16
6
Demand Load
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
10
2
5
4
4
5
2
430 WSFU
80
70
36
16
80
12
728 WSFU
2. Estimate the demand in gallons per minute (refer to Table 4) from Table 4. The
estimated demand for 724 WSFU is 175 GPM.
3. Estimate capacity of the storage tank.
Assume 1 hour as the duration that will adequately satisfy demand.
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
5.0
6.0
10.0
20.0
992
1322
1597
1641
1877
2180
2300
2800
3300
1265
1695
2145
2060
2170
2660
2780
3150
3770
PIPE CONNECTION
(A)
f
S O d RP
20
25
40
40
40
50
50
65
65
20
25
40
40
40
50
50
65
65
20
25
40
40
40
50
50
65
65
20
25
40
40
40
50
50
65
65
185
185
210
225
310
310
325
325
WGT.
KGS
F1
F2
F3
F4
1102
1102
1510
1877
652
652
917
955
1043
1303
1303
1715
2077
864
864
1126
1245
1345
1595
1595
2010
2415
19
19
19
25
25
25
25
38
44
8
8
8
8
8
16
16
16
16
40
36
91
137
164
227
235
420
750
AVERAGE DEMAND
(GPD per occupant)
5 seats + employees
5
15
25
15
75
10 (add 5 for food
service)
100
2
35
50
25
30
0.17
0.12
0.12
0.50
0.50
0.43
0.09
Where
=
BAWD
N
=
OAWD =
Td
=
S
=
Where
BPWD
0.33
0.15
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.40
OPWD
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pipe vise
Pipe cutter
Pipe reamer
Pipe stock and die
Pipe tap
Pipe wrench
Monkey wrench
8. Strap wrench
9. Pipe tong/ chain wrench
10. Basin wrench
11. Open end wrench
12. Adjustable wrench
13. Flaring tool
All piping of the potable water supply system should be proved watertight by the
application of the water pressure test, using potable water, so as to disclose leaks and
defects. It is recommended that all potable water supply piping inside buildings should
be tested, prior to covering or concealment and before fixtures and faucets are installed.
1. Rough Piping Testing- Installation is subjected to a hydrostatic test at 862 kPa
(120 psig) minimum for a period of 3 hours and should be proved watertight
without any loss of pressure.
2. Finished Piping Testing- The entire completed system, including all fixtures and
faucets, should be subjecting it to a hydrostatic test of 517kPa (75 psig) for a
period of 3 hours and should be proved watertight without any loss of pressure.
DISINFECTION METHODS
Disinfection of newly installed potable water supply systems, including water
supply tanks is required to remove objectionable matters in order to correct an
unsanitary condition.
Procedure
1. All water supply connections should be disconnected, plugged or
effectively shut off to prevent any foreign matter or contamination from
entering the water supply thereto.
2. For disinfection, on of the following methods may be applied:
a. The systems, or part thereof, shall be filled with a water solution
containing 50 parts per million (PPM) of available chlorine and
allowed to stand for 24 hours before flushing and returning to
service.
b. The system, or part thereof, shall be filled with a water solution
containing 200 parts per million (PPM) of available chlorine and
allowed to stand for 3 hours before flushing and returning to
service.
1. PIPE VISE
2. PIPE CUTTER
3. PIPE REAMER
4. PIPE STOCK AND DIES
5. PIPE TAP
6. PIPE WRENCH
7. MONKEY WRENCH
8. STRAP WRENCH
9. PIPE TONG/ CHAIN WRENCH
10. BASIN WRENCH
11. OPEN- END WRENCH
12. ADJUSTABLE WRENCH
13. FLARING TOOL
BASIN WRENCH-
1. RECIPROCATING PUMP- a pump which operates with a to- and fro motion.
a. Lift Pump- the simplest of the reciprocating pumps and consists of a piston
moving up and down in a cylinder or barrel. A lift pump cannot be used to
raise water above 7.50 to 8.50 meter at a normal atmospheric pressure
(101 kPa) due to:
- Loss of efficiency in the pump
- Friction in the intake pipe
- Impossible to obtain a perfect vacuum
ILLUSTRATION
c. Deep-well piston pump- when water is more than 7.5m below the ground,
it is visually necessary to place the pump in or near the water in the well
and pump from there. Water is forced up th drop pipe and out into the
delivery pipe.
ILLUSTRATION
Fault
Cause
Remedy or action
No discharge
Not printed
Excessive suction lift
Prime.
Reduce static lift,
eliminate or reduce friction
on suction side with larger
pipes.
Check and eliminate air
leaks by sealing. Check
gland.
Suction lift excessive for
fluid temperature.
Check for blockage in
suction pipe, foot valve or
strainer. Check suction
valves.
Check cylinder liner for
wear, bucket leathers and
valves
Check valves.
Check liner.
Check leathers. Check
and rectify.
Check that total
discharge head is not
excessive.
Drain and refill
Check for worn parts.
Air leaks
Vapour lock
Blockage
Deterioration
Faulty valves
Cylinder liner
Bucket leathers
Air leaks
Excessive back pressure
Excessive noise
No oil or contamination
Worn bearings, pinion,
main gear, gear, shaft
eccentric or strap
Excessive speed
Excessive suction lift
Excessive vibration
Deterioration
Counter balancing
Reduce to maximum
specified level.
Reduce suction lift and/or
increase pipe size to
reduce friction head.
Modify suction pipe
position
Check valves and springs.
Fit large pipes to reduce
flow velocity.
Check against causes of
cavitation. Increase net
positive suction head.
Check for and replace
worn parts.
Fit extension beams and
Centrifugal Pump- a pump with vanes or impellers that rotate inside a close-fitting case
draw-in liquid at the center and, by virtue of centrifugal force, throw-liquid out through an
opening in the periphery of the case. Unlike the reciprocating pump, a centrifugal pump
will not operate unless the casing is full of water.
1. Submersible Pump- is basically a centrifugal pump complete with electric
motorrs which are positioned under water in a suitable bored hole that
delivers the water to the surface.
Fault
Cause
Remedy of Action
No Discharge
Lack of prime
Low delivery
Low Pressure
Vibration and
noise
Excessive wear
Heating bearing
Blockage or constriction
Poor suction
Wrong pump
High fluid viscosity
Worn impeller
Wrong rotation
Flow velocity
Unbalanced impeller
Faulty bearings/ bent shaft
Misalignment
Badly installed
Cavitation
Incorrect rotation
Flow velocity
Unbalanced impeller
Faulty bearings/ bent shaft
Misalignment
Badly installed
Corrosion
Cavitation
Abrassive fluid
Running too fast
Belts too tight
Misalignment
Lack of lubricant
Distortion
DEEP WELL JET PUMP. A pump consisting of a revolving impeller in the pump
housing which forces water down a pressure line to an ejector assembly below water
level.
ILLUSTRATION
HYDRAULIC RAM OR RAM PUMP. A pump in which the power generated from flowing
in an enclosed pipe is used to raise part of the water to a height above that from which
the flow began.
ILLUSTRATION: A typical hydraulic ram pump
1. The fall (h) must be more than 0.66m, but should not exceed 6m.
2. The drive pipe should be straight and laid to an even grade, and its length should
be 6 to 8 times the available fall. The drive pipe must be long enough to ensure
that when the recoil of water takes place more resistance is offeered by te
moving water in the drive pipe than by the delivery valve and the water
immediately above it.
3. The amount of water available should be at least 10 times the required supply
and there must be a get away for the waste water.
4. The height (H) to which the water is to be delivered should not, in general, be
more than 6 to 8 times the available fall.
5. As a rule, the diameter of the drive pipe should be at least twice the diameter of
the delivery pipe.
Calculation
In calculating for the quantity of water delivered by a hydraulic ram, use the
formula:
q= Q x h x e
H
Where:
ILLUSTRATION
18.00 to
27.00m
1,136 to
Submersible Submersible Submersible
pump
2,271 LPH pump
pump
Jet pump
(300-600
Jet pump
Jet pump
Deep well
GPH)
Piston
Deep well
Pump
Reciprocating Reciprocating
Pump
Pump
Submersible Submersible Submersible
2,271 to
pump
pump
4,542 LPH Pump
Jet pump
Jet pump
(600-1200 Jet Pump
Plunger
GPH)
Pump
Over 4,542 Submersible Submersible Submersible
LPH (1200 Pump
pump
pump
GPH)
Jet Pump
Jet pump
Jet pump
Plunger
Pump
27.00 to
46.00m
Submersible
pump
Jet pump
Deep well
Reciprocating
Pump
Submersible
pump
Jet pump
Submersible
pump
Submersible
pump
Pressure- is defined as force per unit area, the area being measured at right angles to
directon of the force. The unit of pressure N/m2 is called Pascal (Pa). Kilo Pascal (kPa)
and Mega Pascal (MPa) are commonly used.
Head- is the height or vertical distance from the point of measurement to the free level
of water in the system.
a. Positive Head- occurs when the free water level is higher than the point of
measurement.
b. Negative Head- occurs where the free water level is lower than the point
of measurement. It is also known as suction, partial vacuum or negative
pressure.
*Water with head of 1.00m and a base of 1m2 will exert a pressure of 9810 N/m2, or
9810 Pa, that is 9.81 kPa.
Classification of Heads
There are different kinds of head according to their effect on pumping operations.
1. Static Discharge Head or Gravity Head- results from the vertical height of a
column of water. It is the weight of water exerted as a result of the force of
gravity. In pumping operatons, it is the vertical distance (in meters) from the
center line of the pump to the point of free discharge.
2. Pressure head- the vertical height to to which a given pressure will force water to
a certain level
3. Suction Lift- the term used when the source of supply is below the center line of
the pump.
4. Static Suction Lift- the vertical distance (in meters) from the liquid level to the
center line of the pump.
5. Total Suction Lift- the static suction lift plus friction head in the entire suction pipe
and fittings.
6. Suction head- the term used when the source of supply is above the center lne of
the pump. Also known as flooded suction.
7. Static Suction Head- the vertical distance (in meters) from the center line of the
pump to the level of the liquid being pumped.
8. Total Suction Head- the static suction head minus the friction head in the entire
suction pipe and fittings.
9. Total discharge Head- the static delivery head plus the friction head plus the
friction head in all of the delivery pipe and fittings.
10. Velocity Head- the head required to accelerate the water in the delivery pipe. It
should be included in the total pump head but it so nominal that it is usually
ignored.
11. Total Pump Head- the total suction lift plus the total delivery plus the velocity
head.
animals. Hot water also helps to open skin pores, letting the soap get down into
the tissue to lift out the oil and dirt.
2. Washing- certain substances, such as fatty foods on a plate, require a
temperature of 60 degrees centigrade to lift them.
There are several methods of heating water , but the availability of fuel and the cost
involved in operating and maintaining the system are main concerns in choosing the
suitable type. The types of fuel currently available are:
1. Electricity
5. steam
2. Solid fuel- coal
6. Oil
3. Gas
7. Heat pumps
4. Solar
HEAT-UP TIME
In order to achieve the greatest convenience and the best running cost, knowledge of
the heat-up time for water heaters is important. Capacities of water heaters vary
according to requirements, storage size and heat input. This is the reason why most
heaters have to be turned- on before use as they need time to heat up. To be able to
calculate the heat- up time we need to understand a few facts about heating water.
1. Specific heat- is the specific amount of heat for a specific temperature rise. It
takes 4.187 kJ (kilo Joules) of energy to raise 1 kilogram of water through 1
degree centigrade.
2. For the purpose of calculations, 1 liter of water has a mass of 1 kilogram.
3. Temperature Rise (TR)- is the difference between the cold water temperature
and the final required temperature. This is expressed in the formula: TR= (t2-t1)
4. Often the water heater is electrical equipment that is related in kilowatts (kW), it
is necessary to convert kJ to kW. The conversion is kW= 3600 kJ.
Knowing the quantity of water to be heated, the temperature rise and the specific heat
of water, we can calculate the amount of heat required, and because electrical
appliances have the input based on an hourly rate, these figures can be reversed to find
the time it would take to heat up.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Calculate the amount of electrical energy and the time required to heat 13 liters of water
from 10oC to 60oC at 100% efficiency.
Solution
1. Solving for Temperature Rise: TR=60oC - 10oC= 50oC
2. Solving for Energy Required
Energy Required = liters x temperature x specific heat
= 13 liters x 50oC x 4.187 kJ/ liter oC
= 13 liters x 50oC x 4.187 kJ
Liter degree centigrade
= 2,721.55 kJ
3. Convert kJ to kW
kW= 2721.55 kJ
3600 kJ/ kW
4. Solving for Time Required
T= 2721.55 kJ
3600 kJ/ kWh x 0.76 kW
Convert hours to minutes: T= 0.99 hours x 60 minutes / hour = 59.4 minutes
The above time of 59.4 minutes is quite impractical for a waiting time before hot water is
available. To shorten the waiting time, the input should be increased.
ADDENDUM OF SAMPLE PROBLEM
*If we double the input from 0.76 kW to 1.52kW, calculate the time it will take to reach
the required temperature.
Solution. Use the same figures but this time double the input.
T= 13 liters x 50 oC x 4.187 k
3600kJ/ kWh x 1.52kW
= 2721.55 kJ
5472 kJ/ h
0.497 hours
discharging it over the sink. The cold water faucet controls the flow of hot water and the
hot outlet pipe allows for expansion. Under sink water heaters are not suitable for use
with dish washers, unless installed as low-pressure water heaters.
INSTANTANEOUS HEATERS
Instantaneous heaters instantly heat cold water as it passes through the heater. These
heaters are compact since storage is not required. They are popularly used at showers
and lavatories and due to this condition; there is a shower model and lavatory model.
1. Shower model- has rated power consumption of 6000 watts (6kW)
- provides a continuous supply of hot water at a maximum rate of 3
liters per minute at a showering temperature of 40 degrees
centigrade.
2. Lavatory model- has a rated power consumption of 3000 watts (3kW)
-provides a continuous supply of warm water for hand washing at
the rate of approximately 1.4 liters per minute.
3. Multi-point model- serves several fixtures such as a range of lavatories, sink or
.
shower.
Heating element- the size of the heating element has a direct bearing on the
heating up time, which is also related to the size of the storage cylinder. A
general guide for adequate supply is: 135 liters 1500 watts
180 liters 2000 watts
Both the 180 liter with a 2000 watt element and the 135 liter with a 1500 watt
element will reach a temperature of 60 degrees centigrade in 5 hours and 15 minutes,
based on cold water entering the cylinder at 10 degrees centigrade.
Caution: It is not uncommon for higher wattage elements to be installed, up to
3000 watts in a 135 liter cylinder, but when this is done in an old installation, the wiring
should be checked to avoid electrical overloading that may result to fire.
Range boiler/ hot water storage tank- the hot water tank serves the domestic
hot water system in a storage capacity. There are two types of tanks used for the
storage of hot water:
1. Range boiler- the small cylindrical hot water tank that varies in size from
300 mm to 600 mm in diameter and is not more than 1800 mm long. The
range boiler is made of galvanized steel sheet of standard and extra
heavy gauge. It can be used in either horizontal or vertical position.
2. Storage tank- the large cylindrical hot water tank with a range of diameter
at 600mm to 1350 mm and not more than 4500 mm long.
The proper size of the hot water storage tank depends on the following:
1. The design of the building
2. The number of occupants and
3. The heating capacity of the supply device
Hot water pipes- should be as short as possible in order to avoid the use of
dead legs. A dead leg is a long pipe run whereby it takes a long time to push
out the cold water for the sake of a small amount of hot water. The smallest size
of piping that will provide a satisfactory flow should be used. Short, small sized
pipes are less expensive and they waste less heat and less water.
The storage tank and heating device of a hot water distribution system are so
assembled as to create a circulation of water within them. The movement of the water is
the result of molecular activity. The application of heat to a body of water caused it to
expand and become less dense, which give it a natural tendency to rise. The inequality
of weights between the hot and the cold water contained in the tank results a circulation
of the liquid. The operation and efficiency of the hot water distribution system is
dependent upon the following:
1. Type of heating system used
a. Direct system
b. Indirect system
2. Type of tank connection used
a. Vertical position
b. Horizontal position
c. Pipes, valves and fittings
3. Types of installation used
a. Upfeed and Gravity return
b. Overhead feed and gravity return
c. Pump circuit system
DIRECT HEATING SYSTEM
In this system the water that is being heated by the boiler is actually used out of the hot
water faucets.
Direct water heaters are classified into four categories:
1. Range boilers
a. Range boiler and furnace coil
b. Range boiler and heater
2. Gas water heaters
a. Side-arm gas heater
b. Gas water heater
3. Oil-Fired water heater
4. Electric water heater
Each type should have a temperature and pressure relief valve and sediment drain at
the lowest part of the tank. Relief valves are set to allow water to blow into a drain line
when the temperature exceeds 100 degrees centigrade or when the pressure exceeds
860 kPa.
Range Boiler and furnace coil- the range boiler is usually mounted upright on a
stand. A drain is placed at the bottom to remove sediment; a temperature and
pressure relief valve is placed at the top for safety. The furnace coil is located in
the furnace box.
Range boiler and Heater- the range boiler is usually installed horizontally on a
stand. The heater maybe fired by coal, gas or oil.
Oil-Fired water heaters- are similar to the gas water heater, except that a
vaporizing or pressure oil burner supplies the heat.
Electric Water Heater- normally has two immersion type heating elements. The
upper heater usually has higher wattage than the lower. Thermostats control
these elements to ensure that the operation is automatic. The heater does not
need a flue or smoke stack since there are no burning products. The electric
water heater may be located in a closet.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
However, this practice may vary according to the length of the risers, in order to
avoid one riser circulating faster and more thoroughly than the others. For
example, should an installation consists of 3 risers of varying heights, the longest
can be connected to the main horizontally; the shorter riser by a vertical
connection; and the third riser maybe connected with a 45 degree fitting.
The flow riser is passed as near the fixtures as possible. Swing joints are
provided in the supports of risers to allow for expansion and prevent breakage of
the pipes. The flow riser is equipped with a control valve and a drip at its base.
The circulating return is connected to a tee that is installed in the riser below the
highest fixture to overcome air lock. The return is usually one size smaller that
the flow riser. It is connected to a return main often suspended from the
basement ceiling. The return riser is also equipped with a drip and a control valve
at its base.
The circulating main is usually suspended from the basement ceiling and
installed with a slope to a Y fitting installed in the return connection between the
storage tank and the heating unit. A valve must be placed at this connection.
All valves used in the system should be of the gate valve type in order to be
assured of a full way water flow and to overcome trapped water lines- a fault
which occurs in the use of disc or globe valves.
The largest diameter of the pipe is at the bottom of the riser, the size diminishing
as it passes through the upper floor s of the building.